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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Huronian”

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Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 11 lutego 2022

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1

Roscoe, S. M., i K. D. Card. "The reappearance of the Huronian in Wyoming: rifting and drifting of ancient continents". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, nr 12 (1.12.1993): 2475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-214.

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Striking stratigraphic and sedimentological similarities between the Early Proterozoic Huronian Supergroup of the Canadian Shield and the Snowy Pass Supergroup of Wyoming suggest that they were deposited in a single, broad, epicratonic basin developed atop a large Archean continent that included the Superior and Wyoming geological provinces. Breakup of the continent after the 2.2 Ga intrusion of widespread gabbro sheets and dykes resulted in the separation of the Archean Superior and Wyoming cratons and their Early Proterozoic covers. These crustal fragments were subsequently reassembled during Early Proterozoic (~1.85 Ga) orogenesis, the end result being the present 2000 km separation of the Huronian and Snowy Pass supergroups and their Archean basements.

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2

Kerrich, R., D. F. Strong, A. J. Andrews i L. Owsiacki. "The silver deposits at Cobalt and Gowganda, Ontario. III: Hydrothermal regimes and source reservoirs–evidence from H, O, C, and Sr isotopes and fluid inclusions". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, nr 10 (1.10.1986): 1519–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e86-145.

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The Ag–, Co–Ni–sulpharsenide deposits of the Cobalt–Gowganda district are characterized by relatively uniform light-stable-isotope systematics, where δ18O in quartz spans 11.1–16.0‰; in K-feldspar, 10.1–12.3‰; in albite, 8.1–14.4‰; in actinolite, 6.0–7.6‰; in chlorite, 3.2–5.6‰; and δD in chlorite = −42 to −35‰. The temperature of hydrothermal silicate deposition was 150–230 °C, as calculated from Δquartz–chlorite, and triple to quadruple isotopic concordancy is locally preserved amongst quartz, chlorite, actinolite, and K-feldspar or albite. Filling temperature modes at 230 and 330 °C exist for primary inclusions in quartz and carbonates. Ore-forming hydrothermal fluids were isotopically characterized by δ18O = −2.5 to + 5‰, δD = −40 to + 5‰, interpreted to reflect isotopically and chemically evolved formation brines from Huronian aquifers, ultimately derived from marine pore fluids, and Proterozoic meteoric water recharge of the sedimentary basin. The restricted range of δ18Oquartz, Δquartz−chlorite, and δDchlorite from a large population of veins implies that the ore-forming fluids were tapped from a large reservoir, or reservoirs, relatively uniform with respect to temperature, δ18O, and δD.Quartzes in silicate selvages, wall rocks, and carbonate-dominated gangue are isotopically comparable, signifying fluid-dominated conditions and the initial precipitation of carbonates from fluids isotopically similar to those involved in the silicate stage and at comparable temperatures. Vein dolomites (δ18O = 21 to 23.1‰) continued to exchange down to temperatures of 110–140 °C in the presence of fluids where δ18O = 3 ± 2‰, during thermal attenuation of the ore-forming reservoir. Vein calcites (δ18O = 1.7 to 15.7‰) record late incursion of meteoric waters where δ18O = −8 to −22‰ at temperatures of ~50 °C. The population of vein carbonates clusters at δ13C = −3.1 to −5.3‰, and this is probably also close to the carbon-isotope signature of the hydrothermal fluid. The source of carbon is uncertain.Actinolites possess age-corrected 87Sr/86Sr = 0.715 to 0.729, for 2200 Ma, close to estimates for the contemporaneous Huronian ratio (0.7053–0.714) but more radiogenic than contemporaneous Archean volcanics (0.7017–0.7021) or the Nipissing diabase (0.7060–0.7061). On this basis, Sr is interpreted to have been derived principally from the Huronian sedimentary reservoir.Fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite of both mineralized and barren veins in the Cobalt and Gowganda mining camps and environs show five different types type I (L), type II (L + halite), type III (L + V), type IV (L + V + H), and type V (V), with types III and IV being most abundant. A histogram of all mine data shows modes around 100, 230, and 330 °C, with a range from > 560 to < 100 °C. No carbon dioxide was observed in the inclusions, although the dominance of calcite and dolomite in the veins attests to its presence during mineralization. Several samples show evidence of aqueous boiling, allowing a direct pressure determination of about 600 bar (60 MPa). The fluids were highly saline NaCl–CaCl2 brines, with up to 54 wt.% NaCl equivalent and highly variable Na/Ca ratios. Fluid inclusions in samples of barren veins from Lundy Township, outside the areas of known mineralization, do not appear to be significantly different from those of the mineralized veins, indicating that the hydrothermal fluids were active throughout a large area of the Huronian basin; this is corroborated by the disturbance of Pb- and Sr-isotope systems in the Nipissing, Huronian, and Archean.The Nipissing diabase likely served as a heat source to mobilize metals and advect formation brines, which may have derived the metals from either or all of the Huronian sediments or the Archean volcanics Nipissing diabase and sedimentary rocks. We suggest a genetic scheme for the veins involving CO2 effervescence and aqueous boiling inducing pH increase and thereby mediating rapid precipitation of ore minerals coeval with and followed by carbonates. This process explains most of the presently known major and minor characteristics of the vein systems and their host rocks, including the chloritic and sodic metasomatism of the Archean and Huronian rocks, abundant calcite, the compositional and mineralogical variability of the ore minerals, the textural variability of both the carbonates and ore minerals, the paragenetic sequence of alteration and mineralization, the distribution of ore minerals with respect to the diabase and other rocks, the relatively narrow vertical extent of mineralization, variations in ore grade and tonnage, and the distribution of economic deposits on the periphery of the Huronian basin.

