Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Hong Kong (China)

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Hong Kong (China)”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 30 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Hong Kong (China)"

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Tai, B. Y. T. "Hong Kong/China". International Journal of Constitutional Law 1, nr 1 (1.01.2003): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icon/1.1.147.

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CHEUNG, DANIEL K. C., SAMUEL Y. S. CHAN i ISABELLA S. K. LAM. "TAXATION AND ITS IMPLICATION ON CROSS-BORDER PROFITS OF MANUFACTURING BUSINESSES IN HONG KONG". Journal of Enterprising Culture 04, nr 04 (grudzień 1996): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021849589600023x.

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As Hong Kong manufacturers accelerate to shift their operations to China and cease or contract. Their operations in Hong Kong, many of them are taking advantage of the limitation of a source jurisdiction to team up with Chinese companies and escape the Hong Kong tax net. This relocation exercise of their manufacturing base not only allows the Hong Kong manufacturers to enjoy the preferential tax concessions for foreign investors and lower cost of production in mainland China, but also depletes the public coffers to the Hong Kong Government. We therefore postulate two hypotheses: (1) there is a negative association between the business operations in China and those in Hong Kong, and (2) there is a negative association between the business operations in China and the related Hong Kong profits tax liability. A questionnaire survey was carried out to collect data on the level of activities in both China and Hong Kong, in particular data from Hong Kong manufacturers on their Hong Kong profits tax liability. Spearman’s rank-order correlation analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The result supports that the higher the level of business operations in China, the lower the level of business operations in Hong Kong. It also reveals that the higher the level of business operations in China, the lower the related Hong Kong profits tax liability. The issue of tax base erosion is a case for Hong Kong to review its principle of taxing only profits locally generated.
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Chen, Kunnan. "Discussion on the Intergenerational Co-Living Model in Hong Kong, China". Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 8, nr 1 (17.03.2023): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v8i1.6063.

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Hong Kong, China has entered a super-aging society and continues to be serious, while the birth rate in Hong Kong, China continues to decline. Although there are enough nursing homes in Hong Kong, China, there is still not enough psychological comfort for the elderly. The elderly in Hong Kong, China are well-known in the world for their longevity, but their psychological condition is only ranked 79th in the world. Therefore, we can learn from the European intergenerational cohabitation model to provide spiritual companionship for the elderly in Hong Kong, China.
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Zhang, J., T. Wang, W. L. Chameides, C. Cardelino, J. Kwok, D. R. Blake, A. Ding i K. L. So. "Ozone production and hydrocarbon reactivity in Hong Kong, Southern China". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 6, nr 5 (25.09.2006): 8961–9002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-6-8961-2006.

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Abstract. Data obtained in Hong Kong during the Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) Pilot Air Monitoring Study in autumn 2002 are analyzed to unravel the relationship between ground-level ozone (O3), pollution precursors, and cross-border transport. Ten ozone episodes, during which the hourly O3 concentration exceeded 100 ppbv in 9 cases and 90 ppbv in one case, are subject to detailed analysis, including one case with hourly O3 of 203 ppbv, which is the highest concentration on record to date in Hong Kong. Combined with high-resolution back trajectories, dCO/dNOy is used to define whether O3 is locally or regionally produced. Five out of the ten Hong Kong O3-episodes studied show a ''pollution signature'' that is indicative of impact from Guangdong Province. Examination of speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) shows that the reactivity of VOCs is dominated by anthropogenic VOCs, of which the reactive aromatics dominate, in particular xylenes and toluene. Calculations using a photochemical box model indicate that between 50–100% of the O3 increase observed in Hong Kong during the O3 episodes can be explained by photochemical generation within the Hong Kong area, provided that nitrous acid (HONO) is present at the concentrations derived from this study. An Observation-Based Model (OBM) is used to calculate the sensitivity of the O3 production to changes in the concentrations of the precursor compounds. Generally the production of O3 throughout much of the Hong Kong area is limited by VOCs, while high nitric oxide (NO) concentrations suppress O3 concentration.
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CARROLL, JOHN M. "Colonial Hong Kong as a Cultural-Historical Place". Modern Asian Studies 40, nr 2 (18.04.2006): 517–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06001958.

