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Gadge, Gaurav, i Yogesh Pahariya. "Grey Wolf Optimization Based Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Electrical Vehicles". International Journal of Electrical and Electronics Research 10, nr 3 (30.09.2022): 772–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.37391/ijeer.100359.
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Electric vehicles (EVs) are seen as a necessary component of transportation's future growth. However, the performance of batteries related to power density and energy density restricts the adoption of electric vehicles. To make the transition from a conventional car to a pure electric vehicle (PEV), a Hybrid Electric Vehicle's (HEV) Energy Management System (EMS) is crucial. The HEVs are often powered with hybrid electrical sources, therefore it is important to select the optimal power source to improve the HEV performance, minimize the fuel cost and minimize hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides emission. This paper presents the Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) algorithm for the control of the power sources in the HEVs based on power requirement and economy. The proposed GWO-based EMS provides optimized switching of the power sources and economical and pollution free control of HEV.
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Ray, Richik. "Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Parameter Analysis using MATLAB". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr 10 (31.10.2021): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38433.
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Abstract: In this paper, a MATLAB based Simulink model of a Series-Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle is presented. With the advent of Industry 4.0, the usage of Big Data, Machine Learning, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and similar groundbreaking domains of technology have usurped manual supervision in industrial as well as personal scenarios. This is aided by the drastic shift from orthodox and conventional Internal Combustion Engine based vehicles fuelled by fossil fuels in the order of petrol, diesel, etc., to fully functional electric vehicles developed by renowned companies, for example Tesla. Alongside 100% electric vehicles are hybrid vehicles that function on a system based on the integration of the conventional ICE and the modern Electric Propulsion System, which is referred to as the Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrain. Designs for modern HEVs and EVs are developed on computer software where simulations are run and all the essential parameters for the vehicle’s performance and sustainability are run and observed. This paper is articulated to discuss the parameters of a series-parallel HEV through an indepth MATLAB Simulink design, and further the observations are presented. Keywords: ICE (Internal Combustion Engine), HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle), Drivetrain, MATLAB, Simulink, PSD (Power Split Device), Vehicle Dynamics, SOC (State-of-Charge)
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You, Zhuan. "Fault Alarms and Power Performance in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Hydraulic Technology". World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, nr 1 (10.01.2023): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj14010020.
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In order to improve the fault alarm effect on the power performance of hydraulic hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), this paper proposes a fault alarm method for hybrid electric vehicle power performance based on hydraulic technology, builds a hybrid electric vehicle power system model, uses hydraulic technology to extract the characteristic signals of key components, uses support vector mechanisms to build a hybrid electric vehicle classifier, and obtains the fault alarm results for dynamic performance based on hydraulic technology. The results show that the proposed method can improve real-time diagnosis and alarm for engine faults in HEV, and the fault can be diagnosed after 5 s of injection, thus ensuring the dynamic stability of HEV.
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Pielecha, Jacek, Kinga Skobiej, Przemyslaw Kubiak, Marek Wozniak i Krzysztof Siczek. "Exhaust Emissions from Plug-in and HEV Vehicles in Type-Approval Tests and Real Driving Cycles". Energies 15, nr 7 (25.03.2022): 2423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072423.
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The amount of hybrid vehicles and their contribution have increased in the global market. They are a promising aspect for a decrease in emissions. Different tests are used to determine the factors of such emissions. The goal of the present study was to compare the emissions of two hybrid vehicles of the same manufacturer: the plug-in version and the HEV version (gasoline + electric engine). These vehicles were chosen because they comprise the largest market share of hybrid cars in Poland. The exhaust emission tests were conducted in the WLTC tests on a chassis dynamometer and under real traffic conditions. Simultaneous testing on a dyno and under real driving is the most adequate test to assess the environmental aspects of vehicles—especially hybrids. The combustion engines of the tested vehicles were supplied with gasoline containing 5% biocomponents. The emissions, including CO2, CO, NOx, THC and PNs, were measured in accordance with the European Union procedure. According to the latter, the resistance to motion of the chassis dyno was adjusted to the road load, allowing the hybrid vehicles to move in electric mode and allowing the dynamometer to operate in energy recovery mode. The obtained emissions of CO2, CO, NOx and THC in the case of the plug-in hybrid vehicle were lower by 3%, 2%, 25%, and 13%, respectively, compared to the case of HEV. Fuel consumption in the case of the plug-in hybrid vehicle was lower by 3%, and PN was lower by 10% compared to the case of HEV (WLTC). In real driving conditions, the differences were more pronounced in favour of the plug-in vehicle: CO2 emissions in the RDE test were 30% lower, NOx emissions were 50% lower, and PN was 10% lower. An increase in emissions was only observed for CO2 emissions—the plug-in vehicle’s on-road emissions were 6% higher compared to the HEV. The obtained emissions for FC and PN varied with actual velocity values due to competitive driving between a combustion engine and an electric motor, as well as existing acceleration and deceleration events during the test and other factors.
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Sivakumar, P., Rajaseeli Reginald, G. Venkatesan, Hari Viswanath i T. Selvathai. "Configuration Study of Hybrid Electric Power Pack for Tracked Combat Vehicles". Defence Science Journal 67, nr 4 (30.06.2017): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.67.11454.
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<p>In recent years, there is growing interest in hybridisation of military vehicles due to the features and advantages offered by the technology. Generally, the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is propelled by a combination of electric motors and internal combustion engine (ICE). Hybrid electric combat vehicles, when compared with conventional vehicles, have the advantages of improved fuel efficiency and drivability due to optimal operation of ICE, regenerative braking and silent operation capability. Limitations related to key technologies such as compact electric motors/generators, power electronics and energy storage systems that are required to operate under extreme environmental conditions pose challenges to the development of hybrid electric power pack. Technical challenges of HEV technologies considering futuristic applications of combat vehicles is described. The configuration specification of hybrid electric power train architecture suited to deliver high automotive performance and power demands for infantry combat vehicles (ICV) is also discussed.</p>
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Hu, Zhemin, Ramin Tafazzoli Mehrjardi, Lin Lai i Mehrdad Ehsani. "Optimal Hybridization of Conventional ICE Vehicles". Eng 2, nr 4 (12.11.2021): 592–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eng2040037.
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Most commercially available hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) drivetrains are made of small internal combustion (IC) engines and large electric drives to improve fuel economy. They usually have higher cost than the conventional IC-engine-based vehicles because of the high costs of the electric drives. This paper proposes a hybridized powertrain composed of the original full-size engine of the vehicle and a universally optimum size parallel electric drive. The dynamic programming (DP) algorithm was used to obtain the sensitivity of the maximum miles per gallon (MPG) values versus the power rating of the electric drive. This sensitivity was then analyzed to determine the optimal window of the electric drive power ratings. This was proven to be universal for all passenger cars of various masses and engine powers. The fuel economy and vehicle performance of this HEV was compared with those of the 2019 Toyota Corolla, a conventional IC-engine-based vehicle, and the 2019 Toyota Prius, a commercially available HEV. The results showed that the proposed universally optimized HEV powertrain achieved better fuel economy and vehicle performance than both the original ICE and HEV vehicles, at low additional vehicle cost.
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Lee, Joosung, i Yeongmin Kwon. "Analyzing Factors of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Adoption Using Total Cost of Ownership". Journal of Social Sciences Research, nr 65 (25.05.2020): 606–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.606.614.