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3

Mareschal, Jean-Claude, Claude Jaupart, John Armitage, Catherine Phaneuf, Carolyne Pickler i Hélène Bouquerel. "The Sudbury Huronian heat flow anomaly, Ontario, Canada". Precambrian Research 295 (lipiec 2017): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.04.024.

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4

Sekine, Yasuhito, Eiichi Tajika, Ryuji Tada, Takemaru Hirai, Kosuke T. Goto, Tatsu Kuwatani, Kazuhisa Goto i in. "Manganese enrichment in the Gowganda Formation of the Huronian Supergroup: A highly oxidizing shallow-marine environment after the last Huronian glaciation". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 307, nr 1-2 (lipiec 2011): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.001.

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5

Bernstein, L., i G. M. Young. "Depositional environments of the Early Proterozoic Espanola Formation, Ontario, Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, nr 4 (1.04.1990): 539–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-051.

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The carbonate-rich Espanola Formation forms part of the Huronian Supergroup, deposited in Early Proterozoic time between about 2.5 and 2.1 Ga ago. The Espanola Formation overlies glacigenic diamictites of the Bruce Formation and is gradationally overlain by fluvial sandstones of the Serpent Formation. In the southern part of the outcrop belt, the Espanola Formation comprises a lower limestone member, a middle siltstone member, and an upper heterolithic member. These rocks record what may be the first marine incursion in the early Huronian and perhaps indicate a pre-rift phase of sedimentation. The limestone and siltstone members reflect low-energy conditions with sporadic influxes of fine-grained siliciclastics and carbonate debris from turbidity or storm-derived currents. Deposition took place subtidally, either in a shallow-marine setting or in a large lake, following the end of Bruce glaciation. Deposition of the coarser grained heterolithic member took place in higher energy environments, dominated by shallow-marine tide and storm processes.In the study area, most carbonate is detrital in origin. Paleocurrents suggest a northerly source. The restricted nature of the basin, postglacial warming, and shallower marine conditions could have been factors in carbonate precipitation.

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6

Hill, C., P. L. Corcoran, R. Aranha i F. J. Longstaffe. "Microbially induced sedimentary structures in the Paleoproterozoic, upper Huronian Supergroup, Canada". Precambrian Research 281 (sierpień 2016): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2016.05.010.

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7

Mungall, J. E., i J. J. Hanley. "Origins of Outliers of the Huronian Supergroup within the Sudbury Structure". Journal of Geology 112, nr 1 (styczeń 2004): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/379692.

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8

Kurucz, Sophie, Philip Fralick, Martin Homann i Stefan Lalonde. "Earth’s first snowball event: Evidence from the early Paleoproterozoic Huronian Supergroup". Precambrian Research 365 (październik 2021): 106408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106408.

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9

Jolly, Wayne T. "Geology and geochemistry of Huronian rhyolites and low-Ti continental tholeiites from the Thessalon region, central Ontario". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 24, nr 7 (1.07.1987): 1360–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e87-130.

