Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „HYDRAULICS JUMP”

Observations of tidally forced flow in a constricted region of a highly stratified sound are examined as a problem of two-layer hydraulic exchange. It is shown that the narrowest section and the region downstream of the narrowest section were subject to internal hydraulic control. Bores moved upstream and evolved into packets of internal solitary waves with 3-6 minute period when the tide turned to ebb. Using results from different models of the solitary wave based on the KdV equation, it is shown that the second-order nonlinear term must be included in the two-layer model. The results from a first-order continuously stratified model gave similar good results. This implies that two-layer models may ignore some properties of the real fluid and that the internal solitons are also sensitive to the stratification characteristics of the water column. It is found that the mixing was related to both the vertical velocity shear, the hydraulic characteristics of the flow and the presence of solitary waves.

The goal of this project was to determine the performance of two types of stilling basins with varying tailwater elevation. The performance was evaluated in terms of scour at the toe of the stilling basin and containment of the jump in the basin. The investigation involved establishing the relationships for different flow rates, different velocities and depth of approach flow for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation stilling basins III and IV. It is well known that the Bureau of reclamation stilling basins perform satisfactorily for design tailwater conditions. It is not clear how much higher or lower the tailwater can be and still have marginally acceptable performance in the basin. This research sought to establish: (1) the behavior changes with high and low tailwater, and (2) the limiting range of tailwater for acceptable performance.

In the scope of the study, prismatic roughness elements with different longitudinal spacing and arrangements have been tested in a rectangular flume in order to reveal their effects on fundamental characteristics of a hydraulic jump. Two basic roughness types with altering arrangements have been tested. Roughness elements of the first type extends through the channel width against the flow with varying length and pitch ratios for different arrangements. The second type is of staggered essence and produced by piecing the roughness elements defined in the initial type into three parts which are equal in length. The doublet formed from the pieces on the sides is shifted to the consequent row to make two successive roughness rows encapsulate the channel span completely. Staggered roughness type is formed with the repetition of this arrangement along the flume. Independent of their type and arrangement, the entirety of roughness elements are embedded in the channel bed in order to avoid their protuberance into the flow, based on the presumption that the crests of the roughness elements levelled with the channel inlet would be less exposed to caving effects of flow than the protruding elements. In the study, influence of the proposed roughness elements on the fundamental engineering concerns as the length, height (tail water depth) and energy dissipation capacity of hydraulic jumps has been questioned in the light of empirical work and related literature on forced and smooth hydraulic jumps. At the final stage of the study, it was concluded that both strip and staggered roughness have positive effects on the characteristics of hydraulic jump given above. 3-7% more energy dissipation was observed in jumps on rough beds compared to classical hydraulic jumps. For tailwater dept reduction, whereas strip roughness provided 5-13%, staggered roughness led to 7-15% tailwater depth reduction compared to classical hydraulic jump. While strip roughness reduced jump length around 40%, 35-55% reduction was observed with staggered roughness when compared to classical hydraulic jump.

The objective of this study is to determine the effect of different roughness types and arrangements on hydraulic jump characteristics in a rectangular channel. Three different types of roughness were used along experiments. All of them had rectangular prism shapes and that were placed normal to the flow direction. To avoid cavitation, height of roughness elements were arranged according to level of the channel inlet, so that the crests of roughness elements would not be protruding into the flow. The effects of roughness type and arrangement on hydraulic jump properties, i.e. energy dissipation, length of the jump and tail water depth were investigated. These properties were compared with the available data in literature and with the properties of hydraulic jump occurred on smooth bed.

A study of the hydraulic jump on a trapezoidal prismatic channel and roughened beds is presented. Extensive measurements have been made regarding the characteristics of hydraulic jumps as sequent depths, wing fluctuations, energy dissipation and jump length on artificially roughened beds for Froude numbers between 4.16 and 14.58. Three different types of prismatic roughness elements and nine different roughness patterns were installed separately on channel bottom and side walls throughout the experiments to obtain rough surfaces. Strip roughness elements were built from fiberglass sheets and implemented perpendicular to the flow direction. To avoid cavitation, roughness elements were designed in that way that the crests of the elements are not protruding into the flow. The founded properties were compared with the available data in literature and with the properties of hydraulic jump occurred on smooth bed.

Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Physical Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 233-237).
Internal hydraulic jumps in flows with upstream shear are investigated numerically and theoretically. The role of upstream shear has not previously been thoroughly investigated, although it is important in many oceanographic flows such as exchange flows and stratified flow over topography. Several two-layer shock joining theories, characterized by their distribution of dissipation in the jump, are considered and extended to include upstream shear, entrainment, and topography. Theoretical results are also compared to 2D and some 3D numerical simulations of the full Navier-Stokes equations, which allow continuous velocity and density distributions. The solution space of idealized jumps with small upstream shear is identified using two-layer theories, which shows that upstream shear allows larger jumps to form and allows jumps for a larger range of parameters. Numerical simulations reveal several jump structures that can occur in these flows, including an undular bore, a fully turbulent jump, and a smooth front turbulent jump. At low shear, the 2D mixing efficiency is constant across simulations. As shear increases, the basic two-layer theories no longer provide solutions. Numerical simulations show that entrainment becomes significant as the shear increases, and adding entrainment and shape parameters to describe the continuous velocity profiles is required to accurately describe the simulations using two-layered theory. The entrainment depends on the upstream shear and can be predicted with a modified theory. However, use of the theory is limited due to its sensitivity to the value of the shape parameters. The 2D mixing efficiency also decreases significantly as shear increases. Finally, more realistic 2D and some 3D simulations including topography bridge the gap between the highly idealized simulations and the very realistic work of others. Simulations with topography show additional jump types, including a higher mode jump with a wedge of homogeneous, stagnant fluid similar to a structure seen in Knight Inlet. In all cases, numerical simulations are used to identify trends in the mixing and jumps structures that can occur in internal hydraulic jumps.
by Kelly Anne Ogden.
Ph. D.

In practice, baffle blocks and sills are commonly being used to stabilize the location of a hydraulic jump and shorten the length of a stilling basin. On the other hand, gravels, corrugations and rectangular prismatic roughnesses which cover the entire length of the basin or placed in a staggered manner may be an alternative. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of these roughness elements on the characteristics of hydraulic jumps such as conjugate depth, jump length and energy dissipation using experimental data collected from the previous studies. The investigations show that the roughness elements have positive effects on the characteristics of hydraulic jumps. The tailwater depth reduction compared to classical jump is 2-10%. The length of the jump is reduced about by 30-50% by prismatic roughness elements, 40% by corrugations, and 30% by gravels. The roughness elements induce 3-15% more energy dissipation than that of classical jump. Therefore, these types of bed roughness elements should be considered as an effective alternative of accessory devices such as baffle blocks and sills.

In present thesis, the Lagrangian particle based method Smoothed ParticleHydrodynamics (SPH) is used to model two-dimensional problems associated with hydropower applications such as dam break evolution and hydraulic jumps. In the SPHmethod, the fluid domain is represented by a set of non-connected particles which possess individual material properties such as mass, density, velocity, position and pressure. Besides representing the problem domain and acting as information carriers the particles also act as the computational frame for the field function approximations. As the particles move with the fluid the material properties changes over time due to interaction with neighbouring particles. The adaptive nature of the SPH-method together with the nonconnectivity between the particles results in a method that is able to handle very large deformations as is the case for highly disordered free-surface flows such as hydraulic jumps.The dam break case was used as a model validation test case where the response of different parameter settings was explored. The SPH spatial resolution and the choice of artificial viscosity (a term in the momentum equation) constants had a major impact on the results. Increasing the spatial resolution increased the number of flow features resolved and setting the constants equal to unity resulted in a highly viscous and unphysical solution.Following the parameter study, the work focused on SPH simulations of hydraulic jumps. A hydraulic jump is a rapid transition from supercritical flow to subcritical flow characterized by the development of large scale turbulence, surface waves, spray, energy dissipation and considerable air entrainment. Several features of the jump were explored using the SPH method and good agreement with theory and experiments was obtained for e.g. the conjugate depth and the mean free surface elevation in the roller section. However, the free surface fluctuation frequencies were over predicted and the model could not capture the decay of fluctuations in the horizontal direction.
Godkänd; 2013; 20130425 (patjon); Tillkännagivande licentiatseminarium 2013-05-29 Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Patrick Jonsson Ämne: Strömningslära/Fluid Mechanics Uppsats: Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics in Hydropower Applications Modelling of Hydraulic Jumps Examinator: Professor Staffan Lundström, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Diskutant: Doktor, forskare Gustaf Gustafsson, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Torsdag den 20 juni 2013 kl 09.00 Plats: E231, Luleå tekniska universitet

While there has been a great deal of research on air entrainment at hydraulic jumps within closed conduits, very little of the research has specifically addressed size and temperature scale effects. Influences from jump location and changing length characteristics on air entrainment have also received little attention from past research. To determine the significance of size-scale effects of air entrained by hydraulic jumps in closed conduits, air flow measurements were taken in four different-sized circular pipe models with similar Froude numbers. Each of the pipe models sloped downward and created identical flow conditions that differed only in size. Additionally, specific measurements were taken in one of the pipe models with various water temperatures to identify any effects from changing fluid properties. To determine the significance of the effects of changed length characteristics on air demand, air flow measurements were taken with hydraulic jumps at multiple locations within a circular pipe with two different air release configurations at the end of the pipe. Results showed that air demand was not affected by the size of the model. All together, the data from four different pipe models show that size-scale effects of air entrained into hydraulic jumps within closed conduits are negligible. However, it was determined that air entrainment was significantly affected by the water temperature. Water at higher temperatures entrained much less air than water at lower temperatures. Hydraulic jump location results showed that for both configurations the percentage of air entrainment significantly increased as the hydraulic jump occurred near the point of air release downstream. As the jump occurred nearer to the end of the pipe, its length characteristics were shortened and air demand increased. However, jump location was only a significant factor until the jump occurred some distance upstream where the length characteristics were not affected. Upstream of this location the air demand was dependent only on the Froude number immediately upstream of the jump.

