Rozprawy doktorskie: „Hybrid Control Design”

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Yuan, Zhongfan. "Design and control of hybrid machines". Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313091.

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Yang, Hao. "Fault tolerant control design for hybrid systems". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10068/document.

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Les Systèmes Hybrides sont des systèmes dynamiques dont le comportement résulte de l’interaction entre une dynamique continue et une dynamique discrète. Cette thèse concerne la synthèse de contrôleurs tolérants aux pannes pour ce type de système. Dans une première partie, des méthodes de commande tolérante aux défauts sont proposées afin de maintenir les performances continues. Différents systèmes hybrides sont considérés en fonction du type de commutation. Deux idées sont développées: la première est de synthétiser la loi de commande tolérante afin de stabiliser chaque mode défaillant puis d’appliquer les résultats sur la stabilité des SH. La deuxième idée est de rechercher directement la stabilité du SH sans reconfigurer le contrôleur dans chaque mode défaillant instable. L’objectif de la commande tolérante peut être atteint si les effets négatifs des modes instables sont compensés par ceux des modes stables. Dans une deuxième partie, différentes techniques sont proposées afin de maintenir les spécifications discrètes. L’idée maîtresse est de reconfigurer la partie discrète en tenant compte de l’atteignabilité des dynamiques continues. Enfin, plusieurs solutions de commande supervisée tolérante aux défauts sont proposées. Les schémas reposent sur un schéma simple de commutation de contrôleur. La stabilité du système pendant la le diagnostic et le retard d’application de la commande peut être garanti. De nombreux exemples sont traités pour illustrer les performances des résultats théoriques : systèmes électroniques, moteurs à courant continu, unité centrale de traitement, systèmes manufacturiers, systèmes de transport intelligent et véhicule électrique automatisé
Hybrid systems (HS) are dynamical systems that involve the interaction of continuous and discrete dynamics. This thesis is concerned with the design of fault tolerant controllers (FTC) for that kind of systems. Firstly, for HS with various switching a set of FTC methods based on continuous system theories are proposed to maintain the systems' continuous performance. Two natural ideas are considered: One way is first to design FTC law to stabilize each faulty mode, and then apply the stability results of HS. Another way is to research directly the stability of HS without reconfiguring the controller in each unstable faulty mode. Secondly, for HS where discrete specifications are imposed, a set of schemes are derived from discrete event system (DES) point of view to keep these discrete specifications. The key idea is to reconfigure the discrete part by taking into account the reachability of the continuous dynamics, such that the specification is maintained. Finally, based on HS approaches, several supervisory FTC schemes are developed. The proposed FTC schemes do not need a series of models or filters to isolate the fault, but only rely on a simple controller switching scheme. The stability of the system during the fault diagnosis and FTC delay can be guaranteed.The materials in the monograph have explicit and broad practical backgrounds. Many examples are taken to illustrate the applicability and performances of the obtained theoretical results, e.g. Circuit systems; DC motors; CPU process; Manufacturing system; Intelligent transportation systems and electric automated vehicles, etc

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Reyngoud, Benjamin Peter. "Hybrid materials design to control creep in pipes". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mechanical Engineering, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10857.

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A hybrid material design has been developed to improve creep performance in pressurized metallic pipes subjected to high temperatures. Metallic pipes were reinforced with various arrangements of external wires which have substantially greater creep resistance than the pipe material. This research was conducted to explore the field of reinforcement of piping for creep reduction, exploit the creep strength of refractory metals, and investigate structure-property relationships in architectured materials. Two basic wire reinforcement architectures were tested, simple helical windings and braided sleeves. By adjusting the architecture of the reinforcement, apparent tangential (hoop) and longitudinal stresses on the pipe are altered, thereby allowing multiaxial creep strains to be controlled. The utilization of a reinforcement layer in a hybrid layup, where it is not bonded or embedded in a matrix is a relatively unexplored field. Hybridization allows the most desirable properties to be extracted from each component and have them work together in parallel. The use of braided refractory reinforcement is also a particularly novel concept, with refractory materials for reinforcement purposes traditionally being utilized in particle, whisker and discontinuous fibre form. Rather than testing in a uniaxial stress state, the present approach to creep testing pressurized pipes at high temperature remains largely underutilized, and is especially relevant to industry applications where creep takes place in the complex, multiaxial stress state of a pressurized pipe. In a low-temperature reinforcement architecture optimization study of a brass-stainless steel system, designed for ease of fabrication and to negate oxidation issues, pipes were pressurized and creep rupture tested at 400°C. Even in an unoptimized state, braided reinforcement was observed to out-perform a simple iv helical wrap by at least 22%, giving a 10-times life extension without rupture, and a reduction in creep rate in excess of 45-times for reinforcement oriented at a 50°. A simple analytical model from reinforced pressure vessel theory predicts a neutral angle (θN) of 54.7°, at which point the reinforcement is oriented to act proportionally to the applied pressure stresses. An empirical model of effective creep rate with varying reinforcement angle was derived in the present study, and used to find that a braid angle of approximately 54.7±1.5° is optimal to minimize the effective multiaxial creep rate of a hybrid pipe under internal pressure, reducing it to the point of being negligible. The braided reinforcement was observed to be constantly shifting towards the equilibrium point of θN, but only for initial angles below θN. This concept of braid reorientation is generally associated with rapid elastic deformation or static reinforcement of systems at room temperature, and the gradual shift towards θN facilitated by creep deformation has not been reported previously. A relationship for -θ (i.e. creep rate for a given reinforcement angle) was derived, including the reduction in as θ tends to θN. Findings of this optimization study were applied to a high temperature system which served as an acceleration of reformer furnace operating conditions: 253MA pipes were reinforced with tungsten wire and creep rupture tested at 1030-1040°C. Using braided reinforcement oriented at 52.6±1.4° a life extension in excess of 700x was observed, with no signs of bulk deformation after a 309x life extension. These high temperature results were considered in light of the intended industry application, with a balance of life extension, weight reduction and increased operating temperature preferred over outright life extension for the reformer furnace application.

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Chan, Siu-wo, i 陳兆和. "Design, control and application of battery-ultracapacitor hybrid systems". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B38816660.

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Swift, Stuart John. "Applicability of hybrid methods in engine control system design". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/265493.

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The new control techniques of off-line model predictive control and level set methods have been applied to the challenges of engine management for diesel exhaust aftertreatment. Theoretical work has been supported by experiments carried out in a diesel engine test cell. A control relevant air-path model was developed using experimental work carried out on a diesel engine and dynamometer, with the aim of improving the engine control during the transients required by aftertreatment devices. This was considered as a two input and two output system, using an intake throttle and a valve associated with the exhaust gas recirculation system to control the in-cylinder quantities of fresh air and exhaust gas. Model predictive control techniques were used to design a hybrid controller, which was compared to a traditional proportional and integral controller and a 1-{00 controller in simulation. Level set methods were used to analyse supervisory hybrid control of a lean NOx trap model. In this system periodic mode changes are required to purge the NOx trapped on the filter and convert it to less harmful products. A novel diesel particulate filter model suitable for control was developed to represent the thermal wave behaviour observed in worst-case regenerations, where the soot in the filter burns to create local high temperature regions. A DPF was instrumented and fitted to the diesel engine and tested in the development of this model, particularly focusing upon these worst-case conditions. This new theoretical model was analysed using level set methods in a comparison with a simple control oriented DPF model. A supervisory hybrid control strategy to determine when to take emergency action to avoid thermal damage to the filter was designed using the simple DPF model. This strategy used safe conditions verified from the experimental work undertaken.

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Chan, Siu-wo. "Design, control and application of battery-ultracapacitor hybrid systems". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38816660.

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Song, H. "A hybrid martian VTOL UAV: design, dynamics and control". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493040.

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Johansson, Salazar-Sandoval Eric. "Ceria Nanoparticle Hybrid Materials : Interfacial Design and Structure Control". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Ytbehandlingsteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173367.

