Rozprawy doktorskie: „Human ecology – australasia – history”

1

Magid, K. S. "Reproductive ecology and life history of human males : a migrant study of Bangladeshi men". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1334505/.

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Developmental constraints influence individual energetic apportionment between growth, maintenance and reproduction with long-term implications for health and longevity. Such life-history trade-offs are hypothesised to explain the observed variability of human male and female reproductive steroid levels. Salivary testosterone (salT), anthropometric, and demographic data were collected from: 1) sedentees in Sylhet, Bangladesh (n=107; aged 20-78 years, mean 39); 2) Bangladeshi born men who migrated to London as adults aged ≥18 (n=61; aged 23-76, mean 49); 3) Bangladeshi born men who migrated to London as youths <18 (n=50; aged 18-69, mean 32); 4) British born Bengalis (n=48; aged 18-42, mean 25); and Londoners of white British or other white European parentage from 5) similar socioeconomic background compared to migrant groups (n=58; aged 18-75, mean 41); and 6) higher status socioeconomic background compared to migrant groups (n=30; aged 22-54, mean 37). SalT and somatic markers of adult Bengalis is dependent upon the age at which they migrated from Bangladesh to the UK and suggests differences in male reproductive phenotype, health behaviours and diet due to changes in ecological conditions during development. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence that salT, stature and apportionment of skeletal muscle vary in accordance with early life conditions and the strategic allocation of reproductive effort in the human male, with a corresponding increase in early symptoms of adult onset disease of the prostate and glucose metabolism, and low socioeconomic status (SES). Predicted blunting of diurnal salT profile in adult migrants was inconclusive. Contrary to the predictions of this study, Bengali men do not have lower salT in relation to reproductive status of paternity or marriage, while older British-born European men of low SES have higher salT in relation to number of offspring and marital status. British-born Bengalis and migrants who arrived as children under the age 12 years were revealed to be of significantly higher SES than migrants who arrived in London after the age 18, possibly reflecting a generational shift away from historical conditions of poverty within the London Bengali community.

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Adams, E., i Jamie Branam Kridler. "A History of Socials Welfare in America". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2006. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5850.

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Marangudakis, Manussos. "Nature and power : a study of the social construction of nature in Eurasia from the Stone Age to the Hellenistic times". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ64615.pdf.

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Milligan, Lauren Anne. "Nonhuman Primate Milk Composition: Relationship to Phylogeny, Ontogeny, and Ecology". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194078.

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This dissertation provides a comprehensive and systematic examination of anthropoid primate milk composition and its relationship to a species' evolutionary history, ecological context, and life history strategy. Milk samples from 14 species of anthropoid primate (Alouatta paliatta, Callithrix jacchus, Cebus apella, Gorilla beringei beringei, Gorilla gorilla gorilla, Hylobates lar, Leontopithecus rosalia, Macaca mulatta, Macaca sinica, Pan paniscus, Pan troglodytes, Pongo pygmaeus, Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis, and Symphalangus syndactylus) were analyzed for proximate composition (fat, protein, lactose, dry matter, and minerals) and milk fatty acid composition. The objectives of this study were identification of primitive features in anthropoid milks, shared-derived features of anthropoid families or superfamilies, and unique-derived features of species, including Homo sapiens.Results did not support the null hypothesis of a generalized anthropoid milk composition. Variation among anthropoids in milk fatty acid profiles and proximate milk composition was influenced by phylogeny and the life history strategy of the species, as well as the diet and environment (captive or wild living) of the mother.Maternal diet had a direct influence on fatty acid profiles and created distinct groupings of wild and captive living individuals. Phylogenetic patterns were identified within captive and wild groups, particularly a distinction between milk fatty acid profiles of hominoids (including humans) and monkeys.Significant variation in proximate milk composition was identified at the level of the superfamily. Cercopithecoid milk was highest in mean fat, dry matter, the proportion of energy from fat, and total gross energy. Ceboid milk was highest in mean protein and the proportion of energy from protein. Hominoid milks were lowest in mean fat, protein, dry matter, the proportion of energy from fat, and total gross energy.Hominoid milk also was lowest in the degree of plasticity in milk composition. Milk of captive living monkeys was higher than milk of wild living monkeys in mean fat, percent energy from fat, and total gross energy. Milk fat and energy also were highly variable within captive living monkeys. In contrast, fat and total gross energy were not significantly different between captive and wild living hominoids and were less variabile among captive living hominoids as compared to monkeys. The lack of variability and the relatively low energy values in hominoid milk suggest that it may be buffered against environmental fluctations. Larger body size and a longer duration of lactation may permit hominoids, including humans, to decouple maternal condition from milk energy and instead relying on energy storage.

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Mallea, Amahia K. "Rivers running through an urban environmental history of the Kansas Cities and the Missouri River /". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5889.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 13, 2006) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

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Monsted, John W. Monsted. "Forest Regeneration and Land Use History in Southeast Ohio". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou154401542516365.

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Westaway, Kira E. "Reconstructing the Quaternary landscape evolution and climate history of western Flores an environmental and chronological context for an archaeological site /". Access electronically, 2006. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20070117.170105/index.html.

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Scharper, Stephen B. "The Role of the Human in Christian Ecological Literature". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ37021.pdf.

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Paleczny, Daniel R. "Protected area assessment and reporting : an examination of current approaches and evolving needs with application of an integrated model in Egypt". Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2010. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/8106/.

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Assessment and reporting (A/R) initiatives such as State of the Environment Reporting, State of the Protected Area Reporting and Management Effectiveness Assessment provide protected area managers and their clients with tools and knowledge to better understand complex human-ecological relationships, and support efforts to achieve more sustainable living. This research reports on the findings of a global survey of 62 A/R initiatives in 19 countries and a corresponding analysis of the application of the ecosystem approach in these initiatives. An organisational culture that supports evaluation and participation is an important ingredient for effective A/R. Survey respondents believe that participatory approaches yield many benefits despite greater complexity of the process and expenditure of time and resources. Benefits include: realising positive conservation outcomes; helping to enrich the organisation’s technical capacity through the contributions of others; improving the accuracy, completeness, acceptance and use of information; and enhancing organisational transparency, cooperation and the capacity of the participants. On average, the A/Rs examined achieve a moderate to high degree of success in implementing the ecosystem approach through their A/Rs, as determined through a proposed composite index to assess application of the ecosystem approach. An integrated planning and assessment model and a priority setting procedure were developed to simplify and improve requirements for protected area A/R while ensuring technical rigor. The results and lessons from field testing elements of the integrated model in four Egyptian National Parks are presented. Overall, the research suggests it is possible to integrate sophisticated management tools and achieve effective and efficient processes for performance assessment in protected areas.

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Dalla, Riva Martina. "Lithic technology and social agency in late Neolithic northern Italy : knapping flint at Rocca di Rivoli (Verona, Italy)". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7550/.

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The thesis explores the relationship between late Neolithic knappers and flint resources at the settlement of Rocca di Rivoli (Verona, Italy), a key site for the understanding of the late Neolithic in northern Italy. Approximately 8000 flint artefacts were recorded by means of an attribute-based relational database and subsequently analysed. The use of the \(chaîne\) \(opératoire\) method, combined with a social agency approach, provided a useful framework within which to discuss topics such as tradition, style and specialization in the context of the late Neolithic of northern Italy. The intrinsic nature of the site, characterized by secondary deposition in pits, challenged the potential retrieval of data and subsequent interpretation and resulted in the identification of fragmented \(chaînes\) \(opératoires\). In addition, the poor conservation of the finds and bias in accessibility procedures to the collection limited the choice of analytical methods available. Nonetheless, significant results were obtained. At Rocca di Rivoli there were clear preferences in terms of raw material: flint coming from the Maiolica outcrops was by far the preferred variety to be working with. It is suggested that raw material procurement possibly took place in different ways, but that a more precise identification in terms of its organization is not possible at this stage. The 16 \(chaînes\) \(opératoires\) identified at Rocca di Rivoli represent basic frameworks allowing for endless variations and additions taking place during the unfolding of flint knapping activity. It is argued throughout the present work that knapping was undertaken by both expert and non-expert knappers, including apprentices. Some aspects characterising the practice of flint knapping changed throughout occupation of the sire, possibly pointing at changes in social dynamics affecting the community of Rocca di Rivoli.

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Carter, Charlotte Emily. "Assessing the interaction between landscape characteristics and biodiversity". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/66477/.

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Severe declines in biodiversity have been attributed to anthropogenic changes in the composition and structure of our landscapes. Predicting the impact of landscape change on biodiversity is essential to halt further declines. In this thesis butterflies were used as indicators of biodiversity, and spatial assessments of butterflies were summarised at 1 km scale across Warwickshire to assess whether landscape characteristics can be used as surrogate measures of butterfly distribution and community measurements. When determining the optimal scale (grain size) for capturing landscape patterns, a grain size of 25 m was found most appropriate for maximising landscape discrimination and detecting landscape patterns which occur within the perceptual range of butterfly species. Utilising a grain size of 25 m landscape metrics measuring the composition, connectivity and structure of the 1 km landscapes, were extracted from the Land Cover Map 2000 (LCM) and the Warwickshire Phase 1 Habitat map (PH1). Logistic regression analysis based on landscape metrics created predictive models of butterfly distribution for all species and species grouped by their ecological attributes (EAGs). Model performance was improved when the landscape metrics were considered in a combined landscape model, and different combinations of landscape parameters were important for the EAGs. Models derived from the PH1 were most accurate in predicting observed presence-absence and were successfully transferred when tested using temporally independent data. The models were also successfully transferred to collected butterfly data which was spatially and temporally independent. This data was also collected alongside information on the local habitat such as vegetation composition. Probability of butterfly occurrence derived from the presence-absence models was successfully related to butterfly community characteristics and measures of local habitat quality. To conclude developed models provide indications of habitat suitability, which together with successful transfer demonstrates their potential for identifying biodiversity hotspots and facilitating targeted conservation efforts.

