Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Horse racing”
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Moningka, F. A., H. Lapian, U. Paputungan i S. Turangan. "PENAMPILAN REPRODUKSI KUDA BETINA PASCA PACU DI DESA PINABETENGAN RAYA KECAMATAN TOMPASO BARAT KABUPATEN MINAHASA". ZOOTEC 36, nr 2 (21.07.2016): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.35792/zot.36.2.2016.12785.
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ABSTRACT REPRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF FORMER RACING FEMALE HORSE AT PINABETENGAN VILLAGE WEST TOMPASO DISTRICT OF MINAHASA REGENCY. Horse was the special animal to gain more money compare with any other animals. Breeding management related to reproduction of racing female horse must be taken intensively to produce a standard racing Indonesian horse called Indonesian racing horse (Kuda Pacu Indonesia, KPI). This study was conducted to evaluate reproduction performance of former racing female horse including first mating age, period time of estrus cycle, service per conception, foaling interval at Pinabetengan village, west Tompaso district of Minahasa regency. This village was a core area of farmer maintaining more racing horse in Minahasa regency. This study was done using purposive sampling method and focused on 103 former racing female horses as case study observation in obtaining primer data. The interview was also conducted to the owners of racing horse. Results showed that the averages of first mating age was 5.72 years, period time of estrus cycle was 21.67 days, service per conception was 1.65, and foaling interval was 11.98 months. Therefore, it can be concluded that former racing female horses at Pinabetengan village were included at good category of reproduction performance. Key words: First mating age, estrus cycle period time, service per conception, foaling interval, Pinabetengan village
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Jeppesen, Angela, Rebekah Eyers, Di Evans, Michael P. Ward i Anne Quain. "Comparison of Reported Fatalities, Falls and Injuries in Thoroughbred Horse Jumps and Flat Races in the 2022 and 2023 Jumps Race Seasons in Victoria, Australia". Animals 14, nr 5 (5.03.2024): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14050804.
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Jumps racing is a form of Thoroughbred horse racing that involves hurdles and steeples and typically longer distances, and heavier weights compared with flat racing, which does not incorporate obstacles. In Australia, jumps racing is carried out only in Victoria, one of eight states and territories. The continuation of jumps racing is contentious due to the higher risk of fatalities, falls and injuries for horses, compared with flat racing. While measures have been introduced by the industry to improve the safety of riders and horses, the rates of fatalities, falls and injuries in horses participating in jumps races have not been collectively reported in Australia since the 2012 to 2014 race seasons. Although information on individual horse fatalities, falls and injuries is published by Racing Victoria in Stewards’ Reports, the data are not aggregated, and so cannot readily be used to assess trends or evaluate the efficacy of safety measures introduced by the industry. The aim of this study was to determine the fatality, fall and injury rates for horses participating in hurdle and steeplechase races in Victoria in the 2022 and 2023 Thoroughbred horse jumps racing seasons compared with horses participating in flat races at the same race meets. Data on horse fatalities, falls and injuries were extracted from the published Racing Victoria race results and Stewards’ Reports for the jumps races (n = 150) and corresponding flat races (n = 157) held at the 38 jumps race meets in Victoria in 2022 and 2023. Overall, horse fatalities, falls and injuries occurred at higher rates in jumps races compared with flat races during the study period. The rate of horse fatalities in jumps races was 3.3 per 1000 starts, with no fatalities in flat races. The rate of horse falls in hurdle races was 24 per 1000 starts and 41.6 per 1000 starts in steeplechase races, comparable with rates previously reported in the 2012 to 2014 seasons. There were no falls in flat races. Horse injuries occurred at a rate of 68.9 per 1000 starts in jumps races compared with 18.8 per 1000 starts in flat races. In hurdle and steeplechase races, veterinary clearance being required following horse injury was 5.4 times (OR 5.4, 95% CI 2.8–10.2) and 7.2 times (OR 7.2, 95% CI 3.3–15.6) more likely, respectively, compared with flat races. The risk of trauma was 4 times more likely in hurdle and steeplechase races (OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.7–13.3 and OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.2–13.4, respectively) and the risk of lameness was increased by 2.5 times in hurdles (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.2–5.2) and 5.1 times in steeplechase races (OR 5.1, 95% CI 2.3–11.5), compared with flat races. These findings support concerns about the welfare of horses involved in jumps racing and of the need for further safety measures to reduce these risks.
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Tyrrell, Brian. "Bred for the Race". Historical Studies in the Natural Sciences 45, nr 4 (1.09.2015): 549–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsns.2015.45.4.549.
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In the first four decades of the twentieth century, horse racing was one of America’s most popular spectator sports. Members of America’s elite took to breeding and racing horses as one of their preferred pastimes. Coinciding with an increase in immigration and the rediscovery of Mendelian genetics, the idea that careful breeding of thoroughbreds would result in improved horses resonated with Americans worried about racial degeneration. Scientists committed to racial ideologies looked to thoroughbreds—whose owners and breeders maintained extensive pedigree records—to understand the science of genetic inheritance. Harry H. Laughlin, superintendent of research at the Eugenics Record Office at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, pored over breeding charts and race results to develop a mathematical model of inheritance that he called the “inheritance coefficient.” He believed his careful study of horses would yield findings that he and his fellow eugenicists could apply to humans. Thoroughbred breeders followed trends in genetics while contributing to the production of scientific knowledge. Pedigree charts available to bettors at race tracks helped normalize concepts of biological inheritance for race track attendees of all classes. Horse racing’s popularity in the United States contributed to the diffusion of the concept of biological race that originated as an ideological project of the ruling class. This paper analyzes the role of thoroughbred breeding and racing in the formation and popularization of racial ideology by situating breeding farms as sites of knowledge production and racecourses as places that exhibited performances of racial science for large audiences.
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Hunter, J., D. K. Merritt, E. Reinertson i S. R. McClure. "Extracorporeal shockwave therapy for treatment of superficial digital flexor tendonitis in racing Thoroughbreds: 8 clinical cases". Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 17, nr 03 (2004): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632804.
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SummaryExtracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) was administered to 8 racing Thoroughbreds with superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon injuries sustained during racing or race training. The tendons were assessed ultrasonographically. The ability of the horse to return to racing was monitored. Five of 8 horses raced successfully, 2 re-injured the tendon during retraining, and 1 horse was retired due to age and lesion severity.
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Legg, Kylie A., Mary Breheny, Erica K. Gee i Chris W. Rogers. "Responding to Risk: Regulation or Prohibition? New Zealand Media Reporting of Thoroughbred Jumps Racing 2016–2018". Animals 9, nr 5 (24.05.2019): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9050276.
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Jumps racing involves a higher risk of accident and fatality than flat racing. The wide accessibility of media, combined with alternate views regarding the place of animals in society, raises the question of the acceptability of the continuation of jumps racing. Racing data and media articles from Newztext and Google news search were collected for the 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 jumps racing seasons, during which the fatality rate was 5.8 per 1000 starters. Jumps racing articles comprised 3.4% of all race reporting, and the volume of discussion about jumps racing was minimal (2.9% of jumps race articles related to the continuation of jumps racing), short-lived and related to horse fatalities. Articles were categorised and analysed using rhetorical analysis to determine the main arguments. The inherent risk posed by jumps racing to the horse formed a basis for two argumentative positions. Proponents of jumps racing argued that risks were reasonable, with risk minimisation measures best determined by expertise and care from within the racing industry, labelling opponents as naïve extremists. Opponents of jumps racing used anthropomorphism of the horse to argue that any risk was unacceptable and jumps racing should be banned. Horses were attributed with rights, and from this perspective, the racing industry exploited horses for entertainment. These two different arguments were used to shape claims for and against the continuation of jumps racing, allowing both to be built upon a shared acceptance of inherent risk.
