Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Human anatomy – history – 16th century

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Human anatomy – history – 16th century”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 27 lipca 2024

Data aktualizacji: 28 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Human anatomy – history – 16th century"

Natale, Gianfranco, Paola Soldani, Marco Gesi i Emanuele Armocida. "Flaminio Rota: Fame and Glory of a 16th Century Anatomist without Scientific Publications". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 16 (19.08.2021): 8772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168772.

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Academic activity is intrinsically composed of two aspects: teaching and research. Since the 20th century, the aphorism “publish or perish” has overwhelmingly established itself in the academic field. Research activity has absorbed more attention from the professors who have neglected teaching activity. In anatomical sciences, research has focused mainly on ultrastructural anatomy and biochemical aspects, far removed from the topics addressed to medical students. Will today’s anatomists be rewarded by their choice? To generate a forecast, we should entrust what history has already taught us. For this analysis, an example was taken, concerning the fate that history reserved for the anatomy teachers of the University of Bologna in the second half of the 16th century. Thanks to Vesalius (1514–1564), experimentation on the human body replaced the old dogmatic knowledge, and didactic innovation was one with research. Some figures were highly praised despite their poor scientific production. The present article focuses on the figure of Flaminio Rota, who was highly esteemed by his colleagues in spite of no significant scientific activity. Reasons for this paradox are examined. Then, history also whispers to us: publish, but without perishing in the oblivion of students.

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ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), F. "The history of development of medicine through time: a repeated case". Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 60, nr 2 (20.11.2017): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14921.

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At all times, man was interested in the therapy of diseases in any possible way. In the Hellenic world, that is generally regarded as the spiritual predecessor of recent Europe, two distinct traditions existed: the first had a true sacred origin and was practiced from a corporation or guild of healers/priests named zsAsklipiades. Asklipios, son of Apollo, was considered by them as their generic leader. The second, practiced by Vakhes, comes from indigenous populations of Eastern Aegean area approx. at 2000 B.C. During its practice patients went into a sacred mania ie., with dancing, music, or body exertion went into an extended consciousness from which, when they recovered, they showed a peaceful state and a new identity again due to moral comprehension. The first liberation from sacred ceremonies occurs in ancient Greece from Hippocrates and thus the first step towards scientific medicine occurs and it is practiced by cosmic healers. To Hippokrates we owe the meaning of "method" for the observation and development of the disease and its symptoms (there is a distinction between them). He believed in "the self healing capability of nature" that had to be taken into account, because medicine comes from the disruption of the balance between man and environment. After Hippocrates there is a gap of approx. 7 eons (till 3rd century D.C.) during which period important developments occur that will determine later the path of medicine: 1. During the 1st century B.C., Dioscouridis from Alexandria and in the 2ndcentury D.C. Asklipiadis and the great healer and surgeon from Pergamos, Galinos, transplanted the "absolute medical orthodoxy" in Rome where it remained as a dogma until the 16th century D.C. This is similar to Arab and recent European medicine. Hippocrates and Galinos beliefs have a lot in common with the growth of medicine in China and India. 2.Arab philosophers and healers reconnect medicine with politics and their base is the healthy society. 3. In Christianity, in the Middle Ages, the human body is discarded as not * worthy and surgery and anatomy are prohibited. In 1130 D.C. the practice of medicine by monks isprohibited and this is passed on to "cosmic clergy" from where the first schools of medicine and recent Universities originate (Paris, Oxford, Bologna, Montpellier). With Renaissance starts the questioning of the Galino's theory. The main archetype of the healer of this period was undoubtedly Paracelsus. He brings back the correlations of symptoms and moral attitude and his whole comprehension was "ecosystematic" and "psychosomatic". The healing ideas and practices of the Middle Ages and Eastern world are various and come from different origins without being an identical philosophical model, but they have the following similar points changed eventually by the "scientific medicine" born after the Cartesian debate: a) there is a bond between body and psyche, b) there is a bond of interaction between the human body and the environment, c) there is a mutual bond of equality and trust between the patient and the healer. The important developments between the 17th - 18th centuries (discovery of the microscope, growth of laboratories and clinics) will give a tremendous push to this scientific medicine and will allow to discard the patient as a whole person for the favour of the diagnosis and the manipulation of "diseases and syndromes". Another disruption from this course of scientific medicine occurs with the emergence of biology as a distinct science, which brought the uprising of the usual vitalistic beliefs that during in the 18th century did not totally stop to exist (G. Stahl-anima, S. Hahneman- homeopathy). However, due to the positivistic direction that the great physiologist of the 19th century, C. Bernard (who established in medicine the quantification according to the prototype of positive Sciences) and finally L. Pasteur established with the discovery of the bacterial role, strengthened again the self confidence of the classical/ scientific medicine. In 20th century, medicine gains also powers and is connected socially also with the growing pharmaceutical, but still is unable to heal satisfactory the mental / psychological illnesses; meantime, the recent specialization opened up a new horizon of medical applications (molecular biology, neurochemistry, clear understanding of the immunological-nervous-endocrinological mechanism) that are, however, part of the same mechanical model. The malpractice of this model involved attachment of medicine and politics in a programme that experimentally was performed in the Nazis camps. Again, three subsequent currents of developments questioned the medical orthodox theory during most of 20th century: S. Freud and psychoanalysis, the phenomenological medicine of E. Husserl and modern alternative medicines (homeopathy, acupuncture).