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Buckley, Carina A. "A matter of evolutionary life and death : an ecological model of growth and development in Homo erectus". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2005. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/192759/.

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This thesis investigates the evolutionary ecology of Homo erectus, focussing on the differential impact of the environment on the species' life history strategy. Departing from previous studies in taking an integrated approach, it examines the related factors of age-specific mortality, encephalisation, and the rate and energetic burden of growth, in order to identify the mechanism by which H. erectus adapted to a diverse range of climates and environments, and how thoroughly that adaptation was achieved. An exploration of the environmental tolerance of H erectus is framed within a model that shows regions that comprised the core of the species, where tolerance is highest and conditions are optimum for growth and reproduction, and periphery regions which fall towards the extremes of tolerance and have repercussive effects on encephalisation, juvenile mortality and growth. Life history traits should vary accordingly, allowing the development of a model for the relationship between environmental variation and the differential evolution of H. erectus. The work is organised thematically. Having provided an overview of evolutionary ecology and introduced the concept of paleo-demes as a means of organising, grouping and understanding the fossils of H. erectus, I address the shortcomings of the r-K dichotomy with a study of age-specific mortality. This work is then applied to patterns of encephalisation, and the energetic implications bf increasing brain size are addressed. A comparative study of two modern human populations supports the prediction that stability of environment translates into stability of growth, and these findings are applied to H. erectus. I demonstrate that H erectus exhibited a long-term trend of an increasing cranial capacity, but that this was not uniform across the species and had varying success, with subsequent energetic stress in the young resulting in high juvenile mortality in some areas. I conclude that the model of core and periphery relates to the latitude of the environment, and that H. erectus was an adaptable and flexible species with a number of strategies available to maximise survival in a range of environmental conditions.

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Figueroa, Rangel Blanca. "Long-term forest dynamics in high-altitude mountains of West-Central Mexico : the human and climate dimension in the Holocene". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:30826402-1eb7-4d94-9a07-4d376c16eea0.

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This thesis presents the results of a study to examine long-term forest dynamics in the high-altitude mountains of West-Central Mexico. Vegetation dynamics on temporal scales ranging from 10² to 10³ years were reconstructed in order to provide essential information on the temporal variability of ecological patterns and processes in these forests; information that is of direct relevance for their current and future conservation and management strategies. Vegetation and palaeoecological methods undertaken included fossil and modern pollen analysis, vegetation surveys, microfossil charcoal analysis, magnetic susceptibility, inorganic and organic geochemistry, radiocarbon and ²¹⁰Pb dating. These were used to evaluate the long-term dynamics of three forest types; Pine Forest, Cloud Forest and Transitional Forest on timescales spanning the past 4260, 1340 and 1230 years respectively. The main drivers of change were climate and disturbance events induced by climate fluctuations, for example increased fire frequency. The reconstructed records indicate that the sequences from the Cloud Forest and the Transitional Forest spanned two wet and one dry climatic interval while the Pine Forest sequence spanned two dry and two wet periods. The impact of these climatic fluctuations was significant on all three forest types and resulted in variations in forest diversity, taxonomic turnover and successional change. The climate change episodes observed in these records seem to be the local manifestation of climatic events that were occurring throughout Mexico at these intervals in time. Human influences were evident in the three forests through the appearance of cultural taxa, particularly during the driest period (~ 1200 yr BP). There is little evidence from these records, however, to suggest a widespread clearance of the landscape for agriculture. Results from this study support the current conservation and management recommendations for Cloud Forest to exclude timber extraction, grazing and agricultural activities from this forest type. In the Pine Forest, human interventions such small-scale agriculture, prescribed burning and silvicultural actions are in agreement with the longterm pine ecology and as such, total exclusion of human activities is not necessary. For the Transitional Forest, results from this study suggest that there needs to be the establishment of adequate plans to reduce frequent fires to arrest the development of prone-to-fire taxa.

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Ruitenbeek, Herman Jack. "Evaluating economic policies for promoting rainforest conservation in developing countries". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/19/.

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Economic policies are often suggested as mechanisms for promoting rainforest conservation in developing countries. To help decide whether international resources should be used to protect specific rainforcsts, the calculation of a "rainforest supply price" (RSP) is proposed. If protection is warranted, then empirical analyses explore the conditions under which selected policies within developing countries might be effective in protecting rainforests. Korup National Park in Cameroon contains the oldest rainforest in Africa and - as a haven for important endangered species- it is the subject of active international conservation efforts. A cost-bencfit analysis of a conservation project to protect Korup from increased land-use pressures suggests that it is not in Cameroon's interest unless a 5.4 million ECU inducement is transferred to Cameroon. Given the protection afforded, the transfer is equivalent to a RSP of 1060 ECU per km2 per year. Evaluations of six other tropical rainforest projects suggests that international donors made transfers having values ranging from 15 to 1575ECU per km2 per year. It is thus concluded that the inducements required are within a range which conservation interests are apparently willing to mobilise. To target inducements the provision of incentives in a "buffer zone" around a park is often believed to promote conservation. This is based on the hypothesis that increased incomes will draw individuals out of the park and will give them something better to do than exploit the park. A survey of 341 households around Korup was analysed in detail to test this hypothesis. Evidence suggests that economic development in the buffer zone would increase pressures on the park because: a) higher incomes would reduce emigration from the region and would thus cause greater population pressure on the Park; and, b) hunting effort increases as non-hunting income increases.

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Rushton, Elizabeth A. C. "'Under the shade I flourish' : an environmental history of northern Belize over the last three thousand five hundred years". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27615/.

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Environmental histories are multi-dimensional accounts of human interaction with the environment over time. They observe how and when the environment changes (material environmental histories), and the effects of human activities upon the environment (political environmental histories). Environmental histories also consider the thoughts and feelings that humans have had towards the environment (cultural/ intellectual environmental histories). Using the methodological framework of environmental history this research, located in sub-tropical northern Belize, brings together palaeoecological records (pollen and charcoal) with archival documentary sources. This has created an interdisciplinary account which considers how the vegetation of northern Belize has changed over the last 3,500 years and, in particular, how forest resources have been used during the British Colonial period (c. AD 1800 – 1950). The palaeoecological records are derived from lake sediment cores extracted from the New River Lagoon, adjacent to the archaeological site of Lamanai. For over 3,000 years Lamanai was a Maya settlement, and then, more recently, the site of two 16th century Spanish churches and a 19th century British sugar mill. The British archival records emanate from a wide variety of sources including: 19th century import and export records, 19th century missionary letters and 19th and 20th century meteorological records and newspaper articles. The integration of these two types of record has established a temporal range of 1500 BC to the present. The palaeoecological proxies provide a low resolution record over a period of 3,500 years (c. 1500 BC – AD 2010) whereas the archival record provides annual resolution over a period of approximately 150 years (c. AD 1800 – 1950). This research also uses documentary sources to reconstruct temperature and precipitation for Belize City during the period 1865 – 2010, which is the first of its kind from Belize, and the oldest continuous record from Central America. It also provides the meteorological context for further exploration into British colonial interaction with ‘tropical’ climates. Perhaps because of its status as Britain’s only Central American colonial outpost, Belize has remained on the periphery of research concerning European interactions with tropical climates. This environmental history draws together a new account of health, place and space in the 19th century colonial tropics, drawing out how different understandings of the aetiologies and transmission of disease developed, in particular yellow fever. These different research strands are brought together to create an account that considers material, political and cultural aspects of environmental history. This has enabled the identification of eight phases of human interaction with the landscape at Lamanai, which are broadly indicative of general trends across northern Belize. These include the establishment of Maya field-based agriculture c. 1600 BC and a later phase of substantial Maya construction and site development c. 170 BC – AD 150. A period of active Maya management of forest, field, savanna and palm resources is also observed c. AD 500 – 1000. Polarised imaginings of the Maya as both destroyers and protectors of the tropical forest are challenged. Spanish interaction with the landscape is evident during c. AD 1500 – 1700 and this is followed by a period of substantial British colonial exploitation of timber resources, with logwood extracted c. AD 1660 – 1910 and mahogany extracted c. AD 1750 – 1945. These periods of extraction were only identifiable in the pollen record by combing the chronology from the documentary record with observed changes in the vegetation record and this demonstrates how these two contrasting methodologies can be usefully integrated. This environmental history rejects the binary opposition of benign, passive Maya landscapes and the violent, devastated European colonial landscape (Denevan, 1992). Analysis of the pollen and documentary records reveal that biodiversity is at the highest levels post AD 1950, which suggests that the forest can regrow even after multiple, diverse and prolonged periods of anthropogenic use in a matter of decades.

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Li, Chao-Shiang. "Industrial heritage production in Taiwan : a creative economy approach". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7905/.