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In July 1997, when Hong Kong reverted to Chinese sovereignty, this former British colony became a new kind of place: a Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People's Republic of China (PRC). In the several years leading up to the 1997 transition, a sudden outpouring of Mainland Chinese scholarship stressed how Hong Kong had been an inalienable part of China since ancient times. Until then, however, Hong Kong had rarely figured in Mainland Chinese scholarship. Indeed, Hong Kong suffered from what Michael Yahuda has called a “peculiar neglect”: administered by the British but claimed by China, it was “a kind of bureaucratic no-man's land.” Only one university in all of China had a research institute dedicated primarily to studying Hong Kong. As part of this new “Hong Kong studies” (Xianggangxue), in 1997 China's national television studio produced two multi-episodic documentaries on Hong Kong: “One Hundred Years of Hong Kong” (Xianggang bainian) and “Hong Kong Vicissitudes” (Xianggang cangsang). The studio also produced two shorter documentaries, “One Hundred Points about Hong Kong” (Xianggang baiti) and “The Story of Hong Kong” (Xianggang de gushi). The “Fragrant Harbor” that PRC historians had generally dismissed as an embarrassing anachronism in a predominantly postcolonial world suddenly found its way into millions of Mainland Chinese homes.
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Zhang, Di, Xiaming Wang, Xueru Yuan, Li Yang, Yu Xue i Qian Xie. "Scientific publications in nursing journals from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong: a 10-year survey of the literature". PeerJ 4 (14.03.2016): e1798. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1798.

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Background:China has witnessed remarkable progress in scientific performance in recent years. However, the quantity and quality of nursing publications from three major regions (Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong) have not been reported. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics of scientific research productivity from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong in the field of nursing.Methods:Articles published in the 110 nursing journals originating from Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong between 2005 and 2014 were retrieved from the Web of Science. The total number of articles published, the impact factor, and the citation count were analyzed.Results:There were 2,439 publications between 2005 and 2014 from China, including 438 from Mainland China, 1,506 from Taiwan, and 495 from Hong Kong. There was a significant increase in publications for these three regions (p < 0.05), especially for Mainland China, with a 59.50-fold increase experienced. From 2011, the number of publications from Mainland China exceeded that from Hong Kong. Taiwan had the highest total journal impact factor (2,142.81), followed by Hong Kong (720.39) and Mainland China (583.94). The mean journal impact factor from Hong Kong (1.46) was higher than that from Taiwan (1.42) and Mainland China (1.33). Taiwan had the highest total citation count (8,392), followed by Hong Kong (3,785) and Mainland China (1,493). The mean citation count from Hong Kong (7.65) was higher than that from Taiwan (5.57) and Mainland China (3.41). The Journal of Clinical Nursing was the most popular journal in the three regions.Discussion:Chinese contributions to the field of nursing have significantly increased in the past ten years, particularly from Mainland China. Taiwan is the most productive region in China. Hong Kong had the highest-quality research output, according to mean journal impact factor and mean citation count.
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Overholt, William H. "Hong Kong and China". Current History 84, nr 503 (1.09.1985): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.1985.84.503.256.

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Haro Navejas, Francisco Javier, i Romer Cornejo Bustamante. "China y Hong Kong". Anuario Asia Pacífico el Colegio de México, nr 19 (1.01.2020): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24201/aap.2020.303.

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Para China, 2019 ha representado un periodo importante para repensar sus perspectivas. En el ámbito político, en la primavera de 2018, la decisión de la Asamblea Popular Nacional (APN) de hacer indefinida la reelección del presidente, así como la continuación de la lucha contra la corrupción, mantiene inquietos a algunos sectores dentro del Partido Comunista. No obstante, el presidente Xi Jinping se ha mantenido como la figura dominante de la política china y cuenta con la lealtad de la mayoría de todas las facciones del partido gobernante, el ejército y la élite empresarial. Xi ha demostrado tener una visión política clara y ha promovido ambiciosos proyectos nacionales, entre ellos, acabar con la pobreza del país en el corto plazo, además de una iniciativa internacional, como la Nueva Ruta de la Seda, que posicionaría al país como potencia mundial indiscutible en el mediano plazo, lo que a su vez ha estado acompañado de un enorme esfuerzo por mostrar una imagen benigna hacia el exterior. Quizá podamos medir la eficacia de estas medidas a través de la reacción de los Estados Unidos, que han revitalizado su campaña sobre la amenaza china, particularmente en América Latina, así como la reciente de desconfianza de los miembros de la Organización del Tratado del Atlántico Norte (OTAN).
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Lui, Terry T., i Terry L. Cooper. "Hong Kong Facing China". Administration & Society 22, nr 2 (sierpień 1990): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009539979002200201.