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Mercier, Quentin, i Amandine Aftalion. "Optimal speed in Thoroughbred horse racing". PLOS ONE 15, nr 12 (2.12.2020): e0235024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235024.
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The objective of this work is to provide a mathematical analysis on how a Thoroughbred horse should regulate its speed over the course of a race to optimize performance. Because Thoroughbred horses are not capable of running the whole race at top speed, determining what pace to set and when to unleash the burst of speed is essential. Our model relies on mechanics, energetics (both aerobic and anaerobic) and motor control. It is a system of coupled ordinary differential equations on the velocity, the propulsive force and the anaerobic energy, that leads to an optimal control problem that we solve. In order to identify the parameters meaningful for Thoroughbred horses, we use velocity data on races in Chantilly (France) provided by France Galop, the French governing body of flat horse racing in France. Our numerical simulations of performance optimization then provide the optimal speed along the race, the oxygen uptake evolution in a race, as well as the energy or the propulsive force. It also predicts how the horse has to change its effort and velocity according to the topography (altitude and bending) of the track.
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Hawkins, Jan F., i Eric P. Tulleners. "Epiglottitis in horses: 20 cases (1988–1993)". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 205, nr 11 (1.12.1994): 1577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1994.205.11.1577.
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Summary Epiglottitis was diagnosed and treated in 20 horses (13 Thoroughbreds and 7 Standardbreds) over a 5-year period. Eighteen horses were used for racing, and 2 Standardbreds were broodmares. Primary clinical signs were exercise intolerance, respiratory noise, and coughing. The most common endoscopic diagnosis made by referring veterinarians was epiglottic entrapment (11 horses). In 19 horses, endoscopic evaluation at admission revealed mucosal ulceration and thickening of the lingual surface of the epiglottis. Other endoscopic findings included dorsal displacement of the soft palate (14 horses), and dorsal deviation of the epiglottic axis (11 horses). Only 1 horse had epiglottic entrapment. Treatment consisting of stall confinement for 7 to 14 days, topical administration of a solution of furacin, dimethyl sulfoxide, glycerin, and prednisolone, and systemic administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids was effective in controlling epiglottic edema and inflammation. Antimicrobials were administered to 6 horses. Racing performance of the 18 racehorses was evaluated by examination of racing records. One horse was still convalescing at the time of the study, and 1 horse had been euthanatized 1 week after treatment for epiglottitis because of colic. The remaining 16 horses all started at least 1 race (mean time between initial examination and start of first race, 74 days; range, 8 to 265 days). Thirteen horses started at least 4 races following treatment for epiglottitis; racing performance after treatment was the same in 8 and decreased in 5. Long-term sequelae of epiglottitis included epiglottic deformity (5 horses), intermittent or persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (4 horses), and epiglottic entrapment (1 horse).
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Li, Jiaxin, Enrique López López Adán i Alfonso de la Rubia. "A Historical Evolutionary Perspective on China’s Open Horse Racing Problems and Choice Strategies". Sustainability 14, nr 18 (17.09.2022): 11692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811692.
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There have been horse races for many centuries. Horse racing is closely related to horse betting, which is illegal in China, and strictly speaking, horse betting is regarded as gambling. If horse racing opens up in China, “horse betting”, legally, will likely be included as a part of the process. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China has banned horse racing at the beginning of its development. After China’s reforms and opening up, it was tacitly approved and then refused until now. Several provinces in China have made pioneering contributions in this area since the 1990s. Nevertheless, the Chinese authorities are cautious about such plans for various reasons. Until now, the central government has not liberalized the scheme except for a few local trials of speed horse racing, which do not have the property of “betting on the horse”. This paper explores its problems in terms of both historical evolution and realistic development. Then, it proposes practical options for horse racing development based on summarizing the expansion of existing policies to promote horse racing. These options are in response to the lack of development models not mentioned in the guidelines.
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Zhang, Shuang. "Optimal Model of Horse Racing Competition Decision Management Based on Association Rules and Neural Network". Scientific Programming 2022 (11.03.2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4240244.
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With the vigorous development of horse racing, people’s attention to horse racing has increased significantly. Some experts and scholars have conducted research on the decision-making management and predictive analysis methods of horse racing. Today, with the rapid development of information technology, the amount of data and data dimensions of horse racing competitions continue to explode. The increase in data scale and feature dimensions provides new challenges for competition management and competition prediction research. At present, traditional prediction algorithms can no longer meet the needs of horse racing situation prediction, but research has found that association rules and neural network algorithms provide a good solution to the classification and prediction problem. Based on the advantages of association rules and neural networks in analyzing data, according to the requirements of horse racing decision management, this paper adopts the B/S structure to realize the construction of the horse racing decision management optimization model from the three aspects of hierarchical structure, functional structure, and forecasting process. Combined with the horse racing decision management optimization model, based on a large number of experimental training data, the final conclusion is drawn: first, the factors that affect the horse racing performance are from large to small. The order of arrangement is: race schedule > age > gender > weight > rating > horse top three rate > jockey > weight load > harness > ranking > field nature > field > trainer; the second is the prediction and actual results of the neural network algorithm. The closest one, which is slightly higher than 90%, has the highest prediction accuracy; third, the average value of the horse racing performance prediction of this system during the review is only 2.01 s, and the misappraisal rate is 0.12%, indicating that the application value of this system is significant; fourth, in the average time spent in the two seasons, the average time spent in the second season was reduced compared with the average time spent in the first season, with a maximum reduction of 0.984 s, indicating a slight improvement in the performance of the 2020 season. Using this system to predict horse racing, results can improve the optimization of horse racing decision management to a certain extent.
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Rogers, Chris W., Charlotte F. Bolwell, Erica K. Gee i Sarah M. Rosanowski. "Equine musculoskeletal development and performance: impact of the production system and early training". Animal Production Science 60, nr 18 (2020): 2069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17685.
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The welfare debate around horse racing appears to be focussed on musculoskeletal injury and the racing of 2-year-olds. Much of this debate appears contrary to the evolutionary history of the horse as a cursorial animal and the capability of the equine musculoskeletal system to respond to the demands of race training. Epidemiological studies have reported that 2-year-old racehorses have a longer time period from entering training to the first race and a greater number of lost training days than older horses. However, this is, in part, due to the time taken to learn to train and the impact of dorsal metacarpal disease, which is due to loading of naïve as opposed to immature tissue. Across several racing jurisdictions and codes, it has been demonstrated that horses that train and race as 2-year-olds have longer, more successful, careers than those that start racing later in life. This positive trend has also been observed with horses starting in equestrian sport at an early age. The literature on the growth and development of the horse indicates that the musculoskeletal system is primed for activity and loading from an early age. Additional exercise for the young horse has a positive rather the negative effect, with many tissues having a sensitive period for ‘priming’ when the horse is a juvenile. This implies that under many modern management systems, the challenge to horse welfare is not ‘too much exercise too soon’ but ‘too little too late’. The current limitation in our understanding is the lack of knowledge of what is the correct exercise dose to optimise the musculoskeletal system. Modern management systems invariably provide too little exercise, but is the exercise data from feral horses the ‘gold standard’, or more a reflection of what the horse is capable of if resources such as food and water are limited? Further research is required to refine our understanding of the optimal exercise levels required and development of greater precision in identifying the sensitive periods for priming the musculoskeletal system.