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Around 20% of total greenhouse gas emissions occur in transportation, 85% of which takes place in road traffics. Environmentally friendly vehicles are a transport type which has less environment impacts compared to existing internal combustion engine vehicles. Among them hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have increased steadily in South Korea. This paper analyzes the sales of YF SONATA HEV and K5 HEV, which account for 85% of the domestic HEV market, compared to gasoline engine versions of the same models from Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) viewpoint. The relationship between the vehicle’s TCO and HEV sales share were analyzed as well as the consumer’s perception about the value associated with purchasing HEVs. This research conducts a quantitative study on the necessary government incentives on HEV sales for the expansion of HEV market in Korea. This work could contribute to the design of government policy to promote environmentally friendly vehicles. Additionally, this work can serve to analyze the effect of such incentive policies on environmental conservation and reduction of social expenses.
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Gao, Tao. "Research on Simulation Algorithm of Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy and Intelligent Control". International Journal of Advanced Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing 9, nr 4 (październik 2017): 33–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijapuc.2017100103.
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Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a kind of new cars with low fuel consumption and low emissions, which combines the advantages of traditional vehicle's long endurance and no-pollution of pure electric vehicles. It represents the future direction of development of vehicle for a period of time. Therefore, the research of HEV technology has important practical significance to the development of China's automobile. This paper takes Shijiazhuang bus as the research object, makes parameter matching according to the parameters of the vehicle, builds the vehicle model using Cruise software, set the simulation task, and studies the control strategy to reduce automobile fuel and pollutant emission targets. The research of this paper has certain directive significance to the modeling and energy optimization of hybrid electric vehicle.
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Menes, Maciej. "Two decades of hybrid electric vehicle market". Journal of Civil Engineering and Transport 3, nr 1 (4.05.2022): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/tren.2021.003.
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The article presents a cross-sectional view of the development of the HEV car market over the last two decades. Hybrid cars are currently the widest group of cars equipped with alternative to classic drive systems. They are also the most numerous group among electric vehicles. The historical meanders of HEV development were described, as well as the current level of development of this market and the real prospects for the popularization of HEV cars. The level of world production of this category of motor vehicles in the twenty-year period 2001-2020 was also characterized. The article attempts to estimate the real size of the world\'s HEV fleet. The level of sales of this category of vehicles by individual countries and their changing percentage share in the passenger car market were also presented. Sales of electric hybrids even in the crisis year 2020 increased from 3.2 million to approx. 4 million vehicles, despite a decrease in sales of new passenger cars from 64 to 54 million units. The above fact also proves the market attractiveness of this type of vehicles and the constantly growing interest in them.
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عمر سعيد. "Power Management For A Series Hybrid Electrical Vehicle Via On-off Control Strategy". Journal of Pure & Applied Sciences 19, nr 5 (9.10.2020): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.51984/jopas.v19i5.857.
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Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) powered by internal combustion engine (ICE) and energy storage device are now being given more and more attention because of their inherent advantages over the conventional vehicles (i.e. increased fuel economy, reduced harmful emissions and better vehicle performance). Most common HEV types are series hybrid electrical vehicles (SHEV) and parallel hybrid electrical vehicles (PHEV). As the HEV improvement highly depends on the management of power flow between the different parts of the vehicle, an attempt will be made through this paper to study the on-off control strategy for a SHEV with the help of Matlab/Simulink. In the on-off control strategy, the IEC is operated at its optimal operating point which is based on minimization of fuel consumption or minimization of emissions or even a compromise on both. The overall efficiency of the SHEV under the on-off control strategy will be investigated and the effect of the initial state of charge (SOC) of the battery on the overall efficiency will be considered.
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Fuller, Jordan, Jamie Baxter i Jamie Skimming. "Social and municipal influences on intention to purchase electric and hybrid electric vehicles in London Ontario, CA". Canadian Planning and Policy / Aménagement et politique au Canada 2021 (9.06.2021): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/cpp-apc.v2021i2.13928.
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We conducted a case study in London, Ontario to identify factors that influence decisions to purchase low carbon vehicles including what role municipal governments might play in encouraging low carbon vehicle purchase decisions. As part of a city-university partnership, this study reports (n = 257) results from a mail-out survey. We test mainly whether social influences and mechanisms under municipal control predict intent to purchase electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). Both proximal social influencers (family and friends) (.179**, .393**) and distal social influencers (.219**, .142*) predict intent to purchase EV and HEV respectively. City information sessions (.161** EV) and City promotion (.141* HEV) significantly influence intentions, while City-provided EV parking and charging are not. While municipalities may find other areas with greater impact on GHG reductions, the findings support promoting the social aspects of EV and HEV purchasing and providing relatively low-cost promotion/events.
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Wang, Ren Guang, Guang Kui Shi, Hong Tao Chen, Lin Tao Zhang i Chao Yu. "One Electric Motor System for Steering Hydraulic Pump and Braking Air Pump in HEV BuS". Advanced Materials Research 490-495 (marzec 2012): 910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.490-495.910.
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The pure electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles are being developed and used wildly to save energy and reduce air pollution. In pure electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles, most of the steering hydraulic pump and braking sir pump have one electric motor to drive its pump. A new system with one electric motor for these two bumps was developed for application in pure electric vehicles（EVs） and hybrid electric vehicle ( HEVs). Comparison with conventional configuration, this new method can reduce cost and mounting space with compact size and higher energy efficiency. And the test results show that the new system can meet the requirements of HEV operation quite well.
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Sekhar, V., K. Nithyamala, K. Renuka i M. Murali. "Hybrid Electric Vehicle Design and Simulation Performance Using Isolated DC/DC Converter Based MFO Algorithm". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1272, nr 1 (1.12.2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1272/1/012003.
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The accuracy and effectiveness of the vehicle’s motor, DC-DC converter, controller, and electrical system are crucial for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV). The study is given with a DC-DC converter architecture and motor based on the MFO control algorithm for smooth driving and quick charging of hybrid electric vehicles. The front-end AC-DC converter’s output is translated by the suggested DC-DC converter architecture, which then provides a controlled supply to the EV propulsion battery. The suggested system consists of a drive train model created in MATLAB using the SIMULINK tool, a motor drive, a DC-DC converter, an inverter, and a drive train. A Simulink model with motor drive model was constructed and successfully simulated in order to operate and evaluate the performance of hybrid electric vehicles utilizing an MFO control method. The simulation findings are examined its performance of EV system and results clearly stated the hybrid car’s fuel efficiency advantages over the conventional vehicle model.
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Annisa, Aulia Rahma. "Pengaturan Traksi Berbasis Neuro-Fuzzy pada Simulator Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV)". Jurnal EECCIS (Electrics, Electronics, Communications, Controls, Informatics, Systems) 14, nr 3 (23.12.2020): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/jeeccis.v14i3.670.