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Yi, Xinyue. "Science and Art in The Creation of Adam". Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 11 (20.04.2023): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/ehss.v11i.7541.

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The Renaissance was an intellectual and cultural movement that took place in Europe from the mid-14th century to the 16th century, and profoundly influenced European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy and spreading to the rest of Europe in the 16th century, its influence is reflected in art, architecture, philosophy, literature, music, anatomy, etc. The Creation of Adam is one of the important works of this period. Michelangelo's rigorous judgment of the body on the basis of anatomy, coupled with the use of clairvoyance skills, paints a unique human beauty with a sense of power. Renaissance scholars adopted a humanistic approach in their studies and looked for realism and human emotions in art. Based on The Creation of Adam, this article provides a case study and literature analysis of the connection between art and science, especially the embodiment of anatomy in The Creation of Adam. This article offers contemporary historians and artists some thoughts on the visual language of science, including how to understand science as a craft or even as an art, understand which works are both scientific and artistic, and how to develop a new visual language for science.

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Milosavljević, Angelina. "Early Modern Art and Science: Simulation of Dissections in the 16th Century Fugitive Sheets". AM Journal of Art and Media Studies, nr 32 (15.10.2023): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25038/am.v0i28.578.

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During the 15th century the study of anatomy became a part of art education. With the rise of anatomy as a branch of medicine, artists began to play an important role in the process of anatomical research, creating graphic representations that served as powerful transmitters of knowledge. Among these, the most exquisite were anatomical fugitive sheets, the volumetric, three-dimensional representations of human anatomy. The layering, overlapping, of human organs, enabling one to manipulate them according to need, serves as simulation of the strategies of opening of human body during anatomical dissections. The artists-illustrators of these processes introduced new didactic interactive methods into acquisition and transfer of knowledge. In close cooperation with scientists, they found ways to translate information into recognizable and accessible models, endowing them with cognitive structure, as in anatomical atlases by Andrea Vesalius, De humani corporis fabrica (1543), and Johann Remmelin, Catoptri Microcosmici (1609).

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Ribeiro, Elayne Cristina de Oliveira, Erlene Roberta Ribeiro dos Santos, Rita de Cássia Ferreira Valença Mota i Marcelo Moraes Valença. "Anatomy, modern histology, and their mentors". Avanços em Medicina 2, nr 1 (18.07.2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.52329/avanmed.46.

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Anatomy is a secular science that had contributions from great anatomists, mainly doctors. In the 16th century, modern anatomy emerged, and the studies of the physician and anatomist Andreas Vesalius, "father of modern anatomy", corrected the errors of his predecessors through human dissection and revolutionized the writing of anatomy with his work. Almost 200 years later, Marie François Xavier Bichat is "father of histology", contributed significantly to the description of tissues, expanding the studies of macroscopic anatomy to microscopic. In this article, the authors revisit the findings of anatomists notorious and their significant preliminary contributions to the current planning of surgical interventions.