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Zhang, Feifei. "Research on the Current Situation of Mongolian Horse Racing in Chengde City". Academic Journal of Science and Technology 10, nr 3 (27.04.2024): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/06g1f998.
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Chengde City, as a popular tourist destination, the ethnic minorities of the Weichang Autonomous Region is known as the "people on horseback". This paper discusses the development strategy of Mongolian horse racing in Chengde City, in order to understand the development of horse racing and improve the overall level of horse racing. This paper uses the literature method, questionnaire survey on horse racing athletes and coaches to investigate. The study found that there are problems such as weak coaching team, imperfect athlete selection and training mechanism, insufficient venue facilities and unreasonable financial investment and distribution. It is recommended that strengthening the coaching team, improving the athlete selection and training mechanism, improving the venue facilities, and optimizing the investment and distribution of funds are important to promote the healthy development of horse racing.
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Ropa, A., i N. Shmakova. "Gendered Spaces and Heteronormative Discourses in Horse Racing Narratives". Contemporary problems of social work 4, nr 2 (2018): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17922/2412-5466-2018-4-2-49-56.
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Qin, Meng, i Quanan Gui. "Intervention Algorithm of Horse Racing for Students’ Psychological Disorders Based on Big Data". Mobile Information Systems 2022 (31.07.2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3513240.
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Horse racing is a competitive activity in which humans control horses. It is a worldwide traditional sports activity. In the history of human-horse racing, horse racing activities in various eras have been followed but also constantly innovated. According to the K-means clustering algorithm, a cluster analysis model is constructed for the model, and the algorithm model is applied to the students’ mental health counseling work. After six iterations to get the classification and six iterations of the cluster center algorithm, it was found that the mixed psychological population accounted for 50%. Horse racing can not only effectively relieve students’ psychological problems and exercise students’ willpower and thinking ability, but also promote traditional sports. Through K-means clustering algorithm research, frame design, and program design, a complete psychological disorder intervention system is established, which provides scientific, objective, and reliable data guarantee for the correct implementation of decision-making strategies. Integrating cluster analysis into the process of students’ mental health analysis makes it easier for decision-makers to understand and master all aspects of students’ information, to analyze and customize solutions for different types of students. It provides a good foundation for providing different psychotherapeutic methods for different groups of students.
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Gibson, Michaela J., Kylie A. Legg, Erica K. Gee i Chris W. Rogers. "The Reporting of Racehorse Fatalities in New Zealand Thoroughbred Flat Racing in the 2011/12–2021/22 Seasons". Animals 13, nr 4 (9.02.2023): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13040612.
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Race day fatalities as a consequence of catastrophic musculoskeletal injury and cardiac failure are both a welfare concern and provide a challenge for the social perceptions of equine welfare within the racing industry. To reduce race day fatalities, the risk factors under New Zealand racing conditions need to be identified. The aim of this study was to examine race and horse-level risk factors for fatalities in New Zealand Thoroughbred flat racing using retrospective race day data from the 2011/12–2021/22 racing seasons. Horse and race-level factors associated with a suspected cardiac failure and fatal fracture were identified by merging fatality data with the master race dataset for the corresponding seasons. Most fatalities were associated with fatal fracture (0.4 per 1000 starts, 95% CI 0.4–0.5). Horses which raced over distances > 1600 m were 1.7 times (95% CI 1.2–2.5) more likely to sustain a fatal fracture than horses racing ≤ 1600 m. Male horses and firmer track conditions were also associated with an increase in the risk of fatal fracture. Horses aged 5 years and older were 2.1 (95% CI 1.1–4.6) times more likely to suffer a suspected cardiac failure than younger horses. Changes in the industry reporting system improved the level of detail provided for fatalities, enabling the identification of specific risk factors.
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Mattacola, Carl G., Dong (Dan) Y. Han, Jed Crots, Amanda Glueck, John Abt i Nick Heebner. "Concussion characteristics in horse racing". British Journal of Sports Medicine 51, nr 11 (25.05.2017): A62.1—A62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097270.160.
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Bob-Milliar, George M., i Ali Yakubu Nyaaba. "Modernizing Royals and Capitalists of Kumase". Journal of West African History 8, nr 2 (1.09.2022): 45–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/jwestafrihist.8.2.0045.
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Abstract British imperialism bequeathed sports to former colonies. In the immediate postwar period, colonial bureaucrats intensified the modernization agenda in many of their colonial territories. The institution of horse racing was associated with the upper echelons of society in many colonies. In colonial Asante, the royals and capitalists of Kumase established the Ashanti Turf Club as the first public limited liability company in the history of horse racing in Ghana. Horse racing in Kumase started with the active encouragement and patronage of the king of Asante (Asantehene). The Kumase royals and capitalists embraced the middle-class culture and bought shares in the Turf Club. The practice of betting linked the working-class to racing. Horse racing played a significant social role in Asante society by keeping residents entertained at the weekends. This article examines the Ashanti Turf Club Limited within the context of the modernization of postwar Asante. It shows how the history of horse racing in Kumase provides a lens to understand how Africans embraced middle-class culture and colonial modernity.
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Woodward, Wendy. "[Review] Kristen Guest and Monica Mattfield, editors. Equestrian Cultures: Horse, Humans, Human Society, and the Discourse of Modernity. Animal Lives Series, University of Chicago Press, 2019. 276 pp." Animal Studies Journal 9, nr 2 (grudzień 2020): 319–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/asj/v9.i2.14.
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[Review] Kristen Guest and Monica Mattfield, editors. Equestrian Cultures: Horse, Humans, Human Society, and the Discourse of Modernity. Animal Lives Series, University of Chicago Press, 2019. 276 pp. Differences in equestrian cultures have recently been brought home to me. My horse moved to a newly established yard which soon developed into one catering only for endurance racing horses. The horses were kept in small pens, only permitted into the stony field every second day. Human attitudes to the horses were functionalist with the horses always for sale to the highest bidder from the UAE. Galahad is back now at a happy hacking yard where the horses stand out all day, graze in green grass and function as a herd. One of his paddock mates, however, is a horse rescued from the notorious bush-racing. Horses, mostly stolen, are drafted into gang culture and raced at night near Cape Town. Three instances of horses living differently, yet always commodified as ‘products of modernity’ (1), as Guest and Mattfield put it in their introduction.
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Legg, Kylie A., Erica K. Gee, Mary Breheny, Michaela J. Gibson i Chris W. Rogers. "A Bioeconomic Model for the Thoroughbred Racing Industry—Optimisation of the Production Cycle with a Horse Centric Welfare Perspective". Animals 13, nr 3 (30.01.2023): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13030479.