The diploma thesis is focused on the evaluation of the suppression of supercritical current energy in the area of the river bed extension. The hydraulic model was used to simulate current conditions for different variants of river bed arrangement. Individual variants were then evaluated according to the relevant criteria and compared with each other. Results can be applied in hydrotechnical practice based on model similarity.

This study, which includes both experimental and numerical-modelling components, investigates the potentially dangerous conditions that can often occur when low-head dams (or weirs) are overtopped and ‘submerged’-type hydraulic jumps subsequently form downstream of them. The combination of high local turbulence levels, air entrainment, and strong surface currents associated with submerged jumps pose a significant risk to safety of boaters and swimmers. In this study, a wide range of flow regimes and different experimental conditions (i.e. crest length and downstream apron elevation) were considered. The experimental phase involved physical model testing to determine: (i) the hydraulic conditions that govern submerged jump formation, and (ii) the hydrodynamic characteristics of the submerged vortex. The numerical model, developed using OpenFOAM, was validated with the obtained experimental data. This research seeks to help develop improved guidelines for the design and safe operation of low-head dams. The experimental phase of the study involved physical model testing to determine: (i) the hydraulic conditions that govern submerged jump formation, and (ii) the hydrodynamic characteristics of the submerged vortex. The numerical modelling work involved using interFoam (OpenFOAM toolbox) for simulating the experimental results. InterFoam is an Eulerian 3-D solver for multiphase incompressible fluids that employs the Volume of Fluid approach (VOF) to capture the water-air interface. The developed numerical model was subsequently validated using the experimental data collected and processed by the author of this study. The range of tailwater depths associated with submerged hydraulic jump formation is dramatically reduced when a broad-crested weir is coupled with an elevated downstream apron, especially under high flow rate conditions. However sharp-crested weirs induced vortices which displayed reduced velocities and decreased spatial development, which were judged to be safer than broad crest lengths under the same discharge conditions. The classical formulation for the degree of submergence was not explicative when used to evaluate “how submerged the vortex was”. Consequently, a new normalized formulation which compares the local tailwater depth to the lower and upper tailwater limits for the submerged hydraulic jump is proposed. The numerical model developed for this study demonstrated the existence of residual turbulent kinetic energy at downstream sections located within the vortex’s extension, at instants coinciding with the presence of a fully formed roller. This turbulent energy is arguably responsible for the stationary nature of the vortex under constant flow conditions. Residual vertical and horizontal velocities at points located within the vortex’s domain are indicative of the existence of the free surface current.

Screens may be utilized efficiently for dissipating the energy of water. In this study, water flowing beneath a gate is used to simulate the flow downstream of a hydraulic structure and screens are used as an alternative mean for energy dissipation. Investigations are done conducting a series of experiments. The porosity, thickness, and the location of the screens are the major parameters together with the Froude number of the upstream flow. The scope of this thesis covers the situation where there is a pseudo-jump formation. The experiments covered a range of Froude numbers between 5 and 18, porosities between 20% and 60%, and location of the screen up to 100 times of the undisturbed upstream flow depth. The thicknesses of the screens used are in the order of the undisturbed upstream flow depth. The results show the importance of each parameter on the energy dissipating performance of the screens and the system. It is observed that screens dissipate more energy than a jump within the range covered in these studies.

The main goal of the present study is to investigate the energy dissipation through inclined screens. Recent studies have shown that screens arranged vertically may dissipate more energy than a hydraulic jump does below small hydraulic structures. In the present study a series of laboratory experiments were performed in order to determine the effect of inclination of the screen on the energy dissipated by the screen. The porosity of the screen used in the experiments is 40%. Inclination angle, thickness of the screen, location of the screen, upstream flow depth, and the Froude number of the upstream flow are the major parameters for the laboratory experiments. Froude number of the upstream flow covered a range of 5 to 24. A screen was located up to a distance 100 times the undisturbed upstream flow depth from the gate and the thickness of the screen was changed in correlation with the depth of upstream flow. The results of the experiments show that the inclination parameter has an insignificant effect on the energy dissipated by the screen. Namely, inclination of the screen does not contribute much in reducing the energy of the flowing water further, compared to vertically placed screens.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(工学)
甲第17877号
工博第3786号
新制||工||1579(附属図書館)
30697
京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻
(主査)教授 角 哲也, 教授 牛島 省, 准教授 竹門 康弘, 准教授 Sameh Ahmed Kantoush
学位規則第4条第1項該当

The stability of slab protection at the bottom of spillway stilling basins or plunge pools downstream of large dams came to the great practical interest when the protection under the hydraulic jump stilling basins in some hydraulic plants was seriously damaged by floods smaller than maximum design value. This thesis offers novel practical design criteria to define the concrete thickness of spillway stilling basins and plunge pools lining. In the case of spillway stilling basins, the study presents a new experimental procedure that can define the global instantaneous uplift force. Results from detailed experiments of the statistical structure of turbulence pressure fluctuations at the bottom of hydraulic jumps is reported. Here, the whole spatial correlation structure of the fluctuating pressure field is required in order to evaluate slab stability. This is computed via simultaneous acquisition of the point pressure fluctuations on a dense grid in the hydraulic jump region, requiring a severe experimental work. As an alternative, one can evaluate the pressure spatial correlation structure via auto-correlation using one point pressure acquisition and applying the Taylor hypothesis. To adopt the Taylor hypothesis, one must know the pressure propagation celerity in space that can be obtained by comparing the whole spatial pressure correlation with the pivot point pressure auto-correlation. The experiments were performed by simultaneous pressure acquisitions at the bottom of a hydraulic jump for Froude numbers of the incident flow ranging from 4.9 to 10.3. From experiments, a criterion to define the pressure celerity as a function of the incident flow velocity is presented. The results highlight a good agreement between the relevant pressure statistical parameters as measured and the ones computed using the Taylor hypothesis. The comparison between the slab thicknesses, as computed via Taylor hypothesis, with the ones retrievable in literature, as obtained by direct force measurement on instrumented slabs in laboratory conditions, highlights the accuracy of the proposed approach that presents undeniable practical advantages. While this simplified approach based on Taylor hypothesis is used to assess the pressure field acting on the slab, the pressure propagation at the lower surface of the slab is evaluated using a 3D model based on unsteady flow analysis of seepage through porous media. By this approach, it is possible to consider the effect of finite thickness foundation layers, typical in the case of earth dams, rock-fill dams and in other dam types. Slabs with unsealed joints are considered and compared to the case of sealed joints. The dynamic behavior of anchored slabs is also investigated. These results are relevant to a robust and safe design and maintenance of stilling basins downstream of large dams. In the case of plunge pools, the stability of concrete slabs or rock blocks under the impact of an impinging jet is theoretically analyzed, with reference to the mean characteristics of the flow field: pressure and velocity. In cases when the mean components are relevant respect to the fluctuating ones this analysis is exhausting. In other cases, a separate evaluation of the fluctuation effects in lining design is treated, by means of experimental evidences. The mean dynamic pressure at the bottom depends strongly on the impingement angle that assumes a relevant role in the design of floor protections. In plunge pools, that are confined upstream by the presence of the drop structure, the impingement angle is theoretically determined by mass balance and momentum conservation, resulting independent on the jet entrance angle at the plunge pool water surface. The theoretical results are compared with literature experimental evidences and numerical simulations. This highlights the capability of the proposed theoretical framework to correctly interpret the physical phenomena and to produce suitable engineering approaches.