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This doctoral thesis addresses the challenge of bringing two very different materials into intimate chemical contact: inorganic metal oxide nanoparticles and acrylic polymers. In order to achieve this ambitious goal, the work has been divided into a series of more accessible tasks. Pedagogically designed, these tasks build upon one another to finally develop the knowledge and skills necessary to successfully formulate novel nanocomposites. A fundamental study on the bulk and surface bonding of ceria was carried out to show that, due to the ceria content in small and highly charged ions, which are difficult to polarize, the preferred chemical interactions are ionic. Among the different capping agents, the carboxylate ligands —through the rich and localized electron density of their oxygen atoms— formed an ionic bond with cerium oxides. This provided stability to the ceria nanoparticles and opened up a vast robust and versatile library of carboxylates to us. This is exemplified by the development of synthetic routes for understanding and modifying ceria nanoparticles with carboxylic acids carrying reactive moieties, which were used to extend the stability of the nanoparticle dispersions. This allowed us to perform in situ polymerization, which resulted in homogeneous ceria–polymer hybrid nanocomposites. This interfacial design offers not only structure control but also strong bonding between the covalent polymer network and the ionic nanocrystals. The focus of the present work, however, is not on characterization of the polymeric materials used but rather on how the embedded nanoparticles interact with the polymeric matrix with respect to chemical interfacial aspects. The following cases were studied: i) unreactive nanoceria dispersed in a polymer matrix; ii) dispersed nanoceria endowed with the ability to initiate polymerizations; and iii) dispersed nanoceria capable of copolymerizing with the propagating chains of the polymer. These processes led to the development of novel hybrid nanocomposites that preserved the optical properties of ceria (e.g. UV absorption) while enhancing mechanical properties such as stiffness and glass transition temperature.

QC 20150910

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Haris, Sullehuddin Mohamed. "Analysis and design of classes of hybrid control systems". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427439.

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Stiller, Christoph. "Design, Operation and Control Modelling of SOFC/GT Hybrid Systems". Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering Science and Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-718.

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This thesis focuses on modelling-based design, operation and control of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and gas turbine (GT) hybrid systems. Fuel cells are a promising approach to high-efficiency power generation, as they directly convert chemical energy to electric work. High-temperature fuel cells such as the SOFC can be integrated in gas turbine processes, which further increases the electrical efficiency to values up to 70%. However, there are a number of obstacles for safe operation of such a system, such as fuel cell damage through thermal loads or undesired chemical reactions, or gas turbine problems related to high thermal capacity and volume of the pressurised components. Development of suitable plant design as well as operation and control strategies is hence a key task for realisation of the mentioned systems.

The first part of the thesis describes the utilised models. All component models that have been developed and applied for the work are mathematically defined based on a fixed pattern. The thermodynamically most relevant components are tubular SOFC, indirect internal reformer and heat exchangers, and spatially discretised models are used for these. For the turbomachinery, map-based steady-state behaviour is modelled. Gas residence times and pressure drops are accounted for in all components they are relevant.

Based on the component models, three different hybrid cycles are examined. In the first cycle, the SOFC replaces the combustion chamber of a recuperated single-shaft turbine. The SOFC is pressurised and the cycle is called “directly integrated SOFC cycle” (DIC). Further cycle options are a DIC with a two-shaft gas turbine (DIC-2T) and an indirectly integrated SOFC cycle (IIC). In the latter, the compressed gas is heated recuperatively with the exhaust gas and the SOFC is operated at ambient pressure by connecting its air inlet to the turbine exhaust. All cycles incorporate the SOFC system design proposed by Siemens-Westinghouse, including indirect internal reforming, a tubular SOFC bundle and anode recirculation by an ejector. The first cycle (DIC) is regarded as standard cycle.

Objectives for highly efficient, safe system design are formulated and design parameters are associated. A design calculation determines the design parameters for the standard cycle, based on a nominal power output of 220 kW. The design LHVbased electric efficiency is app. 63%. Related to the design point, steady-state part-load ability of the system is analysed and displayed in two-dimensional performance maps where each axis represents one degree of freedom. Degrees of freedom considered are fuel and air flow; fuel utilisation is assumed constant. A result is that a strategy with constant mean fuel cell temperature is most advantageous in terms of safe and gentle operation. Further advantages of this strategy are the ability for low part-load and high efficiency at part-load operation.

A control strategy is derived for dynamical implementation of the found part-load strategy. The system power output is primarily controlled by the SOFC power. The fuel utilisation is kept within certain bounds and the fuel flow is manipulated to control it to its design value. The fuel cell temperature is controlled by the air flow, which again is controlled by manipulating the GT shaft speed through the generator power. To determine the required air flow, a mixed feedforward and feedback strategy is used, where the feedforward part calculates a prediction based on the net power output and the feedback part provides correction based on the measurement of the SOFC fuel outlet temperature. Additional constraints to the control system are the supervision of the shaft speed and the valid operation regime of the anode recirculation ejector.

The proposed control strategy provides robust control. The mean SOFC temperature, however, shows large transient deviation upon large load steps. The time to reach the setpoint power for large load steps is up to 70 s, while small load steps are followed in typically 1-2 s. A conclusion is that the system is suitable for load following operation as long as small load steps occur, as for example in distributed power generation for residential applications.

Shutdown and startup strategies are introduced where the gas turbine provides air for cooling/heating throughout the procedures. Additional equipment and piping such as an auxiliary burner, a turbine exhaust throttle, a bypass around the recuperative heat exchanger as well as nitrogen and hydrogen supply and mixing units are required. Therewith, smooth cooling/heating of the cell can be accomplished without external electric power, but with a considerable amount of fuel and flushing nitrogen required.

A further analysis investigates fuel flexibility of a system designed for methane: Hydrogen can be utilised without larger system modifications; only the control system characteristics must be adapted. Because no endothermic steam reforming takes place, the power output is, however, reduced to 70% of the original value, and efficiency is reduced to 55%. Applying the additional equipment required for shutdown/startup, the power can be increased to 94% of the original value, although at a further efficiency decrease. In order to use ethanol as fuel in the ejector-driven anode, a recuperative vaporiser must be applied in the fuel channel. Supposed that reliable reforming catalysts for ethanol can be provided, 88% of the original power output can be achieved at a high efficiency of 62%.

The investigation of the other cycle options reveals that a two turbine cycle where the power turbine is rotating at constant speed, mostly differs in terms of controllability. For controlling the air flow, another handle such as variable inlet guide vanes or air bypass around the SOFC system is required. The indirectly integrated SOFC cycle (IIC) has a significantly lower efficiency of only 56%, assuming the SOFC at the same temperature level than in the DIC.

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Lazarov, Kalin Valeriev. "Design, fabrication and control of hybrid thermal/piezoelectric MEMS array". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280721.

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This dissertation describes the development of a hybrid actuation solution, which utilizes a micro-machined actuator array to provide switching of mechanical motion of a larger meso-scale piezo-electric actuator. The hybrid actuator approach alleviates the main shortcoming of the conventional micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)---the limited stroke and force characteristics, and combines the high-density and batch processing of the MEMS components with the high force/stroke and efficiency of the macro-scale actuation. One motivating application of this technology is the development of a portable tactile display, where discrete mechanical actuators apply vibratory excitation on the skin. The tactile display consists of three major parts: (i) MEMS 4 x 5 actuator array of individual vibrating pixels, (ii) Macro-scale piezoelectic-actuator and mechanical assembly and (iii) Control electronics module. The MEMS chip is an array of micro folded beam thermal actuators used to redirect the displacement of the main piezoelectric actuator. The electronics module includes a microcontroller and specialized drivers to control the MEMS array and the piezoelectric actuator simultaneously, generating complex pixel sequences. Optimization of the MEMS actuator performance required in-depth understanding of the underlying actuation principles, leading to the development of a set of analytical tools for steady state and transient analysis of the microactuators. Special attention was paid to improving the commonly used linear mechanical models, which do not produce accurate results for large actuator displacements. The developed analytical models were compared against finite element simulations and showed very good agreement. Another major contribution of this dissertation is the integration of micro fabrication, mechanical design and advanced embedded system design into a single device. This integration allowed significant decrease in size compared to the existing tactile displays. The developed prototype is completely self-contained, powered by one watch battery and approximately the size of a wristwatch. Despite its size, the device is 'intelligent' due to the use of onboard high performance microcontroller. The achieved reduction of size and power consumption is a very important step toward mainstream adoption of devices for tactile communication.