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This thesis deals with Taiwan as a post-colonial nation, with an identity that remains somewhat ambiguous, from both internal and external perspectives. Specifically, in this thesis, the complexities of its Taiwan’s multicultural legacies are explored through the presentation in industrial heritage sites. Industrial heritage in Taiwan is mainly the product of the Japanese colonial period between 1895 and 1945, which spans the first half of the twentieth century. This fifty-year colonial industrialisation is arguably Taiwan’s most influential industrial heritage because it began a rapid process of modernisation that is continuing today. The key to this process is the industrialisation that led to the development of main parts of the island, catalysed new communities and social patterns and structured daily life. These industrial locations have now become heritage sites for tourism and creative development, Moreover, the interpretation of these sites highlights the re-contextualisation of the Taiwanese legacy from both political and economic perspectives. However, these sites also reveal some highly problematic place-related aspects of the colonial narrative. This thesis examines how this heritage is produced in a society that remains connected to Japanese culture, a society in which industrial heritage is influenced by the increasing convergence between cultural tourism, museumification and commercialisation Furthermore, new relationships are identified, which reflect the patterns and trends of wider economic, social and cultural changes. The thesis concludes by offering a deeper understanding of the valorisation of industrial heritage in Taiwan and its influence on broader Taiwanese narratives of geopolitics and global heritage agenda.

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Russell, Rowland S. "The Ecology of Paradox: Disturbance and Restoration in Land and Soul". [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2008. http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=antioch1204556861.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Antioch University New England, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed November 11, 2009). "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England (2008)."--from the title page. Advisor: Mitchell Thomashow. Includes bibliographical references (p. 289-296).

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McClanahan, Bill. "Capturing Appalachia : visualizing coal, culture, and ecology". Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/20823/.

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Capturing Appalachia: Visualizing Coal, Culture and Ecology, draws on extensive ethnographic, archival, and ecographic research conducted across Appalachia between 2014-2016 to develop an empirically informed sociological image of the interactions between culture, geography, and industry. Of particular interest are the ways that extractive cultures in Appalachia are constructed and communicated, and so the project includes archival work researching historical images as well as fieldwork focused on the production of images. Drawing on the traditions of cultural and ‘green’ criminologies, geography, and critical ecotheory, concluding that the cultural, political, and ecological worlds of Appalachia exist in a dialectical relationship with one another, and that at the center of each is an intense cultural relationship with the region’s historic and contemporary capture (cultural, economic, and ecological) by resource extraction. These dialectical relationships are made clear in the visuality of Appalachia, with paradigms frequently challenged by the production of countervisual narratives in productions spanning photography, literature, cinema, and media. The project constitutes the first extensive empirical application of the suggestions of an emergent green-cultural criminology. This research contributes significantly to the existing theoretical literature on extractive cultures through the development and application of the concept of ‘capture’, which is employed in throughout and which constitutes a central concept the project. The concept of ‘regulatory capture’ informs much of the existing sociological literature on harmful industry. Expanding on the concept of ‘capture’, I consider the capture of Appalachian economies by a single industry (economic capture), the capture of cultural production by the dominant industry (cultural capture), the legal capture of material landscapes by industry (ecological capture), the visual-mechanical capture of images of ecology and culture (photographic capture), and finally, the capture of ecology and people by an emerging industry of incarceration (carceral capture).

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Hsieh, PingHsun. "Model-Based Population Genetics in Indigenous Humans: Inferences of Demographic History, Adaptive Selection, and African Archaic Admixture using Whole-Genome/Exome Sequencing Data". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/612540.

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Reconstructing the origins and evolutionary journey of humans is a central piece of biology. Complementary to archeology, population genetics studying genetic variation among individuals in extant populations has made considerable progress in understanding the evolution of our species. Particularly, studies in indigenous humans provide valuable insights on the prehistory of humans because their life history closely resembles that of our ancestors. Despite these efforts, it can be difficult to disentangle population genetic inferences because of the interplay among evolutionary forces, including mutation, recombination, selection, and demographic processes. To date, few studies have adopted a comprehensive framework to jointly account for these confounding effects. The shortage of such an approach inspired this dissertation work, which centered on the development of model-based analysis and demonstrated its importance in population genetic inferences. Indigenous African Pygmy hunter-gatherers have been long studied because of interest in their short stature, foraging subsistence strategy in rainforests, and long-term socio-economic relationship with nearby farmers. I proposed detailed demographic models using genomes from seven Western African Pygmies and nine Western African farmers (Appendix A). Statistical evidence was shown for a much deeper divergence than previously thought and for asymmetric migrations with a larger contribution from the farmers to Pygmies. The model-based analyses revealed significant adaption signals in the Pygmies for genes involved in muscle development, bone synthesis, immunity, reproduction, etc. I also showed that the proposed model-based approach is robust to the confounding effects of evolutionary forces (Appendix A). Contrary to the low-latitude African homeland of humans, the indigenous Siberians are long-term survivors inhabiting one of the coldest places on Earth. Leveraging whole exome sequencing data from two Siberian populations, I presented demographic models for these North Asian dwellers that include divergence, isolation, and gene flow (Appendix B). The best-fit models suggested a closer genetic affinity of these Siberians to East Asians than to Europeans. Using the model-based framework, seven NCBI BioSystems gene sets showed significance for polygenic selection in these Siberians. Interestingly, many of these candidate gene sets are heavily related to diet, indicating possible adaptations to special dietary requirements in these populations in cold, resource-limited environments. Finally, I moved beyond studying the history of extant humans to explore the origins of our species in Africa (Appendix C). Specifically, with statistical analyses using genomes only from extant Africans, I rejected the null model of no archaic admixture in Africa and in turn gave the first whole-genome evidence for interbreeding among human species in Africa. Using extensive simulation analyses under various archaic admixture models, the results suggest recurrent admixture between the ancestors of archaic and modern Africans, with evidence that at least one such event occurred in the last 30,000 years in Africa.

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Shaw, Rachel Dayton. "Evolving ecoscape : an environmental and cultural history of Palm Springs, California, and the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation, 1877-1939 /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9936845.

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Woodcock, Lowell. "Islands of inequality : the environmental history of Tobago and the crisis of development and globalisation in the Caribbean 1763–2007". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/2349/.

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This thesis explores the origins and logic of the interplay between landscape and public policy in the Caribbean island of Tobago. Tobago is the location of the world's oldest protected tropical forest, established in 1763. This was the first but by no means the last occasion when particular policies have been formulated to regulate the relationship between land, commerce and people in Tobago. The thesis traces the emergence of particular ethics of land use and property in the Tobago from 1763 up to the present day and their interplay within the logic of policy. The central research aim was to analyse the disjuncture between the intention of government development plans in Tobago, and the actual outcome of those plans for the people and landscape. This was approached both by ethnographic field study, and by archival and oral historical work that could discern the historical development of the language of modern policy. The project involved the writing of an environmental history of Tobago and an ethnographic account of debates and trends in contemporary environment and development policy in Tobago. The fieldwork revealed many gaps in the existing literature with respect to Caribbean environmentalism and the history of Caribbean landscapes. The detailed archival research, coupled with a revised theoretical frame that it supports, should reframe and improve modern debates concerning environment and tourism. Drawing together the findings of the thesis research is intended to help form a new understanding of the origins of contemporary Caribbean policy processes, the beliefs from which they derive, the debates they generate and their interaction with the physical environment.

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Peguim, Cássia Natanie [UNESP]. "Meio ambiente e desenvolvimento: a construção do debate ambiental em O Correio da UNESCO (1972-1992)". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132042.

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Observamos que ao longo das últimas quatro décadas do século XX, a formulação da questão ambiental emergiu como causa e sintoma de um estado de espírito marcado pelo questionamento das modalidades do crescimento econômico e usos dos recursos naturais. Revelando um processo de revisão temporal e conceitual das ações humanas sobre a natureza, no qual se insere a inconclusão do debate sobre meio ambiente e desenvolvimento. No presente texto buscamos dissertar a respeito do debate que a revista O Correio da UNESCO comporta acerca destes temas, entre 1972 - ano do início da publicação da revista em língua portuguesa e da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre o Meio Ambiente Humano; e 1992 - ano da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento. As discussões presentes na revista são problematizadas sob a perspectiva da História Ambiental, particularmente sobre a percepção do processo de apropriação/transformação/destruição do mundo natural ao longo do tempo. A revista O Correio da UNESCO comporta em suas páginas artigos que divulgam e problematizam os programas que a Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura - UNESCO elaborara para a abordagem das questões ambientais nas áreas de recursos hídricos, pesquisas oceânicas, conservação do meio ambiente e salvaguarda do patrimônio natural. Estes programas se pautavam no ideal do intercâmbio de informações e cooperação científica. Assim, a revista, concebida como uma janela aberta para o mundo, se apresenta como espaço de livre fluxo de informações por meio do qual a própria UNESCO e seus Estados-membros expressam suas percepções sobre o meio ambiente. Percepções perpassadas pela utilidade e validade dos recursos naturais para a promoção do desenvolvimento. Conceito que em O Correio da UNESCO apresenta-se com contínuas releituras e deslocamentos...
We have observed that over the last four decades of the twentieth century, the formulation of environmental issues has emerged as a cause and symptom of a state of mind marked by the questioning of economic growth and the use of natural resources. Revealing a temporal and conceptual review process of human actions on nature, which incorporates the inconclusive debate about environment and development. In this paper we seek to elaborate on the debate that the magazine The UNESCO Courier proposes on these topics between 1972 - the year of the beginning of the publication of the magazine in Portuguese and the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment; and 1992 - the year of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. The discussions included in this magazine are studied from the perspective of Environmental History, particularly about the perception of the process of appropriation/transformation/destruction of the natural world over time. The magazine The UNESCO Courier contains articles that disclose and discuss the programs that United Nations of the Education, Science and Culture Organization - UNESCO had developed to address environmental issues in the areas of water resources, ocean research, conservation of the environment and natural heritage safeguarding. These programs were based on the ideal of the information exchange and scientific cooperation. Thus the magazine, conceived as a window for the world, is presented as a space of free information flow whereby UNESCO itself and its Member States express their perceptions about the environment. Perceptions pervaded by utilitarianism and validity of natural resources to promote development. Concept that The UNESCO Courier presents with continuous readings and displacements, but linked to UNESCO's ability to catalyze the demands of the Member States and to foster initiatives directed towards science and technology in...