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The Thoroughbred racing industry faces new and competing pressures to operate within a modern, changing society. Three major moderators drive the focus and productivity of the industry worldwide: economic sustainability, horse biology and social licence to operate. This review proposes that despite the apparent homogeneity in the structure of racing across jurisdictions due to international regulation of the sport, there are significant differences within each jurisdiction in each of the three moderators. This creates challenges for the comparison of injury risk factors for racehorses within the industry across different jurisdictions. Comparison of the relative distribution of racing and gambling metrics internationally indicates that the Asian jurisdictions have a high focus on gambling efficiency and high economic return of the product, with a high number of starts per horse and the highest relative betting turnover. In contrast, the racing metrics from the USA have proportionally low racing stakes and fewer horses per race. These differences provide insight into the sociology of horse ownership, with a shift from the long-term return on investment held by most jurisdictions to a short-term transitional view and immediate return on investment in others. Wastage studies identify varying risks influenced by the predominant racing culture, training methods, production focus and environment within individual jurisdictions. Increasing societal pressure to maintain high racehorse welfare and reduce the negative impact of gambling poses fluctuating risks to each jurisdiction’s social licence to operate. Based on the data presented within this review, the authors propose that the use of a bioeconomic model would permit consideration of all three moderators on industry practice and optimisation of the jurisdiction-specific production cycle with a horse-centric welfare perspective.
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Smith, L. J., G. Tabor i J. Williams. "A retrospective case-control study to investigate horse and jockey level risk factors associated with horse falls in Irish Point-to-Point races". Comparative Exercise Physiology 16, nr 3 (23.03.2020): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep190054.
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Horse racing as a high-risk sport can pose a significant risk to equine welfare. There have been limited epidemiological reviews of fall risk specific to point-to-point racing. This study aimed to identify horse and jockey level risk factors associated with horse falls and compare these to published findings for Hurdle and Steeplechase racing. The study used a retrospective matched case-control design. Relevant variables were identified, and information was collated for all races in the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 seasons. Cases and controls were matched with a 1:3 ratio. Controls (n=2,547) were selected at random from all horses that completed in the same race (n=849). Horse and jockey level variables were analysed through univariable analysis to inform multivariable model building. A final matched case-control multivariable logistic regression model was refined, using fall/no fall as the dependent variable, through a backward stepwise process. Horse age was associated with an increased risk of horse falls. For every 1 unit increase in age there was a 1.2 times increased fall risk. The number of races ran within 12 months was associated with a decreased risk of falling. The jockeys previous seasons percentage wins was associated with the risk of horse falls. Jockeys who had 0-4% wins and 5-9% wins had an increase in risk compared to those who had over 20% wins/runs. The jockeys previous seasons percentage of falls (F) or unseating of the rider (UR) was associated with the risk of horse falls with jockeys who had over 20% F/UR having a 50% increased chance of falling compared to those who had 0-4% F/UR. Retrospective analysis of horse and jockey falls has exposed risk factors that have been previously identified in hurdle and steeplechase racing. Identification of risk factors is essential when considering future research and interventions aimed at improving horse and jockey safety.
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Jung, Taewoon, i Hyoungjin Park. "The Effect of 12 Weeks of Saddle Horse Conversion Training on Thoroughbred Horse Gait". Applied Sciences 12, nr 13 (23.06.2022): 6411. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12136411.
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The unwanted horse problem is the most serious issue confronting the equestrian industry. Thus, it is recommended that retired racehorses switch to become saddle horses for ‘the second life of a racing veteran’ because training and using retired Thoroughbred racehorses as saddle horses is the most cost-effective option. The current study aimed to analyze the effects of saddle horse conversion training on gaits of retired Thoroughbred racehorses. Our study included 12 retired Thoroughbred racehorses. These Thoroughbred racehorses performed the retraining 20–50 min a day, five times per week for three months. There are some critical findings in this study. The results show that the decreased stride length of each foot decreased the displacements of the center of mass and the center of the head. In addition, after retraining, there was a significant decrease in the head–neck angle and displacement between the center of the head and the center of the neck. These changes in the horse’s movements mean that the habitual movements for racing are gradually changed to optimal movements for a saddle horse.
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Martin, G. S., E. Strand i M. T. Kearney. "Use of statistical models to evaluate racing performance in Thoroughbreds". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 209, nr 11 (1.12.1996): 1900–1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1996.209.11.1900.
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Objective— To develop a statistical model to evaluate the influence of specific parameters on racing performance in Thoroughbreds. Design— Survey. Sample Population— Racing records of Thoroughbreds performing in Louisiana from 1981 to 1985. Procedure— Race results for 20 randomly selected days from 5 racetracks during 5 years were analyzed, using regression analysis. Results— The most influential parameter was distance raced. There were significant differences in racing performance among horses at different tracks. At the tracks examined, fast racing surfaces resulted in significantly faster finish times than good racing surfaces, and good racing surfaces resulted in significantly faster finish times than muddy racing surfaces. Finish times also were significantly faster as a function of increasing purse amount and age of horse. Finish times were significantly faster during quarter 4 (summer) and significantly slower during quarter 1 (fall). Races were run at significantly faster times as the number of the race progressed during the day. The finish times were significantly slower as the number of horses competing in the race increased, as the weight carried by the horse increased, and as the starting position away from the rail increased. Clinical Implications— The coefficients used in the statistical model of this report may be used by researchers to compare before injury and after treatment finish times. The coefficients can be used to standardize past racing performances to uniform conditions, thus permitting comparison from 1 race to another to determine success of treatments and to inform owners of prognosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1900–1906)
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Nakakita, M., i T. Nakatsuma. "Hierarchical Bayesian analysis of racehorse running ability and jockey skills". International Journal of Computer Science in Sport 22, nr 2 (1.08.2023): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijcss-2023-0007.
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Abstract In this paper, we proposed a new method of evaluating horse ability and jockey skills in horse racing. In the proposed method, we aimed to estimate unobservable individual effects of horses and jockeys simultaneously with regression coefficients for explanatory variables such as horse age and racetrack conditions and other parameters in the regression model. The data used in this paper are records on 1800m races (excluding steeplechases) held by the Japan Racing Association from 2016 to 2018, including 4063 horses and 143 jockeys. We applied the hierarchical Bayesian model to stably estimate such a large amount of individual effects. We used the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method coupled with Ancillarity- Sufficiency Interweaving Strategy for Bayesian estimation of the model and choose the best model with Widely Applicable Information Criterion as a model selection criterion. As a result, we found a large difference in the ability among horses and jockeys. Additionally, we observed a strong relationship between the individual effects and the race records for both horses and jockeys.
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Vieira, Cláudia Elisa Martins, Mafes Dantas da Silva, Juliana Vasquez Cabus, Rejane dos Santos Sousa, Isadora karolina Freitas de Sousa i Alexandre Alberto Tonin. "Biometric profile of Quarter Horses in the region of Manaus, Brazil". Research, Society and Development 9, nr 10 (1.10.2020): e4059108854. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i10.8854.