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Bimodal volcanism associated with early phases of Huronian rifting in central Ontario, dated about 2450 Ma, produced low-Ti tholeiitic basalts and two varieties of crustally derived calc-alkaline rhyolite. Early tholeiites are characteristically highly evolved, have Mg* values from 30 to 50, and display pronounced enrichment in large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare-earth element (LREE) in comparison with modern oceanic basalts, fractionated heavy rare-earth element (HREE) patterns, and low Ti, Zr, P, Nb, Ba, and K abundances. Ti/Zr ratios rise progressively in early basalts and associated basaltic andesite fractionates from about 35 in early flows to 55 in central units. Late basalts also carry enriched LILE and LREE, but, in contrast to early types, have average Mg* values greater than 50 and lower rare-earth element (REE) abundances with flat HREE patterns. They also display negative Ba, Nb, and P anomalies on chondrite-normalized distribution diagrams, but lack low K, Zr, and Ti contents. Their Ti/Zr ratios of about 80 approach chondritic levels. Melting models suggest the differences are explained by lower degrees of fusion (as low as 10%) in a hydrated, LILE- and LREE-enriched peridotite during generation of the early basalts, leaving a residue containing appreciable garnet, amphibole, Ti oxides, zircon, and apatite.Erupted simultaneously with the basalts were two distinctive rhyolite types: (1) a low-LILE, high-LREE group (25% of analysed specimens), derived by −20% melting of granulitic siliceous tonalitic gneiss, presumably at deep crustal levels, and (2) a high-LILE, low-LREE group (75%), derived, probably at shallower levels, by ≤ 30% melting in granitic rocks with pegmatitic or leucogranitic compositions. Mutual magma mixing of basalts and rhyolites during early stages of volcanism produced abundant hybrid andesites, but the frequency of contamination is much lower in later units.Hypothetical subcontinental source compositions, calculated from the Raleigh equation, suggest that the Huronian mantle had already undergone a complex history. Low Ba, Nb, P, Ti, and depleted HREE abundances compared with abundances for modern oceanic basalts suggest that a basaltic melt had already been withdrawn from this source during Archean time. Subsequently, an episode of hydrous metasomatism enriched the source in LILE and LREE. The latter event resulted from (1) subcontinental mantle metasomatism by previous Archean subduction, (2) mantle metasomatism during the terminal Archean Kenoran Orogeny, or (3) a wave of hydrous metasomatism accompanying Huronian mantle convection immediately preceding volcanism.

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10

Junnila, R. M., i G. M. Young. "The Paleoproterozoic upper Gowganda Formation, Whitefish Falls area, Ontario, Canada: subaqueous deposits of a braid delta". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, nr 2 (1.02.1995): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e95-016.

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The upper Gowganda Formation is part of the Paleoproterozoic Huronian Supergroup (ca. 2.5–2.2 Ga) of the north shore of Lake Huron. The upper Gowganda Formation rests with sharp conformable contact on glaciogenic rocks of the lower Gowganda Formation and is gradational with cross-bedded sandstones of the overlying Lorrain Formation. At the southern margin of the Huronian fold belt, in the Whitefish Falls area, the upper Gowganda Formation is 380–750 m thick, and consists of four coarsening-upward cycles from 30 to 300 m in thickness. Each is comprised of the succession (a) laminated argillite deposited from suspension on the prodelta, (b) argillite and cross-laminated sandstone laid down on the delta front by normal fluvial input and flood episodes, (c) fine-to coarse-grained, cross-bedded sandstone formed as distributary-mouth sand sheets influenced by shallow marine processes. Abundant soft-sediment deformation indicates rapid sedimentation and (or) contemporaneous fault-related seismicity. Erosional contacts between cycles resulted from marine reworking as sediment supply diminished. Each coarsening-upward cycle is interpreted as the subaqueous deposits of a braid delta that prograded into a moderately wave-influenced, tectonically active marine basin. In some respects, the succession of the deltaic deposits is comparable to those formed during the postglacial evolution of the Mississippi delta, but it is likely that the fluvial regime at the time of deposition of the Gowganda Formation was dominantly braided.

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11

Palmer, H. C., R. E. Ernst i K. L. Buchan. "Magnetic fabric studies of the Nipissing sill province and Senneterre dykes, Canadian Shield, and implications for emplacement". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 44, nr 4 (1.04.2007): 507–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e06-096.

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The 2.21 Ga Nipissing diabase sills intrude the Huronian Supergroup of the Southern Province. Coeval Senneterre dykes in the adjacent portion of the Superior Province are potential feeders for the sills. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data were obtained from both of these units to study flow patterns and test emplacement models. The sills exhibit three distinct paleomagnetic directions that are likely primary and represent a time-correlation tool within the magmatic event. Two of the three directions are also found in Senneterre dykes. Sites in the northern Cobalt Embayment carry an N1 (reverse) paleomagnetic signature. They possess maximum AMS axes that trend north-northwest–south-southeast, interpreted as the direction of magma emplacement. In one area, the data rule out a cone sheet emplacement mechanism. The N3 paleomagnetic signature is restricted to a sill and (or) dyke-like bodies near Lake Timiskaming, where the AMS axes are dominantly north-northwest–south-southeast, similar to that of the nearby N1 (reverse) sites. Sites in a geographically restricted area farther south carry an N1 (normal) paleomagnetic direction. The AMS patterns in these sites exhibit very poor within- and between-site consistency, compatible with the magma having crystallized statically in this volumetrically minor magmatic pulse. In the Sudbury – Elliot Lake area, the Nipissing diabase is deformed, and outcrops exhibit east–west elongation parallel to the fold axes of the enclosing Huronian sedimentary rocks. AMS fabrics are interpreted as reflecting this deformation rather than primary magmatic flow. Three of eight Senneterre dyke sites show horizontal flow patterns, whereas the remainder have more complicated AMS patterns.