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23

Peguim, Cássia Natanie. "Meio ambiente e desenvolvimento : a construção do debate ambiental em O Correio da UNESCO (1972-1992) /". Assis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/132042.

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Orientador: Paulo Henrique Martinez
Banca: Francisco Del Moral Hernandez
Banca: Janes Jorge
Resumo: Observamos que ao longo das últimas quatro décadas do século XX, a formulação da questão ambiental emergiu como causa e sintoma de um estado de espírito marcado pelo questionamento das modalidades do crescimento econômico e usos dos recursos naturais. Revelando um processo de revisão temporal e conceitual das ações humanas sobre a natureza, no qual se insere a inconclusão do debate sobre meio ambiente e desenvolvimento. No presente texto buscamos dissertar a respeito do debate que a revista O Correio da UNESCO comporta acerca destes temas, entre 1972 - ano do início da publicação da revista em língua portuguesa e da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre o Meio Ambiente Humano; e 1992 - ano da Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento. As discussões presentes na revista são problematizadas sob a perspectiva da História Ambiental, particularmente sobre a percepção do processo de apropriação/transformação/destruição do mundo natural ao longo do tempo. A revista O Correio da UNESCO comporta em suas páginas artigos que divulgam e problematizam os programas que a Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura - UNESCO elaborara para a abordagem das questões ambientais nas áreas de recursos hídricos, pesquisas oceânicas, conservação do meio ambiente e salvaguarda do patrimônio natural. Estes programas se pautavam no ideal do intercâmbio de informações e cooperação científica. Assim, a revista, concebida como "uma janela aberta para o mundo", se apresenta como espaço de livre fluxo de informações por meio do qual a própria UNESCO e seus Estados-membros expressam suas percepções sobre o meio ambiente. Percepções perpassadas pela utilidade e validade dos recursos naturais para a promoção do desenvolvimento. Conceito que em O Correio da UNESCO apresenta-se com contínuas releituras e deslocamentos...
Abstract: We have observed that over the last four decades of the twentieth century, the formulation of environmental issues has emerged as a cause and symptom of a state of mind marked by the questioning of economic growth and the use of natural resources. Revealing a temporal and conceptual review process of human actions on nature, which incorporates the inconclusive debate about environment and development. In this paper we seek to elaborate on the debate that the magazine The UNESCO Courier proposes on these topics between 1972 - the year of the beginning of the publication of the magazine in Portuguese and the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment; and 1992 - the year of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. The discussions included in this magazine are studied from the perspective of Environmental History, particularly about the perception of the process of appropriation/transformation/destruction of the natural world over time. The magazine The UNESCO Courier contains articles that disclose and discuss the programs that United Nations of the Education, Science and Culture Organization - UNESCO had developed to address environmental issues in the areas of water resources, ocean research, conservation of the environment and natural heritage safeguarding. These programs were based on the ideal of the information exchange and scientific cooperation. Thus the magazine, conceived as "a window for the world", is presented as a space of free information flow whereby UNESCO itself and its Member States express their perceptions about the environment. Perceptions pervaded by utilitarianism and validity of natural resources to promote development. Concept that The UNESCO Courier presents with continuous readings and displacements, but linked to UNESCO's ability to catalyze the demands of the Member States and to foster initiatives directed towards science and technology in...
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24

Asima, Prosper Price Delali. "Continuities and discontinuities in gender ideologies and relations : Ghanaian migrants in London". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6268/.

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This thesis examines the interrelationship between migration and gender, exploring the migration trajectory of Ghanaians in London from their motivation to migrate, their settlement patterns and their transnational activities. The study specifically investigates two main questions: firstly, if and how patriarchal gendered ideologies and relations are influenced by the new migration space and how gender interacts with other social differences (e.g. class, nationality, education, legal status) to reconfigure gendered patterns of behaviour in the country of destination? Secondly, how do gender ideologies and practices influence the maintenance of transnational links with migrants' home country and vice versa? The study adopts a multi-sited ethnographic approach to gain an insight into the experiences of migrants. It demonstrates that paid employment, contextual factors and social differentials simultaneously reinforce and transform patriarchal gender relations in different social spaces. The thesis argues that the international division of labour, institutional challenges and socio-economic factors in the new social space of London provide different dilemmas for migrants. These opportunities and constraints lead to contestations and renegotiations which require that migrants reconcile earning with caring. This in turn leads to changes in the relative power and status of women and men in the host country. This study distinguishes the factors leading to gains and losses; shows that Ghanaian migrants are gendered actors; and contributes to disaggregating the persistence or transformations in patriarchal gender relations. The man's position as the breadwinner is often significantly challenged undermining his patriarchal authority in the household. Ghanaian women on the other hand have often been able to gain new access to resources, make life choices and participate in decision making in the households thereby being empowered across space and time. The study contributes to current understanding of empowerment processes by focusing on the role of men in this process, maintaining that socio-cultural and economic factors impact the lives and activities of male and female migrants differentially, reconfiguring patriarchal hierarchies and levelling power relations and decision making processes to more egalitarian patterns. It also argues that the formation of transnational families as a result of ‘split marriages' and children being sent back to the origin country for fostering leads to different gendered outcomes for migrant and non-migrant women, men and children. The study shows that responsibility for production, reproduction and socialisation is divided across national borders, with the performance of financial, emotional and practical support, decision making patterns and power relations negotiated in the transnational social space. The study contributes to deepening understanding of the critical nature of the interplay of the private and public spheres in gender dynamics and its interrelationship with migration, and also demonstrates that childcare has a significant impact on the caring and earning roles of parents, the organisation of households and enhancement of gender equality.

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Salder, Jacob. "Sub-national governance and the relational spatial economy : examining spaces of firm-state engagement in the 'localist' era". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6565/.

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Recent debate has focused on the role of state spatial approaches to the governance of an increasingly networked and fluid economy. This has seen transitions in both the scale of practise, focused on meso-level spaces, and the form of scalar fix, progressing from region to city-region and Functional Economic Area. As theories of spatial economy argue an increasingly dispersed mode of practise, integrated into global exchanges, state spatiality has responded through spatial reform to capitalise on this networked model. This study seeks to understand the link between spaces of economic governance, the formal spaces in which meso-level policy is pursued, and spaces of economic production, created by flows of firm transaction and exchange. Situated in the Southern Staffordshire area of the English Midlands, it considers how these forms of space are constructed, interpreted and integrated through articulations and practices of state spatial policy. Using a relational framework, interpreting space as a dynamic phenomenon, it considers the critical factors linking spaces of economic production and economic governance and the influence of ongoing rescaling tendencies within state and industrial strategy. It proposes whilst the sub-national has been debated as a critical point of convergence for these separate spatial articulations, this is highly selective through its capacity to interpret spatial economy and privileging of specific spatial and sectoral interests.

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Strömsten, Henrik. "Military and Nature : An environmental history of Swedish military landscapes". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-302652.

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This thesis, an environmental history of a selected number of Swedish military training environments, is based on observation of military landscapes with a permanent presence of military-related objects and activities, all of which leave their traces in the environment, and how continued military activity is legitimised with environmental arguments. By also observing military policies and documents, I look into how the Swedish military frame their own training environments, and how ‘environmentalist’ discourses is adopted to justify past and present activities. The military landscapes must also be considered in a wider context of geopolitics and security; hence I also include an historical analysis of military land appropriation and defense policy in Sweden. An important contribution with this thesis, besides provide a Swedish context to studies of military landscapes, lies also in testing a historical ecological framework in analyses and methods when approaching research on military landscapes, as I consider this thesis as a pilot-project on Swedish military landscapes providing incentives for further studies. The Swedish military landscapes studied in this thesis have both a centennial and decadal presence of military activities. Some training sites such as Marma and Revinge, which are also Natura 2000 areas, have had a military presence since the 19th century, and the various military structures and buildings promote a kind of military biography, an identity tied to landscapes, reinforcing military presence. The presentation of military sites as ecological refuges for rare species and habitats is evident in the management plans for the studied landscapes. The way military space is understood, legitimised and produced from the perspectives of the military policy level is, as I will argue, centred on two core motivations. First, it is that military presence in a landscape is the product of a militarisation processes, considering a geopolitical context and defense policies. The military presence has long-term effects in form of an alteration of physical nature and development of a high biodiversity. Second, the long-term positive effects, enhances an environmentalist discourse within the military when it comes to legitimise past and present military space, and to justify a continued military presence in a landscape.
Denna uppsats, en miljöhistoria av ett utvalt antal svenska militära övningsområden, är baserat på en observation av militära landskap med en permanent närvaro av militärrelaterade objekt och aktiviteter vilka lämnar sina spår i miljön, och hur fortsatt militär aktivitet legitimeras genom miljöargument. Jag analyserar militära riktlinjer och dokument, för att se på hur svensk militär förhåller sig till dess övningsområden, och hur diskurser om miljövård används för att motivera fortsatt militär aktivitet. De militära landskapen bör studeras i en större geopolitisk säkerhetskontext; därför inkluderar jag också en historisk studie av svensk försvarspolitik och militära markanskaffningar. En viktig insats med denna uppsats, förutom att bidra med en svensk kontext till militära landskapsstudier, är att testa ett historiskt-ekologiskt ramverk i analys och metod vid studier av militära landskap då jag anser att denna uppsats är ett pilot-projekt för militära landskapsstudier i Sverige och ger incitament till vidare forskning i ämnet. De svenska militära landskapen som studeras här har upp till en hundraårig närvaro av militär aktivitet. Vissa övnings- och skjutfält såsom Marma och Revingehed, vilka också är Natura 2000- områden, har haft militär aktivitet sedan slutet av 1800- talet, och de varierande militära ytorna och byggnaderna främjar en militär biografi, en identitet knuten till landskapet, vilken förstärker fortsatt militär närvaro. Presentationen av de militära fälten som ekologiska refuger av sällsynta arter och habitat är uppenbar i skötsel- och vårdplanerna av de studerade landskapen. Sättet som det militära landskapet förstås, legitimeras och produceras ur militärperspektiv i policy och dokument är, som jag kommer argumentera, koncentrerade kring två faktorer. För det första, militär närvaro i ett landskap är ett resultat av en militariseringsprocess baserat på en geopolitisk kontext och försvarsbeslut. Militär närvaro har en långsiktig effekt i form av en förändring av den fysiska naturen och utvecklingen av en biologisk mångfald. För det andra, de långsiktiga positiva effekterna underbygger en naturvårdsdiskurs inom militären när det kommer till att motivera dåtida och nuvarande militär landskapsanvändning, och för att rättfärdiga en fortsatt militär närvaro.