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The electric car is a solution designed as a zero-emission vehicle which is an alternative to reducing air pollution. There are various types of electric cars, this research focuses more on Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). HEV is a vehicle that has at least two different energy sources. The most common combination today is the Internal Combution Engine (ICE) and an electric battery. HEV uses ICE with a smaller capacity than conventional vehicles, this results in more efficient fuel use. In HEV, there are several problems, including the response from ICE which is less than optimal when there is an increase in speed. ICE as the prime mover has a smaller capacity than conventional vehicles because it is assisted by the performance of the DC motor. When ICE is unable to maintain speed, the DC motor will help provide power. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate traction on a DC motor to help ICE achieve the desired speed, especially when there is an increase in speed. This study uses a neuro-fuzzy control method which has the advantage of being able to adapt to changes in parameters in the system. HEV itself requires a fast response, therefore, a predictive controller is used in order to predict the future torque value
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Morales-Morales, Josefa, Miguel A. Rivera-Cruz, Pedro Cruz-Alcantar, Horacio Bautista Santos, Ilse Cervantes-Camacho i Vladimir A. Reyes Herrera. "Performance Analysis of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Multiple Converter Configuration". Applied Sciences 10, nr 3 (5.02.2020): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10031074.
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The use of electric vehicles and their various configurations is seen as a major alternative in efforts towards reducing pollutant emissions from motor vehicles that continue to use fossil fuels. Electric transport technology presents more efficient means of energy conversion in vehicles: electric (EV), hybrid (VH), and hybrid electric (HEV) vehicles. For example, the energy storage system in the latter can be made up of ultracapacitors (UCs), batteries (Bs), and fuel cells. This work focuses on HEVs powered by batteries and ultracapacitors. In particular, the multiple converter configuration (C-CM) for the HEV powertrain system is analyzed using electric models of the vehicle powertrain components. To analyze the multiple converter configuration, parameters of a vehicle taken from the literature and the electrical model of the configuration were developed. With the above, the proposed configuration was evaluated before driving cycles (CITY II and ECE) and the configuration performance was compared with respect to other configurations. In the C-CM model, limitations in the choice of the number of Bs and UCs were observed in the powertrain depending on the maximum power of both energy sources and vehicle load demand. The results show that more energy is extracted from the batteries in the ECE cycle than in the CITY taking into account that the batteries are used as the main power source. C-CM results compared to other configurations show that energy extracted from batteries in the CITY is the same across all configurations. While energy consumption is lower in the ECE, C-CM results were not very significant compared to other configurations. However, the C-MC has the advantage of having better power flow control due to having two converters, thus improving HEV safety.
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Zhou, Juanying, Jianyou Zhao i Lufeng Wang. "An Energy Management Strategy of Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using Reinforcement Learning". Mobile Information Systems 2022 (21.04.2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9731828.
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With the rapid development of science and technology, the automobile industry is also gradually expanding due to which energy security and ecological security are seriously threatened. This paper was aimed at studying the energy organization strategy of power-split hybrid electric vehicles based on a reinforcement learning algorithm. A power-split hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) combines the advantages of both series and parallel hybrid vehicle architectures by using a planetary gear set to split and combine the power generated by electric machines and a combustion engine. This improves the fuel economy to some extent. However, to increase the fuel economy to a greater extent. This study primarily introduces the hybrid electric vehicle’s structure and presents a reinforcement learning-based management of energy approach for hybrid electric vehicles. It constructs the vehicle power model of HEV and Markov probability transfer model, then designs the energy control strategy based on reinforcement learning, and finally compares it with the energy control strategy based on PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative). Using MATLAB/Simulink, the cycle conditions of NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) and FTP-75 (Federal Test Procedure) are selected to carry out simulation experiments. The energy management technique suggested in this study, which is based on reinforcement learning, may efficiently enhance the usage rate of automotive gasoline. The replication results show that the fuel consumption per 100 km (kilometers) based on reinforcement learning management strategy is 4.6% and 2.7% lower than the PID management strategy under two working conditions. The economy of fuel of the hybrid electric vehicle is also effectively improved.
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Wei, Yuchen, i Manchen Huang. "The Technology and Development of New Energy Vehicles". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 29 (31.01.2023): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v29i.4485.
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Due to CO2 pollution, due to the energy saving and high efficiency of new energy vehicles, new energy vehicles have begun to develop at a high speed, and there is a hidden trend to replace traditional fuel vehicles. This paper will introduce hybrid vehicle (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and electric vehicle (EV: including battery electric vehicle (BEV) and fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV)) by type classification vehicle the characteristics and corresponding principles of these new energy vehicles. The motor and energy systems of different models are analyzed, the advantages and disadvantages of speed, energy efficiency, and distance of travel of the four types of new energy vehicles are compared, and the methods of improving the shortcomings of each model are explained.
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Zhu, Guoming G., i Chengsheng Miao. "Real-Time Co-optimization of Vehicle Route and Speed Using Generic Algorithm for Improved Fuel Economy". Mechanical Engineering 141, nr 03 (1.03.2019): S08—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2019-mar-4.
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Making future vehicles intelligent with improved fuel economy and satisfactory emissions are the main drivers for current vehicle research and development. The connected and autonomous vehicles still need years or decades to be widely used in practice. However, some advanced technologies have been developed and deployed for the conventional vehicles to improve the vehicle performance and safety, such as adaptive cruise control (ACC), automatic parking, automatic lane keeping, active safety, super cruise, and so on. On the other hand, the vehicle propulsion system technologies, such as clean and high efficiency combustion, hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and electric vehicle, are continuously advancing to improve fuel economy with satisfactory emissions for traditional internal combustion engine powered and hybrid electric vehicles or to increase cruise range for electric vehicles.
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Minh, Vu Trieu, Reza Moezzi, Jindrich Cyrus i Jaroslav Hlava. "Optimal Fuel Consumption Modelling, Simulation, and Analysis for Hybrid Electric Vehicles". Applied System Innovation 5, nr 2 (10.03.2022): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi5020036.
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This paper reviews the latest studies of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) on modelling, controls, and energy management. HEV dynamics, formulas, calculations, and schemes of vehicle parts, such as battery, converter, electric motor, generator, and HEV Simulink models, are presented. Moreover, simulations of the propulsion operation, regenerative braking system, and vehicle dynamics are conducted. A comprehensive HEV model is built that is simulated on different driving cycles of Federal Test Procedure 75 (FTP75), New York City Cycle (NYCC), Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET), and Extra Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC). Data achieved from these simulations were analysed and tested with several fuel regression models to determine the best fuel regression estimation for HEV fuel consumption on the basis of their weights and tire radiuses. The best fuel regression equation is obtained with a determination coefficient R-squared greater than 99%. Lastly, the optimal model and other HEVs models are simulated on different driving cycles to prove that the fuel consumption of our best-fit regression model is the best.
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Zishan Ahmad, Mohammad Junaid Khan i Md Naqui Akhtar. "A Critical Review of Hybrid Electric Vehicles". Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 29, nr 1 (31.12.2022): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.29.1.283294.
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As per the growing consumption of fossil fuels and their significant harmful impact on the environment, the fuel-efficient vehicle is highly preferable and thus its development is greatly accelerated. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) have proven to be a better choice. Along with better fuel efficiency, and reduced emissions in compliance with the environmental laws, it lessens the crucial impact of rising gasoline prices on consumers. The HEVs include the electrical and internal combustion engine propulsion system. This work discusses a thorough analysis of the HEV components including the architecture, the mathematical model and their Technology.
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Rashid, Shafayat, i Emanuele Pagone. "Cradle-to-Grave Lifecycle Environmental Assessment of Hybrid Electric Vehicles". Sustainability 15, nr 14 (14.07.2023): 11027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151411027.