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12

Ketchum, Kirsty Y., Larry M. Heaman, Gerry Bennett i David J. Hughes. "Age, petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Thessalon volcanic rocks, Huronian Supergroup, Canada". Precambrian Research 233 (sierpień 2013): 144–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2013.04.009.

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13

Howe, T. S., P. L. Corcoran, F. J. Longstaffe, E. A. Webb i R. G. Pratt. "Climatic cycles recorded in glacially influenced rhythmites of the Gowganda Formation, Huronian Supergroup". Precambrian Research 286 (listopad 2016): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2016.10.002.

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14

Fralick, Philip W., i Andrew D. Miall. "Sedimentology of the lower huronian supergroup (early proterozoic), Elliot lake area, Ontario, Canada". Sedimentary Geology 63, nr 1-2 (czerwiec 1989): 127–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(89)90075-4.

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15

Andrews, A. J., L. Owsiacki, R. Kerrich i D. F. Strong. "The silver deposits at Cobalt and Gowganda, Ontario. I: Geology, petrography, and whole-rock geochemistry". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 23, nr 10 (1.10.1986): 1480–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e86-143.

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The Ag–sulpharsenide vein deposits of northeastern Ontario occur along the north and northeastern margins of the Cobalt Embayment, a large irregular domain of Huronian-age clastic sediments intruded by Nipissing diabase sills and crosscut by regional-scale fault systems. The vein systems are mostly fault controlled, with mineralization always occurring adjacent to or within the diabase sills. Many of the mineralized structures crosscut the sills. All the economically productive deposits occur in close proximity to the Huronian–Archean unconformity where diabase sills and steeply dipping Archean volcanic sequences coincide.The vein systems show remarkable consistencies in their mineralogy, textures, and paragenesis. Their formation involved the precipitation of silicates (mainly quartz, chlorite, actinolite ± K-feldspar) during initial, limited dilation; this was followed by the introduction of significant quantities of carbonate (mainly calcite ± dolomite) during subsequent dilatant episodes. Most of the ore was precipitated during the silicate to carbonate transition. Wall-rock alteration haloes exhibit a silicate to carbonate paragenesis similar to that evident in the veins. Feldspathization is an important consequence of the alteration process, manifesting in the ubiquitous occurrence of albite in Nipissing diabase wall rocks and sporadic occurrences of K-feldspar in Archean basalt wall rocks.The mineralogy and chemistry of the veins and altered wall rocks indicate that CO2, Ca, Na, K, Ag, As, Co, Pb, rare earth elements, and in some cases Hg and Au were among the components introduced with the hydrothermal fluids. This was accompanied by significant net loss of Si, Fe, Mg, Zn, B, Li, and Sc from the wall rocks. The nature of the wall-rock alteration suggests that the mineralizing fluids were of high alkalinity and relatively low [Formula: see text]. They were not derived through lateral secretion but were introduced from a source remote from the immediate environment of ore deposition.Wall-rock alteration postdates the establishment of a low-temperature, regional alteration of the diabases and a chlorite spotting alteration in the Huronian sediments; the latter is a contact metamorphic effect accompanying diabase intrusion. These data indicate that Ag–sulpharsenide vein formation postdated intrusion of the diabases and much (possibly all) of their cooling histories.Collectively, our data discourage the theory that the Nipissing diabase sills acted purely as a heat and (or) fluid source in vein formation. A structural model is proposed in which the diabase sills acted as mechanically favourable sites for fracture generation during regional fault activity. This factor, together with the advent of boiling and (or) degassing of the mineralizing fluids at these specific sites are viewed as possible critical parameters mediating the localization and deposition of Ag–sulpharsenide ore. This model provides a reasonable explanation for the local and regional distribution of the deposits and appears to best satisfy all the geological, petrographic, and geochemical criteria.

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16

Williams, George E., i Phillip W. Schmidt. "Paleomagnetism of the Paleoproterozoic Gowganda and Lorrain formations, Ontario: low paleolatitude for Huronian glaciation". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 153, nr 3-4 (grudzień 1997): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(97)00181-7.

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17

Rainbird, R. H., H. W. Nesbitt i J. A. Donaldson. "Formation and Diagenesis of a Sub-Huronian Saprolith: Comparison with a Modern Weathering Profile". Journal of Geology 98, nr 6 (listopad 1990): 801–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629455.

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18

Papineau, Dominic, Stephen J. Mojzsis i Axel K. Schmitt. "Multiple sulfur isotopes from Paleoproterozoic Huronian interglacial sediments and the rise of atmospheric oxygen". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 255, nr 1-2 (marzec 2007): 188–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.12.015.

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19

Mossman, D. J., F. Goodarzi i T. Gentzis. "Characterization of insoluble organic matter from the Lower proterozoic huronian supergroup, Elliot Lake, Ontario". Precambrian Research 61, nr 3-4 (marzec 1993): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(93)90117-k.