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Quarter Horse breed (QH) has been more recently used in sports in Northern Brazil, however it does not have yet biometric evaluation in order to compare to horses from other Brazilian regions, where QH has a larger historic. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess and present the biometric profile of Quarter horse breed raised and used in sport activities (barrel racing and vaquejada) in the region of Manaus, AM, Brazil. For this purpose, eighty-two (82) QH, adults, were evaluated through photographs analyzed by the ImageJ® 1.46r software. Eight (8) linear morphometric measurements were performed per animal, namely: Withers height (WHe); Croup height (CrH); Codilho height (CoH); Body length (BL; Neck length (NL); Dorsal-lumbar length (DLL); Scapula length (SL) and Head length (HL). Our results were within the racial standard demanded by the Brazilian Quarter Horse Breeders Association, which demonstrates a racial standardization in the region. The animals were classified as having medium size, eumetric. Regarding the average values (in cm), we obtained: WHe of 147.53 (142.76 to 155.33), CrH of 147.38 (141.12 to 154.48), CoH of 83.13 (81.51 of 87.07), BL of 149.15 (147.20 to 152.70), NL of 57.12 (55.2 to 57.3), DLL of 54.94 (52.9 to 57.0) SL of 54.35 (53.4 to 55.20) and HL of 63.70 (62.20 to 64.60). Our findings suggest similarity between the animals of the Quarter Horse breed raised Manaus-AM region with animals from other Brazilian regions. as well as standardization within the required racial parameters. All animals showed good proportions for the barrel racing and vaquejada practices.
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Bensouf, Ikram, Naceur M’Hamdi, Hatem Ouled Ahmed, Faten Lasfar, Belgacem Ben Aoun i Abdessalem Trimeche. "DETERMINATION OF RACE PERFORMANCE’S FACTORS OF ARABIAN PUREBRED TUNISIAN HORSES AND THE IMPACT OF INTRODUCTION OF OCCIDENTAL PUREBRED HORSES INTUNISIA". Malaysian Animal Husbandry Journal 1, nr 2 (3.09.2021): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/mahj.02.2021.49.53.
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The aim of the study is to investigate the effects of age, sex, running distance and origin of horse on racing speed for Purebred Arabian horse in Tunisia. Although the occidental type is known to be more successful in racing than the Tunisian type, we undertook this study to try to confirm or deny this supremacy for a sample of racehorses born in Tunisia from occidental father. A total of 333 racing records were considered for race performance. The effects of environmental factors on (sex, age, father’s origin, race distance, number of race seasons) race performance were analyzed using the least-squares method(LSM).The racehorses studied were all Arabian Purebred horses in operation at the racecourse of Ksar Said from 2010 to 2020. They are 180 horses, 90 horses born of a Tunisian father, and 90 horses born in Tunisia ofthe occidentalfather. These horses are the best and most successful in their category. The study revealed that the gender and age effectswere statistically insignificant onracingperformance. Race performance was significantly influenced by the distance and the origin of the father which affirms the improving role of the occidentalhorse in the Tunisian population.
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Rogers, Chris W., Erica K. Gee i Keren E. Dittmer. "Growth and Bone Development in the Horse: When Is a Horse Skeletally Mature?" Animals 11, nr 12 (29.11.2021): 3402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11123402.
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Within the lay literature, and social media in particular, there is often debate about the age at which a horse should be started and introduced to racing or sport. To optimize the welfare and longevity of horses in racing and sport, it is important to match exercise with musculoskeletal development and the ability of the musculoskeletal system to respond to loading. The justification for not exercising horses at a certain age is often in contrast to the scientific literature and framed, with incorrect generalizations, with human growth. This review provides a relative comparison of the growth and development of the horse to the descriptors used to define growth and development in humans. Measures of physeal closure and somatic growth demonstrate that the horse completes the equivalent of rapid infant growth by weaning (4–6 months old). At approximately 11 months old, the horse completes the equivalent of the childhood phase of growth and enters puberty. At 2 years old, the horse has achieved most measures of maturity used within the human literature, including the plateauing of vertical height, closure of growth plates, and adult ratios of back length:wither height and limb length:wither height. These data support the hypothesis that the horse evolved to be a precocious cursorial grazer and is capable of athletic activity, and use in sport, relatively early in life.
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Lucas, Daloni, Keith Stokes, Polly McGuigan, Jerry Hill i Dario Cazzola. "Consensus on a jockey’s injury prevention framework for video analysis: a modified Delphi study". BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 8, nr 4 (grudzień 2022): e001441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001441.
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Professional horse racing is a high-risk and dangerous sport with a high incidence of falls and injuries. While falls in horse racing are considered somewhat inevitable and carry an inherent occupational risk, little is known about the actual mechanisms of jockey injuries. Establishing injury aetiology and mechanism is a fundamental step in informing the design and implementation of future injury prevention strategies. Despite the availability of horse racing video footage, the use of video analysis to examine injury mechanisms is an underused practice. Using an expert consensus-based approach, an industry expert steering committee was assembled to develop a framework for video analysis research in horse racing. The aim of the framework is to encourage and facilitate the use of video analysis in the sport and to ensure consistency and quality of future application. To achieve consensus, a systematic review and modified Delphi method study design was used. Responses of the steering committee to two open-ended questions regarding the risk factors of falls and injury were collated and combined with findings from a literature search strategy. Appropriate descriptors and definitions were then formulated that defined and described key features of a jockey fall in horse racing and grouped into six discrete phases of an inciting event. Each member of the steering committee then examined the framework of proposed descriptors and definitions and rated their level of agreement on the 5-point Likert scale. A consensus was achieved on a total of 73 horse racing-specific descriptors and 268 associated definitions. The framework outlined in this study provides a valuable starting point for further research and practice within this area, while the recommendations and implications documented aim to facilitate the practical application of video analysis in horse racing.
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YILDIRIM, Fatih. "THE DIFFERENCES IN ARABIAN HORSE BODY MEASUREMENTS USED IN DIFFERENT HORSE SPORTS (RACING AND JEREED)". AgroLife Scientific Journal 12, nr 2 (31.12.2023): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17930/agl2023231.
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Numerous sports disciplines employ Arabian horses. The use of Arabian horses bred in Turkey for flat racing and javelin (jereed) sport was examined in this study, as well as the effects of aging. 13 different physical sections of Arabian male horses were measured, 43 of which competed in races at the racetracks in Ankara, Adana, Bursa, and Şanlıurfa, and 58 of which took part in javelin competitions in the heart of Erzurum. When the body measurements of male Arabian horses used for javelin and racing were compared, it was found that there were differences in the croup length (p < 0.01), back length (p < 0.001), chest depth (p < 0.05), chest circumference (p < 0.001), pectoral chest width (p < 0.01), neck circumference (p < 0.001), and hock circumference (p < 0.001). The changes in the withers height, croup length, and chest circumference of male Arabian horses at different ages were found to be significant (p < 0.05), but not in the other body measurements (p > 0.05). The pectoral chest breadth and hock circumference were shown to be significant in the usage area of horses (JAVELIN-RACING) x age interaction (p < 0.05). The choice of Arabian racing horses for the javelin or training purposes was thought to have altered the anatomical structure, which could account for the differences in various body measurements between racing and javelin horses.
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Szeto, Y. T. "Leucocytic DNA Damage of Racing and Retired Horses". European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 2, nr 3 (4.06.2021): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.3.204.