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Turan, Ugur. "Design And Implementation Of A Hybrid And Configurable Access Control Model". Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12611137/index.pdf.

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A hybrid and configurable access control model is designed to satisfy the requirements of using different access control models in the same schema. The idea is arised to completely combine and configure the two main access control models, discretionary and mandatory which have been widely used in many systems so far with their advantages and disadvantages. The motivation originates from the fact that
in real life usage, discretionary based systems needs some strict policies and mandatory based systems needs some flexibility. The model is designed to combine these two appoaches in a single and configurable model, with some required real life extensions, in a conflictfree fashion and configurable degree of combination. Implementation of the model has been done and main important cases which shows the power and expressiveness of the model are designed and implemented. The authorization process is in the responsibility of the model which can be combined with secured authentication and auditing schemas. The new approaches as Role-Based, Context-Based and Temporal access control can easily be embedded in the model due to its generic and modular design.

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Pralits, Jan Oscar. "Optimal Design of Natural and Hybrid Laminar Flow Control on Wings". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mechanics, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-3612.

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Methods for optimal design of different means of control aredeveloped in this thesis. The main purpose is to maintain thelaminar flow on wings at a chord Reynolds number beyond what isusually transitional or turbulent. Linear stability analysis isused to compute the exponential amplification of infinitesimaldisturbances, which can be used to predict the location oflaminar-turbulent transition. The controls are computed usinggradient-based optimization techniques where the aim is tominimize an objective function based upon, or related to, thedisturbance growth. The gradients of the objective functionswith respect to the controls are evaluated from the solutionsof adjoint equations.

Sensitivity analysis using the gradients of the disturbancekinetic energy with respect to different periodic forcing showwhere and by what means control is most efficiently made. Theresults are presented for flat plate boundary layer flows withdifferent free stream Mach numbers.

A method to compute optimal steady suction distributions tominimize the disturbance kinetic energy is presented for bothincompressible and compressible boundary layer flows. It isshown how to formulate an objective function in order tominimize simultaneously different types of disturbances whichmight exist in two, and three-dimensional boundary layer flows.The problem formulation also includes control by means ofrealistic pressure chambers, and results are presented wherethe method is applied on a swept wing designed for commercialaircraft.

Optimal temperature distributions for disturbance controlare presented for flat plate boundary layer flows. It is shownthat the efficiency of the control depends both on the freestream Mach number, and whether the wall downstream of thecontrol domain is insulated, or heat transfer occurs.

Shape optimization is presented with the aim of reducing theaerodynamic drag, while maintaining operational properties.Results of optimized airfoils are presented for cases whereboth the disturbance kinetic energy, and wave drag are reducedsimultaneously while lift, and pitch-moment coefficients aswell as the volume are kept at desired values.

Keywords:fluid mechanics, laminar-turbulent transition,boundary layer, laminar flow control, natural laminar flow,adjoint equations, optimal control, objective function, PSE,APSE, ABLE, HLFC, eN-method, Euler equations

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Risse, Kristof [Verfasser]. "Preliminary Overall Aircraft Design with Hybrid Laminar Flow Control / Kristof Risse". Aachen : Shaker, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1124366504/34.

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Liu, Chunhua, i 劉春華. "Design, analysis, control and application of permanent-magnet hybrid brushless machines". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42841665.

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Abdelgayed, Mohamed E. "Design and Control the Ancillary System for Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicle (HHV)". University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1278075678.

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Do?ruel, Murat. "Description, analysis and control design of discrete state and hybrid systems /". The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487865929458306.

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Liu, Chunhua. "Design, analysis, control and application of permanent-magnet hybrid brushless machines". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42841665.

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Velasco, Cesar A. Morales. "Substructure Synthesis Analysis and Hybrid Control Design for Buildings under Seismic Excitation". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30367.

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We extend the application of the substructure synthesis method to more complex structures, and establish a design methodology for base isolation and active control in a distributed model of a building under seismic excitation. Our objective is to show that passive and active control complement each other in such an advantageous manner for the case at hand, that simple devices for both types of control are sufficient to achieve excellent response characteristics with very low control forces. The Rayleigh-Ritz based substructure synthesis method proved to be highly successful in analyzing a structure more complex than the ones previously analyzed with it. Comparing the responses of the hybridly controlled building and the conventional fixed building under El Centro excitation, we conclude that the stresses are reduced by 99.6 %, the base displacement is reduced by 91.7 % and the required control force to achieve this is 1.1 % of the building weight.
Ph. D.

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Amoussougbo, Thibaut. "Combined Design and Control Optimization of Autonomous Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrains". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1623241895255747.

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King, Jonathan Charles. "Model-Based Design of a Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Control Strategy". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34962.

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For years the trend in the automotive industry has been toward more complex electronic control systems. The number of electronic control units (ECUs) in vehicles is ever increasing as is the complexity of communication networks among the ECUs. Increasing fuel economy standards and the increasing cost of fuel is driving hybridization and electrification of the automobile. Achieving superior fuel economy with a hybrid powertrain requires an effective and optimized control system. On the other hand, mathematical modeling and simulation tools have become extremely advanced and have turned simulation into a powerful design tool. The combination of increasing control system complexity and simulation technology has led to an industry wide trend toward model based control design. Rather than using models to analyze and validate real world testing data, simulation is now the primary tool used in the design process long before real world testing is possible. Modeling is used in every step from architecture selection to control system validation before on-road testing begins. The Hybrid Electric Vehicle Team (HEVT) of Virginia Tech is participating in the 2011-2014 EcoCAR 2 competition in which the team is tasked with re-engineering the powertrain of a GM donated vehicle. The primary goals of the competition are to reduce well to wheels (WTW) petroleum energy use (PEU) and reduce WTW greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria emissions while maintaining performance, safety, and consumer acceptability. This paper will present systematic methodology for using model based design techniques for architecture selection, control system design, control strategy optimization, and controller validation to meet the goals of the competition. Simple energy management and efficiency analysis will form the primary basis of architecture selection. Using a novel method, a series-parallel powertrain architecture is selected. The control system architecture and requirements is defined using a systematic approach based around the interactions between control units. Vehicle communication networks are designed to facilitate efficient data flow. Software-in-the-loop (SIL) simulation with Mathworks Simulink is used to refine a control strategy to maximize fuel economy. Finally hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing on a dSPACE HIL simulator is demonstrated for performance improvements, as well as for safety critical controller validation. The end product of this design study is a control system that has reached a high level of parameter optimization and validation ready for on-road testing in a vehicle.
Master of Science

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Djapic, Vladimir. "Unifying behavior based control design and hybrid stability theory for AUV application /". Diss., [Riverside, Calif.] : University of California, Riverside, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3350079.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Riverside, 2009.
Includes abstract. Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 28, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Includes bibliographical references (p. 149-153).

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Al, Kharusi Mahmood. "Generic model control design for hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicle". Thesis, Al Kharusi, Mahmood (2019) Generic model control design for hybrid energy storage system in electric vehicle. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/53727/.