ABSTRACT EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ENERGY DISSIPATION THROUGH TRIANGULAR SCREENS Gü
ngö
r, Endam M.Sc., Department of Civil Engineering Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zafer BozkuS Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Metin Ger May 2005, 82 pages For the present study, a series of experimental works are executed to dissipate energy through triangular screens. Recent studies have shown that the implementation of the screen for energy dissipation is an effective way to extract out the excessive energy of water downstream of small hydraulic structures located in rivers of relatively negligible sediment content. In the present study, double screen arrangement with a porosity of 40% is used. The inclination angle of the screens is opted as 60 degree. The major parameters for the present study are upstream flow depth, location of the screen together with the supercritical upstream flow Froude number for a range covering from 7.5 to 25.5. The gate opening simulating a hydraulic structure is adjusted with various heights of 1 cm, 1.25 cm, 1.6 cm, 1.7 cm, 2 cm, 2.5 cm, 2.7 cm, 3.2 cm and 3.3 cm during the study. The results of the experiments show that the triangular screen configuration with the same pore geometry has no significant additional contribution on the energy dissipation as compared to vertically placed screens. Keywords: Screen, energy dissipation, triangular configuration, porosity, hydraulic jump, supercritical flow.

O dimensionamento seguro e econômico de dissipadores de energia por ressalto hidráulico formado a jusante de vertedouros passa pela compreensão de como se processa a dinâmica do escoamento. Para que isso seja possível é necessário que sejam identificadas as características macroturbulentas do escoamento, tanto no que diz respeito aos valores médios quanto às parcelas flutuantes e extremas dos esforços de pressões atuantes junto ao fundo. Este trabalho, então, propõe a análise dos esforços hidrodinâmicos atuantes na estrutura hidráulica a partir de uma nova abordagem que preconiza que os esforços atuantes junto ao fundo devem ser avaliados como um somatório dos efeitos hidrodinâmicos ocasionados pelas distintas condições do escoamento. Dessa forma, foram avaliados individualmente os efeitos: (i) da curva de concordância vertical entre o perfil vertente e a bacia de dissipação e a sua influência sobre esta, (ii) do escoamento em regime rápido sobre um plano horizontal, (iii) da macroturbulência presente no ressalto hidráulico livre (tipo A) e (iv) do afogamento do ressalto hidráulico. Essa avaliação individualizada proporciona, em última instância, a identificação global dos esforços atuantes junto à estrutura hidráulica, conferindo sensibilidade a esta análise global a partir da identificação da influência de cada um dos efeitos atuantes e das respectivas consequências sobre a bacia de dissipação. O trabalho apresenta, assim, um método analítico de previsão de pressões médias, flutuantes e extremas atuantes ao longo de uma bacia de dissipação por ressalto hidráulico, quer este seja formado integralmente na bacia de dissipação, quer este seja formado parcialmente sobre o perfil vertente, condição predominante na operação de sistemas estruturais de dissipação de energia hidráulica.
To safely and economically design hydraulic jump energy dissipators downstream spillways the comprehension of the flow dynamics is needed. To achieve this it is needed to identify the macroturbulent characteristics of the flow, both the mean pressure values as well as the fluctuating and extreme pressures acting on the floor of the stilling basin. The present work proposes to analyze the hydrodynamic forces acting on the structures by means of a new approach which states that the pressures acting on the basin floor can be evaluates as the sum of hydrodynamic effects caused by the distinct flow conditions. The following effects were individually evaluated (i) transition from the spillway slope to the flat basin slope. (ii) supercrítical flow over a flat slope, (iii) macroturbulence present in a classic hydraulic jump (type A jump) and (iv) jump submergence. This individualized evaluation aims to identify the global forces acting on the spillway structure conferring sensitivity to the global analysis from the identification of each of the acting effects and its consequences. The present work relates an analytical method for predicting of mean, fluctuating and extreme pressures acting on a hydraulic jump stilling basin, be it formed integrally on the structure or partially over the spillway, usual condition in the basin operation.

The majority of dams contain low-level outlet works, which typically consist of closed conduits that run through the dam, and are used to release water from the reservoir when the water level is below the level of the surface spillways. It is also used to flush the reservoir of sediments and to control the elevation of the reservoir. Low-level outlet works typically consist of a gate that controls the flow within a closed conduit that runs through the dam and an air vent that supplies air behind the gate. In the absence of properly designed air vents, negative pressures may develop downstream of the gate. These negative pressures could potentially lead to cavitation and vibration damage. Properly sized air vents help maintain the downstream air pressure at or near atmospheric pressure and/or provide air to absorb the energy generated by cavitation, reducing the potential for damage. The majority of research done on air vent sizing is for dams having large dam geometry, which consist of a pressurized conduit leading to a vertical slide gate that is followed by a discharge tunnel. The typical air vent design for these large dams uses the water flow rate and the Froude number measured at the vena contracta downstream of the gate. The low-level outlet works for small-to-medium-sized embankment dam geometries typically have an inclined slide gate, installed at the inlet on the upstream face of the dam slope, followed by an elbow that connects to a conduit that passes through the dam and discharges downstream. This type of outlet geometry does not produce the typical vena contracta. Consequently, the use of the Froude number, at the vena contracta , as a characteristic parameter for characterizing airflow demand is not practical. Recently a laboratory study was performed calculating the head-discharge characteristics of low-level outlets for small-to-medium sized dam geometries. In addition to validating some of the previous laboratory-scale air venting research, the objective of this study was field verification of air-demand/air vent sizing predicted by the laboratory-based method. The influence of conduit slope, air port location, and hydraulic jumps on air demand was also evaluated in the laboratory. The findings of this study can be found within this thesis.

Vertedouros em degraus têm se tornado uma boa opção em barragens pela facilidade de construção e, principalmente, por apresentar uma dissipação significativa de energia ao longo de sua calha, o que faz com que a parcela de energia a ser dissipada por ressalto hidráulico a jusante da barragem diminua, ocasionando uma significativa redução nas dimensões da estrutura da bacia de dissipação. A aplicação de soleira terminal em bacias de dissipação provoca uma melhor distribuição das velocidades e um melhor comportamento da flutuação de pressões ao longo da bacia e a jusante, aumentando assim seu desempenho na dissipação de energia. A combinação destas duas formas de dissipação (vertedouro em degraus e bacia de dissipação com soleira terminal) pode ser utilizada como uma solução econômica e segura, entretanto, o dimensionamento dessas estruturas esbarra na falta de critérios e informações, principalmente quanto ao tamanho e posição ideal para o projeto de uma soleira terminal. No presente trabalho foram analisados os dados de pressões médias e flutuações de pressões no interior da bacia e a jusante da soleira terminal, sendo apresentadas metodologias para dimensionamento de tamanho e para posicionamento de uma soleira em função do número de Froude da entrada do ressalto hidráulico. Também está sendo apresentada uma metodologia para análise das pressões médias em bacia do tipo I (sem soleira), além de uma comparação do comportamento dos esforços em bacia com soleira e sem soleira, com vertedouro em degraus e vertedouro de calha lisa. Os dados utilizados foram obtidos em modelo experimental, construído no Laboratório de Obras Hidráulicas (LOH) do Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas (IPH-UFRGS), através de transdutores de pressões fixados junto ao fundo do canal de ensaios para diversas vazões, considerando, além de bacia tipo I, diferentes tamanhos de soleira terminal, situadas em diferentes posições do canal.
Stepped spillways have become a good option in dams for ease of construction and especially to present a significant dissipation of energy throughout the spillway chute, which causes that the parcel of energy to be dissipated by hydraulic jump downstream of dam decreases, causing a significant reduction in the dimensions of the stilling basin structure. The application of end sill in stilling basins causes a better distribution of speeds and better behavior of the fluctuation of pressure along the basin and downstream, thus increasing their performance in energy dissipation. The combination of these two forms of dissipation (stepped spillway and stilling basin with end sill) can be used as an economical and safe solution, however, the sizing of these structures hindered by a lack of criteria and information, especially regarding the ideal size and position for design of an end sill. In this study the data mean pressures and pressure fluctuations within the basin and downstream of the end sill were analyzed, being presented methodologies for design the size and position of a sill as a function of the Froude number of the input of the hydraulic jump. A methodology for analysis of mean pressure in type I basin (without sill) is also being presented, and a comparison of the behavior of efforts in basin with and without end sill, with stepped spillway and flat spillway chute. The data were obtained in an experimental model built at the Laboratory of Hydraulic Works (LOH) at the Institute of Hydraulic Research (IPH-UFRGS), through pressure transducers attached at the bottom of the test channel for various flow rates, considering, in addition of type I basin, different sizes of end sill at different positions of the channel.