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Kärkkäinen, Pekka. "On the Semantics of 'Human Being' and 'Animal' in Early 16th Century Erfurt". Vivarium 42, nr 2 (2004): 237–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568534043084720.

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Di Ieva, Antonio, Paolo Gaetani, Christian Matula, Camillo Sherif, Manfred Skopec i Manfred Tschabitscher. "Berengario da Carpi: a pioneer in neurotraumatology". Journal of Neurosurgery 114, nr 5 (maj 2011): 1461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2010.10.jns101331.

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Berengario da Carpi was one of the most famous physicians of the 16th century, a recognized master of anatomy and surgery, an emblematic “Renaissance man” who combined his medical experience and engineering knowledge to design new surgical instruments, and effectively used the arts of writing and drawing to describe state-of-the-art medicine and provide illustrations of anatomical structures. His greatest contribution to medicine was to write the most important work on craniocerebral surgery of the 16th century, the Tractatus de Fractura Calvae sive Cranei (Treatise on Fractures of the Calvaria or Cranium), in which he described an entire set of surgical instruments to be used for cranial operations to treat head traumas that became a reference for later generations of physicians. This was a systematic treatise covering the mechanisms, classification, and medical and surgical treatment of head traumas, and can be considered a milestone in the history of neurotraumatology.

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Kisielienė, Dalia, Ieva Masiulienė, Linas Daugnora, Miglė Stančikaitė, Jonas Mažeika, Giedrė Vaikutienė i Rimantas Petrošius. "History of the Environment and Population of the Old Town of Klaipėda, Western Lithuania: Multidisciplinary Approach to the Last Millennium". Radiocarbon 54, nr 3-4 (2012): 1003–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200047639.

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Progressive stages in the development of the Old Town region of the city of Klaipėda (in German, Memel) were ascertained by analyzing archaeological and historical data combined with an analysis of pollen, diatom, plant macrofossil, and osteological findings as cross-referenced with radiocarbon measurements. The port city of Klaipėda, located on the eastern part of the Baltic Sea, was an important political, economic, and religious center during the last millennium. In addition to its environmental history, the character of human activity and urbanization of the area during the 16th–17th centuries AD were examined. The chronology of these records is based on archaeological, historical, and 14C data. The results obtained indicate the predominance of a wet boggy environment and the presence of a pond in the investigated territory of Klaipėda during the late 15th and early 16th centuries AD. The formation of a new Danė River channel created an island town, resulting in a defensible residual area for the town inhabitants. An ongoing deposition of a cultural layer began in the mid-16th century AD. Rich zooarchaeological data found in this layer provided new details on human diet and exposed a predominance of domestic animals, especially cattle. Due to intensive amelioration of this area, layers of sandy and clayey deposits were formed during the second half of the 16th century AD. A significant presence of cultivars, ruderals, and weeds were recorded, indicating substantial human activity and increasing urbanization of the landscape. According to the paleobotanical, archaeological, and historical data, the culmination of this process took place at the end of the 16th and beginning of the 17th centuries AD, when residential areas were established.

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Belov, Nikita V. "The Battle of Sudbishchi in June 1555 in the appraisals of Russian chroniclers and historians of the 16th–17th centuries". Golden Horde Review 10, nr 3 (29.09.2022): 653–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2022-10-3.653-671.

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Research objectives: An analysis of Russian narrative sources in the 16th–17th centuries about the Battle of Sudbishchi; the identification and explanation of different assessments of the results of the battle in chronicles, publications, and other historical works of the Moscow State in the era. Research materials: Official, regional, and private chronicles of the 16th–17th centuries, publications (works of Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky), and later historical compilations of the Old Russian tradition. Results and novelty of the research: In the Russian narrative sources of the 16th–17th centuries, the results of the battle between the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray I and the Tsar’s voivode, Ivan Bolshoy Sheremetev, at Sudbishchi received different appraisals. In the second half of the 16th century, the official governmental discourse considered this event to be an total, though costly, victory of Russian arms. The unofficial compositions of this period, in contrast, contained information about significant human losses and in general about the defeat of the Russian army. This was due not so much to the activity of state propaganda as to the inability of regional scribes to assess the global strategic consequences of the battle that were known to court chroniclers. Predominantly, the compilative character of the 17th century chronicles contributed to the affirmation of the governmental view of the battle among the Russian scribes. The first Russian historians of 18th–19th centuries accepted it, and through their mediation, a number of our contemporary researchers likewise shared their view. The Appendix of the article contains publications of three previously unknown accounts about the Battle of Sudbishchi from unpublished chronicles.