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The use of hybrid energy systems has gone wide in the transportation industry, and especially with electrical vehicle, which has caused a lot of studies and researches to be conducted on this area. This system requires an appropriate controller design to maintain the variation of the voltages and currents in an electrical system that affect the overall output of the system, which results in an overall controlled performance of the vehicle. This makes controlling theses variables an essential need in order to obtain an efficient and high quality system, because vehicles can accelerate and decelerate instantly and they require instant high power supply sources. This demand of high power cannot be provided by a single power source, therefore, an auxiliary power source to overcome the high and instantons demand of power is required. The proposed control method in this research is called Generic Model control (GMC), which is a nonlinear control method that is widely used in the industry to control nonlinear systems. GMC maintains the output of the process variables at a desired rate in a process by manipulating certain effective variables. The project discusses the proposal design of two dc-dc converters to boost and buck voltages as required by the load to ensure a stable closed-loop energy supply system. The main electronic components that are required in order to design a HESS in Electric Vehicle (EV) will also be explained and discussed separately in details along with their functionality and effects on the vehicle. This research also discusses the modelling of the overall systems and implementing the derived binary equations into GMC and implement the overall closed loop control system into Simulink. The tuning methodology of GMC parameters K1 and K2 is also discussed in this report. The results of this simulation is illustrated in graphs that show the behaviour of the voltages and currents of different components in the system and the effectiveness of the control system on the performance of the vehicle.

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Bean, Jacob Jon. "Design and Analysis of an Active Noise Canceling Headrest". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/94626.

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This dissertation is concerned with the active control of local sound fields, as applied to an active headrest system. Using loudspeakers and microphones, an active headrest is capable of attenuating ambient noise and providing a comfortable acoustic environment for an occupant. A finite element (FE) model of an active headrest is built and analyzed such that the expected noise reduction levels could be quantified for various geometries as well as primary sound field conditions. Both plane wave and diffuse primary sound fields are considered and it is shown that the performance deteriorates for diffuse sound fields. It is then demonstrated that virtual sensing can greatly improve the spatial extent of the quiet zones as well as the attenuation levels. A prototype of the active headrest was constructed, with characteristics similar to those of the FE model, and tested in both anechoic and reverberant sound fields. Multichannel feedforward and feedback control architectures are implemented in real-time and it is shown that adaptive feedback systems are capable of attenuating band-limited disturbances. The spatial attenuation pattern surrounding the head is also measured by shifting the head to various positions and measuring the attenuation at the ears. Two virtual sensing techniques are compared in both feedback and feedforward architectures. The virtual microphone arrangement, which assumes that the primary sound field is equivalent at the physical and virtual locations, results in the best performance when used in a feedback system attenuating broadband disturbances. The remote microphone technique, which accounts for the transfer response between the physical and virtual locations, offers the best performance for tonal primary sound fields. In broadband sound fields, a causal relationship rarely exists between the physical and virtual microphones, resulting in poor performance.
PHD

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25

Zhao, Jing. "Design, control and testing of a novel hybrid active air suspension system for automobiles". Thesis, University of Macau, 2017. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3691888.

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Cusack, Jessy L. "Design of a High Speed Clutch with Mechanical Pulse-Width Control". Digital WPI, 2013. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/173.

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Kinetic energy storage via flywheels is an emerging avenue for hybrid vehicle research, offering both high energy and power density compared to more established electric and hydraulic alternatives. However, connecting the high speed flywheel to the relatively low speed drivetrain of the vehicle is a persistent challenge, requiring a transmission with high variability and efficiency. A proposed solution drawing inspiration from the electrical domain is the Switch-Mode Continuously Variable Transmission (SM CVT), which uses a high speed clutch to transfer energy to a torsion spring in discrete pulses with a variable duty cycle. The greatest limitation to the performance of this system is the speed and efficiency of commercial clutch technology. It is the goal of this thesis to develop a novel clutch which meets the actuation speed, controllability, and efficiency requirements of the SM CVT, with potential for reapplication in other rotary mechanical systems with switching functionality. The performance demands of the clutch were derived via a theoretical design case based on the performance requirements of a typical passenger vehicle, indicating the need for a sub-millisecond engagement and disengagement cycle. This is not met by any conventional clutch. Several concepts were considered across the fluid, electromagnetic and mechanical energy domains. A final concept was chosen which employs a friction disk style architecture, with normal force produced by compressing springs via an axial cam mounted to the flywheel. To control duty cycle, the cam was designed with a radially varying profile such that increasing radial position results in proportionally increasing ratio of high dwell to low dwell. Three synchronized followers are then translated radially on the cam by a control linkage. Analysis of the follower train dynamics and system stiffness were carried out to inform the design of a scaled benchtop prototype. Experimental testing was carried out to characterize the performance of the prototype. It was found that the intended functionality of the design was achieved, with discrete energy transfer accomplished via pulsing of the clutch. However, maximum efficiency was only 33% and torque capacity was only 65% of the intended 70Nm. Significant opportunity exists for improvement of the clutch performance in future research.

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27

Yang, Hee Doo. "Design, Manufacturing, and Control of Soft and Soft/Rigid Hybrid Pneumatic Robotic Systems". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100635.

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Soft robotic systems have recently been considered as a new approach that is in principle better suited for tasks where safety and adaptability are important. That is because soft materials are inherently compliant and resilient in the event of collisions. They are also lightweight and can be low-cost; in general, soft robots have the potential to achieve many tasks that were not previously possible with traditional robotic systems. In this paper, we propose a new manufacturing process for creating multi-chambered pneumatic actuators and robots. We focus on using fabric as the primary structural material, but plastic films can be used instead of textiles as well. We introduce two different methods to create layered bellows actuators, which can be made with a heat press machine or in an oven. We also describe origami-like actuators with possible corner structures. Moreover, the fabrication process permits the creation of soft and soft/rigid hybrid robotic systems, and enables the easy integration of sensors into these robots. We analyze various textiles that are possibly used with this method, and model bellows actuators including operating force, restoring force, and estimated geometry with multiple bellows. We then demonstrate the process by showing a bellows actuator with an embedded sensor and other fabricated structures and robots. We next present a new design of a multi-DOF soft/rigid hybrid robotic manipulator. It contains a revolute actuator and several roll-pitch actuators which are arranged in series. To control the manipulator, we use a new variant of the piece-wise constant curvature (PCC) model. The robot can be controlled using forward and inverse kinematics with embedded inertial measurement units (IMUs). A bellows actuator, which is a subcomponent of the manipulator, is modeled with a variable-stiffness spring, and we use the model to predict the behavior of the actuator. With the model, the roll-pitch actuator stiffnesses are measured in all directions through applying forces and torques. The stiffness is used to predict the behavior of the end effector. The robotic system introduced achieved errors of less than 5% when compared to the models, and positioning accuracies of better than 1cm.
Doctor of Philosophy

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28

Martin, V. Joseph Bacon. "Design of Time-Varying Hybrid Zero Dynamics Controllers for Exponential Stabilization of Agile Quadrupedal Locomotion". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100689.

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This thesis explores the development of time-varying virtual constraint controllers that allow stable and agile gaits for full-order hybrid dynamical models of quadrupedal locomotion. Unlike time-invariant nonlinear controllers, time-varying controllers do not rely on sensor data for gait phasing and can initiate locomotion from zero velocity. Motivated by these properties, we investigate the stability guarantees that can be provided by the time-varying approach. More specifically, we systematically establish necessary and sufficient conditions that guarantee exponential stability of periodic orbits for time-varying hybrid dynamical systems utilizing the Poincar� return map. Leveraging the results of the presented proof, we develop time-varying virtual constraint controllers to stabilize bounding, trotting, and walking gaits of a 14 degree of freedom quadrupedal robot, Minitaur. A framework for selecting the parameters of virtual constraint controllers to achieve exponential stability is shown, and the feasibility of the analytical results is numerically validated in full-order model simulations of Minitaur.
Master of Science
This thesis extends a class of controllers designed to address the full dynamics of stable locomotion in quadrupedal robots. As of yet, there is no widely-accepted standard methodology for controlling the complex maneuvers of quadrupedal locomotion, as most strategies rely on simplified models to ease computational constraints. "Virtual constraint'' controllers - also known as Hybrid Zero Dynamics controllers - are a class of controllers designed to address the full dynamics of legged locomotion by coordinating the links of a legged robot model to follow a periodic trajectory representing the desired gait pattern. However, the formalized "time-invariant'' model of virtual constraint controllers relies on sensor data to track progress on the desired gait trajectory. This dependence on sensor data makes the resulting controllers unable to start from a state of zero velocity and sensitive to disturbances generated by high velocity impacts. The proposed "time-varying'' virtual constraints controllers utilize the elapsed time to track gait progress and do not have the previously mentioned limitations. Motivated by these benefits, we develop a formalized methodology for designing time-varying virtual constraint controllers for quadrupedal robots. This includes extending time-invariant means of mathematically validating the stability of the gait controllers to time-varying systems. With strategies of designing and validating time-varying virtual constraint controllers formalized, the methodology is implemented on numerical simulations of bounding, trotting, and walking gaits for the quadrupedal robot Minitaur which validates the stability and feasibility of the developed controllers.