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20

Vennemann, T. W., S. E. Kesler, G. C. Frederickson, W. E. L. Minter i R. R. Heine. "Oxygen isotope sedimentology of gold- and uranium-bearing Witwatersrand and Huronian Supergroup quartz-pebble conglomerates". Economic Geology 91, nr 2 (1.04.1996): 322–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.2.322.

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21

Young, Grant M., Darrel G. F. Long, Christopher M. Fedo i H. Wayne Nesbitt. "Paleoproterozoic Huronian basin: product of a Wilson cycle punctuated by glaciations and a meteorite impact". Sedimentary Geology 141-142 (czerwiec 2001): 233–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(01)00076-8.

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22

Young, Grant M., C. S. J. Shaw i Christopher M. Fedo. "New evidence favouring an endogenic origin for supposed impact breccias in Huronian (Paleoproterozoic) sedimentary rocks". Precambrian Research 133, nr 1-2 (sierpień 2004): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2004.03.013.

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Sutton, S. J., i J. B. Maynard. "Multiple alteration events in the history of a sub-Huronian regolith at Lauzon Bay, Ontario". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 29, nr 3 (1.03.1992): 432–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e92-038.

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Confusion exists over the usefulness of chemical data from Precambrian weathering profiles in constraining models of atmospheric evolution. One difficulty is in correctly identifying ancient weathering effects and isolating them from numerous other processes that are likely to have affected such ancient rocks. In this study of a middle Precambrian granitic weathering profile, we have used several analytical techniques to separate weathering-related chemical and mineralogical changes from those resulting from other processes. The profile is exposed beneath the Huronian at Lauzon Bay in the Blind River area of Ontario and has a complex history of alteration events, addition of allochthonous material, and low-grade metamorphism. Much of this history can be deciphered, and changes in mineralogy and bulk and mineral chemistry can be assigned to separate alteration events. Specifically, the granite has undergone preweathering albitization, resulting in Na enrichment, followed by chemical weathering that corroded K-feldspar and nearly destroyed plagioclase feldspar and mica in the regolith. Clay minerals replaced feldspars, resulting in enrichment in Al, Ti, and Zr and depletion in Na, Ca, Sr, and K. Fe has also been leached. After weathering, a fine-grained 0.5 m layer of strongly weathered allochthonous material was deposited on the regolith, followed by deposition of the Matinenda Formation. Sometime after Matinenda deposition, K- and Rb-metasomatim affected the regolith and overlying sediments, converting some clays to illite and depositing secondary K-feldspar. Greenschist-facies metamorphism probably postdated this metasomatism and converted clay minerals to white mica and chlorite.

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24

E.G-Farrow, Catherine, i David J. Mossman. "Geology of precambrian paleosols at the base of the huronian supergroup, elliot lake, Ontario, Canada". Precambrian Research 42, nr 1-2 (listopad 1988): 107–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(88)90013-7.

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Hendrickson, Michael D. "Regional and local controls on Archean rock-hosted cobalt mineralization at the McAra deposit, southern Superior Province, Ontario, Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 57, nr 12 (grudzień 2020): 1447–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2020-0059.

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The McAra deposit is in eastern Ontario, Canada, and is hosted in an Archean inlier to the Paleoproterozoic Huronian basin. It is currently estimated to contain ∼2.4 million pounds of cobalt at an average grade of 1.25%. New drill data show the mineralized zone comprises glaucodot–cobaltite veins and breccias that transect a mafic–siliciclastic volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit. The high cobalt grade and host stratigraphy at the McAra deposit contrast with five-element (Ag–Co–Ni–Bi–As) deposits at the Cobalt and Gowganda camps in the region that produced high-grade silver and by-product cobalt from veins spatially associated with Nipissing Gabbro intrusions. However, geochemical data from recent core samples alongside fluid inclusion and mineralogical data suggest the cobalt zone at McAra and the five-element veins share a similar metal assemblage and were deposited from similar fluids. The mafic–siliciclastic VMS deposit at McAra contains anomalous amounts of cobalt, suggesting the Archean host stratigraphy was the source for the high-grade cobalt zone. Basin brines in the Paleoproterozoic are interpreted to have leached cobalt from Archean rocks and then redeposited it through oxidation–reduction reactions along synvolcanic faults that controlled earlier VMS deposit formation. High-resolution aeromagnetic data show that McAra is immediately adjacent to a mafic dike that transects the Huronian basin along a northwest-striking, crustal-scale fault system. These data, alongside observations from field mapping, also suggest the deposit is on the margin of a sub-basin that contains an 80 km2 Nipissing sill that may have originally overlain the deposit area and been a hydrologic seal during mineralization. The new deposit- and regional-scale data and interpretations are used to create a model for the McAra deposit and provide evidence for why it is cobalt-rich relative to other five-element veins. The model and data can be used to guide exploration for additional cobalt-rich deposits in the region and similar settings globally.