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Demand for sustainable transportation with a reduced environmental impact has led to the widespread adoption of electrified powertrains. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) produce lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during the use phase of their lifecycle, compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). However, a full understanding of their total environmental impact, from resource extraction to end-of-life (EOL), of a contemporary, real-world HEV and PHEV remains broadly elusive in the scientific literature. In this work, for the first time, a systematic cradle-to-grave lifecycle analysis (LCA) of a Toyota Prius XW50, as a HEV and PHEV, was used to comprehensively assess its environmental impact throughout its entire lifecycle using established lifecycle inventory databases. The LCA revealed that the gasoline fuel cycle (extraction, refinement, and transportation) is a major environmental impact “hotspot”. The more electrified PHEV model consumes 3.2% more energy and emits 5.6% more GHG emissions within the vehicle’s lifecycle, primarily owed to the manufacturing and recycling of larger traction batteries. However, when factoring in the fuel cycle, the PHEV model exhibits a 29.6% reduction in overall cradle-to-grave life energy consumption, and a 17.5% reduction in GHG emissions, in comparison to the less-electrified HEV. This suggests that the higher-electrified PHEV has a lower environmental impact than the HEV throughout the whole lifecycle. The presented cradle-to-grave LCA study can be a valuable benchmark for future research in comparing other HEVs and PHEVs or different powertrains for similarly sized passenger vehicles.
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Dzulkfli, Muhamad Shazrul bin, Apostolos Pesyridis i Dhrumil Gohil. "Thermoelectric Generation in Hybrid Electric Vehicles". Energies 13, nr 14 (20.07.2020): 3742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143742.
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Improving the efficiency of an internal combustion engine (ICE) leads to the reduction of fuel consumption, which improves the performance of a hybrid vehicle. Waste heat recovery (WHR) systems offer options to improve the efficiency of an ICE. This is due to the ICE releasing approximately one third of the combustion energy as waste heat into the atmosphere. This paper focuses on one such upcoming system by analysing the efficiency of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) used as a waste heat recovery system in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). It summarises how the efficiency of the TEG can be improved by considering parameters such as the size of module, materials used, and the number of modules needed for the TEG system. The results obtained are then compared with other types of WHR system such as the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and turbocompounding (T/C) implemented on the same type of engine. The research is based on a 1.8 L Toyota Prius-type engine. The TEG model simulated in this research can generate a maximum power of 1015 W at an engine speed of 5200 RPM. The overall system efficiency of TEG implemented on the HEV model is 6% with the average engine speed operating at 2000 RPM.
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Heryana, Ghany, Danardono A. Sumarsono, Mohammad Adhitya, Rolan Siregar, Nazaruddin Nazaruddin, Fuad Zainuri i Sonki Prasetya. "ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOR IN THE USE OF PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE AND HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE IN THE TROPICS". EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, nr 1 (29.01.2021): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2021.001617.
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This research aims to determine the pattern of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) usage and fuel consumption for the Jakarta metropolitan area, which includes the cities of Depok, Bogor, Tangerang, Bekasi, and Jakarta itself. Tests were carried out for approximately three months, with regular use. Other types of vehicles for comparison are the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) and Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) units. Fuel consumption data and vehicle usage patterns are acquired from data loggers. Economic studies are carried out in a simulation that involves the price of a vehicle, a battery, maintenance costs, and fuel prices. The results show that the best PHEV fuel consumption is for the range of 55–80 km, which is 35–40 km/liter. When compared with HEV, PHEV fuel consumption is 30 % more efficient. HEV's best fuel consumption is 22 km/liter. The ICE is far behind with 11 km/liter. However, looking at the economic side, it can be concluded that the price of PHEV is still challenging to reach for the middle class. PHEV is still classified as a luxury car for Indonesia. Assuming the amount of fuel is IDR 9,850/liter, and the vehicle service life is set at ten years, the energy cost for PHEV is around IDR 4,400–IDR 6,000/km. It is higher compare with the energy cost for a conventional car that is around IDR 3,400–IDR 3,900/km. PHEV buyers must receive incentive support from the government, not only at the time of purchase (zero tax) but also for maintenance costs and battery replacement. Indonesia has long experience in manufacturing ICE vehicles. Opening an electric vehicle industry is a strategic solution to reduce the price of these vehicles. The import tax for vehicles in Indonesia is quite high
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Rizzo, Gianfranco, Shayesteh Naghinajad, Francesco Tiano i Matteo Marino. "A Survey on Through-the-Road Hybrid Electric Vehicles". Electronics 9, nr 5 (25.05.2020): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9050879.
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Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) can be divided into three categories according to how the two propulsion systems (the thermal and the electric ones) supply the driving torque to the vehicle. When the torque is supplied only by an electric propulsion system, while the heat engine takes care of generating the electricity needed to operate the system, it is called a hybrid-series. Conversely, when both propulsion systems provide torque, the vehicle is identified with parallel hybrid wording. Among the parallel hybrids there is a particular configuration called Through-the-Road (TTR). In this configuration, the two propulsion systems are not mechanically connected to each other, but it is precisely the road that allows hybrid propulsion. This architecture, dating back to the early twentieth century, is still used by several manufacturers and carries with it peculiar configurations and control methods. It is also a configuration that fits well with the transformation of conventional vehicles into a hybrid. The paper presents a survey of the TTR HEV solution, evidencing applications, potentialities and limits.
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Zulkifli, Saiful A., Syaifuddin Mohd, Nordin B. Saad i A. Rashid A. Aziz. "Impact of Motor Size & Efficiency on Acceleration, Fuel Consumption & Emissions of Split-Axle Through-the-Road Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle". Applied Mechanics and Materials 663 (październik 2014): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.663.498.
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A split-axle parallel hybrid drive-train with in-wheel motors allows for existing combustion-engine-driven vehicles to be converted into a hybrid vehicle with minor mechanical modification, resulting in a retrofit-conversion hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). This is achieved by placing electric motors in the hub of the otherwise non-driven wheels. Due to the wheel hub’s size constraint, the allowable size and power of the electric in-wheel motor that can be installed is severely restricted to less than 10 kW per wheel, which raises the concern of lack of improved performance compared to the original vehicle. This work analyzes the influence of motor sizing and efficiency on acceleration performance, fuel consumption and emission levels of three different converted hybrid vehicles, through simulation. Results provide insight into sensitivity of different-sized vehicles with varying-size engines, to the size and efficiency of the retrofitted electric motor.
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Yu, Kaijiang, i Junqi Yang. "Performance of a Nonlinear Real-Time Optimal Control System for HEVs/PHEVs during Car Following". Journal of Applied Mathematics 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/879232.
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This paper presents a real-time optimal control approach for the energy management problem of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) with slope information during car following. The new features of this study are as follows. First, the proposed method can optimize the engine operating points and the driving profile simultaneously. Second, the proposed method gives the freedom of vehicle spacing between the preceding vehicle and the host vehicle. Third, using the HEV/PHEV property, the desired battery state of charge is designed according to the road slopes for better recuperation of free braking energy. Fourth, all of the vehicle operating modes engine charge, electric vehicle, motor assist and electric continuously variable transmission, and regenerative braking, can be realized using the proposed real-time optimal control approach. Computer simulation results are shown among the nonlinear real-time optimal control approach and the ADVISOR rule-based approach. The conclusion is that the nonlinear real-time optimal control approach is effective for the energy management problem of the HEV/PHEV system during car following.