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Comet assay was performed on five racing horses (age, mean ± SD: 4.4 ± 0.5 years old) and five retired horses (10.2 ± 4.1 years old). DNA damage of whole blood samples were tested with or without UV irradiation. Three specimens were taken from each horse and one month apart for each specimen to test for reproducibility. Result showed that racing horses had statistically significant lower baseline and UV induced DNA damage in leucocytes than retired horses. Positive associations were also seen between age and baseline DNA damage or UV induced DNA damage from Spearman correlation analysis.
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Ropka-Molik, K., M. Stefaniuk-Szmukier, A. D. Musiał i B. D. Velie. "The Genetics of Racing Performance in Arabian Horses". International Journal of Genomics 2019 (2.09.2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9013239.
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Arabian horses are commonly believed to be one of the oldest and most influential horse breeds in the world. The high financial benefits obtained from races tend to search for genetic markers strongly correlated with the results achieved. To date, the modern approaches such as transcriptome, miRNAome, and metabolome analyses have been used to investigate the genetic background of racing performance as well as endurance capacity in Arabians. The analysis of polymorphisms at the genome level has also been applied to the detection of genetic variants associated with exercise phenotype in the Arabian breed. The presented review summarizes these findings, with a focus on the genetics underlying flat racing and endurance performance traits in different Arabian horse populations.
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Demin, Vladimir, Timur Tarchokov, Elena Ryabova, Inna Tsyganok i Natalia Kulmakova. "Intraspecific differentiation by exterior in horses of different breeds". E3S Web of Conferences 262 (2021): 02018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126202018.
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The analysis of the exterior features of horses of the roadster and heavy draft horse breeds by basic and supplementary measurements of body articles and conformation indexes was carried out in order to study the intraspecific differentiation. The results showed significant differences between the racing roadster breeds and heavy draft breeds. The racing roadster breeds were similar in most respects, but the Russian Saddle Horse had more differences compared to other roadster breeds. Soviet Heavy Draft mares were reliably superior to riding mares in most measurements and conformation indices, but inferior to them in terms of neck length. Our research has shown that the selection of highly specialized types of horses leads to a distinct differentiation between breeds of horses in the exterior structure. The resulting digital data should be used for the development of standards and regulations in the breeding of horses for different uses.
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Spence, Andrew J., Andrew S. Thurman, Michael J. Maher i Alan M. Wilson. "Speed, pacing strategy and aerodynamic drafting in Thoroughbred horse racing". Biology Letters 8, nr 4 (7.03.2012): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.1120.
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Choice of pacing strategy and the benefit of aerodynamic drafting are thought to be key determinants of racing performance. These effects have largely been analysed without reference to final outcome, in small datasets with low temporal resolution, and a focus on human swimming, cycling and running. Here, we determined the position and speed of 44 803 racehorses, once per second, in 3 357 races ranging in length from 1006 to 4225 m (50.9–292.9 seconds duration) using a validated radio tracking system. We find that aerodynamic drafting has a marked effect on horse performance, and hence racing outcome. Furthermore, we demonstrate that race length-dependent pacing strategies are correlated with the fastest racing times, with some horses reaching a maximum speed in excess of 19 m s −1 . The higher speeds seen with certain pacing strategies may arise due to the nature of pack racing itself, or may be a reflection of individual capabilities, that is, corresponding to horses that perform well in roles suited to their ‘front-running’ or ‘chaser’ personality traits.
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Gupta, Meenakshi, i Latika Singh. "Predicting Outcomes of Horse Racing using Machine Learning". International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, nr 9 (27.10.2023): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i9.8119.
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Machine learning with its vast framework is making its way into every aspect of modern society. The segment of betting sports particularly horse racing calls for the attention from a large spectrum of research community owing to its value to the stakeholders and the amount of money involved. Horse racing prediction is a complex problem as there are a large number of influencing variables. The present study aims to contribute in this domain by training machine learning algorithms for predicting horse racing results or outcomes. For this, data for a whole racing season from 2017 to 2019 of races conducted by Turf Club of India was considered which amounts to over 14,700 races. Six algorithms namely Logistic Regression, Random Forest, Naive Bayes, and k-Nearest Neighbors) k-NN were used to predict the winning horse for each race. Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) technique was applied to the imbalanced horse racing data set and the attributes of the horse race repository were analyzed. The results were compared with other sampling methods to evaluate the relative effectiveness of this method. The proposed framework is able to give an accuracy of 97.6% which is substantially higher when compared to other similar studies. The research can be beneficial to the stakeholders as well as researchers in the same area to do further analysis and experiments.
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Sedziol, Carley, Sari Bosnyak, Nadja Knox, Haley Ravia i Clarence E. Ferguson. "PSXV-16 Association of Experience and pre-Race Behavior in Performance Among Racing Quarter Horses". Journal of Animal Science 100, Supplement_3 (21.09.2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.534.
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Abstract The annual average cost of maintaining a racehorse will typically outweigh its earning, making it important that the horse performs above average. The goal of this study was to investigate if the age or experience level of a racehorse could be associated with performance. This study observed pre-racing Quarter Horses (n = 1,033) behavior during one racing season at Delta Downs racetrack (Vinton, LA). The horses were placed into groups based on race experience (0-2, 3-10, and 11+ total races). Horse pre-race before saddling (BSAD), saddling (SAD), after saddling (ASAD) and post-parade (POST) behaviors (calm, ready or nervous) were observed to identify if the horse was calm, ready, or nervous. The behavior types were recorded as categorical variables in this study and were analyzed using proc FREQ, and the finish was recorded as a quantitative variable and were analyzed using proc GLM with (P < 0.05) being statistically different. Horses with 11+ races had a mean±SE finish (4.9±0.1), better (P< 0.05), than horses with 3 to 10 races (4.8±0.2) and both were better (P< 0.05) than horses with 0 to 2 races experience (5.5±0.2). Race experience was also associated with pre-race behaviors. There were more (P< 0.05) horses with 0 to 2 races experience that were classified as nervous during the BSAD (39/326, 11.9%), SAD (29/326, 8.9%), ASAD (13/325, 4.0%) and POST (17/320, 5.3%) compared with horses with 11 plus races experience; BSAD (5/343, 1.5%), SAD (16/343, 4.7%), ASAD (4/343, 1.2%) and POST (1/341, 0.3%). The improvement in race finish among horses with more experience could be that they have been placed in more suitable levels of racing competition compared with unexperienced horses. However, the additional racing experience was associated with less stress or fear-full behaviors pre-race that can result in a reduction of available energy to possibly prolonged elevated cortisol concentrations.
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Kabulov, E., i S. Rajapova. "Horse-breeding of the Oasis of Surkhan". Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, nr 11 (15.11.2019): 404–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/48/50.