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26

Jolly, Wayne T., A. P. Dickin i Tsai-Way Wu. "Geochemical stratigraphy of the Huronian continental volcanics at Thessalon, Ontario: contributions of two-stage crustal fusion". Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 110, nr 4 (maj 1992): 411–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00344078.

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Jolly, Wayne T. "Lithophile elements in Huronian low-Ti continental tholeiites from Canada, and evolution of the Precambrian mantle". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 85, nr 4 (październik 1987): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(87)90136-1.

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McLennan, S. M., A. Simonetti i S. L. Goldstein. "Nd and Pb isotopic evidence for provenance and post-depositional alteration of the Paleoproterozoic Huronian Supergroup, Canada". Precambrian Research 102, nr 3-4 (sierpień 2000): 263–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(00)00070-x.

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Sutton, S. J., i J. B. Maynard. "Petrology, mineralogy, and geochemistry of sandstones of the lower Huronian Matinenda Formation: resemblance to underlying basement rocks". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, nr 6 (1.06.1993): 1209–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-103.

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Bulk chemistry, mineralogy, mineral chemistry, cathodoluminescence characteristics, and textural data are used to constrain provenance and the role of postdepositional alteration processes in sandstones of the lower Huronian Matinenda Formation. Samples studied are from the Elliot Lake – Blind River and Agnew Lake areas, which experienced subgreenschist and biotite-grade greenschist metamorphism, respectively. Both areas, but particularly the lower grade area, contain some K-rich samples, with much of the K in detrital-appearing K-feldspar. In places K-feldspar is partially replaced by potassic mica. Plagioclase (mostly albite) is rare in the Elliot Lake – Blind River samples, and only common along a few horizons in the Agnew Lake section. It is suggested that the predominance of K-feldspar over plagioclase and the high K/Na ratios indicate a K-rich source area and in particular a weathered granite source. Framework mineralogy is found to be similar to material reported from sub-Matinenda weathered granite. The abundance of fine-grained micaceous matrix within the Matinenda varies considerably among samples, and the composition of the mica varies, correlating strongly with bulk chemistry. Some matrix has clearly been generated by alteration of framework K-feldspar. Feldspar alteration may have liberated K that was carried to the underlying regolith where it was fixed by weathering-product clay minerals. Fluids involved in alteration do not appear to have pervasively affected the Matinenda in either the Elliot Lake – Blind River or the Agnew Lake area.

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30

Dutkiewicz, Adriana, Herbert Volk, Simon C. George, John Ridley i Roger Buick. "Biomarkers from Huronian oil-bearing fluid inclusions: An uncontaminated record of life before the Great Oxidation Event". Geology 34, nr 6 (2006): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g22360.1.

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Schandl, Eva S., Michael P. Gorton i Colin J. Bray. "High-temperature brine in chalcopyrite-rich quartz vein 40 km southwest of Sudbury, Ontario". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 48, nr 10 (październik 2011): 1369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e11-033.

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The Lac Panache (Nipissing) gabbro intrudes Huronian metasediments ca. 40 km southwest of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. The gabbro contains disseminated sulfides and is in contact with a chalcopyrite-rich quartz vein that crystallized from highly saline fluids (46.8 ± 3 equivalent wt.% NaCl) at a minimum temperature of 420 ± 27 °C. Chloride and carbonate inclusions in opened fluid inclusion cavities in the vein suggest that the brine contained dissolved metals (in addition to NaCl), such as Fe, Cu, Mn, and Co. The weakly altered quartz vein postdated regional metamorphism and was probably contemporaneous with the 1.7 Ga felsic magmatism and attendant albite alteration in the area. Cl-rich scapolite in the gabbro and highly saline fluid inclusions in the quartz vein suggest the existence of circulating hot brine throughout the tectonic evolution of the region. The 2.2 Ga old gabbro contains an abundance of Cl-rich scapolite intergrown with pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite that formed during the early hydrothermal (deuteric) alteration of the gabbro.

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32

Bowins, R. J., i L. M. Heaman. "Age and timing of igneous activity in the Temagami greenstone belt, Ontario: a preliminary report". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 28, nr 11 (1.11.1991): 1873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e91-167.

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The southernmost remnants of Archean supracrustal and intrusive rocks in eastern Ontario are exposed through a window in the Early Proterozoic Huronian Supergroup near the town of Temagami. U–Pb zircon ages from this area indicate the presence of some of the oldest felsic magmatism so far discovered in this portion of the Superior Province. The Iceland Lake pluton (2736 ± 2 Ma) and a nearby rhyolite flow ([Formula: see text]) are contemporaneous, which establishes that at least some of the intrusive rocks in the region are synvolcanic and coeval with the oldest volcanic cycle. The youngest plutonic activity is the emplacement of a late rhyolite porphyry dike at 2687 ± 2 Ma, an age that is bracketed by the 2675–2700 Ma emplacement ages of late internal plutons found throughout the Abitibi Subprovince. The 2736 Ma dates, however, are older than the nearest portion of the exposed Abitibi, some 120 km to the north near Kirkland Lake.