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Longrigg, James. "Anatomy in Alexandria in the Third Century B.C." British Journal for the History of Science 21, nr 4 (grudzień 1988): 455–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000708740002536x.

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The most striking advances in the knowledge of human anatomy and physiology that the world had ever known—or was to know until the seventeenth century A.D.—took place in Hellenistic Alexandria. The city was founded in 331 B.C. by Alexander the Great. After the tatter's death in 323 B.C. and the subsequent dissolution of his empire, it became the capital of one of his generals, Ptolemy, son of Lagus, who established the Ptolemaic dynasty there. The first Ptolemy, subsequently named Soter (the Saviour), and his son Ptolemy Philadelphus (who succeeded him in 285 B.C.), became immensely enriched by their exploitation of Egypt and raised the city to a position of great wealth and magnificence. Anxious to enhance both their own reputation and the prestige of the kingdom, they sought to rival the cultural and scientific achievements not only of other Hellenistic rulers but even of Athens herself. Their patronage of the arts and sciences, coupled with their establishment of the Museum (an institute for literary studies and scientific research as well as a temple of the Muses), together with the Library, made the city the centre of Hellenistic culture. Philosophers, mathematicians, astronomers, artists, poets and physicians were all encouraged to come and work there.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Human anatomy – history – 16th century"

Dorais, David 1975. "Le corps érotique dans la poésie française du seizième siècle /". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100351.

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This thesis deals with the representation of the erotic body in the works of the most important authors of French sixteenth-century poetry, particularly those of the Pleiade. By "erotic body" we mean a body that is involved in activities of carnal love, a type of love which is considered, during the Renaissance, as the opposite of a more chaste and spiritual kind of love. Our hypothesis is that the textual representation of such a body is coherent throughout the sixteenth century. Since poetic expression is governed by rules of decency during this period, description of the erotic body cannot be direct; its expression depends on analogy and attenuation techniques. Analogy, besides its allusive quality, creates the image of a body "open" to the cosmos rather than one that is fragmented and hermetic. Beauty holds a central position in the imagery of the erotic body. It is a very conventional beauty whose qualities (white, round, hard and smooth) transform the female form into a veritable statue. On the contrary, ugliness and disease are used to sanction behaviour that would otherwise be seen as reprehensible. The erotic art shown in poetry is framed by orthodox morals that condemn certain acts such as sodomy. The guiding principle is one of moderation. Erotic art is also based upon gestures that are fluid and capricious, quite the opposite of a fixed posture. Gestures are made in varied ways, from biting to tickling. However, kissing is the most important practice; it literally kills and resurrects the lover. The center of Renaissance erotic art is the loving couple, whose relations consist of requital and sometimes also of restraint. The game of feigned resistance allows lovers to reconcile these two extremes and to create an erotic relationship that embraces opposition and collaboration between the sexes. The most sought-after locations in Renaissance eroticism are always the same: bucolic surroundings offering a corner away from others' eyes. Temporality on the other hand is variable: stages of life, seasons, holidays, all lend themselves to carnal love. However, the instant reveals itself as the most erotic moment, not because it allows direct pleasure but because it concentrates desire under the guise of a call to carpe diem or of fictitious times (wishes, prayers), thus offering an imaginary satisfaction.

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Pirson, Chloé. "Les cires anatomiques (1699-1998) entre art et médecine: étude contextuelle de la collection céroplastique du musée de la médecine d'Erasme". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210884.