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Wu, Jie, i Yi He Sun. "Personalized Mobile Sensing System Development for Emerging Electric-Drive Vehicles". Advanced Materials Research 466-467 (luty 2012): 1310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.466-467.1310.
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Emerging green-energy cyber-physical systems (CPS), in particular electric-drive vehicles (PHEV, HEV, and EV), have demonstrated great potentials to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the ever-growing dependence on foreign oil. Few studies have focused on the user-specific driving behavior and its significant impact on electric-drive vehicles fuel efficiency, battery system life-cycle and the environment. This paper presents a personalized mobile sensing system development for the emerging green-energy CPS, which captures user’s run-time driving behavior and characterizes its impact on (P)HEV operations. The proposed sensing computing system has been deployed in a number of PHEVs and HEVs, with user studies of four different drivers and over 150 driving trips under various road and traffic conditions. Using the extracted real-world hybrid vehicle and user driving data, we have conducted detailed analytical studies of users’ specific driving patterns and their impacts on hybrid vehicle electric energy and fuel efficiency.
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Wang, Shaohua, Chengquan Yu, Dehua Shi i Xiaoqiang Sun. "Research on Speed Optimization Strategy of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Queue Based on Particle Swarm Optimization". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2018 (22.10.2018): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6483145.
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Traffic lights intersections are common in cities and have an impact on the energy consumption of vehicles, so it is significant to optimize the velocities of vehicles in urban road conditions. The novel speed optimization strategy for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) queue that helps reduce fuel consumption and improve traffic efficiency is presented in this paper, where real-world traffic signal information is used to construct the research scenario. The initial values of the target velocities are obtained based on the signal phase and timing (SPAT). Then the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to solve the nonlinear constrained problem and obtain the optimal target velocities based on vehicle to vehicle communication (V2V) and vehicle to infrastructure communication (V2I). The lower controller, which applies rule based control strategy, is designed to split the power of the engine and two electric motors in a power split HEV, which is quite promising because of its advantages in fuel economy. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed strategy in reducing fuel consumption of the HEV queue and improving traffic smoothness.
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Yu, Kaijiang, Xiaozhuo Xu, Qing Liang, Zhiguo Hu, Junqi Yang, Yanan Guo i Hongwei Zhang. "Model Predictive Control for Connected Hybrid Electric Vehicles". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/318025.
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This paper presents a new model predictive control system for connected hybrid electric vehicles to improve fuel economy. The new features of this study are as follows. First, the battery charge and discharge profile and the driving velocity profile are simultaneously optimized. One is energy management for HEV forPbatt; the other is for the energy consumption minimizing problem of acc control of two vehicles. Second, a system for connected hybrid electric vehicles has been developed considering varying drag coefficients and the road gradients. Third, the fuel model of a typical hybrid electric vehicle is developed using the maps of the engine efficiency characteristics. Fourth, simulations and analysis (under different parameters, i.e., road conditions, vehicle state of charge, etc.) are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the method to achieve higher fuel efficiency. The model predictive control problem is solved using numerical computation method: continuation and generalized minimum residual method. Computer simulation results reveal improvements in fuel economy using the proposed control method.
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Zakaria, Siti Nur Umira, i Erwan Sulaiman. "Optimization of 6S-14P E-Core Hybrid Excitation Flux Switching Motor for Hybrid Electric Vehicle". Applied Mechanics and Materials 695 (listopad 2014): 770–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.695.770.
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Research on hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) which combined battery based electric motor and conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) have been intensively increased since the last decade due to their promising solution that can reduce global warming. Some examples of electric motors designed for HEV propulsion system at present are dc motor, induction motor (IM), interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) and switched reluctance motor (SRM). Although IPMSMs are considered to be one of the successful electric motor used in HEVs, several limitations such as distributed armature windings, un-control permanent magnet (PM) flux and higher rotor mechanical stress should be resolved. In this paper, design improvement of E-Core hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) applications are presented. With concentrated armature and field excitation coil (FEC) windings, variable flux capability and robust rotor structure, performances of initial and improved 6S-14PE-Core HEFSM are analyzed. The improved topology has achieved highest torque and power of 246.557Nm and 187.302 kW, respectively.
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Saleet, Hanan, Alaa Aldamsah, Mohamad Banikhaled, Ayman Abu-Baker, Rebhi A. Damseh, Ma’moun Al-Smadi, Ahmad Mostafa i in. "Importance and Barriers of Establishing Educational/Training Programs in Electric Vehicles/Hybrid-Electric Vehicles in Jordan". World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, nr 9 (22.08.2023): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj14090232.
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Jordan has set priority plans to mitigate climate change impacts, where Jordan moves towards low emissions by promoting the Electric Vehicle and Hybrid-Electric Vehicle (EV/HEV) market. Therefore, there will be a pressing need for professionals in the field of maintenance and design of EV/HEVs. Accordingly, surveys were conducted to address the market needs in Jordan. The surveys targeted main stakeholders from different geographical locations in Jordan. This study was concerned with project partners, Academic staff, and students from eight universities located in Balqa’a, Irbid, Al-Karak, Tafilah, and the capital city Amman. The responses obtained are from 8, 140, and 799 project partners, academic staff, and students, respectively. The results, including surveys on teaching and training facilities, are analyzed and discussed. In conclusion, this study presents a crucial foundation for three specialized diploma programs (vocational diploma, technical diploma, and higher diploma) and a bachelor program tailored to Jordan’s EV/HEV market needs. Through a deliberate alignment of the curriculum with the evolving demands of the EV/HEV sector, the diploma programs will foster graduates who hold the essential knowledge and skills to excel in this rapidly expanding field. Furthermore, the programs address the distinct competencies and expertise that the local market requires, ensuring that graduates are well prepared to meet industry needs. The significance of this work serves as a bridge between academia and the market, resulting in graduates who possess the knowledge and skills, that are highly sought after by prospective employers.
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Santini, Danilo J., Philip D. Patterson i Anant D. Vyas. "Importance of Vehicle Costs, Fuel Prices, and Fuel Efficiency in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Market Success". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1738, nr 1 (styczeń 2000): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1738-02.
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Toyota’s introduction of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) named “Prius” in Japan and Honda’s proposed introduction of an HEV in the United States have generated considerable interest in the long-term viability of such fuel-efficient vehicles. A performance and cost projection model developed entirely at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) is used to estimate costs. ANL staff developed fuel economy estimates by extending conventional vehicle modeling done primarily under the National Cooperative Highway Research Program. Together, these estimates are employed to analyze dollar costs versus benefits of two of many possible HEV technologies. Incremental costs and fuel savings are projected for a Prius-type low-performance hybrid (14.3-s 0 to 60 mph acceleration, Z60 time) and a higher-performance “mild” hybrid vehicle (11-s Z60 time). Each HEV is compared with a U.S. Toyota Corolla with automatic transmission (11-s Z60 time). The base incremental retail price range, projected a decade hence, is $3,200–$3,750, before considering battery replacement cost. Historical data are analyzed to evaluate the effect of fuel price on consumer preferences for vehicle fuel economy, performance, and size. The relationship among fuel price, the level of change in fuel price, and consumer attitude toward higher fuel efficiency also is evaluated. A recent survey on the value of higher fuel efficiency is presented and U.S. commercial viability of the hybrids is evaluated using discount rates of 20 percent and 8 percent. The analysis, with its current HEV cost estimates and current fuel savings estimates, implies that the U.S. market for such HEVs would be quite limited.