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Flammer, Patrik Guido. "Molecular archaeoparasitology as a novel tool for the study of trading and migration networks through history". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:642b62a8-431f-47b9-91ae-05339324cfd4.

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This project represents the first comprehensive study applying molecular and genetic methods to study historical contexts such as migration and trade based on human parasites. Using specially developed techniques, the study focused on parasites with minor symptoms which allowed the infected person to go about their daily business. The combination of state of the art techniques in archaeology, molecular methods and phylogenetic analysis enabled us to develop a novel powerful tool to study historic events. Diseases have a considerable impact on societies. Various publications indicate that human intestinal parasites are commonly found in a variety of archaeological contexts, including latrines, graves and mummies. These parasites can be detected by microscopy which focuses the work on samples which do close association to humans; widespread prevalence and the possibility for reliable microscopic diagnostics suggest that these parasites are an attractive study system for human activities. Infectious diseases have a much short generation time which offers greater opportunity to track historical events at higher resolution. Looking at a range of human parasites, their different life-cycles allowed insight into various aspects of human culture, comparing different origins of the samples allows an estimation of the epidemiological burden of ancient populations. Application of a parallel sequencing approach (MiSeq) enabled building a comprehensive database of sequences from various archaeological sites dating as far back as 3630 BCE. Indepth phylogenetic analysis reveals patterns in the genetic signatures of both coding and non-coding genetic regions, taking various levels of selective pressure into account. This project has produced the oldest pathogen sequence and the most comprehensive database of ancient pathogen sequences.

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Chacowry, Anoradha. "Community recovery and resilience building in the aftermath of flood hazards in the small island developing state of Mauritius". Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2014. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/2491/.

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At the global level, a noticeable rise has been observed in the adverse impact of an increasing number of hazards, in particular floods, on society. This condition has brought into greater focus the issues of vulnerability, environmental justice and resilience in the recovery of community groups. In Mauritius, economic development, growth in population and intensive land use have resulted in greater human use-environment interaction with accompanying increase in flood conditions and the vulnerability of inhabitants exposed to flood risk. Traditional top-down hazard risk reduction strategies have not been very effective in reducing vulnerability or in promoting resilience of affected communities as they are often left to fend for themselves immediately after the emergency and relief stage of the recovery process. Using three case studies, this thesis explored the perception of the affected communities in building resilience to recover in the aftermath of flood hazards. Mixed methods of collecting and analysing data using both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used. They provided a comprehensive way of gathering information from households, agency stakeholders and secondary sources. The data were analysed and the results assessed through the lens of the overarching concept of community resilience that encompasses six types of resilience. This new approach provided a holistic perspective in exploring factors that influence the building of community resilience and the realisation of long-term recovery and rehabilitation. Findings from this study showed evidence of social inequity and environmental injustice mostly among the low income groups in all the three case studies. Evaluation of results revealed a number of factors that were gradually increasing their level of vulnerability and adversely impacting on their resilience. In order to achieve recovery and community resilience, the various types of resilience needed to be reinforced. It was found that social networking and a combination of local knowledge with that of experts, through community participation in decision making, were crucial in reinforcing community resilience. Based on the research findings, an integrated framework for disaster risk reduction management (IFDRRM) was developed. The framework could be applicable in defining policy options and implementation strategies in Mauritius and possibly in other Small Islands Developing States (SIDS) with similar challenges.

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Bertazi, Marcio Henrique [UNESP]. "Uma história movida a álcool: impactos ambientais no contexto canavieiro paulista (1975 a 2003)". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/122051.

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De sua introdução no país, logo após o rápido e voraz comércio do pau-brasil, até as modernas e especializadas plantações monocultoras contemporâneas, a cana-de-açúcar tornou-se parte intrínseca e inegável da história do Brasil, não só na esfera econômica, mas no imaginário de sucessivas gerações que a acompanharam tanto como um fator de crescimento exponencial de renda como de depleção indelével dos recursos naturais, concentração de terras, migração rural e desemprego generalizado. O Programa Nacional do Álcool (Proálcool), decretado em 1975, fez com que os impactos socioambientais decorrentes do empreendimento canicultor intensificassem-se, em um contexto de crise energética de proporções mundiais. Nesse ínterim, o estado de São Paulo emergiu como um dos grandes produtores de açúcar e de álcool do país. Embora haja uma grande produção historiográfica a respeito da questão da cana-de-açúcar no país, inclusive quanto ao Proálcool e suas consequências políticas, econômicas e sociais, há uma ausência significativa de levantamentos abrangentes que mapeiem os impactos ambientais e coloquem-nos nas linhas da história. A análise do período que se estende de 1975 a 2003 revelou importantes movimentos no campo brasileiro, notadamente no contexto canavieiro do estado de São Paulo. Por um lado, observou-se o jogo de demandas que se estabeleceu entre o campo e a cidade: o campo pressionado entre a produção interna de álcool combustível e a exportação de açúcar no mercado internacional; e a cidade, cujo aumento da frota automobilística tornou-a tão dependente do álcool como estava do petróleo o Brasil em 1973. Por outro lado, as consequências socioambientais tornaram-se bastante graves, dentre as quais: intensificação da expulsão dos trabalhadores rurais em direção às cidades com baixo nível de infraestrutura locacional; poluição atmosférica...
The sugarcane, since its introduction in Brazil (after the rapid and voracious redwood trade) until the modern and specialized monoculture plantations, became an intrinsic and undeniable part of the Brazilian history, both in the economic sphere and in the imagination of successive generations. Generations those who watched an exponential income growth and an indelible depletion of natural resources, land concentration, rural migration and widespread unemployment. In this regard, the State of São Paulo gained relevance in the twentieth century, driven by the National Alcohol Program (Proálcool) and by the increase of alcohol demand in a context of global energy crisis. Consequently, the environmental impacts of the canicultor enterprise in this state. Although there is a great historical production on the issue of sugarcane in Brazil, including studies about Proálcool and its political, economic and social consequences, there is a significant lack of comprehensive surveys that map environmental impacts and put us in the lines of history. In this context, the analysis of the period extending from 1975 to 2003 revealed important movements in the Brazilian countryside, especially in the context of sugarcane in state of São Paulo. On one hand, there were established demands and trade-offs between country and city: the country pressed between the production of ethanol for domestic supply and the production of sugar for international market; and the city, which was as dependent of alcohol as Brazil was dependent of the oil in 1973. On the other hand, the social and environmental consequences become quite serious, among which: the intensification of the expulsion of rural workers to the cities with low locational infrastructure; atmospheric pollution and massive increase in the use of pesticides in the field, with direct consequences to the population health. In the analyzed period, however, there are...

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30

Bertazi, Marcio Henrique. "Uma história movida a álcool : impactos ambientais no contexto canavieiro paulista (1975 a 2003) /". Assis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/122051.