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Based upon a servey of the Université libre de Bruxelles medecine museum anatomical waxes collection, my Phd aims to study in an historical context the anatomical waxes fron the 18th Century to the 20th Century. We demonstrated who the didactical items created by sculpture ways appeared throw their successif uses from medical teaching to the prevention of the diseases of the time in the anatomical fairground attractions.

Sur base d'une étude de la collection des cires anatomiques du musée de la médecine d'Erasme, ma thèse de doctorat vise à l'étude contextuelle de la production de cires anatomiques depuis la fin du 18e siècle jusqu'au 20e siècle. Nous avons montré comment ses objets didactiques, produits par des moyens sculpturaux, ont été perçu à travers leurs usages successifs depuis l'enseignement médicale jusqu'à la prévention sociale des maladies d'époque, au sein des musées anatomiques forains.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire de l'art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Lemon, Joanne Vivian. "The concept of human nature in five vernacular writers of the French Renaissance". Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683177.

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SKAARUP, Bjørn. "Anatomy and anatomist in early modern Spain : the anatomical revolution in an Iberian context, 1550-1600". Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/11894.

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Defence date: 29 June 2009
Examining board: Prof. Antonella Romano - Supervisor; Prof. Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla (EUI); Prof. Rafael Mandressi (Centre Alexandre-Koyré); Prof. Andrea Carlino (Institut d'Histoire de la Médecine)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
No abstract available

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Książki na temat "Human anatomy – history – 16th century"

Weber, Giorgio. Sensata veritas: L'affiorare dell'anatomia patologica, ancora innominata, in scritti di anatomisti del '500. Firenze: Leo. S. Olschki, 2006.

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Pigozzi, Marinella. Il corpo in scena: I trattati di anatomia della Biblioteca comunale Passerini-Landi. Piacenza: Tip.Le.Co., 2005.

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Jacky, Laulan, i SpringerLink (Online service), red. La Main De Léonard De Vinci. Paris: Springer-Verlag Paris, 2010.

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Andrew, Cunningham. The anatomist anatomis'd: An experimental discipline in Enlightenment Europe. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2010.

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Reinecke, Michael. Galen und Vesal: Ein Vergleich der anatomisch-physiologischen Schriften. Münster: Lit, 1997.

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Tomás, José Pardo. Un lugar para la ciencia: Escenarios de práctica científica en la sociedad hispana del siglo XVI. La Orotava, Tenerife: Fundación Canaria Orotava de Historia de la Ciencia, 2006.

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Mitchell, Peter. The Purple island and anatomy in early seventeenth-century literature, philosophy, and theology. Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2006.

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1962-, Helm Jürgen, i Stukenbrock Karin, red. Anatomie: Sektionen einer medizinischen Wissenschaft im 18. Jahrhundert. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2003.

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Richardson, Ruth. The making of Mr. Gray's anatomy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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1949-, Wilde Sally, red. The body divided: Human beings and human 'materials' in modern medical history. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2011.

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Części książek na temat "Human anatomy – history – 16th century"

Lewis, Bernard. "Cold War and Détente in the 16th Century". W From Babel to Dragomans, 135–36. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195173369.003.0015.

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Abstract The drawing of historical parallels has fallen into disrepute of late, partly no doubt as a result of some strikingly inept and widely disseminated recent examples. The working historian is accustomed to evidence which is fragmentary, unreliable, inconsistent and often contradictory, thus accurately reflecting the human condition. It is for this reason that history is one of the most valuable of educational and intellectual disciplines; for this reason too that historical statements are much more tentative, much more hypothetical than is normally expected in the comparativist social sciences. The historian knows that his materials are friable and unsafe, and he can only watch with wonderment and alarm as the model-building social scientists raise great structures of the bricks which he reluctantly supplies to them.

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Gosden, Chris. "2. The history of prehistory". W Prehistory: A Very Short Introduction, 7–24. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198803515.003.0002.