The object of this work is to explore the influence superhydrophobic (SH) surfaces exert in laminar jet impingement and when they are combined with riblets in turbulent channel flow. A SH surface generates an apparent slip due to the combination of micropatterning and chemical hydrophobicity. Because of surface tension, water does not enter the cavities between the features, increasing the contact angle of a water droplet on the surface and reducing the liquid-solid contact area. An analysis based on the integral momentum approach of Karman and Pohlhausen is presented that predicts jet impingement behavior on SH surfaces. The model is first applied to the scenario where the slip at the surface is isotropic and a downstream depth is imposed such that a circular hydraulic jump occurs. The model predicts the thin film parameters downstream of the jet and the radial location of the hydraulic jump. An increase in the hydraulic jump radius occurs as slip increases, momentum of the jet increases, or the downstream depth decreases. Modifications to the model are made for the scenario where the slip at the surface varies azimuthally, as would be the case for a surface patterned with microribs. The average behavior is similar, although now an elliptically shaped jump forms with the major axis aligned parallel to the rib/cavity structures. The ellipse eccentricity increases as the slip increases, the jet momentum increases, or the downstream depth decreases. Where there is no downstream depth imposed on SH surfaces, the thin film breaks up into droplets instead of forming a hydraulic jump. Further changes are made to the model to incorporate this behavior for isotropic and anisotropic surfaces resulting in circular and elliptically shaped breakups respectively. This work also explores SH surfaces with riblets in turbulent channel flow. Pressure drop measurements across surfaces exhibiting superhydrophobicity, riblets, and surfaces with both drag reducing mechanisms are presented. The SH surface reduces drag because the effective surface area is reduced and riblets are able to reduce drag by dampening the spanwise turbulence. Photolithography was used to fabricate all surface types. An aluminum channel with a control and a test section was used for testing. Pressure transducers recorded the pressure drop across smooth silicon wafers and patterned test surfaces simultaneously allowing for computation of the friction factors.

This thesis describes the use of both steady state and transient radial flow tests for determining the permeability of the argillaceous Lindsay Limestone. The results obtained from this research investigation are compared with data available in the literature for similar argillaceous limestones found in the Lindsay (Cobourg) formation. The efficiency and consistency of the transient and steady state results show computational modeling using finite element programs such as COMSOL Multiphysics™ can be used, under the appropriate meshing scheme, to analyse test results on low permeability geomaterials. The results give a permeability range between 1 x 10^-22 m^2 to 1.68 x 10^-19 m^2 with flow along the bedding plane under unconfined conditions. The permeability of the Lindsay Limestone is of importance in understanding and predicting radionuclide spread within a proposed Deep Ground Repository for storing radioactive waste.
Cette thèse décrit l'utilisation de deux tests; un test de pression statique et un test transitoire pour déterminer la perméabilité de la Roche Calcaire Lindsay. Les résultats obtenu par cette recherche sont comparés avec les résultats accessibles dans la littérature pour du calcaire argileux semblable trouvé dans la Formation Lindsay (Cobourg). La efficacité et consistance de les tests transitoires et statiques montre que le modelage computationnel utilisant les programs d'éléments fini comme COMSOL Multiphysics™ peut être utilisait, sous le bonne schème de mailles, pour analyser les résultats sur les géomatériaux a bas perméabilité. Les résultats donne une gamme de perméabilité entre 1 x 10^-22 m^2 et 1.68 x 10^-19 m^2 avec le flux occurrent dans la direction de la stratification sous les sans confinement. La perméabilité de la Roche Calcaire Lindsay est d'importance pour comprendre et prédiquer la diffusion de déchets radioactif dans un dépôt profond dans le sol qui est proposé.

Over the last three decades, mine backfilling has progressively integrated into underground mining operations. The high stresses associated with mining at depth in the Canadian Shield, also requires innovative approaches to mine backfilling to withstand the loading both during and after mining operations. Not only new or modified minefill systems are required, but also new techniques are needed to increase the speed of the mining cycle for optimizing the mining operation. Three major purposes of mine backfill are known as (1) providing safe working condition, (2) maximizing ore recovery and (3) improving underground stability. Therefore, mine backfill has contributed greatly to the economics and environmental aspects of mining industry.
In order to improve the mechanical behaviour of fill, cementitious materials are used. These cementitious materials are expensive. As a result the consumption of these cementitious materials has to be optimized and minimized in a way that the required strength is met. The objective of this research is to investigate a new type of backfill, which is known as gelfill. Gelfill binders usually consist of alkali activators such as sodium silicate and the other cementitious materials. Sodium silicate has been used in waste treatment and activation of artificial pozzolans such as blast furnace slag and fly ash.
The work presented in this thesis is to evaluate the use of sodium silicate in gelfill. Consequently, the influence of mixing time, mixing sequence and curing time are studied on gelfill and silica sand hydraulic backfill. Various tests including unconfined and confined compressive strength were conducted in order to investigate the mechanical behaviour of samples. By conducting mercury intrusion porosimetery (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microstructure and mineralogical properties of specimens were studied.
The result of this thesis demonstrates that gelfill compared with silica sand hydraulic backfill has better mechanical properties. In addition, other variables, including: mixing time and sequence, have a significant effect on gelfill.

The application of a 2D hydraulic-habitat model, River2D, to simulate flows and fish habitat areas in a reach of the Nicolet River (Quebec, Canada) containing two sets of double-wing rock current deflectors to enhance fish habitat was examined. Depth-averaged velocity in the reach was determined using one or two measurement points in the vertical under the assumption that the profile was logarithmic; however, the presence of boulders and obstructions disturbed the profile, making it difficult to characterize using only two measurement points. The sensitivity of the simulation results to roughness characterization, topographic scale, mesh refinement, and boundary conditions was evaluated. The simulated and observed depths had correlation coefficients of 0.93 to 0.97, while the velocity correlation coefficients were 0.56 to 0.67. Qualitatively, the model accurately predicted the flow patterns, e.g. the recirculation zones downstream of the deflectors. Habitat suitability curves for brown trout, taken from literature, were used in the habitat model. Simulated discharges from 0.74 m3/s to 1.94 m3/s were critical minimum flows for suitable spawning brown trout habitat. The model was adequate for qualitatively simulating flow and habitat in this reach, however, the complex flow conditions may be better represented by a 3D model.

Previous studies have shown that screens may be utilized efficiently for dissipating the energy of water. For the present study, a series of experimental works are executed to investigate the tailwater and multiple screen effects on the energy dissipation through screens. Water flowing beneath a sliding gate is used to simulate the flow downstream of a hydraulic structure. In the present study, one double screen and two double screen arrangements with porosity of 40% and inclination angle of 90 degree is used. A tailwater gate structure is used to adjust the tailwater depth. The major parameters for the present study are upstream flow depth, tailwater gate height, location of the screen together with the supercritical upstream flow Froude number for a range covering from 5.0 to 22.5. The gate opening simulating a hydraulic structure is adjusted at heights of 2 cm and 3 cm during the study. The results of the experiments show that the tailwater depth has no significant additional contribution on the energy dissipation, whereas multiple screen arrangement dissipates more energy as compared to one double screen arrangement.

Atualmente, está se tornando cada vez mais usual, na engenharia brasileira e internacional, aproveitamentos hidroelétricos com baixa queda e elevada vazão específica, resultando em um escoamento na entrada do dissipador de energia hidráulica com baixos números de Froude (Fr1). Os aproveitamentos da UHE Santo Antonio, da UHE Jirau e da AHE Belo Monte pertencem a essa classe e se encontram atualmente em fase de construção. Tendo em vista que, até recentemente, eram raros os casos de bacias de dissipação por ressalto hidráulico projetadas com baixo número de Froude, menor que 4,5, para esses casos, a literatura especializada não oferece estudos específicos sobre o comportamento da dissipação de energia nem das características da distribuição longitudinal de pressão. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo explorar a faixa em que o número de Froude, na entrada da bacia de dissipação, é inferior a 5. Além disso, também pretende complementar os gráficos disponíveis para auxiliar o dimensionamento de vertedouros de baixa queda, bem como verificar se as considerações já existentes para os casos em que o número de Froude é maior que 4,5 podem ou não ser adotadas para prever os valores de pressão junto ao fundo de bacias de dissipação. Como resultados finais desta pesquisa são apresentados os gráficos, nos quais foram inseridos os casos analisados para baixa queda e número de Froude anteriormente especificados. O estudo foi experimental, utilizando-se a técnica da modelação física. Foi utilizado o modelo de detalhe do vertedouro da UHE Santo Antonio na escala 1:50, obedecendo o critério de escala proposto por Froude. Os resultados deste trabalho se mostraram satisfatórios, tendo em vista que acrescentaram mais resultados experimentais a gráficos conhecidos e trouxeram novas tendências que possivelmente estão somente presentes em aproveitamentos de baixa queda e elevada vazão específica.
Currently, is becoming increasingly common in the Brazilian and international engineering hydroelectric developments with low head and high specific flow rate, resulting in a flow with low Froude number at the energy dissipator entrance. The hydroelectric power plants (HPP) of Santo Antonio, Jirau and Belo Monte belongs to this case and are currently under construction. Considering that until recently the cases of stilling basins designed for hydraulic jump with low Froude number (less than 4.5) have been rare, the specialized literature offer no specific studies on the energy dissipation behavior or on the characteristics of the longitudinal distribution pressure. This work aims to specifically explore the range in which the Froude number (Fr1) at the dissipation basin entrance is less than 5. Furthermore, it also intends to supplement the available graphs to assist the design of low-drop spillways and verify that the considerations made for Froude numbers greater than 4.5 can be adopted to predict pressure values on the bottom of the dissipation basin (stilling basin). The final results of this research are presented in graphs, in which were inserted the analyzed cases of low-head and low Froude number as specified above. The experimental study was made using the physical modeling technique. A 1:50 scale model of the spillway of HPP Santo Antonio was used according to the criterion proposed by Froude. The results were satisfactory, considering that they added more experimental results to the known graphs and brought new trends that are likely to be present at low head hydroelectric power plants and high specific flow.