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33

Hill, C. M., D. W. Davis i P. L. Corcoran. "New U-Pb geochronology evidence for 2.3 Ga detrital zircon grains in the youngest Huronian Supergroup formations, Canada". Precambrian Research 314 (wrzesień 2018): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.07.001.

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Rousell, Don H., i Darrel G. F. Long. "Are Outliers of the Huronian Supergroup Preserved in Structures Associated With the Collapse of the Sudbury Impact Crater?" Journal of Geology 106, nr 4 (lipiec 1998): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/516032.

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35

Fedo, Christopher M., Grant M. Young i H. Wayne Nesbitt. "Paleoclimatic control on the composition of the Paleoproterozoic Serpent Formation, Huronian Supergroup, Canada: a greenhouse to icehouse transition". Precambrian Research 86, nr 3-4 (grudzień 1997): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(97)00049-1.

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Sutton, S. J., i J. B. Maynard. "Sediment- and basalt-hosted regoliths in the Huronian supergroup: role of parent lithology in middle Precambrian weathering profiles". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, nr 1 (1.01.1993): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-006.

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Weathering profiles developed side-by-side on sandstone and a mafic dike provide an unusual opportunity to examine the role of parent rock bulk composition in the chemical evolution of middle Precambrian regoliths. Because the profiles are adjacent to one another, differences in topography can be eliminated in accounting for differences in the chemical evolution of the two profiles. Both profiles show upward increases in Al, Ti, K, and Rb and decreases in Mg, Ca, and Na. In addition, the mafic regolith increases upward in Zr and Nb and decreases in Zn and Ni. Total Fe decreases upward in both profiles, but the sandstone profile retains significantly more of its initial Fe than does the mafic dike. This difference in Fe loss is consistent with weathering in a low-oxygen atmosphere of rock types with very different initial Fe contents and therefore different atmospheric requirements for complete oxidation of the Fe present. The Fe in the sandstone was mostly oxidized and retained within the profile, whereas much of the Fe in the mafic dike was not oxidized and was removed from the profile in the more soluble ferrous state. Petrographic evidence indicates that both sandstone and mafic dike weathering profiles underwent preweathering diagenesis, postweathering K–Rb metasomatism, and very low-grade metamorphism. Mineral chemistry indicates that, in the absence of chlorite, white mica composition closely reflects variation in bulk composition. Where both white mica and chlorite are present, changes in bulk composition are accommodated by variations in the proportions of these two minerals rather than by variations in white mica composition.

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37

Willingham, Tylon O., Bartholomew Nagy, Lois Anne Nagy, David H. Krinsley i David J. Mossman. "Uranium-bearing stratiform organic matter in paleoplacers of the lower Huronian Supergroup, Elliot Lake – Blind River region, Canada". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, nr 12 (1.12.1985): 1930–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-209.

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The Elliot Lake – Blind River, Ontario, paleoplacer deposits in the basal Matineda Formation, lowermost member of the 2.25–2.45 Ga old Huronian Supergroup, contain organic matter chemically consistent with kerogen. This substance is also referred to as thucholite. Uranium ores and some gold occur here, and these minerals may be in close association with the kerogen. Two uraniferous and auriferous stratiform kerogens, obtained from the Denison Mines Limited's Denison mine and Rio Algom Limited's Stanleigh mine, have been analyzed by combined high-vacuum pyrolysis – gas chromatography – mass spectrometry and by neutron activation. The reflectances of these samples have also been determined. Related samples containing dispersed kerogen have been examined by backscattered scanning electron microscopy. The polymer-like matrix of the two stratiform kerogens consists of aromatic, alkyl aromatic hydrocarbon, and sulphur moieties and contains 20 and 32% uranium with gold abundances in the parts per billion range. The reflectances of the two stratiform kerogens are generally higher than those of the dispersed kerogens; the atomic H/C ratios of the former are −0.6 and −0.4. Backscattered scanning electron microscopy and petrographic observations reveal a complex diagenetic history. Stratigraphic position and supportive analytical data suggest that the stratiform kerogens were probably derived from ancient mats of cyanobacteria, subjected to various radiation-induced reactions, and, at least in part, were affected in a manner similar to the surrounding rocks. The latter experienced physical and chemical diagenetic reactions, which often caused repeated mineral fracturing and led to the local development of authigenic carbonates and feldspar. Some of the chemical nature and history of the stratiform kerogens resemble those of the Witwatersrand carbon seam kerogens.