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Mayer, Benoit. "Climate Change Mitigation in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region". Climate Law 7, nr 2-3 (1.09.2017): 65–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00702001.

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Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of autonomy as a Special Administrative Region of China. Unlike China itself, Hong Kong is not a party to international climate change agreements. While China has declared that the Paris Agreement and other climate change agreements apply to Hong Kong, the implementation measures for Mainland China in fact do not apply to Hong Kong. Its unique position under the ‘one country, two systems’ principle has frequently led to Hong Kong being left out of international cooperation on climate change mitigation. Nevertheless, as this article recounts, the government of Hong Kong has shown increasing interest in promoting climate change mitigation—or at least in being seen to do so. In January 2017, Hong Kong adopted the ‘Climate Action Plan 2030+’, which is, in essence, a regionally determined contribution to mitigation. 1
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Hong Kong (China)"

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Chan, Ching-han, i 陳靜嫻. "Hong Kong butterfly conservation". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255759.

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黃皓賢 i Ho-yin Wong. "Representations of 'Hong Kong' in Hong Kong poetry in English". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3122796X.

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Lam, Timothy Hoi-sing. "Equipping church leaders for the political/social/religious transition in Hong Kong 1997". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1996. http://www.tren.com.

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林偉強 i Wai-keung Lam. "A discourse analysis in "Kong boy" and "Kong girl"". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4320983X.

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Cooper, Alan Jeffrey. "Governance of Hong Kong companies". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31264621.

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Hui, Kei-yan Lisa, i 許紀欣. "Hong Kong Architectural Centre". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31986468.

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Mak, Keung-kan, i 麥強根. "Sludge management in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31252953.

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Tam, Sing-ki Simon, i 譚成基. "Hong Kong office property market". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1985. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31263422.

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Chung, Wai-tao. "Appointment system of the Independent Commission Against Corruption". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2205053X.

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Barbieri, Maria. "Film censorship in Hong Kong". Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1947118X.

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Książki na temat "Hong Kong (China)"

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Stein, R. Conrad. Hong Kong. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1985.

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Stein, R. Conrad. Hong Kong. New York: Children's Press, 1998.

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Morris, Jan. Hong Kong. New York: Vintage Books, 1989.

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Morris, Jan. Hong Kong. Franklin Center, Pa: Franklin Library, 1988.

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Lockhart, Saul, Hans Hoefer i Geoffrey Eu. Hong Kong. Wyd. 8. Singapore: APA Publications, 1994.

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P, Lo C. Hong Kong. London: Belhaven Press, 1992.

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Coonts, Stephen. Hong Kong. Lon: Orion, 2001.

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Coonts, Stephen. Hong Kong. London: Orion, 2001.

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(Firm), Discovery Channel, red. Southern China & Hong Kong. Singapore: APA Publications, 2007.

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Reiber, Beth. Hong Kong. Wyd. 5. New York, NY: Macmillan Travel, 1999.

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Części książek na temat "Hong Kong (China)"

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Šebeňa, Martin. "Hong Kong". W Contemporary China, 166–76. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003350064-17.

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Stimpson, Philip. "China-Hong Kong". W Young People and the Environment, 39–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47721-1_4.

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Cullen, Richard. "China then and now". W Hong Kong Constitutionalism, 158–96. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020. | Series: The rule of law in China and comparative perspectives: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429453502-9.

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Wong, Natalie Wai Man. "Hong Kong". W The Politics of Waste Management in Greater China, 77–92. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2021. | Series: Routledge contemporary China series: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429319549-5.

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Huang, Ray. "Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao". W China, 260–66. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003421986-21.