A hydrological modelling effort using MODFLOW was undertaken in order to determine the relative importance of some of the factors influencing hydraulic gradient reversals in peatlands. Model domains were of two types, large raised bog type (LRBT) and kettle bog type (KBT), and were made to undergo various levels of meteorological forcing (water deficit). Substrate, too, was varied in order to determine its importance on reversals. Domain-wide reversals were successfully simulated in LRBT systems, but not in KBT systems. Although simulated flow patterns matched field-observed patterns, both pre- and post-drought, simulated reversals occurred more quickly than in the field. This may be due to insufficiently distributed parameters, such as hydraulic conductivity. Reversals were easily terminated by simulating non-drought conditions. In the LRBT system, reversal duration decreased, and time-to-reversal increased, with a decrease in drought severity. Increasing drought severity in KBT systems had the opposite effect on the duration of semi-reversed flow patterns, suggesting a possibly different/additional mechanism for flow reversals in KBT systems. Hydraulic conductivity had an appreciable effect on flow reversal evolution, though neither changing porosity, nor differences in catotelm layering had a great effect.

Nesta dissertação estão apresentados os principais conceitos teóricos envolvidos na ação dos jatos formados em dissipadores tipo salto esqui sobre fossa de erosão pré-escavada, desde o trajeto do jato em sua fase aérea e em sua fase submersa, dando especial ênfase às pressões hidrodinâmicas e sua caraterização junto ao fundo da bacia. Para estudar experimentalmente a ação dos jatos nas bacias de dissipação, utilizou-se de um modelo físico de escala 1:100 construído no Laboratório de Obras Hidráulicas do IPH/UFRGS com ensaios de diferentes vazões e diferentes profundidades de fossas pré-escavadas. Os dados foram extraídos dos ensaios no modelo físico através de vasta instrumentação, utilizando-se comportas, pontas linimétricas, piezômetros, sensores de pressão, imagens e outros equipamentos. Foi realizada uma análise criteriosa dos dados gerados no modelo físico a partir das imagens do jato na sua trajetória aérea e no escoamento do jato em sua fase submersa, comparando os dados do modelo aos resultados obtidos por métodos tradicionais de cálculo. Também foram analisados os dados de pressão gerados durante os ensaios, sendo apresentados os resultados relativos às pressões médias e às pressões dinâmicas. As pressões dinâmicas observadas no modelo físico foram comparadas com as calculadas por meio de metodologia teórica abordada na bibliografia com a finalidade de avaliar a qualidade dessa metodologia para aplicação em projetos de engenharia, onde se observou grandes diferenças de magnitude da pressão quando em colchões rasos, e diferenças de distribuição de pressão ao longo do fundo da bacia de dissipação, principalmente quando em colchões profundos. No sentido de ajustar a metodologia aplicada, foi proposta a variação de parâmetros que regulam a forma do bulbo de pressões e a aplicação de um coeficiente de amortecimento de pressões, sendo que assim foi possível melhorar significativamente a distribuição e a magnitude das pressões calculadas devido à ação dos jatos no fundo da bacia de dissipação. Os resultados se mostram satisfatórios até determinada distância após o pico de pressão provocado pelo jato, sendo que após este ponto os efeitos de ressalto hidráulico prevalecem e devem ser pesquisados em estudos futuros.
In this dissertation are presented the main theorical concepts involved in the action of the jets formed in ski jump spillways on stilling basins type pre-excavated scour hole, from the path of the jet in its air stage and in his submerged phase, with particular emphasis on hydrodynamic pressures and its characterization by the bottom of the basin. To experimentally study the action of the jets in stilling basins, was used a physical model in scale 1:100 built in Hydraulic Works Laboratory of IPH/UFRGS with experiments of different flow rates and different depths of pre-excavated scour hole. The data were extracted from experiments on the physical model through extensive instrumentation, using gates, piezometers, pressure sensors, images and other equipment. A careful analysis of the data generated in the physical model from the jet images in your path through the air was performed and the flow of the jet in its submerged phase, comparing the model data to the results obtained by traditional methods of calculation. The pressure data generated during the tests and presented the results for the mean pressures and dynamic pressures were also analyzed. Dynamic pressures observed in the physical model were compared with those calculated by means of theoretical methods for the purpose of evaluating the quality of this methodology for use in engineering projects, where we observed large differences in magnitude of pressure when in shallow water beds, and diferences in pressure distribution over the stilling basin bottom, especially when in deep water beds. In order to adjust the applied methodology, it was proposed to change parameters governing the shape of the pressure bulb and the application of a pressure damping coefficient, and thus was possible to significantly improved the distribution and magnitude of the calculated pressures due to action of the jets in the stilling basin bottom. The results have been satisfactory up to a certain distance after the peak pressure caused by the jet, and after this point the hydraulic jump effects prevail and should be investigated in future studies.