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Pašagić Škrinjar, Jasmina, Borna Abramović, Lucija Bukvić i Željko Marušić. "Managing Fuel Consumption and Emissions in the Renewed Fleet of a Transport Company". Sustainability 12, nr 12 (20.06.2020): 5047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125047.
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This research shows the relationship between the energy emission parameters and CO2 equivalents for conventional fossil fuel-powered vehicles (ICEV, Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) to determine the life cycle costs of the vehicles. The combination of transport policy and alternative fuels has the purpose of creating a sustainable transport system. Transport policy focuses on increasing energy efficiency and reducing the price of electric vehicles as technology advances. The profitability for each vehicle type was also observed through current vehicle purchase prices. The main objective of this paper is to study the environmental impact of diesel vans, taking into account lifelong energy use, fuel consumption and CO2 equivalents through air pollution. Although the purchase price of the ICEV is less than the HEV, all electric vehicles are determined to have the lowest overall environmental impact during the operational phase. The goal of transport companies and logistics operators that own a fleet is to achieve quality service with maximum cost and negative environmental impact reduction.
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Kivevele, Thomas, Thirunavukkarasu Raja, Vahid Pirouzfar, Budi Waluyo i Muji Setiyo. "LPG-Fueled Vehicles: An Overview of Technology and Market Trend". Automotive Experiences 3, nr 1 (6.04.2020): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.v3i1.3334.
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This article presents an overview of the technology status and market trends of LPG-fueled vehicles through the literature approach to re-evaluate their future. In the review, it is discovered that LPG vehicles are globally increasing, though with a concentration in some countries. Of the 25 countries included in the World LPG Association (WLPGA) annual report 2018, Turkey, Poland, India, Ukraine, and Mexico are the countries with the best LPG vehicle trends in average of 23%. Meanwhile, Australia, Japan, South Korea, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, France, and Germany with a long history of implementing LPG as an alternative fuel has experienced a decline in the 2013-2017 period by 17%. This was allegedly due to the penetration of diesel-fueled vehicles over the last ten years. Moreover, developed countries experiencing decline have succeeded in developing electric-based vehicles such as Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV), Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV), Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV), and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV) due to stringent demands for emission standards.
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Ishizaki, Keita, i Masaru Nakano. "Forecasting Life Cycle CO2Emissions of Electrified Vehicles by 2030 Considering Japan’s Energy Mix". International Journal of Automation Technology 12, nr 6 (5.11.2018): 806–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2018.p0806.
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This paper presents a comprehensive life-cycle analysis of CO2(LCCO2) emissions from automobiles using a hybrid life-cycle inventory approach to predict the growth of electrified vehicles in Japan. Herein, the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), plug-in HEV (PHEV), and battery electric vehicle (BEV) versions of the mass-produced Toyota Prius hatchback are analyzed, considering the automobile-usage environment in Japan. In particular, a breakeven analysis of HEV vs. PHEV vs. BEV is conducted in terms of LCCO2emissions that are affected by (i) outside air temperature and (ii) CO2emissions during power generation from the present day up to 2030. Our results show that HEV has the lowest LCCO2emissions when the current thermal-power-dependent electricity generation mix (average for 2012–2014) is considered, followed in order by PHEV and BEV. However, it is predicted that in 2030, PHEV will have the lowest LCCO2emissions, followed in order by HEV and BEV, as it is anticipated that nuclear and renewable energy sources will be widely available by 2030. PHEV is expected to gain popularity by 2030. Regarding BEV, large quantities of CO2emissions are emitted during battery production. Furthermore, due to the domestic electricity generation mix from the present day up to 2030, the LCCO2emissions of BEV will exceed those of HEV and PHEV.
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Mamun, Kabir A., F. R. Islam, R. Haque, Aneesh A. Chand, Kushal A. Prasad, Krishneel K. Goundar, Krishneel Prakash i Sidharth Maharaj. "Systematic Modeling and Analysis of On-Board Vehicle Integrated Novel Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Storage for Electric Vehicles". Sustainability 14, nr 5 (22.02.2022): 2538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052538.
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The automobile industry and technology are putting a great significance in improving vehicles to become more fuel economical, but with incremental costs relative to conventional vehicle technologies; these new vehicles are electric vehicles (EV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). However, their significant capabilities to reduce petroleum consumption and achieve efficiency over their life cycles offer economic benefits for customers, industry, carmakers, and policymakers. In this paper, an HEV concept based on renewable energy resources (RERs) is proposed. The proposed HEV design utilizes solar PV energy, wind energy, fuel cell, and a supercapacitor (PV + WE + FC + SC) which generates electrical energy via a proton exchange membrane (PEM) and an SC to cater for strong torque requirements. The vehicle incorporates a battery pack in conjunction with an SC for the power demands and an FC as the backup energy supply. An alternator connected to turbine blades runs by wind energy while the car is moving forward, which produces electricity through the alternator to charge the battery. The design aims to ensure zero carbon emission and improved energy efficiency, is lightweight, and incorporates in-wheel motors to eliminate the mechanical transmissions. Modeling and simulation were carried out for each subsystem using MATLAB® and Simulink® packages. ANSYS Fluent simulation was used to analyze wind energy. The standard analysis, e.g., pressure, velocity, and vector contour, were also considered while designing the final model. To regulate the power supply and demand, the selection of energy sources was controlled by a rule-based supervisory controller following a logical sequence that prioritizes energy sources with the SC as a source in-vehicle stop-and-go situations while the battery acts as the primary source, FC as a backup supply, and wind and solar power to recharge the battery. Solar charging is switched on automatically once the vehicle is parked, and the controller controls the energy flow from the alternator during that period.
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Lorena, Rafael Garbelini, i Eduardo Kazumi Yamakawa. "Overview of the main powertrain architectures for hybrid and electric vehicles". Semina: Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas 42, nr 2 (1.12.2021): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0375.2021v42n2p201.
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The research for alternative solutions to assist the propulsion, fuel converters and energy storage systems (ESS) in vehicular applications has become the focus of many institutions and mainly in the automotive industry, aiming to reduce the impacts caused by the emission of gases in the exhaust pipe and to improve energy efficiency in the worldwide vehicle fleet. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) and Electric Vehicles (EV) are currently a reality and meet this requirement to build a greener and less polluting society. In this context, this paper describes the operational characteristics of the different powertrain architectures employed in hybrid electric vehicles, including series, parallel and series-parallel topologies, as well as battery-powered and fuel cell electric vehicles. Finally, some of the elementary issues facing these advanced vehicular technologies, including the challenges for market penetration are highlighted.
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Ye, Xin, Fei Lai i Zhiwei Huo. "Energy Management Strategy Design and Simulation Validation of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Driving in an Intelligent Fleet". Electronics 8, nr 12 (10.12.2019): 1516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8121516.