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Orientador: Paulo Henrique Martinez
Banca: Paulo Cesar Gonçalves
Banca: Janes Jorge
Resumo: De sua introdução no país, logo após o rápido e voraz comércio do pau-brasil, até as modernas e especializadas plantações monocultoras contemporâneas, a cana-de-açúcar tornou-se parte intrínseca e inegável da história do Brasil, não só na esfera econômica, mas no imaginário de sucessivas gerações que a acompanharam tanto como um fator de crescimento exponencial de renda como de depleção indelével dos recursos naturais, concentração de terras, migração rural e desemprego generalizado. O Programa Nacional do Álcool (Proálcool), decretado em 1975, fez com que os impactos socioambientais decorrentes do empreendimento canicultor intensificassem-se, em um contexto de crise energética de proporções mundiais. Nesse ínterim, o estado de São Paulo emergiu como um dos grandes produtores de açúcar e de álcool do país. Embora haja uma grande produção historiográfica a respeito da questão da cana-de-açúcar no país, inclusive quanto ao Proálcool e suas consequências políticas, econômicas e sociais, há uma ausência significativa de levantamentos abrangentes que mapeiem os impactos ambientais e coloquem-nos nas linhas da história. A análise do período que se estende de 1975 a 2003 revelou importantes movimentos no campo brasileiro, notadamente no contexto canavieiro do estado de São Paulo. Por um lado, observou-se o jogo de demandas que se estabeleceu entre o campo e a cidade: o campo pressionado entre a produção interna de álcool combustível e a exportação de açúcar no mercado internacional; e a cidade, cujo aumento da frota automobilística tornou-a tão dependente do álcool como estava do petróleo o Brasil em 1973. Por outro lado, as consequências socioambientais tornaram-se bastante graves, dentre as quais: intensificação da expulsão dos trabalhadores rurais em direção às cidades com baixo nível de infraestrutura locacional; poluição atmosférica...
Abstract: The sugarcane, since its introduction in Brazil (after the rapid and voracious redwood trade) until the modern and specialized monoculture plantations, became an intrinsic and undeniable part of the Brazilian history, both in the economic sphere and in the imagination of successive generations. Generations those who watched an exponential income growth and an indelible depletion of natural resources, land concentration, rural migration and widespread unemployment. In this regard, the State of São Paulo gained relevance in the twentieth century, driven by the National Alcohol Program (Proálcool) and by the increase of alcohol demand in a context of global energy crisis. Consequently, the environmental impacts of the canicultor enterprise in this state. Although there is a great historical production on the issue of sugarcane in Brazil, including studies about Proálcool and its political, economic and social consequences, there is a significant lack of comprehensive surveys that map environmental impacts and put us in the lines of history. In this context, the analysis of the period extending from 1975 to 2003 revealed important movements in the Brazilian countryside, especially in the context of sugarcane in state of São Paulo. On one hand, there were established demands and trade-offs between country and city: the country pressed between the production of ethanol for domestic supply and the production of sugar for international market; and the city, which was as dependent of alcohol as Brazil was dependent of the oil in 1973. On the other hand, the social and environmental consequences become quite serious, among which: the intensification of the expulsion of rural workers to the cities with low locational infrastructure; atmospheric pollution and massive increase in the use of pesticides in the field, with direct consequences to the population health. In the analyzed period, however, there are...
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31

Knight, Jan E. "Building an Environmental Agenda: A Content and Frame Analysis of News about the Environment in the United States, 1890 to 1960". Ohio : Ohio University, 2010. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1268687765.

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32

De, Klerk Henning. "The mutual embodiment of landscape and livelihoods: an environmental history of Nqabara". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007054.

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This thesis presents a history of the landscape of Nqabara, an administrative area in a rural and coastal area of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. In the process of investigating landscape history, the inquiry engages with a range of data sources from diverging discursive contexts, including data from ethnographic fieldwork, from the consultation of archival documents and historical reports as well as from comparative historic and ethnographic research, necessitating a critical consideration of the epistemological contexts of data production and the dialogue between researcher and data. Furthermore, in its aim to move beyond historical description towards explanation, the study interrogates the dualist ontological conceptualisations of nature and culture, society and ecology, object and meaning upon which are built three dominant conceptual frameworks concerned with human-environment relationships: social-ecological systems theory, transdisciplinary landscape studies and political ecology. Drawing primarily upon the works of James Gibson, Anthony Giddens and Tim Ingold, an ontological foundation is developed to guide the enquiry and move towards an alternative understanding of the relationship of people’s livelihoods with respect to the landscape in which it is lived, which I call here the praxisembodiment perspective. This ontology takes the situated patterns of action of a situated agent-in-its-environment as its point of departure and proceeds to develop a framework explaining how relations among the patterns of action of different agents-in-their-environment, emerge in structures that simultaneously enable and constrain future action. The foundation is thereby provided for a monist understanding of how landscape and social structure emerge simultaneously from the complex intersection of patterns of actions and interactions of agents in their environment. This framework calls for an understanding of time, space and scale, not as independent variables influencing process and action, but as emergent properties arising from the patterns of actions of situated agents. Finally the alternative ontology is applied to the history of landscape and livelihoods of people of Nqabara. It is concluded that an appropriate understanding and explanation of the critical transformations in the landscape as well as in social institutions, should be sought through analysis of the complex ways in which patterns of action of multiple spatial and temporal rhythms and between multiple agents in an environment, intersect and resonate.

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Kgari-Masondo, Maserole Christina. ""A superstitious respect for the soil"? : environmental history, social identity and land ownership - a case study of forced removals from Lady Selborne and their ramifications, c. 1905 to 1977 /". Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1215.

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Schliehe, Anna Katharina. "Tracing outsideness : young women's institutional journeys and the geographies of closed space". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7795/.

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Understanding confinement and its complex workings between individuals and society has been the stated aim of carceral geography and wider studies on detention. This project contributes ethnographic insights from multiple sites of incarceration, working with an under-researched group within confined populations. Focussing on young female detainees in Scotland, this project seeks to understand their experiences of different types of ‘closed’ space. Secure care, prison and closed psychiatric facilities all impact on the complex geographies of these young women’s lives. The fluid but always situated relations of control and care provide the backdrop for their journeys in/out and beyond institutional spaces. Understanding institutional journeys with reference to age and gender allows an insight into the highly mobile, often precarious, and unfamiliar lives of these young women who live on the margins. This thesis employs a mixed-method qualitative approach and explores what Goffman calls the ‘tissue and fabric’ of detention as a complex multi-institutional practice. In order to be able to understand the young women’s gendered, emotional and often repetitive experiences of confinement, analysis of the constitution of ‘closed space’ represents a first step for inquiry. The underlying nature of inner regimes, rules and discipline in closed spaces, provide the background on which confinement is lived, perceived and processed. The second part of the analysis is the exploration of individual experiences ‘on the inside’, ranging from young women’s views on entering a closed institution, the ways in which they adapt or resist the regime, and how they cope with embodied aspects of detention. The third and final step considers the wider context of incarceration by recovering the young women’s journeys through different types of institutional spaces and beyond. The exploration of these journeys challenges and re-develops understandings of mobility and inertia by engaging the relative power of carceral archipelagos and the figure of femina sacra. This project sits comfortably within the field of carceral geography while also pushing at its boundaries. On a conceptual level, a re-engagement with Goffman’s micro-analysis challenges current carceral-geographic theory development. Perhaps more importantly, this project pushes for an engagement with different institutions under the umbrella of carceral geography, thus creating new dialogues on issues like ‘care’ and ‘control’. Finally, an engagement with young women addresses an under-represented population within carceral geography in ways that raise distinctly problematic concerns for academic research and penal policy. Overall, this project aims to show the value of fine grained micro-level research in institutional geographies for extending thinking and understanding about society’s responses to a group of people who live on the margins of social and legal norms.

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Chittick, Sharla. "Pride and prejudice, practices and perceptions : a comparative case study in North Atlantic environmental history". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3702.

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Due to escalating carbon-based emissions, anthropogenic climate change is wreaking havoc on the natural and built environment as higher near-surface temperatures cause arctic ice-melt, rising sea levels and unpredictable turbulent weather patterns. The effects are especially devastating to inhabitants living in the water-worlds of developing countries where environmental pressure only exacerbates their vulnerability to oppressive economic policies. As climatic and economic pressures escalate, threats to local resources, living space, safety and security are all reaching a tipping point. Climate refugees may survive, but they will fall victim to displacement, economic insecurity, and socio-cultural destruction. With the current economic system in peril, it is now a matter of urgency that the global community determine ways to modify their behaviour in order to minimize the impact of climate change. This interdisciplinary comparative analysis contributes to the dialogue by turning to environmental history for similar scenarios with contrasting outcomes. It isolates two North Atlantic water-worlds and their inhabitants at an historical juncture when the combination of climatic and economic pressures threatened their survival. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Hebrideans in the Scottish Insular Gàidhealtachd and the Wabanaki in Ketakamigwa were both responding to the harsh conditions of the ‘Little Ice Age.’ While modifying their resource management, settlement patterns, and subsistence behaviours to accommodate climate change, they were simultaneously targeted by foreign opportunists whose practices and perceptions inevitably induced oppressive economic pressure. This critical period in their history serves as the centre of a pendulum that swings back to deglaciation and then forward again to the eighteenth century to examine the relationship between climate change and human behaviour in the North Atlantic. It will be demonstrated that both favourable and deteriorating climate conditions determine resource availability, but how humans manage those resources during feast or famine can determine their collective vulnerability to predators when the climate changes. It is argued that, historically, climate has determined levels of human development and survival on either side of the North Atlantic, regardless of sustainable practices. However, when cultural groups were under extreme environmental and economic pressure, there were additional factors that determined their fate. First, the condition of their native environment and prospect for continuing to inhabit it was partially determined by the level of sustainable practices. And, secondly, the way in which they perceived and treated one another partially determined their endurance. If they avoided internal stratification and self-protectionism by prioritising the needs of the group over that of the individual, they minimised fragmentation, avoided displacement, and maintained their social and culture cohesion.

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Lee, Hyo-Dong. "Jürgen Moltmann as a biblical theologian : political hermeneutic of scripture as foundational for ecological theology". Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23225.