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29

Martin, Joseph Bacon V. "Design of Time-Varying Hybrid Zero Dynamics Controllers for Exponential Stabilization of Agile Quadrupedal Locomotion". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100689.

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This thesis explores the development of time-varying virtual constraint controllers that allow stable and agile gaits for full-order hybrid dynamical models of quadrupedal locomotion. Unlike time-invariant nonlinear controllers, time-varying controllers do not rely on sensor data for gait phasing and can initiate locomotion from zero velocity. Motivated by these properties, we investigate the stability guarantees that can be provided by the time-varying approach. More specifically, we systematically establish necessary and sufficient conditions that guarantee exponential stability of periodic orbits for time-varying hybrid dynamical systems utilizing the Poincar� return map. Leveraging the results of the presented proof, we develop time-varying virtual constraint controllers to stabilize bounding, trotting, and walking gaits of a 14 degree of freedom quadrupedal robot, Minitaur. A framework for selecting the parameters of virtual constraint controllers to achieve exponential stability is shown, and the feasibility of the analytical results is numerically validated in full-order model simulations of Minitaur.
Master of Science
This thesis extends a class of controllers designed to address the full dynamics of stable locomotion in quadrupedal robots. As of yet, there is no widely-accepted standard methodology for controlling the complex maneuvers of quadrupedal locomotion, as most strategies rely on simplified models to ease computational constraints. "Virtual constraint'' controllers - also known as Hybrid Zero Dynamics controllers - are a class of controllers designed to address the full dynamics of legged locomotion by coordinating the links of a legged robot model to follow a periodic trajectory representing the desired gait pattern. However, the formalized "time-invariant'' model of virtual constraint controllers relies on sensor data to track progress on the desired gait trajectory. This dependence on sensor data makes the resulting controllers unable to start from a state of zero velocity and sensitive to disturbances generated by high velocity impacts. The proposed "time-varying'' virtual constraints controllers utilize the elapsed time to track gait progress and do not have the previously mentioned limitations. Motivated by these benefits, we develop a formalized methodology for designing time-varying virtual constraint controllers for quadrupedal robots. This includes extending time-invariant means of mathematically validating the stability of the gait controllers to time-varying systems. With strategies of designing and validating time-varying virtual constraint controllers formalized, the methodology is implemented on numerical simulations of bounding, trotting, and walking gaits for the quadrupedal robot Minitaur which validates the stability and feasibility of the developed controllers.

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30

Da, Silva Joao Lucas. "Design and control of a multicell interleaved converter for a hybrid photovoltaic-wind generation system". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19318/7/DASILVA_JoaoLucas.pdf.

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The solution for the generating energy derived from non-polluting sources configures a worldwide problem, which is undetermined, complex, and gradual; and certainly, passes through the diversification of the energetic matrix. Diversification means not only having different sources converted into useful energy, like the electricity, but also decentralizing the energy generation in order to fit with higher adequacy the demand, which is decentralized too. Distributed Generation proposes this sort of development but in order to increase its penetration several technical barriers must be overpassed. One of them is related to the conversion systems, which must be more flexible, modular, efficient and compatible with the different energy sources, since they are very specific for a certain area. The present study drives its efforts towards this direction, i.e. having a system with several inputs for combining different renewable energy sources into a single and efficient power converter for the grid connection. It focuses on the design and control of an 11.7 kW hybrid renewable generation system, which contains two parallel circuits of photovoltaic panels and a wind turbine. A multicell converter divided in two stages accomplishes the convertion: Generation Side Converter (GSC) and Mains Side Converter (MSC). Two boost converters responsible for the photovoltaic generation and a rectifier and a third boost, for the wind constitue the GSC. It allows the conversion to the fixed output DC voltage, controlling individually and performing the maximum power point tracking in each input. On the other side, the single-phase 4- cell MSC accomplishes the connection to the grid through an LCL filter. This filter uses an Intercell Transformer (ICT) in the first inductor for reducing the individual ripple generated by the swicthing. The MSC controls the DC-link voltage and, by doing that, it allows the power flow from the generation elements to the network.

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31

MAINO, CLAUDIO. "Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Optimal Design and Real-time Control based on Artificial Intelligence". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2971994.

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32

Morbitzer, Joseph M. "High-level modeling, supervisory control strategy development, and validation for a proposed power-split hybrid-electric vehicle design". Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1165262919.

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33

Garmendia, Daniel Charles. "A multi-disciplinary conceptual design methodology for assessing control authority on a hybrid wing body configuration". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54328.

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The primary research objective was to develop a methodology to support conceptual design of the Hybrid Wing Body (HWB) configuration. The absence of a horizontal tail imposes new stability and control requirements on the planform, and therefore requiring greater emphasis on control authority assessment than is typical for conceptual design. This required investigations into three primary areas of research. The first was to develop a method for designing an appropriate amount of redundancy. This was motivated widely varying numbers of trailing edge elevons in the HWB literature, and inadequate explanations for these early design decisions. The method identifies stakeholders, metrics of interest, and synthesizes these metrics using the Breguet range equation for system level comparison of control surface layouts. The second area of research was the development trim analysis methods that could accommodate redundant control surfaces, for which conventional methods performed poorly. A new measure of control authority was developed for vehicles with redundant controls. This is accomplished using concepts from the control allocation literature such as the attainable moment subset and the direct allocation method. The result is a continuous measure of remaining control authority suitable for use during HWB sizing and optimization. The final research area integrated performance and control authority to create a HWB sizing environment, and investigations into how to use it for design space exploration and vehicle optimization complete the methodology. The Monte Carlo Simulation method is used to map the design space, identify good designs for optimization, and to develop design heuristics. Finally, HWB optimization experiments were performed to discover best practices for conceptual design.

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34

Nakka, Sai Krishna Sumanth. "Co-design of Hybrid-Electric Propulsion System for Aircraft using Simultaneous Multidisciplinary Dynamic System Design Optimization". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1602153187738909.

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35

Houshmand, Arian. "Multidisciplinary Dynamic System Design Optimization of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Powertrains". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1479822276400281.

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36

Sarban, Singh Ranjit Singh. "A design scheme of energy management, control, optimisation system for hybrid solar-wind and battery energy storages system". Thesis, Brunel University, 2016. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13788.