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Ding Yu i Ian W. King. "China and Hong Kong". W Palgrave Studies in Business, Arts and Humanities, 69–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98860-3_4.

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"Hong Kong". W Covering China, redaktor Ying Chan, 77–84. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781351313124-12.

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Siu, Helen F. "Hong Kong". W Tracing China. Hong Kong University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5790/hongkong/9789888083732.003.0017.

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Physical symbols are not to be changed arbitrarily, but empires have related to subject populations with political notions quite different from and rather differently than those of modern nation-states. Sovereignty often means something different at the political center than in the margins, and the cultural kaleidoscope we call Hong Kong is a result of numerous historical landmarks on these notions. We are all too familiar with these events and how their political history is told today. Therefore, I would rather explore the social and cultural meanings of people’s lives on the ground; we may find interesting stories there that do not fit into any standard political categories.
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Lo, Sonny Shiu-Hing. "Hong Kong". W Politics in China, 554–77. Wyd. 4. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197683200.003.0019.

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Abstract This chapter traces the development of Hong Kong from its colonial status to the post-1997 era, when it became a special administrative region of China. It examines the city’s political system and its development, the debate over political reform, the democracy protests in 2014 and 2019, the imposition of the national security law in 2020, and the remaking of identity of the people of Hong Kong. The political system of Hong Kong has undergone tremendous changes under the security law. It has become more authoritarian, less pluralistic with a less vibrant society and media, and more focused on the economy and the people’s livelihood.
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"Hong Kong". W Contemporary China - An Introduction, 199–205. Routledge, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203482940-27.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Hong Kong (China)"

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Zhang, Jinwen, Wenbo Gao, Quanke Su, Zili Xia i Yongling Zhu. "The Construction of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge". W IABSE Congress, Nanjing 2022: Bridges and Structures: Connection, Integration and Harmonisation. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/nanjing.2022.0107.

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<p>The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge (HZMB) is located at the Pearl River Estuary on the south of China, It is the longest sea-crossing infrastructure made of island, tunnel and bridge. It links Hong Kong in the east with Zhuhai-Macao in the west with a total length of 55 km. The HZMB was built according to the highway standard of due three lanes. It has a design life of 120 years to meet the Hong Kong standard that is the first in China Mainland. The HZMB has greatly improved traffic conditions on the east and west sides of the coast of the Pearl River Estuary and strengthened the communication, transportation, and economic integration of the three regions, thus accelerating the formation of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. This paper outlines the key construction technologies and strategies used in HZMB to provide references for the design and construction of other mega-projects in China or abroad.</p>
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Yeung, Jack. "Hong Kong as a global IFC for China". W 3rd Annual International Conference on Political Science, Sociology and International Relations (PSSIR 2013). Global Science and Technology Forum Pte Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-2853_pssir13.13.

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Peng Du, Baohua Mao i Zhili Liu. "Analysis of transfer station design in Hong Kong". W 7th Advanced Forum on Transportation of China (AFTC 2011). IET, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2011.1379.

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Yeung, Percy, Zhongping Tan i Mingxiang Lui. "Quality Logistics Management in Mainland China and Hong Kong". W International Conference on Traffic and Transportation Studies (ICTTS) 2002. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40630(255)207.

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Lee, Thomas Y., Patrick K. Yee i David W. Cheung. "E-government Data Interoperability Framework in Hong Kong". W 2009 International Conference on Interoperability for Enterprise Software and Applications China (IESA). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i-esa.2009.12.

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Chong, Alecs K. T., Mike Tapley, Mathieu Bessodes i C. C. Hau. "Construction and Engineering of the Iconic West Kowloon Station Roof in Hong Kong". W IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0563.

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<p>The West Kowloon Station North is the largest civil contract awarded for the Hong Kong Section of the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link. Located in the heart of Kowloon, the Station will serve as Hong Kong’s international gateway to China. This paper focuses on the iconic station entrance building roof structure construction and the solutions adopted to tackle the complex construction and engineering challenges, to achieve timely construction programme and to deliver successfully the architect vision of this new landmark infrastructure.</p>
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Su, Quanke, Wenbo Gao, Zili Xia, Jinwen Zhang i Yongling Zhu. "The Durability and SHM System of Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge". W IABSE Congress, Nanjing 2022: Bridges and Structures: Connection, Integration and Harmonisation. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/nanjing.2022.1378.