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This paper proposes a combination method of longitudinal control and fuel management for an intelligent Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) fleet. This method can reduce the fuel consumption while maintaining the distance and speed for each vehicle in the fleet. An HEV system efficiency model was established to simulate the impact of different working modes. Based on the principle of optimal vehicle system efficiency, the energy management control strategy of HEV was designed. Then, the driver model of the piloting vehicle and the following vehicle was built by using an intelligent fuzzy control method. Finally, the intelligent fleet model and energy matching model of HEV were integrated with the simulation platform that was developed based on MATLAB/Simulink/Stateflow. The validity of the energy matching strategy of HEV under the principle of optimal system efficiency was verified by simulation results, and the purpose of improving the driving safety, traffic efficiency, and fuel economy of the fleet was achieved. Comparing with the conventional control strategy, the proposed method saved 7.79% of fuel for the HEV fleet. Meanwhile, the distance ranges between the vehicles were from 12 meters to 15 meters, which improved the driving safety, passing rate, and fuel economy.
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Conger, Matt, i Britt A. Holmén. "Characterization of Real-World Particle Number Emissions during Reignition Events from a 2010 Light-Duty Hybrid Electric Vehicle". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2503, nr 1 (styczeń 2015): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2503-15.
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Despite the increasing popularity of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), few studies have compared the real-world particle emissions of HEVs from internal combustion engine (ICE) reignition events with that of a conventional vehicle (CV) during real-world driving. Reignition events occur under unstable combustion conditions and frequently result in particle number (PN) emission rates (PNERs) that exceed those for stabilized engine operation. Tailpipe PNERs from a CV and an HEV 2010 Toyota Camry were quantified on a 32-mi route over rural, urban, and freeway roadways in Chittenden County, Vermont, with the total onboard tailpipe emissions measurement system. This study directly compared the CV and HEV PNERs and characterized the operation of the HEV in a new HEV ICE operating mode framework. Mean PNER for reignition events (7.19 pM 11.8 × 1010 particles/s) were on average four times greater than for stabilized HEV operation (1.79 ± 3.99 × 1010 particles/s). Under urban, rural, and freeway driving, HEV reignition event operation accounted for 58.7%, 44.6%, and 5.0%, respectively, of the total PN inventory. Mean HEV PNER was 1.8 times greater than that of the CV in urban driving, while under freeway driving, where the two vehicles operated similarly, average CV PNER was 2.4 times greater than that of the HEV. The data show that the typical fuel consumption benefits of HEVs in urban driving are associated with a trade-off in PN emissions. The HEV ICE operating behavior has implications for the spatial distribution of PN hot spots as well as the associated microscale modeling of alternative vehicle technology emissions.
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Mehrkish, Ali, M. Tahani, H. Ghazanfar, S. Norouzi Ghazbi i S. Zare. "A Study on Systematic Procedure for Choosing the Best Powertrain Configuration in Hybrid Sedan Cars". Applied Mechanics and Materials 390 (sierpień 2013): 360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.390.360.
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With increasing market awareness for fuel efficient vehicles, automotive manufacturers are rapidly adopting various hybrid electric configurations (HEVs) to a wider range of passenger vehicles. There are three major HEV configurations depending on the connection between the components that define the energy flow routes and control ports: series, parallel and series-parallel hybrid. Each configuration includes variety of power-transmission patterns. Choosing the right pattern has been always the most important decision in design process of HEV. This paper presents an introduction to hybrid electric vehicles, the commonly used configurations of the powertrain and finally the selection methodology. This methodology could be used by designers to choose the best power-transmission architecture in design processes of a hybrid sedan car with given specification. The expert choice software is used in selection process. The software is programmed based on AHP method. AHP is a structured method which is used for choosing between several options. The introduced method in this article could be used by designers in designing hybrid electric vehicles in all ranges of hybridization.
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Srivastava, Swapnil, Sanjay Kumar Maurya i Rajeev Kumar Chauhan. "Fuel-Efficiency Improvement by Component-Size Optimization in Hybrid Electric Vehicles". World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, nr 1 (15.01.2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj14010024.
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Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) play an important role in sustainable transportation systems. The component size of HEV plays a vital role in the fuel efficiency of vehicles. This paper presents a divided rectangle (DIRECT) method for component sizing of vehicles to ensure better fuel efficiency and satisfying drivability. A state–space model was used to represent the design problem. A constraint multi-input multi-output optimization problem was solved by our DIRECT optimization algorithm. Efficacy of the algorithm was tested with standard drive cycles, including drive cycles for Indian urban and highway conditions representing various driving scenarios in the country. The simulation results illustrated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
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Evelyn, Evelyn, Abd Rashid Abd Aziz i Poetro Lebdo Sambegoro. "A Review of Range Extender Technologies in Electric Vehicles". International Journal of Sustainable Transportation Technology 3, nr 1 (30.04.2020): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31427/ijstt.2020.3.1.2.
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With the increasing global concern on negative environmental effect from the transportation sector, conventional automobile technologies will not be viable for much longer. Countries like the EU and China have introduced emission related regulations which are stricter than ever. This has compelled automotive manufacturer to turn to Electric Vehicles (EV) as the most effective solution to this issue. There are mainly two types of EV, namely Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) and Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). Both has its own strength and shortcomings, BEV with zero emission but limited range while HEV has better range at the expense of higher emission. Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) provides a midpoint between these options. This option provides the best of both worlds by allowing users to switch between both systems depending on the vehicle’s operating condition. This paper aims to presents a variety of Range Extender (RE) configurations based on its working principle and type of fuel used. Internal combustion engine, fuel cell, and microturbine are what RE is commonly powered by. The advantages and disadvantages are evaluated and compared to determine the optimal option. It was concluded that depending on fuel availability, space, and efficiency requirement, each configuration has its own merit.
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Abedini Rizi, Amin, Ali Rezaei, Mohammadreza Ghorbani Rizi i Mohammadmahdi Aliakbari Rizi. "Design a New Multiport DC-DC Converter to Charge an Electric Car". International Journal of Robotics and Control Systems 2, nr 1 (6.02.2022): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31763/ijrcs.v2i1.566.
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Due to the lack of oil and gas, electric cars have been in high demand in recent years. There are three kinds of electric vehicles, including Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV), and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). There is no charging portion for the batteries in the HEV where the batteries are not connected to the power grid, but BEV and PHEV can be charged by a power outlet, and the number of batteries is increased. In order to charge the battery of the Electric Vehicles (EVs), there are two ways, including the power grid and renewable energies. There are already quite a few outages in many countries, and using a power grid for charging the batteries is not suitable. Therefore, the only choice is renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV), fuel-cell (FC), and so on. Furthermore, to use the DC voltage of the renewable sources, two conventional DC-DC converters are required to deliver the energy of the sources to the bank of batteries. To feed the batteries, this paper proposes a two-input one output topology that contains PV, FC, and other components. Simulation results demonstrate that the presented system is improving the system because it is able to feed the batteries with low power losses and low ripples.
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Ni Lin, Zar, i V. Sidorov. "Study of the parameters for a parallel hybrid electric vehicle". E3S Web of Conferences 402 (2023): 04014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340204014.
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At present, the expansion in vehicle population has contributed to the increase in carbon emissions and has led to an even greater increase in the need for fuel. In this way, the hybrid vehicle (HEV) and the electric vehicle (EV) are being introduced to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust gas emission instead of conventional vehicles. The study of parameters for the hybrid electric vehicle is important to design the powertrain of the vehicle. The parameters of hybrid vehicles consist of the rate of internal combustion engine (ICE) power, transmission gear ratios, motor maximum torque and power, capacity and power of battery. The vehicle model with the regenerative model is built to calculate the regenerative energy for driving on a road condition. The design purposes to match the vehicle with the specified performances, like as speed and acceleration. Many parameters are chosen from analysis of this results. And then, as a result, fuel consumption of test vehicle model reduces 15% than the conventional vehicle in this study.