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Hybrid renewable energy system was introduced to improve the individual renewable energy power system’s productivity and operation-ability. This circumstance has led towards an extensive technological study and analysis on the hybrid renewable energy system. The extensive technological study is conducted using many different approaches, but in this research the linear programming, artificial intelligence and smart grid approaches are studied. This thesis proposed a complete hardware system development, implementation and construction of real-time DC Hybrid Renewable Energy System for solar-wind-battery energy source integrated with grid network support. The proposed real-time DC HRES hardware system adopts the hybrid renewable energy system concept which is composed of solar photovoltaic, wind energy system, battery energy storage system and grid network support. The real-time DC HRES hardware system research work is divided into three stages. Stage 1 involves modelling and simulation of the proposed system using MATLAB Simulink/Stateflow software. During this stage, system’s methodological design and development is emphasised. The obtained results are considered as fundamental finding to design, develop, integrate, implement and construct the real-time DC HRES hardware system. Stage II is designing and developing the electronic circuits for the real-time DC HRES hardware system using PROTEUS software. Real time simulation is performed on the electronic circuits to study and analyse the circuit’s behaviour. This stage also involves embedded software application development for the microcontroller PIC16F877A. Thus, continuous dynamic decision-making algorithm is developed and incorporated into microcontroller PIC16F877A. Next, electronic circuits and continuous dynamic decision-making algorithm are integrated with the microcontroller PIC16F877A as a real-time DC HRES hardware system to perform real time simulation. The real-time DC HRES hardware system simulation results are studied, analysed and compared with the results obtained in Stage 1. Any indifference between the obtained results in Stage 1 and Stage 2 are analysed and necessary changes are made. Stage 3 involves integrating, implementation and construction of real-time DC HRES. The continuous dynamic decision-making algorithm is also incorporated into the real microcontroller PCI16F877A development board. Real-time DC HRES’s experimental results have successfully demonstrated the system’s ability to perform supervision, coordination, management and control of all the available energy sources with lease dependency on the grid network. The obtained results demonstrated the energy management and optimisation of the available energy sources as primary power source deliver.

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37

Blais, Bruno. "Model-based visual inspection of hybrid circuits". Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63928.

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38

Risse, Kristof [Verfasser], Eike [Akademischer Betreuer] Stumpf i Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Schröder. "Preliminary overall aircraft design with hybrid laminar flow control / Kristof Risse ; Eike Stumpf, Wolfgang Schröder". Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1130792862/34.

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39

Núñez, Vicencio Alfredo Antonio. "Design of Hybrid Predictive Control Strategies for Optimization of Operational Processes in Dynamic Transport Systems". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2009. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/102223.

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40

Kumar, Pavan M. R. "Analysis, design and control of a hybrid multilevel switching converter for synchrotron ring-magnet power". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9708.

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This thesis presents the development of a Hybrid Multilevel Switching Converter (HMSC) for Ring-Magnet Power Supplies (RMPS). The thesis includes the analysis, design and control of the proposed converter. It introduces multilevel switching converters to the field of ring-magnet power supplies. RMPS feed the electromagnets that produce the magnetic field required to energize and guide subatomic particles in a synchrotron. The accuracy and extreme precision of this magnetic field imposes stringent restrictions on the design and performance of the RMPS used. Study of conventional power supplies highlights the need for modern power supply solutions which can meet the specifications of RMPS. The complete frequency-domain analysis of the conventional resonant-type RMPS along with the Energy Make-up Unit (EMU) is presented. The resonant frequency drift is identified as the main factor in the design of the EMU. The analysis of the input filter network is presented for development of design criteria for input filter components. The principle advantages and disadvantages of the resonant-type RMPS are summarized before identifying multilevel converters as a viable option among switching converters for a non-resonant type of RMPS. The Hybrid Multilevel Switching Converter (HMSC) is proposed as a non-resonant type RMPS to overcome the disadvantages of the resonant-type RMPS. The operational features of the HMSC are explained and the simplification of the general HMSC configuration for positive output currents is identified. The steady-state analysis of the HMSC develops comprehensive design criteria for the device ratings and component stresses, including the methods for reducing the switching losses in the HMSC. Multilevel converters encounter voltage balancing problem among the DC-link capacitors. It is shown that the HMSC configuration is versatile in minimizing this problem. Harmonic spectrum of the output voltage of the HMSC is derived and the effect of number of output voltage levels in reducing the harmonic contents is established. A detailed survey of different current control techniques is presented to form the background for developing an effective current control algorithm for multilevel converters. A dead-beat current control strategy is chosen as an appropriate control technique to suit the needs of RMPS. The control scheme is extended to the control of multilevel converters in general. The control algorithm is developed to track a given arbitrary current reference signal for both single-variable and multi-variable systems. It is also shown that the output dead-beat control is a special case of the pole placement technique. The transient behaviour of the system has been studied and stability considerations of the system are examined. Extensive computer simulation studies have been performed using SABER to study the reference tracking nature of the proposed control scheme. The output current of the HMSC using the modified dead-beat control scheme is shown to follow a given arbitrary-reference with very small tracking error. The reference tracking nature has been simulated for a simple RL magnet load and a magnet load with LCR filter. Experimental results obtained from a laboratory prototype of the HMSC with an RL load, have been presented to substantiate the analytical results. Criteria for improvement in the reference tracking properties of the proposed system have been identified.
Graduate

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41

Teoh, Zhi Ern. "Design of Hybrid Passive and Active Mechanisms for Control of Insect-Scale Flapping-Wing Robots". Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:23845481.

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Flying insects exhibit a remarkable ability to fly in environments that are small, cluttered and highly dynamic. Inspired by these animals, scientist have made great strides in understanding the aerodynamic mechanisms behind insect-scale flapping-wing flight. By applying these mechanisms together with recent advances in meso-scale fabrication techniques, engineers built an insect-scale flapping-wing robot and demonstrated hover by actively controlling the robot about its roll and pitch axes. The robot, however, lacked control over its yaw axis preventing control over its heading angle. In this thesis, we show that the roll and pitch axes of a single actuator insect-scale flapping-wing robot can also be passively stabilized by the addition of a pair of aerodynamic dampers. We develop design guidelines for these dampers, showing that the previously unstable robot with the addition of the dampers is able to perform stable vertical flights and altitude control. To address the lack of yaw control, we develop a yaw torque generating mechanism inspired by the fruit fly wing hinge. We present the development of this mechanism in three stages: from the conceptual stage, to the torque measurement stage and finally to a hover capable stage. We show that the robot is able to generate sufficient yaw torque enabling the robot to transition from hover to heading control maneuvers.
Engineering and Applied Sciences - Engineering Sciences

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42

Pisanti, Cecilia. "Models for design and control of a solar-hybrid vehicle with a tracking solar roof". Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1212.