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<p>The Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge (HZMB) located at the Pearl River Estuary on the south coast of China, links Hong Kong in the east with Zhuhai-Macao in the west with a total length of 55 km; It is the longest sea-crossing made of artificial island, immersed tunnel and steel bridge in the world, and was opened to traffic in October 2018. The environment where HZMB located is almost the most severe subtropical marine corrosive environments in China, the durability, maintenance and operation are undoubtedly amongst the major work of this project. In the view of the prominence of this bridge, it is a huge challenge for the engineers to achieve this. This paper describes the durability and integrated structure health monitoring system of HZMB.</p>
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To, W. M., i A. Chung. "e-Appraisal of soundscape for public squares in Hong Kong, China". W 174th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. Acoustical Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/2.0000828.

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Zhen, Zhang, K. M. Chiang i Leo Man. "Underground Development - Pipe Curtain with Jack-in-place Rectangular Tunnel Boring Machine Technology". W The HKIE Geotechnical Division 42nd Annual Seminar. AIJR Publisher, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.133.17.

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With the recent successful application of Rectangular Tunnel Boring Machine (RTBM) Jack-in place technology in Hong Kong, more interest is put into its wider use. However, the application of RTBM is restrained by geological limitations, such as shallow overburden depth, limited span depth ratio of the tunnel (< 2), etc. Advanced underground construction technology – the adoption of systematic pipe curtain with Jack-in place RTBM methodology- was introduced recently in China and Overseas to construct underground railway tunnels, stations, pedestrian subways, and underpass in challenging congested urban areas. This advanced methodology focuses on underground structures construction in which stringent settlement control with shallow overburden cover is required. It also possesses the flexibility to adapt to different sizes of cross-sections, which makes wide span (>20m) underground structures can be constructed by the trenchless method. Given the future of Hong Kong infrastructure development, this paper is aimed to explore the potential for developing underground space based on this advanced solution to resolving problems in an old and congested urban area. Taking past successful project experiences in Mainland China as examples, this paper has discussed the geological requirements, construction method, sequence, ground settlement performance, etc. It also provides consideration that should be aware of the adoption of technology in typical Hong Kong geological conditions. The RTBM technology offers a new solution to the infrastructure development projects in Hong Kong with better buildability, safety and productivity.
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Ko, P. K. "Electronic industry in the 21st century: opportunities and challenges for China". W Proceedings 1998 IEEE Hong Kong Electron Devices Meeting. IEEE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hkedm.1998.740381.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Hong Kong (China)"

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Boulton, W. Electronics Manufacturing in Hong Kong and China. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, październik 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada399699.

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Blasko, Dennis J., i Ronald N. Montaperto. Hong Kong and China: The Military and Political Implications of Reversion. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, marzec 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada385774.

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Almond, Douglas, Lena Edlund, Hongbin Li i Junsen Zhang. Long-Term Effects Of The 1959-1961 China Famine: Mainland China and Hong Kong. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, wrzesień 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13384.

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Maeno, Yoshiharu. Epidemiological geographic profiling for a meta-population network. Web of Open Science, grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37686/ser.v1i2.78.

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Epidemiological geographic profiling is a statistical method for making inferences about likely areas of a source from the geographical distribution of patients. Epidemiological geographic profiling algorithms are developed to locate a source from the dataset on the number of new cases for a meta-population network model. It is found from the WHO dataset on the SARS outbreak that Hong Kong remains the most likely source throughout the period of observation. This reasoning is pertinent under the restricted circumstance that the number of reported probable cases in China was missing, unreliable, and incomprehensive. It may also imply that globally connected Hong Kong was more influential as a spreader than China. Singapore, Taiwan, Canada, and the United States follow Hong Kong in the likeliness ranking list
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Bhattacharya, Utpal, Amit Kumar, Sujata Visaria i Jing Zhao. Do Women Receive Worse Financial Advice? An Audit Study in Hong Kong, China. Asian Development Bank, maj 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps230181-2.