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Since ancient times in Uzbekistan, special attention has been paid to horse breeding. We can see this in dastans and traditions, where poets and bakhshis sang about mythical horses. And most importantly, the horse was very much appreciated as a companion of a horse. As in other regions of the republic, special attention was paid to the development of horse breeding in the Surkhan oasis. Several breeds of horses were bred in the oasis, they were called ‘adobe’, ‘jiyran’, ‘turik’, ‘buz’ and others by color. Uzbeks mainly bred ‘Karabair’, ‘Lakay’, ‘Turkman’, and sometimes Arab ones. For breeding local breeds of horses ‘Karabair’ were used breeds of Turkmen, Arab and Mongolian horses. By breeding horses such breeds of ‘Karabair’ horses as ‘Uzbek’, ‘Miyenkul’, ‘Urgut’ and others were bred. Also, horses were named for their age. A newborn horse was called a ‘kulun’, up to one year a foal, from a year and a half to two years a strigunok, a two-three year old foal, a third year a gunan, a three-four year old dunan, a male after four years a stallion, a female mare. In the Surkhan oasis, Turkmen horses were widely used as a vehicle, they participated in horse racing, racing and kupkari (equestrian competition in which the participants of the competition rip out goat carcass from each other). Responsible for the conservation and reproduction of horse breeds were men. They promptly gave horses food, took them for a walk. The horses that took part in the races, kupkari were raised according to special methods and customs. Such horses were fed from spring to late autumn, with the arrival of autumn they were walked and prepared for competitions. Horses were considered not only a vehicle; they were the most expensive and valuable commodity. At that time, the best horses were estimated from 400 to 600 rubles, and Turkmen horses to 1000 rubles. In a word, horses were not only expensive goods; they were considered the best friend and helper of a horseman.
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Tetens, Joanne, Michael W. Ross i James W. Lloyd. "Comparison of racing performance before and after treatment of incomplete, midsagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx in Standardbreds: 49 cases (1986-1992)". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 210, nr 1 (1.01.1997): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1997.210.01.82.
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Objective To assess the effect of incomplete, midsagittal fractures of the proximal phalanx (P1) on racing performance in Standardbreds. Design Retrospective cohort study. Animals 49 Standardbred horses admitted to the George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals between July 1986 and December 1992 with a definitive radiographic diagnosis of an incomplete, midsagittal fracture of P1 and a known method of treatment. Procedure Performance index and racing time were compared before and after diagnosis and treatment of fracture, using ANOVA that controlled for the effects of horse, gender, age, track length, and track condition. Results Expected racing time increased by 0.7 seconds and performance index decreased by 0.7 points, although controlling for factors known to affect racing performance had a substantial impact on these results. Clinical Implications Standardbreds with incomplete, midsagittal fractures of P1 have a favorable prognosis for return to racing; recovered horses will likely have slower racing times and decreased performance indices. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210:82–86)
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Gaina, Cynthia Dewi, i Frits B. H. Francis. "Amplifikasi DNA Kandidat Gen Kuda Pacu Sumba". JURNAL KAJIAN VETERINER 9, nr 1 (26.03.2021): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/jkv.v9i1.3901.
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The Sumba horse is one of the local horses in Indonesia which is known as racing horse Several candidate genes are known to influence the outward characteristics of the Sumba racehorse, which play main role in the development of the horse's muscles from embryo to adulthood. This research aims to identify candidate genes for the Sumba racehorse in stallion and mares. Blood samples from 5 stallions and 5 mares were collected and analyzed. The method used in this research was by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), electrophoresis and DNA sequencing. The results of DNA amplification fragments at a temperature of 600c showed a fragment size of 463 bp. A total of 10 samples were sequenced on the PCR machine. The forward primer was 5'-TATTCTTCTTGGGAGGGAGGACTACT-3 'and reverse primer was 5'-GCAAGTAATTAGCACAAAAATTTGAATG-3'. The obtained data was analyzed using the Basic Local Alignment Sealing Tool (BLAST). Result of this study could be used as an initial identification of candidate genes for racing activity in stallion and mares that can complement the selection of racing horses.
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Estberg, Leah, Susan M. Stover, Ian A. Gardner, Christiana M. Drake, Bill Johnson i Alex Ardans. "High-speed exercise history and catastrophic racing fracture in Thoroughbreds". American Journal of Veterinary Research 57, nr 11 (1.11.1996): 1549–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.1996.57.11.1549.
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Abstract Objective To investigate the relation between several racing speed history characteristics and risk of fatal skeletal injury (FSI) in racing Thoroughbreds. Animals 64 Thoroughbreds euthanatized during a 9-month period in 1991 at a California racemeet because of a catastrophic fracture incurred while racing (cases), identified retrospectively. For each race in which an FSI occurred, 1 control horse was randomly selected from the noncatastrophically injured participants. Procedure Racing and officially timed workout histories were obtained for each horse. Several history characteristics were calculated to summarize racing career patterns and high-speed exercise schedules prior to date of injury and included age at first race, proportion of career spent laid up, average duration of laid up periods, average lifetime racing frequency, time from last lay up to date of injury, and total and rate of distance accumulated 1 to 6 months prior to date of injury. History characteristics associated with FSI were screened by paired t-test and studied in detail using conditional logistic regression. Results High total and high average daily rates of exercise distance accumulation within a 2-month period were associated with higher risks for FSI during racing, yet career patterns, such as age at first race or total proportion of career spent laid up, were not found to be associated with risk for FSI. A horse that had accumulated a total of 35 furlongs of race and timed-work distance in 2 months, compared with a horse with 25 furlongs accumulated, had an estimated 3.9-fold increase in risk for racing-related FSI (95% confidence interval = 2.1, 7.1). A horse that had accumulated race and timed-work furlongs at an average rate of 0.6 furlong/d within a 2-month period, compared with a horse with an average of 0.5 furlong/d, had an estimated 1.8-fold increase in risk for racing-related FSI (95% confidence interval = 1.4, 2.6). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Thoroughbred racehorses that either accumulate large total highspeed distances or rapidly accumulate high-speed distances within a 2-month period may be at increased risk for FSI during racing. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1549–1555)
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Nicols, L., C. W. Rogers, S. Stannard, J. C. Tanner i J. Bridges. "The effect of harness racing on the heart rate of professional harness racing drivers". Comparative Exercise Physiology 9, nr 2 (1.01.2013): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13012.
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Despite the size of the industry and the large amounts of money wagered on horses, little attention has been focused on the fitness of drivers of Standardbred harness racehorses. The purpose of this study was to describe the drivers’ pre-race, post-race and maximal heart rate response to multiple racing during a night of harness racing. Heart rate (HR), subjective measures of race difficulty and physical work effort, and race results were collected from eight professional Standardbred harness drivers during an official race meeting. Drivers were fitted with HR monitors prior to the start of the first race and data were continuously logged until the end of the last race. During the race meeting the drivers displayed a high mean heart rate 145±21 beats per minute. The heart rate profile during a single race demonstrated an early peak, a moderate level baseline and then increased again as the drivers took the last turn to the finish line. The best predictor of workload effort during the race was peak HR. The primary variables in explaining peak HR were final placing, horse difficulty, and pre-race HR. These data indicate that the physical work required to maintain driver position and the external stimuli associated with positioning the horse for a placing produce significant cardiovascular stress.
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Gottlieb-Vedi, M., i C. B. Pipper. "Falls in Swedish hurdle and steeplechase racing and the condition of the track surface". Comparative Exercise Physiology 11, nr 2 (kwiecień 2015): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep150011.