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2010 - 2011
Our planet faces significant challenges in the twenty-first century because energy consumption is expected to double globally during the first half of this century. Faced with increasingly constrained oil supplies, humanity must look to other sources of energy, such as solar, to help us meet the growing energy demand. A useful measure of the level of a country’s development is through its energy consumption and efficiency. Excessive fossil fuel energy use not only has caused severe and growing damage to the environment from greenhouse gas emissions and oil spills, but also has brought political crises to countries in the form of global resource conflicts and food shortages. Solar and other forms of renewable energy offer a practical, clean, and viable solution to meet our planet’s growing environmental and energy challenges. Solar radiation is the most important natural energy resource because it is a renewable, free and largely diffused source. The Sun provides the Earth with an enormous amount of energy. Naturally, the Sun has always held the attention of humanity and been the subject of worship by many cultures over the millennia, such as the Egyptians, Incans, Greeks, and Mayans, among many others. The potential of solar energy to produce heat and electricity to be supplied for our modern economies in a variety of productive activities has been widely demonstrated but not yet widely adopted around the globe due to relatively cheap fossil fuels. The main problem of this kind of energy source is that it is not constant during the day and not readily dispatched. In contrast, modern lifestyles demand a continuous and reliable supply of energy. However, there are ways to overcome these shortfalls. In chapter 1 there is a general presentation of solar irradiance and the main solar angles: global solar irradiance is composed by diffuse, reflected and direct radiation. To direct radiation the geometrical relationship between the Sun and the Earth must be known. Nowadays solar technologies are involved to industrial maturity: to capture solar energy as much as possible firstly arrays with an optimal fixed tilt have been developed, then solar tracking arrays. For many of reasons, especially energetic, environmental, economic, a big interest nowadays has been developed for hybrid vehicles, particularly hybrid electric vehicles HEV; but in recent years HSV are attracting increasing interest. The last ones use solar energy. These kind of vehicles are described in chapter 2. It must be underlined that there is a great difference between hybrid solar vehicles and solar cars: in fact solar cars now do not represent a realistic alternative for traditional cars, because they depend only on sun availability and have high costs. Instead HSV do not have problems concerning the autonomy range, because they have an electric motor and also a traditional combustion engine. However until now in literature a little interest has been given to the hybrid solar vehicles despite HEV but at the University of Salerno a prototype of HSV has been developed and another one is going to be developed. Formulating the control algorithm for determining the fuel efficient power split between two energy sources is referred to as the supervisory control or energy management problem. In chapter 3, the main control strategies, used also for the energy management of HEV, are examined. Control strategies may be classified into non-causal and causal controllers respectively. Furthermore, a second classification can be made among heuristic, optimal and sub-optimal controllers. Great importance has given to three different strategies: Dynamic Programming DP, Genetic Algorithm GA and Rule–Based strategy RB. For each one the techniques of optimizations are described. An HSV vehicle has been modeled, and for this model especially RB strategy and GA optimization have been applied to see the most convenient one to apply on HSV prototype developed at University of Salerno. So a comparison of RB strategy with the other two is shown, and its advantages and facilities are described through experimental data. In chapter 3 this comparison shows that the adoption the results obtained by the optimization through RB strategy are close to the ones obtained with the other two optimizations. So this strategy seems convenient for two main reasons: · the previous knowledge of the driving cycle is not always required; · there are not strict mathematical operations. For these reasons RB strategy has been applied: it has been shown that it is necessary to compute the mean value of power traction and to establish the value of the sun factor. P tr can be evaluated with a backward or forward strategy: · Backward: the mean value is evaluated on the previous knowledge of the data, taking the mean value of the power during a certain period; · Forward: the mean value of the power is predicted. In chapter 4 numeric and experimental results about the application of this optimization strategy have been shown. First of all fuel consumption has been computed through a program developed in MATLAB, taking driving cycle from literature: it has been demonstrated that the values of fuel consumptions computed with backward and forward strategies of power traction are not very different. Then, through experimental tests, the adoption of on-board solar energy prediction is presented and there is also the demonstration of the beneficial to select the best solution in terms of energy management. Finally the program, previously developed for a generic HSV, has been adapted to the HSV prototype developed at University of Salerno considering also experimental driving cycles: the validation of Rule–Based strategy applied on the HSV prototype is presented through experimental tests. After it has been decided to adopt RB strategy for the on- board energy management of the HSV prototype through the adaptation of the MATLAB program into a program developed in LabVIEW. In chapter 5 a moving solar roof for an Hybrid Solar Vehicle is presented, and differences between a tracking system for mobile and fixed applications are underlined. With an optimal orientation of the roof, that means when the angle of incidence between the normal to the roof and the sun ray tends to zero, there is a considerable gain of energy. The mobile solar roof has been realized as a parallel robot with three degrees of freedom. A mathematical model has been developed in MATLAB, the design has been realized through the software 3D SolidWorks, the control system had been realized at the beginning with a PLC, then with a webcam placed in the middle of the mobile roof and the control has been developed through a program realized in LabVIEW. The model of the proposed roof has been developed and validated over experimental data obtained by a small scale real prototype. The kinematic model presented has allowed the optimization of roof geometry and shape. The best orienting properties are reached with shapes approaching a circular one, and with the minimum distance between globular joints. The optimal solution has been determined by an integrated analysis of both roof and vehicle shape. The economic feasibility of this project but especially the energetic gain has been evaluated: this model has been designed to be mobile only during parking phases for two main reasons: · The HSV analyzed must be used only for a urban use, so the driving phase lasts only 1-2 hours and the largest part of the day is a parking phase; · If the solar roof is mobile also during the driving phase some aerodynamic losses and instabilities could happen. The adoption of a moving solar roof for vehicle applications can substantially enhance the energy recovered during parking phases, for a solar electric or hybrid vehicle. Moreover, this system can result particularly useful at high latitudes, where an horizontal panel would be strongly penalized by low sun height. The adoption of a moving roof can therefore extend the potential market of solar assisted vehicles. In order to maximize benefits of the mobile solar roof, the energy consumption related to its movement must be minimized, and unnecessary movements avoided. To this end, a control procedure based on the use of insulation data provided by the solar panel, information derived by a GPS module and by processing the sky images taken by a webcam has been presented. The webcam has been placed in the middle of the mobile platform of the prototype, it makes a picture of the sky; in this picture two points are signed: the center of the picture and the center of mass of the points with maximum brightness. The main idea is that the center of the picture tends to go on the center of mass of the points of maximum brightness. Through this control system it has been also valuated the best interval between two different orientations, and the result is that during the day the interval between two different orientation changes, and it is convenient to orient the roof in the middle of each intervals, that means that if it has been computed that the best interval at 9.00 a.m. is one hour, there is a bigger gain of solar energy if the roof is oriented at 9.00 a.m. with the best orientation of 9.30 a.m. until 10a.m. and so on. [edited by author]
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43

Park, Sang Gyun. "Optimal control based method for design and analysis of continuous descent arrivals". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53005.

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Continuous Descent Arrival (CDA) is a procedure where aircraft descend, at or near idle thrust, from their cruise altitude to their Final Approach Fix without leveling off. By eliminating inefficient leveling off at low altitude, CDA provides benefits such as fuel savings, flight time savings, and the significant noise reduction near airports, but the usage of CDAs has been limited in low traffic condition due to difficulty in the separation management. For the successful CDA without degradation of the runway throughput, air traffic controllers should know the performance bound of the CDA trajectory and control the time of arrival for each aircraft, which is interpreted as Required Time of Arrival (RTA) from the aircraft standpoint. This thesis proposes a novel trajectory optimization methodology to meet RTA constraint. The CDA trajectory optimization problem in the flight management system is modeled as a path constrained optimal control problem of switched dynamical system. A sequential method that performs mode sequence estimation and parameter optimization, sequentially, is proposed to solve this problem. By analyzing the relaxed optimal solution with simplified dynamics, a computationally efficient algorithm to find the optimal switching structure is proposed and applied for the mode sequence estimation. This thesis also proposes a performance-bound analysis methodology using optimal control techniques to help controllers make a feasible schedule for CDA operations at a meter fix. The feasible time range analysis for a wide variety of aircraft is performed by using the proposed methodology. Based on the analysis result, a single flight time strategy is proposed for the application of CDA in high traffic conditions. The simulation with real traffic data has been shown that the single flight time strategy, combined with the proposed fixed RTA trajectory optimization, guarantees the conflict free CDA operation.

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44

Lachaume, Cyril. "Primary flight control design for a 4-seat electric aircraft". Thesis, KTH, Flygdynamik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293358.

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This thesis work is part of a design process which aims to develop a four-seathybrid-electric aircraft at Smartflyer (Grenchen, Switzerland). In that scope,various mechanisms of the plane had to be developed, including the systemactuating the control surfaces. The objective of this thesis work is to designthe primary flight controls which will be implemented in the first prototypebuilt at Smartflyer.Firstly, the work investigates the calculation of the aerodynamic loads appliedto the control surfaces through the use of three different methods which areanalytical calculations, VLM analysis and CFD simulation. Then, the workconsists in defining the kinematic mechanisms of the flight control to handlethe deflection of the horizontal stabiliser, the ailerons and the rudder. Lastly,the calculation of the forces to which are submitted the components of theflight control is conducted. This step allows to determine the pilot controlforces and ensures to take into account the ergonomic aspect during the designphase. The results of this work highlight the limits of the different methodsused and serves as a basis for a future sizing work and detailed conception.
Detta uppsatsarbete är en del av en designprocess som syftar till att utvecklaett fyrsitsigt hybridelektriskt flygplan vid Smartflyer (Grenchen, Schweiz). Idetta omfång måste olika mekanismer i planet utvecklas, inklusive systemetsom manövrerar kontrollytorna. Syftet med detta uppsatsarbete är att utformade primära flygkontrollerna som kommer att implementeras i den första prototypensom byggdes på Smartflyer.För det första undersöker arbetet beräkningen av de aerodynamiska belastningarnasom appliceras på kontrollytorna genom användning av tre olika metodersom är analytiska beräkningar, VLM-analys och CFD-simulering. Därefter bestårarbetet i att definiera de kinematiska mekanismerna för flygkontrollen föratt hantera avböjningen av den horisontella stabilisatorn, kranarna och rodret.Slutligen genomförs beräkningen av de krafter till vilka komponenterna i flygkontrollenöverförs. Detta steg gör det möjligt att bestämma pilotstyrkrafternaoch säkerställer att man tar hänsyn till den ergonomiska aspekten under designfasen.Resultaten av detta arbete belyser gränserna för de olika metodersom används och tjänar som grund för ett framtida storleksarbete och detaljeraduppfattning.