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This audit study examines whether financial advisors’ recommendations vary by client gender. It provides evidence that women are more likely than men to receive low-quality financial advice from some types of advisory firms. We explain this as the result of firms’ incentives and advisors’ beliefs about gender differences in financial knowledge.
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Wang, Zhi, Mark Gehlhar i Shunli Yao. Reconciling Trade Statistics from China, Hong Kong and Their Major Trading Partners--A Mathematical Programming Approach. GTAP Technical Paper, wrzesień 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp27.

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This paper develops a mathematical programming model to simultaneously estimate re-export markups and reconcile bilateral trade statistics between China, Hong Kong, and their trading partners. The model is applied to sector level trade flows to resolve discrepant reporting in an efficient manner. Adjustments in trade flows are based upon statistical reporters’ reliability information. The program is implemented in GAMS and retains many desirable theoretical and empirical properties. Estimates are used for generating trade flows and markups for Hong Kong’s re-exports used in the forthcoming version 7 GTAP database. The model’s flexibility has potential for expanded use in other regions where re-exports and associated markup cause discrepant trade flows.
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Garcia-Bernardo, Javier, i Petr Janský. Profit Shifting of Multinational Corporations Worldwide. Institute of Development Studies, marzec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.005.

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Multinational corporations (MNCs) avoid taxes by shifting their profits from countries where real activity takes place towards tax havens, depriving governments worldwide of billions of tax revenue. Earlier research investigating the scale and distribution of profit shifting has faced methodological and data challenges, both of which we address. First, we propose a logarithmic function to model the extremely non-linear relationship between the location of profits and tax rates faced by MNCs at those locations – that is, the extreme concentration of profits without corresponding economic activity in a small number of low-tax jurisdictions. We show that the logarithmic model allows for a more accurate identification of profit shifting than linear and quadratic models. Second, we apply the logarithmic model to newly available country-by-country reporting data for large MNCs – this provides information on the activities of large MNCs, including for the first time many low- and lower-middle-income countries. We estimate that MNCs shifted US$1 trillion of profits to tax havens in 2016, which implies approximately US$200-300 billion in tax revenue losses worldwide. MNCs headquartered in the United States and Bermuda are the most aggressive at shifting profits towards tax havens, while MNCs headquartered in India, China, Mexico and South Africa the least. We establish which countries gain and lose most from profit shifting: the Cayman Islands, Luxembourg, Bermuda, Hong Kong and the Netherlands are among the most important tax havens, whereas low- and lower-middle-income countries tend to lose more tax revenue relative to their total tax revenue. Our findings thus support the arguments of low- and lower-middle-income countries that they should be represented on an equal footing during international corporate tax reform debates.
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Asia Bond Monitor November 2021. Asian Development Bank, listopad 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/spr210452-2.

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This publication reviews recent developments in East Asian local currency bond markets along with the outlook, risks, and policy options. It covers the 10 members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the People’s Republic of China; Hong Kong, China; and the Republic of Korea.
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Asia Bond Monitor November 2023. Asian Development Bank, listopad 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tcs230534-2.

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This edition analyzes how financial conditions weakened and bond yields rose in most emerging East Asian markets between 1 September and 10 November amid expectations that the United States Federal Reserve would keep interest rates elevated for an extended period. The report covers the Association of Southeast Asian Nations; the People's Republic of China; Hong Kong, China; and the Republic of Korea. It explains how overall risks to regional financial conditions remain balanced, with downside risks emanating from high interest rates potentially offset by expected moderation in inflation in 2024. The report also discusses recent developments in local currency bond markets and includes summaries for each of the region’s individual markets.
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Asia Bond Monitor September 2023. Asian Development Bank, wrzesień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/tcs230340-2.

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This edition shows how a modest improvement in economic fundamentals has buoyed East Asia’s local currency bond (LCY) markets, but potential renewed increases in inflation and further interest rate hikes could pose risks for the region’s borrowers. Covering the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, China, and the Republic of Korea, the report notes that positive investment sentiment supported a narrowing of risk premiums, a rally in equity markets, and net foreign portfolio inflows. However, interest rates in the region remained elevated, partly due to a rise in bond yields in major advanced economies. Higher borrowing costs have contributed to debt stress and bond defaults in some markets in the region over the past few months.
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