The new legal regulations derived from climate change dictate that hydraulic structures must be designed to handle flood events associated with return periods up to 10,000 years. This obviously involves adapting the existing infrastructure to meet such requirements. In order to avoid risks in the restitution of the flow discharged to rivers, such as bank overflows or streambed erosion and scour processes, hydraulic design must be supported by reliable tools capable of reproducing the behavior of hydraulic structures. In the work presented herein, a fully three-dimensional CFD model to reproduce the behavior of different types of air-water flow in hydraulic structures is presented. The flow is assumed to be turbulent, isotropic and incompressible. Several RANS turbulence models are tested and structured rectangular meshes are employed to discretize the analyzed domain. The presence of two fluids is modeled using different VOF approaches and simulations are run using the PIMPLE algorithm. The model is implemented using the open-source platform OpenFOAM and its performance is compared to the commercial code FLOW-3D. The analysis is conducted separately on two different parts of hydraulic structures, namely: the spillway and the stilling basin. Additionally, a case of practical application, where the model reproduces the flow of a real-life case, is also presented in order to prove the suitability of the model to actual design cases. Mesh independence and model validation using experimental data are checked in the results of all the case studies. The sensitivity of the presented model to certain parameters is extensively discussed using different indicator variables. Among these parameters are turbulence closure, discretization scheme, surface tracking approach, CFD code or boundary conditions. Pros and contras of each of them are addressed. The analyzed turbulence models are the Standard k ¿ ¿, the Realizable k ¿ ¿, the RNG k ¿ ¿, and the SST k ¿ ¿. The discretization schemes under study are: a first-order upwind method, the second-order limited Van Leer method, and a second-order limited central difference method. The VOF approaches analyzed are the Partial VOF, as implemented in OpenFOAM, and the TruVOF, as implemented in FLOW-3D. In most cases, the Standard k ¿ ¿ model provides the most accurate estimations of water free surface profiles, although the rest of variables, with few exceptions, are better predicted by the RNG k ¿ ¿. The latter model generally requires slightly longer computation times. The SST k ¿ ¿ reproduces correctly the phenomena under study, although it generally turned out to be less accurate than its k ¿ ¿ counterparts. As regards the comparison among VOF approaches and codes, it is impossible to determine which one performs best. E.g. OpenFOAM, using the Partial VOF, managed to reproduce the in- ternal hydraulic jump structure and all derived variables better than FLOW-3D, using the TruVOF, although the latter seems to capture better the momentum transfer and so all derived variables. In the case of flow in stepped spillways, OpenFOAM captures better the velocity profiles, although FLOW-3D is more accurate when estimating the water free surface profile. It is worth remark- ing that not even their response to certain model parameters is comparable. E.g. FLOW-3D is significantly less sensitive to mesh refinement than OpenFOAM. Given the result accuracy achieved in all cases, the proposed model is fully applicable to more complex design cases, where stilling basins, stepped spillways and hydraulic structures in general must be investigated.
Las nuevas disposiciones legales derivadas del cambio climático dictaminan que las estructuras hidráulicas sean capaces de funcionar correctamente con eventos de inundación asociados a periodos de retorno de hasta 10,000 años. Esto, obviamente, implica adaptar la infraestructura existente para satisfacer dichos requerimientos. A fin de evitar riesgos en la restitución de los caudales vertidos al río, como desbordamientos o procesos erosivos y de socavación, el diseño hidráulico ha de sustentarse en herramientas fiables capaces de reproducir el comportamiento de las estructuras hidráulicas. En este trabajo, se presenta un modelo numérico CFD completamente tridimensional para reproducir el comportamiento de diferentes tipos de flujo aire-agua en estructuras hidráulicas. Se asume que el flujo es turbulento, isotrópico e incompresible. Diversos modelos de turbulencia RANS son contrastados y se emplean mallas estructuradas rectanuglares para discretizar el dominio analizado. La presencia de dos fluidos es modelada utilizando diferentes enfoques VOF y las simulaciones son ejecutadas empleando el algoritmo PIMPLE. El modelo es implementado mediante la plataforma de código abierto OpenFOAM y su respuesta es comparada con la del modelo comercial FLOW-3D. El análisis se lleva a cabo sobre dos partes diferentes de una estructura hidráulica, a saber, el aliviadero y el cuenco amortiguador, de forma separada. Además, un caso de aplicación práctica, donde el modelo reproduce el flujo en una estructura real, es presentado también a fin de probar la adecuación del modelo a casos de diseño aplicado. Se comprueban la independencia de la malla y la validación con datos experimentales de los resultados de todos los casos de estudio. La sensibilidad del modelo presentado a ciertos parámetros es analizada de forma exhaustiva empleando diferentes variables indicadoras. Los pros y contras de cada uno de éstos son planteados. Los modelos de turbulencia analizados son el Standard k-epsilon, el Realizable k-epsilon, el RNG k-epsilon y el SST k-omega. Los esquemas de discretización estudiados son: un método de primer orden upwind, uno de Van Leer de segundo orden y un esquema de segundo orden limitado de diferencias centradas. Los enfoques VOF analizados son el Partial VOF, implementado en OpenFOAM, y el TruVOF, implementado en FLOW-3D. En la mayoría de casos, el modelo k-epsilon aporta las estimaciones más precisas de perfiles de lámina libre de agua, pese a que el resto de variables, con alguna excepción, son mejor predichas por el RNG k-epsilon. Este modelo generalmente requiere mayores tiempos de cálculo. El k-omega reproduce correctamente los fenómenos bajo estudio, pese a que su precisión es generalmente más baja que la de los modelos k-epsilon. En lo que respecta a la comparación entre enfoques VOF y códigos, es imposible determinar cuál es el mejor. Por ejemplo, OpenFOAM, empleando el Partial VOF, logra reproducir la estructura interna del resalto hidráulico y todas las variables derivadas mejor que FLOW-3D, empleando el TruVOF, a pesar de que este último parece capturar mejor la transferencia de cantidad de movimiento y, por tanto, todas las variables derivadas. En el caso del flujo en aliviaderos escalonados, OpenFOAM captura mejor los perfiles de velocidad, pese a que FLOW-3D es más preciso en la estimación de los perfiles de lámina libre de agua. Conviene recalcar que ni tan sólo su respuesta a ciertos parámetros del modelo es comparable. Por ejemplo, FLOW-3D es significativamente menos sensible al refinado de malla que OpenFOAM. A la luz de la precisión de los resultados obtenidos en todos los casos, el modelo propuesto es completamente aplicable a casos de diseño más complejos, donde cuencos amortiguadores, aliviaderos escalonados y estructuras hidráulicas en general han de ser investigadas.
Les noves disposicions legals derivades del canvi climàtic dictaminen que cal que les estructures hidràuliques siguen capaces de funcionar correctament amb esdeveniments d'inundació associats a períodes de retorn de fins a 10,000 anys. Això, òbviament, implica adaptar la infraestrctura existent per satisfer aquests requeriments. A fi d'evitar riscs en la restitució dels cabals vessats al riu, com desbordaments o processos erosius i de socavació, el disseny hidràulic ha de recolzar-se en ferramentes fiables capaces de reproduir el comportament de les estructures hidràuliques. En aquest treball, es prsenta un model numèric CFD completament tridimensional per a reproduir el comportament de diferents tipus de flux aire-aigua en estructures hidràuliques. S'assumeix que el flux és turbulent, isotròpic i incompressible. Diferents models de turbulència RANS són contrastats i s'empren malles estructurades rectangulars per discretitzar el domini analitzat. La presència de dos fluids és modelada utilitzant diferents enfocaments VOF i les simulacions són executades emprant l'algorisme PIMPLE. El model és implementat mitjançant la plataforma de codi obert OpenFOAM i la seua resposta és comparada amb la del codi comercial FLOW-3D. L'anàlisi es du a terme sobre les diferents parts d'una estructura hidràulica, a saber, sobreeixidors esgraonats i vas esmorteïdor, de forma separada. A més, un cas d'aplicació pràctica, on el model reprodueix el flux a una estructura real, és presentat també a fi de provar l'adequació del model a casos de disseny aplicat. Es comproven la independència de la malla i la validació amb dades experimentals dels resultats de tots els casos d'estudi. La sensibilitat del model presentat a certs paràmetres és analitzada de forma exhaustiva emprant diferents variables indicadores. Els pros i contres de cadascun d'aquests són plantejats. Els models de turbulència analitzats són l'Standard k-epsilon, el Realizable k-epsilon, el RNG k-epsilon i l'SST k-omega. Els esquemes de discretització estudiats són: un mètode de primer ordre upwind, un de Van Leer de segon ordre i un esquema de segon ordre limitat de diferències centrades. Els enfocaments VOF analitzats són el Partial VOF, implementat en OpenFOAM, i el TruVOF, implementat en FLOW-3D. En la majoria de casos, el model Standard k-epsilon aporta les estimacions més precises de perfils de làmina lliure d'aigua, tot i que la resta de variables, amb alguna excepció, són millor predites pel RNG k-epsilon. Aquest model generalment requereix majors temps de càlcul. El k-omega reprodueix correctament els fenòmens sota estudi, tot i que la seua precisió és generalment més baixa que la dels models k-epsilon. Pel que fa la comparació entre enfocaments VOF i codis, és impossible determinar quin és el millor. Per exemple, OpenFOAM, emprant el Partial VOF, aconsegueix reproduir l'estructura interna del ressalt hidràulic i totes les variables derivades millor que FLOW-3D, emprant el TruVOF, tot i que aquest últim pareix capturar millor la transferència de quantitat de moviment i, per tant, totes les variables derivades. En el cas del flux en sobreeixidors esgraonats, OpenFOAM captura millor els perfils de velocitat, tot i que FLOW-3D és més precís en estimar els perfils de làmina lliure d'aigua. Cal deixar palès que ni tan sols la seua resposta a certs paràmetres del model és comparable. Per exemple, FLOW-3D és significativament menys sensible al refinament de malla que OpenFOAM. En base a la precisió dels resultats obtinguts en tots els casos, el model proposat és completament aplicable a casos de disseny més complexos, on vassos esmorteïdors, sobreeixidors esgraonats i estructures hidràuliques en general han de ser investigades.
Bayón Barrachina, A. (2017). Numerical analysis of air-water flows in hydraulic structures using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/90440
TESIS

The quantitative effects of increasing the organic matter contents of three soils upon their susceptibility to compaction, the recovery of tilth after compaction and the fertility of the soils were investigated. These effects were further studied on the production of bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).
Soil consistency limits, soil water status, applied pressure and organic matter contents were used to predict shear strength, penetration resistance and water retention characteristics of compacted soils, with the aim of meeting the widespread demand for possible techniques of soil compaction prediction.
Soil compaction increased the ability of the soils to retain moisture, increased penetration resistance, shear strength and decreased the available water capacity of soils. On the other hand, organic matter increased the ability of the soils to retain moisture, expanded the available water capacity and decreased the penetration resistance and shear strength of compacted soils.
Although soil compaction increased the stem diameter of bush bean; the height, yields and root dry matter of the crop decreased with higher compaction levels. On the contrary, higher organic matter levels increased the plant and yield parameters of the crop.

Experimental and numerical studies of coupled heat and moisture flow induced in an unsaturated soil by simultaneously imposed temperature and hydraulic gradients, in opposite directions, are presented. The experimental portion of the study was designed to provide information on the moisture and temperature distributions in relation to elapsed time and distance from the heat source. Tests were conducted on three different materials: (a) buffer (equal proportion of silica sand and sodium bentonite), (b) backfill (25 percent low swelling clay and 75 percent crushed granite rock), and (c) sand. Each material was compacted to its maximum dry density and optimum water content. The experiments were performed with the application of external hydraulic and temperature gradients in opposite directions. Swelling pressure tests were performed to quantify the local swelling pressure as well as the wall's effect on the resultant reaction pressure. The effect of swelling pressure on hydraulic pressure and local volume change has been studied using the experimental results.
In the theoretical part of this research, a numerical solution of the governing coupled heat and mass flow equations was obtained via the implicit finite difference method. The solution was then used in conjunction with Powell's optimization technique to back-calculate the transport coefficients. A sensitivity analysis of the volumetric water content and temperature with respect to the transport coefficient was performed. Using the calculated transport parameters, the moisture content profile was predicted.
The experimental results have shown that moisture flows from the hot and cold ends to the middle part of the soil column. The developed local swelling pressure appears to have significant effect on moisture movement and hydraulic pressure. The use of a sand layer between the buffer and waste container has been observed to be very useful in reducing the shrinkage of the buffer material.
The numerical results strongly support the dependence of the transport coefficients, in the governing coupled heat and moisture flow equations, on temperature and volumetric water content.