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Biromo, Prima Agung. "Robust hybrid reference control : analysis and design". Phd thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149668.

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Yang, Chong shin, i 楊崇信. "Design and control of parpllel hybrid electric bicycle". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97650511695217339804.

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碩士
南台科技大學
機械工程系
98
n this research, a design of parallel hybrid bicycle is proposed, its power source includes a brushless DC wheel-motor and a two-stroke engine. The throttle position of engine is controlled by fuzzy control method. First, construct the look-up table based on the fuzzy rules, use error speed and change of error speed as the inputs of fuzzy controller, and achieve the throttle position from the look-up table so as to control the engine speed. When the hybrid bicycle is starting, the wheel motor runs until the pre-assigned speed reaches, then control the throttle position to control the engine speed. This procedure will make combustion of fuel more completely and improves the operation efficiency of engine, to achieve energy savings and reduce exhaust pollution. The experiment results indicate that using fuzzy control is better than using proportional control in average speed error and fuel consumption in free load condition, however, the average speed error and steady-state time are also improved in operating condition.

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47

Dirita, Vito. "Control system design applications with hybrid genetic algorithms". Thesis, 2002. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/19762/1/whole_DiritaVito2002_thesis.pdf.

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This thesis investigates the hybrid application of stochastic and heuristic algorithms, in particular genetic algorithms (GA), simulated annealing (SA) and Greedy search algorithms for the design of linear and nonlinear control systems. We compare the rate of convergence, computational effort required (FLOPS) and ease of implementation. Where possible, results are compared with the more traditional control system design methodologies. Two specific practical applications include aircraft flight control systems, and a nonlinear example of an industrial bioreactor fermentation process. Stochastic algorithms (GA) and heuristic algorithms (SA, Greedy, Tabu search) are powerful search methods, capable of locating the global minimum or maximum (extremum) of multimodal functions. They operate without the need for function gradients and are robust to noisy data. The current research trend is directed towards the solution to constrained multiobjective optimization problems of multimodal functions which may result in a family of optimal solutions (i.e Pareto optimal set) and game theoretic approaches such as Nash and Stackelberg Equilibria. Genetic algorithms suffer from one particular drawback, the rate of convergence can be unacceptably slow if accurate solutions are sought. To overcome this deficiency, hybridization of genetic algorithms with fast local search procedures are often used. Two heuristic based search procedures are: greedy search and fast simulated annealing. We investigate three types of Hybrid algorithms: (i) genetic algorithms (GA), (ii) hybrid GA + simulated annealing (SA), and (iii) hybrid GA + greedy search. These methods are applied to solving off-line linear and nonlinear control problems which may otherwise have no direct analytical solution. In cases where solutions are obtainable using conventional methods, results are compared with hybrid algorithms. Robustness against modeling errors, nonlinearities, disturbances and parametric uncertainty will also be discussed. We investigate five specific design applications, these include: training radial basis function (RBF) neural networks, robust eigenstructure assignment (ESA), model reference adaptive control (MRAC), robust mixed H2/H00 design, and lastly fault detection and isolation (FDI). We show that hybrid algorithms can perform better, can handle a broader class of problems, and have fewer restrictions than conventional methods. Furthermore, stochastic and heuristic methods can directly deal with constraints.

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Su, Yi-Min SuYi-Min SuYi-Min, i 蘇益民. "Observer-based H∞ Fuzzy Control Design-Hybrid Taguchi-Genetic Fuzzy Control Approach". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54025243201400377529.

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碩士
國立高雄應用科技大學
電機工程系
99
This thesis deals with observer-based H∞ control problem for T-S fuzzy systems . By using Lyapunov stability analysis as the basis for derivation. literature on the observer-based control issue will encounter nonlinear matrix inequalities, must be solved by two-step procedure, lead to the solution set is too conservative. In this thesis, by using hybrid Taguchi genetic algorithm to search optimization controller gain and observer gain, the unknown controller gain and observer gain is assumed as nonvariable, the nonlinear matrix inequalities into linear matrix inequalities, avoid the shortcomings of two-step procedure.

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49

Syu, Jian-ping, i 徐建平. "Integrated control design and application for hybrid energy systems". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93407316521487200042.

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碩士
雲林科技大學
化學工程與材料工程研究所
96
In the last few years, since petroleum crisis happened, the control, storage and exploitation become a great urgency. This research put forward a pattern of generating electric power. It uses wind turbine and proton exchange membrane fuel cell to meet the demand of load. The surplus of wind energy will provide electrolyzer with electrolysis of liquid water into hydrogen gas and reserve it by tank for the demand of fuel cell. This device can reserve electric energy effectively. However, in operating stage, the excess of instant demand of fuel cell current will make cell temperature go beyond the operating limit and bring about oxygen starvation phenomena. When cell temperature is higher than operating range, it will cause dehydration and fracture of proton exchange membrane. Excessively higher, fuel cell will lose performance and oxygen starvation phenomena will damage patron exchange membrane. No doubt we should take temperature and oxygen excess ratio seriously. This research brings up scheme for model predictive control. Cooling water flow rate and air flow rate will hold cell temperature and oxygen excess ratio on proper operating point to ensure system performance. Because model predictive control can tune numerous parameters, through set point tracking, we can control system within specification merely by tuning weights. Further, applying this theory to disturbance suppression also meets the expectation. In conclusion, put the best tuned parameters into hybrid energy system.

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Lin, Yu-Xuan, i 林煜軒. "Electromechanical System Design and Control of Hybrid Cooling Module". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64078583352516895497.

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碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
工業教育學系
103
The research intergrated the electromechanical hybrid cooling system of hybrid electric vehicle, using electromechanical integration to control the virtual fuel cell and lithium batteries maintaining the target temperature range (40℃ / 55℃). The system structure is divided into two subsystems of heating and cooling, and heating system is divided into software and hardware. At software section, in order to get the thermal power, using vehicle theory on Matlab / Simulink to model, designing 4 kW light electric vehicle which follows the driving style of ECE40. And type in NI LabVIEW and programmable power supplies, in order to control the dual power source (lithium batteries and fuel cells) of heater which the hardware section simulate, providing instant thermal power load to simulate the actual vehicle battery exothermic change. Cooling system is divided into software and hardware, software section using for controlling the temperature of the system, through the Matlab / Simulink and Stateflow to establish rale-base rule base controlling. The input is the temperature signal of double heater, and the output is used to control the three hardware radiating element; electronic proportional valves, heat exchangers, fans and cooling pump. And burn the rule base control strategy in Rapid-Prototyping Controller for real-time monitoring, in order to control the battery at the target temperature for charging and discharging. The study shows that in the heating situation of the three fixed-power and the variation power case of ECE40, the system would let the fuel cell and lithium batteries maintain at the best working temperatures. The real vehicle verification will be performed in the future to learn the power source cooling performance of the hybrid cooling system, and integration situation of energy-saving performance. Therefore, the integrated cooling system should be applied on the unmanned motorcycle chassis dynamometer to experiment and analysis.

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