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‘The history of prehistory’ explains how the idea of prehistory arose gradually between the 16th and early 19th centuries in Europe and America, growing large and influential through debates about evolution in the mid-19th century. National and personal identities were problematical, but deeper issues of identity surfaced through 19th-century debates that have never gone away. At the beginning of the 20th century, an alternative set of views emphasized the local specificity and integrity of human cultures. Today, our questions have shifted away from why some people did not ascend to the top rung of the ladder of progress and towards how people created worlds for themselves that made internal sense.

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Surján, György. "The Cultural History of Medical Classifications". W Handbook of Research on Distributed Medical Informatics and E-Health, 48–83. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-002-8.ch004.

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This chapter outlines the history of medical classifications in a general cultural context. Classification is a general phenomenon in science and has an outstanding role in the biomedical sciences. Its general principles started to be developed in ancient times, while domain classifications, particularly medical classifications have been constructed from about the 16th-17th century. We demonstrate with several examples that all classifications reflect an underlying theory. The development of the notion of disease during the 17th-19th century essentially influenced disease classifications. Development of classifications currently used in computerised information systems started before the computer era, but computational aspects reshape essentially the whole picture. A new generation of classifications is expected in biomedicine that depends less on human classification effort but uses the power of automated classifiers and reasoners.

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Neuhaus, Till. "A Nudge Psychology Perspective on Digital Marketing and Communication". W Advances in Linguistics and Communication Studies, 122–40. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6799-9.ch007.

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The Nigerian scam is widely regarded as a joke among digital natives. However, forms and variations of the Nigerian scam have been successful since the 16th century and continue to be so, even in the 21st century. The longevity of the scam hints at the exploitation of very basic human processes. Therefore, this chapter tries to analyze these processes from a psychological standpoint trying to derive principles for effective online communication. The different phases of the scam—from the creation of the target group until the final contact—are analyzed from psychology of persuasion as well as behavior economics standpoints—subsumed under the label of “nudging”—trying to identify the settings, scenarios, framings, and signals which make the scam one of the most successful scams in history. In the final section, it will be attempted to transfer the insights from the Nigerian scam to legit online marketing and corporate communication.

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Swain, Hedley. "Museum Practice and the Display of Human Remains". W Archaeologists and the Dead. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753537.003.0016.

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Visitors to the Lawrence Room, Girton College, Cambridge University, on Thursday afternoons (when the small one room museum is open to the public) will find a dead body on display. The body is that of an Egyptian mummy from the Coptic period with a painted face mask and inscription ‘Hermione Grammatike’. It was this inscription that attracted Girton College to acquire this ancient body. A loose translation suggests this was a woman scholar, and therefore the first recorded woman scholar in history and as such an appropriate ‘mascot’ for one of the early great champions for formal female education. The mummy was purchased from Egyptologist Flinders Petrie who had excavated it in 1910–11 (Imogen Gunn and Dorothy Thompson, pers. comm.). The case of Hermione is both particular and general. Across all of the UK and indeed the Western world, human remains from all ages and all parts of the world can be found in all types of museums of all sizes apparently isolated and insulated from society’s normal relationships with the dead: grief, morbidity, respect, invisibility. Context would appear to be everything in terms of attitudes to the display of the human dead. This paper reviews this concept of context, and offers some commentary on the origins, constraints, and boundaries for the display of human remains. To begin with an Egyptian mummy as an example is also appropriate, as this particular category has an almost ubiquitous and overpowering place in Western museums. It has been accepted practice to include human remains in displays since the widespread establishment of public museums in the nineteenth century. These are normally associated with archaeological discoveries but can also be found in physical and social anthropological displays, medical and history of medicine displays, and occasionally in other contexts. Museum practice is very much a creation of Western, primarily Enlightenment, values and the inclusion of human remains in displays can be traced in these values (for example, the anatomical drawings of Leonardo da Vinci and the public anatomy demonstrations of the nascent Royal Society in London) and in the Christian European culture from which this derived (for example, the display in churches of saints’ relics: Weiss-Krejci this volume).

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Rothstein, William G. "Medical Care and Medical Education, 1750–1825". W American Medical Schools and the Practice of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195041866.003.0008.