Em aproveitamentos hídricos, onde podem estar envolvidas elevadas alturas de água armazenada, o vertedouro é a estrutura hidráulica responsável por conduzir com segurança o escoamento que excede a capacidade de armazenamento do reservatório. Neste aspecto, é necessário considerar o processo de dissipação de energia a fim de proteger o pé da barragem e a própria estrutura do vertedouro contra a ação erosiva da água. Este fluxo que é descarregado é usualmente amortecido por um colchão d’água, o qual é delimitado em uma bacia de dissipação projetada com intuito de resistir aos esforços impostos pelo escoamento. Em grandes barramentos, a utilização de um vertedouro tipo salto esqui, que é caracterizado por um defletor de fluxo no final de sua calha, possibilita que não haja necessidade de revestir o leito próximo do pé da barragem, pois a incidência do jato lançado ocorre distante deste local. Desta maneira, a dissipação da energia é efetuada sobre o próprio leito do rio, sendo formada uma fossa de erosão, contudo, dependendo da resistência do leito e de suas características anisotrópicas, os padrões de recirculação do fluxo podem fazer a fossa evoluir para uma situação nociva. Por isso, desde a fase de projeto desse tipo de vertedouro, monitoramento e previsões da progressão da fossa são essenciais. Então, conforme proposta deste trabalho, abordou-se cada fenômeno que influencia no potencial erosivo do jato, como a turbulência em sua emissão e o grau de difusão do mesmo no colchão d’água. Assim, com ensaios sobre modelo físico, foi possível desenvolver duas metodologias, aplicáveis tanto para a verificação da erosão de material granular na superfície de leitos, quanto para o interior de leitos rochosos fissurados, cujas forças atuantes em um bloco de rocha isolado, podem vencer seu peso submerso e o destacar da matriz.
In hydroelectric plants, which may be involved elevated heights of stored water, the dam spillway is responsible for safely flow the water that exceeds the storage capacity of the reservoir. In this respect, it is necessary to consider the process of energy dissipation in order to protect the base of the dam and the spillway structure itself against the erosive action of the water. This stream discharged is usually cushioned by a waterbed, which is bounded into a stilling basin designed with the purpose of resist the efforts imposed by the flow. In large dams, the use of a ski jump spillway type, which is characterized by a flow deflector at the end of its chute, allows no need lining the bed near the foot of the dam, since the impact of the jet is launched away this location. Thus, the energy dissipation is performed on the riverbed itself, generating a scour hole, however, depending on the resistance of the bed and its anisotropic features, patterns of flow recirculation can evolve the pit into a harmful state. For this reason, since the design phase of this type of spillway, monitoring and predicting the progression of the pit are essential. Then, according to the proposal of this work, it was dealt with each phenomenon that influences the erosive potential of the jet, as the turbulence at its issue on the air, and the level of its diffusion of on waterbed. Based on physical model tests, it was possible to develop two methodologies, applicable both for verifying erosion of granular material from the surface of the bottom, as for analyze the interior of a fissured bedrock, which the forces acting on an isolated block of rock can overcome its submerged weight and uplift it off the matrix.

Hydraulic retention time (HRT) might contribute to the substantial variation in phosphorus-chlorphyll and chlorophyll-zooplankton models because rapid flushing might depress plankton development. However, for a world-wide data set. HRT was not correlated with chlorophyll. Total phosphorus had no effect on chlorphyll when hypereutrophic sites were considered separately, but chlorophyll was negatively related to HRT. Short term HRT, averaged over periods up to one month, was not correlated with chlorophyll, or zooplankton biomass, in seven impoundments on the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers. The size distribution of algae was not affected by HRT. The proportion of rotifer to total zooplankton biomass was positively related to HRT, but this trend disappeared when nauplius biomass was removed from the total. These results indicate that rapid flushing does not necessarily reduce planktonic biomass and that short term HRT is not useful for the prediction and management of planktonic biomass in these systems.

The low capital and operating costs of aerated lagoons has lead to their extensive use in rural areas as a method of wastewater treatment. Although the performance of the system depends directly on the hydraulic mixing, there is currently no consensus on the key hydraulic parameters that influence the mixing of these lagoons. Tracer studies were performed on the St-Hermas aerated lagoon and a dynamically similar laboratory model to determine the effects of the water flow rate and the aeration rate on the performance of these aerated lagoons, to evaluate the method of dynamic similarity used to design the laboratory model and to evaluate the accuracy of predictive empirical dispersion models. The results were analysed using flow visualisation, simple observational and mathematical Retention Time Distribution (RTD) techniques and various hydraulic models. From these results it is concluded that the water flow rate and the aeration rate both significantly affect the hydraulic mixing of aerated lagoons, with the water flow rate being the dominant parameter. Furthermore, it is proven that the method of dynamic similarity used in this research is valid and that the only dispersion model that predicted reasonably accurate results was Arcievala (1981). An additional finding during the course of this research indicates that tracer study E-curves must be developed to completion in order to ensure conservation of mass and accurate analytical results.

A vazão em comportas planas verticais foi determinada através de vários métodos de cálculo, sendo alguns calibrados com medições realizadas em canal laboratorial. As equações testadas baseiam-se nos métodos da energia-quantidade de movimento, algumas considerando um fator de correção, e no teorema dos da análise dimensional. O estudo foi desenvolvido para as situações de ressalto hidráulico livre e submerso. Entre todas as formulações consideradas, obteve-se um erro médio geral para escoamento com ressalto livre de 4% e com ressalto submerso de 9%. Para ressalto livre, o método mais preciso gerou erros próximos de 2% e, para ressalto submerso, o método mais preciso obteve um erro médio de 4%. Foram também comparadas algumas equações de fronteira, entre o ressalto livre e submerso, tendo-se concluído que uma das equações garante maior rigor na definição dessa fronteira; ABSTRACT: Discharge in vertical sluice gates was computed by different calculation methods, some of them calibrated with measurements performed in a laboratory canal. The tested equations are based in energy-momentum method, some of them consider a correction factor, and in a method based on -theorem of the dimensional analysis. The study was developed for free and submerged flow. From all the equations considered, there were obtained an overall average error for free flow of 4% and for submerged flow of 9%. In free flow, the most accurate method obtained an error close to 2% and in submerged flow, the most accurate method an error of 4%. Were also compared some equations of distinguishing condition, which function is determine the type of hydraulic jump. One of the considered equations gave the best result and accuracy in the definition of the frontier between free and submerged flow.

The role of the stretch reflex during upright stance remains unclear despite research that has been conducted to date. We have developed a bilateral electro-hydraulic actuator system to measure the dynamic joint stiffness of the human ankle during standing and help understand the role of the stretch reflex in the control of posture. The apparatus consists of two foot pedals that are each connected to an electro-hydraulic rotary actuator. Transducers were incorporated to measure the position and torque of each actuator, the angle of the ankle with respect to the foot plate, and the positions of the knee and hip. The experimental apparatus allows independent perturbations to be applied to each ankle. One subject was studied using the new apparatus and the results showed that reflexes are present during the perturbed standing task.

Surge chambers are sometimes included in the hydraulic circuits of hydroelectric power plants as a means of absorbing pressure waves formed by the opening/closing of a turbine. Surge chambers, however, result in additional power loss and therefore reduce the efficiency of the plant. This work aims to 1) investigate the physical phenomena and flow within a surge chamber under normal operation (i.e. no opening/closing of a turbine), and 2) obtain experimental data for the validation of numerical simulations of this complex flow.Experiments and numerical simulations have been conducted for a simplified model of a surge chamber operated under multiple configurations at a constant input flow rate. This 3-D, unsteady, incompressible, swirling, two-phase flow has been experimentally characterized by global values, such as head losses, and local values, such as free-surface profiles, free-surface oscillations, reduced pressure profiles and velocity fields. The same quantities were also obtained numerically using the "rasInterFoam" solver of the open source code "OpenFOAM-1.5," for incompressible two-phase flows. This solver implements a one-fluid, volume-of-fluid (VOF) method with an interface-capturing scheme. Overall agreement between the experimental and numerical quantities is good, although there are local discrepancies. The periodic oscillations of the flow observed in the experiments and the numerical simulations of the simplified model (operated under constant input flow rate) were associated with the phenomena of i) oscillating mass, and ii) self-induced sloshing.
Des chambres d'équilibre sont parfois intégrées aux circuits hydrauliques des centrales hydroélectriques afin d'absorber les ondes de pression se formant lors de l'ouverture/fermeture d'une turbine. Celles-ci affectent l'efficacité des centrales, en augmentant les pertes d'énergie. Ce projet de maîtrise vise à 1) étudier les phénomènes physiques ainsi que l'écoulement à l'intérieur d'une chambre d'équilibre sous opération normale (i.e. aucune ouverture/fermeture de turbine), et à 2) obtenir des données expérimentales visant à valider les simulations numériques de cet écoulement complexe.Les mesures expérimentales et les simulations numériques ont été effectuées sur un modèle simplifié d'une chambre d'équilibre. Ce dernier a été opéré sous de multiples configurations à débit d'entrée constant. L'écoulement tridimensionnel, instationnaire, incompressible, tourbillonnant et biphasique a été caractérisé expérimentalement par des quantités globales, telles que des pertes de charges, ainsi que par des quantités locales, telles que des profils et des périodes d'oscillations de surface libre, des profils de pression réduite et des champs de vitesses. Les mêmes quantités ont aussi été obtenues par calculs numériques en utilisant l'exécutable "rasInterFoam" du code à source ouverte "OpenFOAM-1.5", limité aux écoulements incompressibles et biphasiques. Ce dernier traite l'écoulement comme étant un mélange localement homogène composé de deux phases en utilisant une méthode "volume-of-fluid" (VOF) et un schéma de capture d'interface.Globalement, les résultats numériques concordent avec les mesures expérimentales, malgré quelques variations locales. Les oscillations périodiques de l'écoulement survenant à un débit d'entrée constant, qui ont été observées tant sur le banc d'essai que dans les simulations numériques, sont associées aux phénomènes i) d'oscillation de masse et de ii) ballottement auto-induit.