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38

Rasmussen, Birger, Andrey Bekker i Ian R. Fletcher. "Correlation of Paleoproterozoic glaciations based on U–Pb zircon ages for tuff beds in the Transvaal and Huronian Supergroups". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 382 (listopad 2013): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.037.

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Chen, YanJing, WeiYu Chen, QiuGen Li, M. Santosh i JianRong Li. "Discovery of the Huronian Glaciation Event in China: Evidence from glacigenic diamictites in the Hutuo Group in Wutai Shan". Precambrian Research 320 (styczeń 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.10.009.

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MIALL, ANDREW D. "Sedimentation on an early Proterozoic continental margin under glacial influence: the Gowganda Formation (Huronian), Elliot Lake area, Ontario, Canada". Sedimentology 32, nr 6 (grudzień 1985): 763–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.1985.tb00733.x.

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Prasad, N., i S. M. Roscoe. "Evidence of anoxic to oxic atmospheric change during 2.45-2.22 Ga from lower and upper sub-Huronian paleosols, Canada". CATENA 27, nr 2 (sierpień 1996): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(96)00003-3.

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Shaw, CSJ, G. M. Young i C. M. Fedo. "Sudbury-type breccias in the Huronian Gowganda Formation near Whitefish Falls, Ontario: products of diabase intrusion into incompletely consolidated sediments?" Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36, nr 9 (1.09.1999): 1435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e99-057.

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Sudbury breccias are commonly attributed to meteoritic impact at about 1.85 Ga in the vicinity of the Sudbury Igneous Complex. In the Whitefish Falls area, about 75 km southwest of Sudbury, similar breccias are widely developed in argillites of the ~2.3 Ga Gowganda Formation. There is abundant evidence of "soft sediment" deformation of the Huronian sediments in the form of complex "fault" contacts, clastic dyke intrusions, and chaotic folding. These movements appear to have been penecontemporaneous with intrusion of highly irregular diabase bodies, which are interpreted as being older than the ~2.2 Ga Nipissing diabase. Complex shapes of diabase bodies and highly irregular contact relationships between diabase and argillites, including intrusions of sediment veins into diabase, support intrusion of the diabase into incompletely consolidated sediments. These data, together with chemical evidence of mixing of diabase, argillite, and other materials in the breccia bodies, suggest that the breccias at Whitefish Falls may have formed as a result of interaction between hot mafic magma and semiconsolidated, water-rich mud, more than 350 Ma prior to formation of the Sudbury Igneous Complex and attendant phenomena that are presumed to be impact related.

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43

Hill, C. M., i P. L. Corcoran. "Processes responsible for the development of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) in the Paleoproterozoic Gordon Lake Formation, Huronian Supergroup, Canada". Precambrian Research 310 (czerwiec 2018): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2018.02.019.

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Corfu, F., i R. M. Easton. "U–Pb evidence for polymetamorphic history of Huronian rocks within the Grenville front tectonic zone east of Sudbury, Ontario, Canada". Chemical Geology 172, nr 1-2 (luty 2001): 149–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(00)00241-2.

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Howe, T. S., P. L. Corcoran, F. J. Longstaffe, E. A. Webb i R. G. Pratt. "Corrigendum to “Climatic cycles recorded in glacially influenced rhythmites of the Gowganda Formation, Huronian Supergroup” [Precambrian Res. 286 (2016) 269–280]". Precambrian Research 295 (lipiec 2017): 227–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.03.029.

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Long, D. "The tectonostatigraphic evolution of the Huronian basement and the subsequent basin fill: geological constraints on impact models of the Sudbury event". Precambrian Research 129, nr 3-4 (10.03.2004): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2003.10.003.

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Young, Grant M. "Comparative Geochemistry of Pleistocene and Paleoproterozoic (Huronian) Glaciogenic Laminated Deposits: Relevance to Crustal and Atmospheric Composition in the Last 2.3 Ga". Journal of Geology 109, nr 4 (lipiec 2001): 463–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/320797.

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Fedo, C. "Potassic and sodic metasomatism in the Southern Province of the Canadian Shield: Evidence from the Paleoproterozoic Serpent Formation, Huronian Supergroup, Canada". Precambrian Research 84, nr 1-2 (sierpień 1997): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(96)00058-7.

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Schmidt, Phillip W., i George E. Williams. "Paleomagnetism of the Paleoproterozoic hematitic breccia and paleosol at Ville-Marie, Québec: further evidence for the low paleolatitude of Huronian glaciation". Earth and Planetary Science Letters 172, nr 3-4 (październik 1999): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(99)00201-0.

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Cui, Huan, Kouki Kitajima, Michael J. Spicuzza, John H. Fournelle, Akizumi Ishida, Philip E. Brown i John W. Valley. "Searching for the Great Oxidation Event in North America: A Reappraisal of the Huronian Supergroup by SIMS Sulfur Four-Isotope Analysis". Astrobiology 18, nr 5 (maj 2018): 519–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ast.2017.1722.

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