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Medical care at the end of the eighteenth century, like that in any period, was determined by the state of medical knowledge and the available types of treatment. Some useful knowledge existed, but most of medical practice was characterized by scientific ignorance and ineffective or harmful treatments based largely on tradition. The empirical nature of medical practice made apprenticeship the dominant form of medical education. Toward the end of the century medical schools were established to provide the theoretical part of the student’s education, while apprenticeship continued to provide the practical part. The scientifically valid aspects of medical science in the late eighteenth century comprised gross anatomy, physiology, pathology, and the materia medica. Gross anatomy, the study of those parts of the human organism visible to the naked eye, had benefitted from the long history of dissection to become the best developed of the medical sciences. This enabled surgeons to undertake a larger variety of operations with greater expertise. Physiology, the study of how anatomical structures function in life, had developed at a far slower pace. The greatest physiological discovery up to that time, the circulation of the blood, had been made at the beginning of the seventeenth century and was still considered novel almost two centuries later. Physiology was a popular area for theorizing, and the numerous physiologically based theories of disease were, as a physician wrote in 1836, “mere assumptions of unproved, and as time has demonstrated, unprovable facts, or downright imaginations.” Pathology at that time was concerned with pathological or morbid anatomy, the study of the changes in gross anatomical structures due to disease and their relationship to clinical symptoms. The field was in its infancy and contributed little to medicine and medical practice. Materia medica was the study of drugs and drug preparation and use. Late eighteenth century American physicians had available to them a substantial armamentarium of drugs. Estes studied the ledgers of one New Hampshire physician from 1751 to 1787 (3,701 patient visits), and another from 1785 to 1791 (1,161 patient visits), one Boston physician from 1782 to 1795 (1,454 patient visits), and another from 1784 to 1791 (779 patient visits).

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Human anatomy – history – 16th century"

Leandri, Gaia, i David Sunnucks. "FROM ANATOMY TO ART. GENOESE PAINTINGS IN THE LATE RENAISSANCE". W 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2023/fs08.11.

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From the early 15th century, anatomical knowledge was considered fundamental to artists and even architects. Not only medically trained scientists, but also artists found a primary source of inspiration in the human body, directly investigating it under cover of the night or, later on, in public dissections. Direct observation, �to see with one�s eyes� � as states the original meaning of the Greek word autopsia � was fundamental to Renaissance artists. The body, standardized in its dimensions and used as a measurement reference, was rationalised in geometrical forms and masses in order to shape the space. The increasingly evolving study of human anatomy in the scientific field allowed artists to explore not only its structure but also its movement. From �The Fall of the Giants� by Perino del Vaga to the works of Luca Cambiaso, the Genoese art in the 16th century shows the innovative force of the Renaissance art and is a remarkable example of how the understanding of the human body allows the artist to model complex anatomical positions that create an almost architectural scenography.

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Nava, Fernando Pérez, Isabel Sánchez Berriel, Alejandro González González, Cecile Meier, Jesús Pérez Morera i Carmen Rosa Hernández Alberto. "AN INTERACTIVE 3D APPLICATION OF A HOUSE FROM THE XVI CENTURY IN SAN CRISTÓBAL DE LAGUNA AS A CASE STUDY FOR THE DISSEMINATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE". W ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 9th International Congress & 3rd GEORES - GEOmatics and pREServation. Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia: Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica9.2021.12061.

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At the end of the XVI century, the historic centre of San Cristóbal de La Laguna was definitively configured as we know it today, as can be seen in the first preserved map of the city, drawn in 1588 by the engineer Leonardo Torriani. It is the first non-fortified Spanish colonial city and its plan has provided a model for the colonial cities of America, making it a UNESCO World Heritage site. The dissemination of this legacy is a task of great importance. A tool of increasing importance for the dissemination and preservation of history and cultural heritage are reconstructions and virtual recreations in 3D. This paper presents a case of the use of these tools for the dissemination of the city's heritage. The 3D modelling of one of the most characteristic types of housing in San Cristóbal de La Laguna in the 16th century is carried out along with the 3D modelling of human virtual characters all based on the historical documentation of that time. With these elements a WebGL application has been implemented in which a user can visit the virtually reconstructed house and receive information on the construction systems and architecture in the city on the XVI century.

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