Among various natural biopolymers, type I collagen gels have demonstrated the highest potential as biomimetic scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE). However, the successful application of collagen gels requires a greater understanding of the relationship between their microstructure and physical-mechanical properties. Therefore, a precise method to modulate collagen gel microstructure in order to attain optimal scaffold properties for diverse biomedical applications is necessary. This dissertation describes a new approach to produce collagen gels with defined microstructures, quantified by hydraulic permeability (k), in order to optimize scaffold properties for TE applications. It was hypothesized that the measurement of k can be used to study the role of microstructure in collagen gel properties, as well as cell function and cell-scaffold interactions. Applying increasing levels of plastic compression (PC) to the highly hydrated collagen gels resulted in an increase in collagen fibrillar density, reduced Happel model derived k values, increased gel stiffness, promoted MSC metabolic activity, osteogenic differentiation, and mineral deposition, while cell-induced gel contraction diminished. Thus, collagen gels with lower k and higher stiffness values exhibited greater potential for bone tissue engineering.Correlating between collagen gel microstructure, k, and fibroblast function within collagen gels indicated that increasing the level of PC yielded a reduction in pore size and an increase in fibril bundle diameter. Decrease in k values resulted in a decrease in gel contraction and an increase in cell metabolic activity. An increase in cell density accelerated contraction. Therefore, fibroblast function within collagen gels can be optimised by a balance between the microstructure, k, and cell seeding density.Developing a micromechanical model to measure experimental k of collagen gels during confined compression revealed the formation of a dense collagen lamella at the fluid expulsion boundary, thereby generating a two-layer model. By applying gel mass loss into Darcy's law, experimental k values of the lamella, along with the thickness of lamella (c) and hydrated gel layer (b) were measured. An increase in either compression level or compression time resulted in a decrease in k, decrease in b, and an increase in c. In conclusion, controlled compression of collagen gels can be used to produce multi-layered biomimetic scaffolds with defined microstructures and k in order to attain optimal properties for tissue engineering applications.
Parmi les biopolymères naturels couramment utilisés, les gels de collagène de type I se sont révélés être parmi les matrices biomimétiques les plus prometteuses pour l'ingénierie tissulaire. Cependant, le succès des applications thérapeutiques des matrices collagéniques nécessite une meilleure compréhension de la relation entre leur microstructure et leurs propriétés mécaniques. C'est pourquoi une méthode précise permettant de moduler la microstructure du gel de collagène est nécessaire pour pouvoir espérer atteindre les propriétés optimales de la matrice pour des applications médicales diverses. Cette thèse de doctorat décrit le développement et l'évaluation d'une nouvelle approche pour produire des gels de collagène avec une microstructure définie. Cette méthode permet de quantifier la perméabilité hydraulique (k) afin d'optimiser les propriétés de la matrice pour des applications en ingénierie tissulaire. Il a émis l'hypothèse que la mesure de k peut être utilisée pour étudier le rôle de la microstructure dans les propriétés du gel de collagène ainsi que la fonction cellulaire et les interactions matrice-cellules a été formulée.Appliquant des différents niveaux de compression plastique (PC) à des gels de collagène a entraîné une augmentation de la densité de fibrillaire, réduit les valeurs de k dérivées du modèle de Happel, augmentation de la rigidité du gel, stimulé l'activité métabolique des MSC, la différenciation ostéogénique et le dépôt de minéral, alors que la contraction du gel induite par les cellules a été réduite. Ainsi, les gels de collagène qui présentent une valeur de k plus faible et des valeurs de rigidité plus élevées ont présenté un potentiel plus élevé pour des applications en ingénierie tissulaire osseuse. Corréler la microstructure du gel de collagène, la perméabilité, et la fonction des fibroblastes cultivés dans des gels de collagène a indiqué que l'augmentation du niveau de PC résultait en la diminution de la taille des pores et une augmentation du diamètre des faisceaux de fibres. Diminution des valeurs de k résultait en une diminution de la contraction du gel et une augmentation de l'activité cellulaire métabolique. C'est pourquoi la fonction des fibroblastes, cultivés à l'intérieur de matrices de collagène, peut être optimisée en réalisant une balance entre les propriétés de microstructure, définie par k et par la densité cellulaire.Développement d'un modèle micromécanique pour mesurer la valeur expérimentale de k des gels de collagène pendant l'auto-compression radiaire confinée (SC) a révélé la formation d'une lamelle de collagène dense à la limite de l'expulsion de fluide, générant ainsi un model à deux couches. En appliquant la perte de masse de gel à la loi de Darcy, les valeurs expérimentales de k de la lamelle, ainsi que l'épaisseur de la lamelle (c) et hydratée couche de gel (b) ont été mesurés. Une augmentation soit au niveau de compression ou de temps de compression résultait en une diminution de k, diminution de b, et une augmentation de c.En conclusion, la compression contrôlée des gels hydratés de collagène peut être utilisée afin de produire des matrices multicouches biomimétiques présentant une microstructure définie et des valeurs de perméabilité permettant d'atteindre des propriétés optimales pour des applications en ingénierie tissulaire.

An estimation method for predicting the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) of the soil was developed for common Nova Scotia soil types by examination of historical Ksat records. Detailed statistical analysis was performed to develop useful predictive models for Ksat based on soil physical properties and to determine the confidence limits for specific horizon-soil type combinations. Sensitivity analysis of the Hooghoudt equation was then performed to establish Ksat classes to which the confidence limits could be assigned to complete the development of the estimation method.
Model development processes proved unsuccessful due to the influence of factors not considered by the model due to their qualitative nature. Independent field testing of the estimation method with respect to core and Guelph permeameter measurement techniques produced measured values within the same class as the estimated value 34% of the time for both techniques and values within one estimated class or less 70 and 76% of the time for core and permeameter techniques respectively.

Among various natural biopolymers, type I collagen gels have demonstrated the highest potential as biomimetic scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE). However, the successful application of collagen gels requires a greater understanding of the relationship between their microstructure and physical-mechanical properties. Therefore, a precise method to modulate collagen gel microstructure in order to attain optimal scaffold properties for diverse biomedical applications is necessary. This dissertation describes a new approach to produce collagen gels with defined microstructures, quantified by hydraulic permeability ( k), in order to optimize scaffold properties for TE applications. It was hypothesized that the measurement of k can be used to study the role of microstructure in collagen gel properties, as well as cell function and cell-scaffold interactions. Applying increasing levels of plastic compression (PC) to the highly hydrated collagen gels resulted in an increase in collagen fibrillar density, reduced Happel model derived k values, increased gel stiffness, promoted MSC metabolic activity, osteogenic differentiation, and mineral deposition, while cell-induced gel contraction diminished. Thus, collagen gels with lower k and higher stiffness values exhibited greater potential for bone tissue engineering.
Correlating between collagen gel microstructure, k, and fibroblast function within collagen gels indicated that increasing the level of PC yielded a reduction in pore size and an increase in fibril bundle diameter. Decrease in k values resulted in a decrease in gel contraction and an increase in cell metabolic activity. An increase in cell density accelerated contraction. Therefore, fibroblast function within collagen gels can be optimised by a balance between the microstructure, k, and cell seeding density.
Developing a micromechanical model to measure experimental k of collagen gels during confined compression revealed the formation of a dense collagen lamella at the fluid expulsion boundary, thereby generating a two-layer model. By applying gel mass loss into Darcy's law, experimental k values of the lamella, along with the thickness of lamella (c) and hydrated gel layer (b) were measured. An increase in either compression level or compression time resulted in a decrease in k, decrease in b, and an increase in c. In conclusion, controlled compression of collagen gels can be used to produce multi-layered biomimetic scaffolds with defined microstructures and k in order to attain optimal properties for tissue engineering applications.

The thesis is dealing with comparing dissipation of the kinetic energy water flow using various bottom elements based on model research. There is missing information about efficiency of different kinds of bottom elements. This absence does not allow to compare different modification of the bottom of stilling basins. Within experimental research were measured depths in different variants. Based on the results of model tests are evaluated and tabulated sorted variants of the combat efficiency of the kinetic energy water flow. The results will be used for the efficient and economic design of additional alterations of stilling basins.