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This dissertation explores the way Jurgen Moltmann's biblical hermeneutic informs his salvation-historical approach to ecological theology. Coming from the post-Barthian camp of German Protestant theology, Moltmann has inherited Karl Barth's theological critique of the technological-scientific spirit of modernity. Moltmann differs from Barth, however, in the fact that his underlying preoccupation with the question of theodicy leads him to interpret Barth's theological critique of modernity from within the perspective of modernity's victims. This he accomplishes by retrieving the biblical tradition of eschatologia crucis. Moltmann's political hermeneutic of scripture, which he develops on the basis of the eschatologia crucis, vindicates his salvation-historical approach to nature by offering a substantial critique of the modern techno-scientific spirit. Furthermore, it enables Moltmann's ecological theology to put the crisis of modernity within the broader horizon of the problem of radical evil, thereby offering a profounder hope for the liberation of the suffering creation called for by the WCC theme "Justice, Peace, and the Integrity of Creation."

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Zisimou-Tryfonidi, Eirini. "The Church's involvement in the economic life of Early Christian Greek towns". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6221/.

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This thesis wishes to draw attention to the economic, social and political implications of the rise and establishment of the institutional Church in Early Christian Greece, particularly by exploring the pilgrimage, philanthropic and industrial function of the churches’ annexes. The diverse functions of churches annexes, besides reflecting a social dimension, they also reflect economic and political realities that require the development of an interdisciplinary approach, based on civil and ecclesiastical legislation, archaeology, epigraphy, history and theology, in order to explore the extent and the effects of the institutional Church’s activity in Greece. Interpreting Christian archaeology in key excavated sites of Greece by interweaving literary and material evidence both of ecclesiastical and secular origin, will help not only to ascertain how churches stood in relation to adjoining buildings combining religious and economic purposes, but also to restore to the most possible extent the Early Christian Greek urban and rural topographies.

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Jenzen, Douglas P. "Growing Conflict: Agriculture, Innovation, and Immigration in San Luis Obispo County, 1837-1937". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/460.

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The history of San Luis Obispo and its surrounding areas is complex. Agriculture, innovation, and immigration have all contributed to the formation of the region. The Spanish, Mexican, and early American periods established the framework successive waves of immigrants had to live within. Native Americans and immigrants from China, Portugal, Switzerland, Japan, the Philippines, and other regions of the United States have all toiled in the fields and contributed to America’s tables at various points throughout county history. Many contingencies determined the treatment of successive waves of immigrants. Growth and development are taking place at exponential rates on the very land that witnessed the first local agriculture and the conflicts surrounding the burgeoning industry.

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Manley, John Francis. "The material culture of Roman colonization : anthropological approaches to archaeological interpretations". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6952/.

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This thesis will explore the agentive roles of material culture in ancient colonial encounters. It takes as a case study the Roman colonization of southern Britain, from the first century BC onwards. Using ethnographic and theoretical perspectives largely drawn from social anthropology, it seeks to demonstrate that the consumption of certain types of continental material culture by some members of communities in southern Britain, pre-disposed the local population to Roman political annexation in the later part of the first century AD. Once the Roman colonial project proper commenced, different material cultures were introduced by colonial agents to maintain domination over a subaltern population. Throughout, the entanglement of people and things represented a reciprocal continuum, in which things moved people's minds, as much as people got to grips with particular things. In addition it will be suggested that the confrontations of material culture brought about by the colonial encounters affected the colonizer as much as the colonized. The thesis will demonstrate the impact of a variety of novel material cultures by focusing in detail on a key area of southern Britain – Chichester and its immediate environs. Material culture will be examined in four major categories: Landscapes and Buildings; Exchange, Food and Drink; Coinages; Death and Burial. Chapters dealing with these categories will be preceded by an opening chapter on the nature of Roman colonialism, followed by an introductory one on the history and archaeology of southern Britain and the study area. The Conclusion will include some thoughts on the integration of anthropological approaches to archaeological interpretation. I intend that the thesis provides a contribution to the wider debate on the role of material culture in ancient colonial projects, and an example of the increasingly productive bidirectional entanglement of archaeology and anthropology.

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Morgan-Forster, Antonia H. "Climate, Environment and Malaria during the Prehistory of Mainland Greece". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1579/.

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Interpretations of osteological remains from mainland Greece during the 1960-1980s led to the suggestion that the most virulent form of malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, was prevalent between the Mesolithic and Late Bronze Age (c. 8700 cal. BC-1100 cal. BC). Although disregarded over the past decade, the theory has regained support in recent years from osteological, epidemiological, environmental and DNA studies. However, the presence of this strain of malaria in prehistoric Greece remains controversial. This thesis evaluates 1) the palaeoclimatic conditions of the Aegean between the Mesolithic and Late Bronze Age and 2) the palaeoenvironmental conditions of three archaeological settlements, with the aim of ascertaining whether the climatic and environmental conditions were as conducive for P. falciparum and the mosquito vectors as the osteological evidence suggested. Equal consideration is given to the so-called ‘lesser strains’ of malaria, P. vivax and P. malariae, the significance of which is considered to have been underestimated in previous studies.

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Weiland, Andrew Welsh. "Pathways to Maize Adoption and Intensification in the Little Miami and Great Miami River Valleys". The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1565302352191348.

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Patel, Kamna. "Tenure and vulnerability : the effects of changes to tenure security on the identity and social relationships of the urban poor". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3267/.

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Directed by the Millennium Development Goal to improve the lives of at least 100 million ‘slum’ dwellers by 2020, national governments and development agencies are driving policy to upgrade and formalise informal settlements. This study is an investigation into the effects of in situ upgrade and formalisation on the vulnerability and resilience of the urban poor in Durban, South Africa. The study examines the relationships between tenure and vulnerability by identifying and exploring how changes to tenure security, introduced through the upgrade process, affect individuals’ exposure to risk and ability to cope, and the ways in which identity and social relations influence those effects. The data are drawn from twenty-four ethnographies of residents living in three low income settlements in/around Durban each at different stages in the upgrade process. The findings of the study show that many residents are better off following an upgrade – ownership claims are better protected, they are more comfortable in their homes and able to improve livelihoods. However, these security and resilience gains are undermined by the high levels of crime and violence that continue post-upgrade and affect the desirability of a location and the ability of people to live there. Furthermore, the manner in which the process is implemented reconfigures local power relations, without meaningfully altering them; thus continuing to tie residents’ wellbeing to social rules administered by informal institutions. These findings challenge conceptualisations of ‘tenure security’ and the conventional orthodoxy of upgrading.

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Dufeu, Valerie. "Human ecodynamics in the North Atlantic : environmental and interdisciplinary reconstructions of the emergence of fish trade in Iceland and the Faeroes, c.800-1480". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/3652.

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Over the past two decades, environmental history as an approach to the understanding and explanation of historical processes has become gradually fashionable amongst academics; empirical data collected over the North Atlantic proposed new trends with regards to economic patterns during the Viking Age. The increasing number of Viking Age sites exposed in Iceland, the amount of zooarchaeological collections highlighting an abundant presence of fish bones in the overall archaeofauna, together with one’s expertise in environmental history as well as a strong interest in socio-economic development during the Viking Age and medieval periods were many factors which help identify strengths and weaknesses with regards to the understanding of the emergence of commercial fish trade in Iceland, and to a lesser extent, the Faeroe Islands. The thesis proposes a new theory with regards to human adaptation to new environments, and subsequent economic developments based on the commercial exploitation of fish. The interdisciplinary aspect of this project using cultural sediment analysis and zooarchaeology, as well as concepts from anthropology and economic anthropology, allows for the theory to be tested by empirical data.

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Morrison, Hazel Margaret Catherine. "Unearthing the 'clinical encounter' : Gartnavel Mental Hospital, 1921-1932 : exploring the intersection of scientific and social discourses which negotiated the boundaries of psychiatric diagnoses". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5766/.

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Charting the trans-Atlantic movement of ‘dynamic’ psychiatry from The Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic, Baltimore, to Gartnavel Mental Hospital, Glasgow, this thesis throws light upon the resultant ‘dynamic’ case note records, produced in Gartnavel during the 1920s. By undertaking an in-depth, qualitative analysis of Gartnavel’s case note records and corresponding archival materials, I explore the polemical question, posed, amongst others, by Foucault, of how psychiatry achieves its distinct status as a science of the individual. Foucault, most notably in Discipline and Power, ascribes to the psychiatric profession the power to fashion individual patient histories into cases, cases which simultaneously emphasise the individuality of a patient, while condensing, i.e. ‘fixing’ their identities that they may be constituted ‘an object for a branch of knowledge and a hold for a branch of power’. This thesis, while recognising the validity of this argument, explores how the clinical practices and philosophical outlook of dynamic psychiatry in the early twentieth century enabled both patient and psychiatrist to negotiate the construction of the psychiatric case note record, and consequently of patients’ individual identities. D. K. Henderson, physician superintendent of Gartnavel between 1921 and 1932, was one of the first, if not the first psychiatrist fully to incorporate dynamic principles into the working practices of a British mental hospital. Initiating methods of case note taking and staff meeting consultation (now integral components of modern day psychiatric practice) he transported the teachings of his mentor, the Swiss émigré psychiatrist Adolf Meyer, to the everyday clinical practices of Gartnavel. The dissemination of dynamic psychiatry through Henderson’s published works and medical teachings is recognised as having integrally shaped the practices of Scottish psychiatry in the twentieth century. However, the significance of the unpublished case note records, produced under his superintendence of Gartnavel during the 1920s, as sources of historical enquiry has gone largely unrecognised. A near-unique archive of ‘dynamic’ case note records is used in this thesis to reveal, what Roy Porter termed, a ‘history from below’ of clinical practices and examinatory processes. For as Henderson employed stenographers and clinical clerks to record verbatim and semi verbatim the dialogues that passed between patients and psychiatrists within staff meetings and mental examinations, I, as Porter himself aspired to, take as the focus of my research a history of the ‘two-way encounters between doctors and patients’. By employing an interdisciplinary research method, one that incorporates Foucauldian, literary, critical medical humanities, as well as more traditional forms of medical history scholarship, I establish a history of dynamic psychiatry set within clinical encounters. Engaging with current debate, evolving primarily within the interdisciplinary sphere of the medical humanities, I argue these records reveal a history of medical humanism, one in which both patients and psychiatrists actively shaped the history of twentieth century Scottish psychiatry.