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Nguyen, The M., i Mohammad H. Elahinia. "Vibration Isolation for Parallel Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles". Shock and Vibration 15, nr 2 (2008): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/658984.
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In recent decades, several types of hybrid vehicles have been developed in order to improve the fuel economy and to reduce the pollution. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) have shown a significant improvement in fuel efficiency for small and medium-sized passenger vehicles and SUVs. HEV has several limitations when applied to heavy vehicles; one is that larger vehicles demand more power, which requires significantly larger battery capacities. As an alternative solution, hydraulic hybrid technology has been found effective for heavy duty vehicle because of its high power density. The mechanical batteries used in hydraulic hybrid vehicles (HHV) can be charged and discharged remarkably faster than chemical batteries. This feature is essential for heavy vehicle hybridization. One of the main problems that should be solved for the successful commercialization of HHV is the excessive noise and vibration involving with the hydraulic systems. This study focuses on using magnetorheological (MR) technology to reduce the noise and vibration transmissibility from the hydraulic system to the vehicle body. In order to study the noise and vibration of HHV, a hydraulic hybrid subsystem in parallel design is analyzed. This research shows that the MR elements play an important role in reducing the transmitted noise and vibration to the vehicle body. Additionally, locations and orientations of the isolation system also affect the efficiency of the noise and vibration mitigation. In simulations, a skyhook control algorithm is used to achieve the highest possible effectiveness of the MR isolation system.
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Bradu, C. I., i G. Ianuş. "A prospective view on biodegradable lubricants for hybrid and electric vehicles". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1262, nr 1 (1.10.2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1262/1/012001.
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The most suggestive outlining between the vehicles powered by the electric motor (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) consists in the battery power supplied to the electric motor and unilaterally fulfilling the traction characteristic, while HEVs can only minimize dependence on fossil fuels. The main difference between electric motors and combustion engines in terms of emissions, carbon footprint, and sustainability is that electric motors eliminate the possibility of contamination of oil by soot. In addition, global insights about current Hybrid and EV lubrication involves new specialized lubricants to overcome challenges of electrical compatibility and the short persistence in the environment - known as biodegradability. Biogenic or recycled lubricants have fallen under the incidence of a very high cost for the automotive industry, in contrast to achieving tough performance and efficiency. Nowadays, eco-sustainability proposes future improvement trends. Lubricants from vegetable and animal sources are relevant, coupled with the numerous possibilities of formulating lubricants from sustainable raw materials or the emergence of stable esters from vegetable oil. Renewable lubricants currently have other applications, such as transmission and engine oils in agricultural technologies or construction machinery. Furthermore, in terms of HEV and EV requirements, it is developed an environment that encourages smart technical applications, and which will increase the possibility that alternatives to crude oil can be develop.
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Ahn, Kukhyun, i P. Y. Papalambros. "Engine optimal operation lines for power-split hybrid electric vehicles". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 223, nr 9 (1.09.2009): 1149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto1124.
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The powertrain of a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) can be operated in either a power-boosting or an energy-saving mode. The first mode is used for responding to the driver's full-load demand and the second for achieving high fuel efficiency given an increased number of degrees of freedom in energy management. Optimization problems for the two operation modes are formulated, and the design spaces are analysed for general power-split architectures. Optimization results are presented and analysed for input-split and compound-split architectures. The analysis leads to the definition of a new concept of HEV optimal operation that improves the conventional idea of engine optimal operation line.
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Azmi, Muhammad, i Akihiro Tokai. "Environmental Risk Trade-off for New Generation Vehicle Production: Malaysia Case". Journal of Sustainable Development 9, nr 6 (30.11.2016): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n6p132.
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<p>New Generation Vehicle such as Hybrid Electric (HEV) and Battery Electric Vehicles (EV) have higher efficiency compared to conventional vehicles, and therefore releasing less carbon emissions. However, arguments arise whether this kind of New Generation Vehicle is truly clean compared to the existing system, especially in developing country such as Malaysia since current knowledge only focus on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) generation. This study aims on provide better understanding of the environmental consequences of the compact vehicle production activities based on 5 impact classifications which is GHG generation, Acidification, Eutrophication, Carcinogenic Effect, and Human Health measured in “Disability Adjusted Life-Year” (DALY) using Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) Analysis under local electricity mix in 2017 and 2030. A trade-off comparison then can be made to assess the current vehicle technologies with high potential of mass usage in Malaysia– Conventional Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle (CV), EV, and HEV vehicles with two types of batteries; Nickel Magnesium Hydride (HEV-NiMH), and Lithium Nickel-Magnesium-Cobalt (HEV-NMC). This study found that EV have slightly higher potential to cause a global warming (5,791kg of CO<sub>2</sub> equivalent emission), follow by HEV-NiMH (4,814kg), HEV-NMC (4,596kg) and CV (4,166kg) embodied per vehicle. Cradle-to-gate of CV is better in term of GHG emission and Carcinogenic impact compared to all the studied subjects but in overall measurement, it is not the best solution for human health, measured in DALY. Conversely, HEV have high environmental impact on the same categories. DALY for 2017 EV production is at 0.0014, CV at 0.0019, HEV-NiMH at 0.0036 and HEV-NMC at 0.0022. The situation created a trade-off between having higher Acidification and Eutrophication from CV production against having higher GHG emission of its replacement EV production. </p>
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Si, Chuan Sheng. "Research on Powertrain System of Series HEB Control Strategy Simulation". Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (listopad 2011): 1635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.1635.
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Based on the development status of hybrid electric vehicle(HEV) at home and abroad, combining the features of urban traffic and urban bus operation, the control strategy of hybrid buses powertrain is analyzed and researched. The whole performance of series hybrid electric bus(HEB) control scheme is simulated and analyzed using HEV simulation software ADVISOR. The result shows that the control strategy plays a positive role to improve automobile fuel economy.
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Petrauskienė, Kamilė, Arvydas Galinis, Daina Kliaugaitė i Jolanta Dvarionienė. "Comparative Environmental Life Cycle and Cost Assessment of Electric, Hybrid, and Conventional Vehicles in Lithuania". Sustainability 13, nr 2 (19.01.2021): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020957.
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Electric mobility is promoted as a future transport option that has environmental and economic benefits and encourages sustainable urban transportation. The aim of this study is to reveal the changes in environmental and economic performance if we switched from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to battery electric (BEV) or hybrid electric (HEV) vehicles. Therefore, this research presents a comparative environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) from the Cradle-to-Grave perspective of the vehicles and a Well-to-Wheel analysis of their fuel supply. Moreover, an LCA of a BEV was performed under diverse electricity mix scenarios, which are forecasted for 2015–2050 in Lithuania. From an economic point of view, a life cycle costing was conducted for the same vehicles to estimate the economic impacts over the vehicle life cycles under Lithuanian conditions. The results show that ICEV-petrol contributes the major environmental damage in all damage categories. BEVs with the electricity mix of 2020–2050 scenarios, which are composed mainly of renewable energy sources, provide the least environmental impact. The economic results reveal that BEV and ICEV-diesel are the most cost-efficient vehicles, with the total consumer life cycle costs of approximately 5% and 15% less than ICEV-petrol and HEV, respectively.