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Falls in National Hunt races is a tragic part of the sport. The present study focuses on the relation between racing track conditions and the number of falls in Swedish jump racing. The assumption was that more horses fell on heavy or soft going than on good or firm going. Results from all jump races at Täby Racecourse (1992-2001) were recorded. Parameters registered were: type and number of races, racing surface and condition, total time to finish the race, number of starting horses and number of falls. In this period 212 races, corresponding to 1,556 horse starts, were registered. Falls were registered in 42 races and in total 61 horses fell. The fall frequency on horse level was significantly higher in steeplechases than in hurdle races (odds ratio =3.69; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.99-6.85). For the steeplechases recorded in this study, significantly more falls were seen in long distance races (>4,000 m) on soft to heavy going (odds ratio = 5.20; 95% CI = 1.48-18.26), whereas no significant trends were observed due to total time to finish the race, number of starting horses, temperature, and calendar year. For the hurdle chases recorded, no significant associations between fall-frequency and the recorded explanatory variables were found. The fact that significantly more horses fell in long-distance steeplechases on soft to heavy going, makes surface condition important to consider in order to improve race safety. Among the 195 horse starts in long-distance steeplechases in this study 7 (2-11) falls could have been prevented by cancelling races on soft to heavy surfaces.
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Dixon. "Horse-Racing in Nineteenth-Century Russia". Slavonic and East European Review 98, nr 3 (2020): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.98.3.0464.
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Brown, Alasdair. "Examining Agency Conflict in Horse Racing". Southern Economic Journal 79, nr 2 (październik 2012): 388–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4284/0038-4038-2011.198.
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Hoye, Russell. "Governance reform in Australian horse racing". Managing Leisure 11, nr 2 (kwiecień 2006): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13606710500520338.
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Brown, Alasdair, i Fuyu Yang. "Have Betting Exchanges Corrupted Horse Racing?" Journal of Sports Economics 18, nr 7 (9.08.2015): 673–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002515595267.
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Henry, Nancy. "Horse-Racing Fraud in Victorian Fiction". Victorian Review 45, nr 2 (2019): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vcr.2019.0057.
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Cotugna, Nancy, O. Sue Snider i Jennifer Windish. "Nutrition Assessment of Horse-Racing Athletes". Journal of Community Health 36, nr 2 (28.08.2010): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10900-010-9306-x.
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Faßbinder, Kerstin. "Endspurt. Mediales Horse-Racing im Wahlkampf". Publizistik 54, nr 4 (19.11.2009): 499–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11616-009-0062-9.
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Tolson, John, i Wray Vamplew. "Derailed: Railways and Horse-Racing Revisited". Sports Historian 18, nr 2 (listopad 1998): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460269809445795.
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Logan, Alyssa A., i Brian D. Nielsen. "Training Young Horses: The Science behind the Benefits". Animals 11, nr 2 (9.02.2021): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020463.
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Conflicting research and anecdotal evidence have created disagreement among equestrians as to whether two-year-old horses should be trained and raced. The objective of this literature review is to evaluate epidemiological studies, as well as physiological data on equine bone, articular cartilage, and tendons to better determine the impact of training and racing two-year-old horses. The evaluation of numerous studies on the topic provides evidence that a horse which is trained or raced as a two-year-old has a lower risk of injury and better adapted tissues for the rigors of racing. Unfortunately, the current prolific use of pain-mitigating substances in the racing industry does place horses, including young cohorts, at greater risk of injury, and should be used with caution.
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Bugislaus, A. E. "Genetic analysis of distance-dependent racing performances in German Thoroughbreds". Archives Animal Breeding 53, nr 6 (10.10.2010): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-53-629-2010.
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Abstract. The objective of this study was to develop a new multivariate statistical model for genetic estimation of distance-dependent racing performances in German Thoroughbreds. Analysed performance traits were »square root of distance to first placed horse in races over sprint distances (until 1 400 m)«, »square root of distance to first placed horse in races over mile distances (from 1 401 m to 1 900 m)« and »square root of distance to first placed horse in races over long distances (over 1 900 m)«. These traits were found to be influenced by the carried weight, which was determined by the horses’ earlier performance. Therefore, new traits were developed based on random regression models, which were independent from the carried weights. Genetic parameters were first evaluated for these new created traits »new distance to first placed horse in races over sprint distances« (h²=0.088), »new distance to first placed horse in races over mile distances« (h²=0.081) and »new distance to first placed horse in races over long distances« (h²=0.137) using a multivariate animal model. Genetic correlations between these traits were high, but differed from rg=1. A further heritability was estimated for the distance-independent trait »new distance to first placed horse in races over all distances« (h²=0.101) applying a univariate animal model with a fixed distance effect. These two different models were compared by two criteria. The ranking of breeding values for the distance-independent trait (estimated with the univariate model) was first correlated with each of the rankings of breeding values for the three distance-dependent traits (estimated with the multivariate model). Correlations varied from r=0.668 to r=0.813. The second criterion for comparison was the percentage of incorrectly selected raced stallions by breeding values estimated with the univariate model. Between 47.4 % and 69.7 % of stallions were incorrectly selected. The use of a total selection index including breeding values of the three distance-dependent traits with suitable weightings was recommended as a possible future selection criterion.
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McKeever, K. H., H. C. Manso Filho, E. M. Rankins, C. S. Duchamp, Y. Salah, C. K. Fenger, W. C. Duer, K. Malinowski i G. A. Maylin. "Clenbuterol plasma concentrations after therapeutic administration in fit Standardbred horses: threshold recommendations". Comparative Exercise Physiology 17, nr 4 (15.06.2021): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep200065.
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Clenbuterol, (RS)-1-(4-amino-3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(tert-butylamino)ethan-1-ol, as Ventipulmin is an FDA approved β2 agonist medication for the management of airway obstruction in horses. Administration above the FDA approved doses for clenbuterol produces repartitioning effects, which have led to restrictions on its use in human athletics and Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred racing. Clenbuterol, however has long been used therapeutically at FDA approved doses in Harness racing. The goal of this study was to identify a withdrawal time guideline for its use at FDA approvsed dose levels in Harness racing, where horses may start at seven-day intervals. Eight healthy, moderately fit Standardbred horses (4 mares, 4 geldings, weight 491±40 kg, age 13±2 years) were administered 0.8 μg/kg of clenbuterol as Ventipulmin syrup twice daily (BID) for three days. Blood samples were collected prior to dosing and at 1, 24, 48 and 96 h post administration. Clenbuterol was quantified in all samples using the New York Drug Testing and Research Laboratory ISO-17025 Racing and Medication Testing Consortium (RMTC) accredited quantitative procedure. The lower limit of quantitation of the method was 1.0 pg/ml, and three data points at 96 h post administration were censored. One horse developed diarrhoea and data from this horse was excluded from the overall analysis. Plasma regulatory thresholds were calculated using the 95/95 tolerance method and Gauss Camp Meidell at P=0.05 and P=0.001. Horses were also evaluated for effects of clenbuterol on body composition using body mass and ultrasound measurements of rump fat thickness. There were no effects (P>0.05) of clenbuterol on any of the measures including fat mass and fat free mass and thus no repartitioning effect was observed. The pharmacokinetic data and the 96 h data set support the therapeutic use of clenbuterol in Harness horses at the FDA approved 0.8 μg/kg BID dose for three days and suggest a 41 pg/ml regulatory threshold for a 96 h withdrawal time with a P=0.001 probability of randomly exceeding this regulatory threshold.