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Simon, Dylan. "Les inscriptions savantes de Maximilien Sorre (1880-1962) entre conformation et singularisation dans le champ de la géographie". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H099.

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Maximilien Sorre (1880-1962) s’est fait le promoteur d’une écologie humaine en géographie. De sa thèse Les Pyrénées méditerranéennes. Étude de géographie biologique (1913) à son ouvrage Les fondements biologiques de la géographie humaine. Essai d’une écologie de l’homme (1943), il porte une attention particulière aux relations entre l’homme et le milieu vivant. Ainsi, il se distingue des autres géographes par la diversité et l’originalité de ses préoccupations : les genres de vie, les maladies, l’alimentation, le climat urbain, les «milieux artificiels», etc. Ce faisant, il s’inscrit dans de multiples réseaux savants — de biologistes, médecins, sociologues et psychologues. Ses écrits se démarquent également par une dimension généraliste et spéculative, quand ses contemporains privilégient souvent une approche régionale. Pour autant, le savant participe pleinement aux lieux disciplinaires de son temps. Professeur à l’université de Lille dans l’entre-deux-guerres, auteur de volumes pour la Géographie Universelle, puis titulaire d’une chaire à la Sorbonne et directeur des Annales de Géographie dans les années 1940, Maximilien Sorre finit sa carrière comme directeur du Centre d’Études Sociologiques. Le caractère brillant, mais somme toute traditionnel, de sa trajectoire contraste avec la relative singularité de ses centres d’intérêts. Cette étude biographique cherche donc à ressaisir la tension ou la coexistence entre ces différentes inscriptions savantes, à penser l’articulation, au sein d’une même vie, entre un principe de conformation — ou de reproduction — et un principe de singularisation permettant l’innovation scientifique
Maximilien Sorre (1880-1962) promoted human ecology in geography. From his thesis, entitled Les Pyrénées méditerranéennes. Étude de géographie biologique (1913), to his 1943 essay Les fondements biologiques de la géographie humaine. Essai d’une écologie de l’homme, his work focuses on the relationships between human beings and the living environment. Thus he distinguishes himself from other geographers because of the diversity and originality of his preoccupations: lifestyles (“genres de vie”), illnesses, diet, urban climate, “artificial environments”, etc. In doing so, he is part of numerous learned networks – of biologists, doctors, sociologists and psychologists. His written works also differentiate themselves because they have a general and speculative dimension, while his contemporaries often favour a regional approach. Nevertheless, the scholar is fully involved in the places of knowledge of his time. He is a professor at the university of Lille between the wars, the author of some volumes for Géographie Universelle, he then holds a chair at the Sorbonne and directs Annales de Géographie in the 1940s, Maximilien Sorre ends his career as the head of Centre of Sociological Research. The brilliant, yet traditional nature of his path contrasts with the relative singularity of his interests. Therefore this biographical study attempts to grasp the tension or the coexistence between these different learned inscriptions, to reflect on the articulation, during his lifetime, between a principle of conformation – or reproduction – and a principle of wishing to stand out, thus enabling scientific innovation

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Mohlenhoff, Kathryn Anne. "Tracking Fish and Human Response to Abrupt Environmental Change at Tse-whit-zen: A Large Native American Village on the Olympic Peninsula, Washington State". PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1052.

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Evidence of large earthquakes occurring along the Pacific Northwest coast is reflected in coastal stratigraphy from Oregon to British Columbia, where there also exists an extensive archaeological record of Native American occupation. Tse-whit-zen, a large Native American village dating between 1824 and 54 cal B.P. located on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington State, was excavated with exceptionally fine stratigraphic control allowing for precise comparison of natural and cultural records. Here I report on the >10,000 fish remains from one 2x2 m excavation block; this assemblage spans one earthquake event, allowing study of changes in relative taxonomic abundance through time that may coincide with earthquakes or other environmental changes. Results indicate use of a wide range of marine fish taxa including various sculpins (Cottidae), flatfish (Pleuronectiformes), herring (Clupea pallasii) and salmon (Oncorhynchusspp.). This illustrates a highly diverse diet throughout occupation, though relative abundances of more offshore taxa decrease through time in favor of some nearshore taxa, possibly indicating the presence of a coseismic event. This thesis serves as part of a pilot study for a collaborative project that is underway. This larger project addresses human response to both gradual and abrupt environmental change through the analysis of all classes of Tse-whit-zen faunal remains, which provide a link to impacts on animal populations and in turn human subsistence.

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Rousselot, Lucie. "Des idées de nature : appréhender la diversité pour refonder l'action collective". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEN026/document.

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Cette thèse cherche à explorer le rôle que les perceptions culturelles peuvent jouer pour redéfinir collectivement l’action humaine envers la nature. Dans le temps long, de manière accidentelle ou intentionnelle, l’homme a globalement modifié puis progressivement détruit de manière exponentielle la nature. Or, l’étude de l’idée de nature démontre la multiplicité et la force des attachements culturels à la nature. Cette thèse cherche donc à étudier plus précisément la diversité, la multiplicité des perceptions culturelles, et dans quelle mesure celles-ci pourraient aider à redéfinir l’activité humaine envers la nature. A cette fin, les idées de nature et leurs évolutions à travers l’histoire sont étudiées dans plusieurs pays cultures afin de déterminer si et comment la diversité peut devenir un facteur de changement de paradigme. Trois pays sont étudiés à cette fin : la France, le Japon et les États-Unis, afin de dégager les perceptions culturelles uniques et d’envisager comment cette unicité peut servir à refonder l’action collective
This thesis aims at exploring the role cultural perceptions of nature could play in redefining in depth human action towards nature. Whether on purpose or as an incidental result, humankind has since the dawn of humanity first modified then destroyed nature. Yet, when looking at cultural perceptions of nature it appears that cultures developed a strong attachment to some representations of nature. The presumption explored here is that these cultural perceptions, in their diversity, in their multiplicity, could be key to redefining our whole relation towards nature. To that effect, this thesis studies the idea of nature and its evolutions throughout history in different cultures in order to render it effective in international negotiations. Three countries are explored: France, Japan and the United States in order to isolate cultural perceptions and to understand how they can be mobilized to redefine collective action

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Robbins, Molly M. "What is the 'Economic Value' of learning English in Spain?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/691.

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This paper uses historical and economic references to evaluate the economic value of learning English in Spain. Seeing that English is the lingua franca in politics, business, and technology, it is a necessary skill for Spanish citizens to possess in order to efficiently interact in foreign relations of all kinds. Due to Franco’s harsh language policies, and Spain’s ineffective education system, Spain has lacked the same linguistic exposure to foreign languages—especially English—than the rest of Europe. By referencing the previous literature written about the relationship between language and earnings, this paper seeks to find the economic incentive for Spaniards to learn English. The six issues introduced by language economist, Francois Grin, provide an economic, cultural, and social compass to evaluate the overall impact English language learning would have on the Spanish labor market and national economy. The six issues analyze the relevance language has on economic processes, human capital, social investments, policies, wage distribution, and the general market. With tourism as Spain’s most lucrative business sector, better skills in English communication would only add to its economic success. While the Spanish government has named English as one of the seven basic skills within the labor market, effective teaching programs still have to be developed.

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Quesada-Embid, Mercedes Chamberlain. "Dwelling, Walking, Serving: Organic Preservation Along the Camino de Santiago Pilgrimage Landscape". [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2008. http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=antioch1229963115.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Antioch University New England, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed March 26, 2010). "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England (2008)."--from the title page. Advisor: Alesia Maltz, Ph.D. Includes bibliographical references (p. 289-308).

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McGuire, Dorothy Ellen. "Go West for a wife : family farming in West Central Scotland 1850-1930". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3302/.

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The historical geography of farming in the West Central Region of Scotland has been under-researched. Generalisations based on research relating to other parts of the country are misleading because the development and forms of agriculture in the West Central Region were distinctive. Traditionally this is an area of dairy farming which, during the research period (c.1850-1930) was characterised by small family labour farms. The concentration of small farms, on which the faming family and a few hired workers formed the core labour-force, and where the distinctions between employer and employed were less than on the large arable farms of the East, had consequences for rural social structure, mitigating the effects of capitalism. Through a small set of family labour farms, and the families associated with them, the thesis takes a grassroots approach to exploring the pattern of life on the farms of the Region, with particular regard to gender relations. The survival of such farms, contrary to Marxist expectations is investigated, along with the resilience of the farms during the period of ‘The Great Agricultural Depression.’ Glasgow, the economic capital of the Region, underwent phenomenal growth during the nineteenth century, and had a massive impact upon local agriculture. Glasgow and its satellite towns were a market for agricultural produce, and a source of imported livestock feed, and fertilisers. The fashions, in the town, for consumer goods and non-traditional foodstuffs spread out to the surrounding Region, and interaction between town and country was facilitated by the development of the railways. The significance of farm location in relation to Glasgow is assessed.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Human ecology – australasia – history”

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