Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „'hoan (Langue)”

Cette thèse s'intéresse aux utopies linguistiques théoriques et fictionnelles, depuis les "langues philosophiques" du XVIIe siècle jusqu'aux langues internationales du XXe siècle (elles-mêmes issues des projets de langues universelles du XIXè siècle), avant de s'attarder sur leurs avatars littéraires au XXe siècle. Quatre romans en particulier sont à l'étude : "Nineteen eighty-four" de George Orwell, "A clockwork orange" d'Anthony Burgess, "Riddley Walker" de Russell Hoban, et "The Inheritors" de William Golding. Ces oeuvres écrites dans un anglais altéré, modifié, déformé, sont analysés à la lumière des inventions utopistes de langue afin de déterminer s'il y a filiation, continuité ou rupture. Il est d'abord proposé une histoire des idées linguistiques afin de bien saisir les motivations, les buts et les enjeux des projets de langue artificielle chargée de décrire le monde de manière exacte et univoque, depuis le "caractère universel" de Francis Bacon jusqu'aux langages formels des logiciens au XXè siècle. L'analyse conduite montre que loin de rendre compte du monde de façon objective et neutre, les projets utopiques, lui imposent un modèle idéologique toujours déjà linguistique. Les romans du XXè siècle s'inscrivent alors en rupture par rapport à ce rêve d'une humanité réconciliée grâce à un langage unique et parfait. Ils présentent en effet des hommes qui ont perdu leurs repères, et le langage qui les traverse, qualifié de "fantastique", est obscur, parfois méconnaissable, jouant toutes ses "imperfections". Mais à travers les déformations qu'il subit, le langage parvient à se libérer du moule idéologique de l'oeuvre et à en sublimer le pessimisme, révélant toute sa puissance interne, génératrice d'être. Cette thèse met en évidence la capacité du langage à structurer ou à produire le monde, qu'il s'agisse du monde réel (les utopies linguistiques) ou du monde fictionnel (les langues fantastiques)<br>This dissertation deals with the theorical and fictional arificial languages, dating back to the 17th-century philosophical languages until the 20th-century international languages the latter arising from the universal language projects of the 19th century, before dwelling upon their 20th century literary avatars. Four novels in particular are under study : "Nineteen eighty-four" by George Orwell, "A clockwork orange" by Anthony Burgess, "Riddley Walker" by Russell Hoban, and "The inheritors" by William Golding. These books written in a distorted language are analysed in the light of those utopian languages to determine whether there is filiation, continuity or rupture. The work sarts with an overview of man's different conceptions of language to fully grasp the motivations goals and stakes of these projects of artificial language designed to describe the world accurately and unambiguously, from Francis Bacon's "universal character" to the logicians formal languages in the 20th century. The analysis carried out shows that far from giving an objective and neutral reading of the world, the utopian projects apply to it an ideological pattern which is always already linguistic. The novels of the 20th century break off with the dream of humanity reconciled by a unique and perfect language. Indeed, they present man at a loss in a nightmarish atmosphere and the English language used is "fantastic", obscure, sometimes unrecognizable, playing with what the projectors called its "imperfections". However, in and through the alteration undergone, language succeeds in setting itself free from the ideological mould of the story and in sublimating the pessimis, enhancing its inner, engendering power. This thesis brings out the capacity of language to structure or generate the world, be it the real world (the utopian language) or the fictional world (the "fantastic" language)

A partir des romans de Walter Abish, Donald Barthelme et Russell Hoban, cette étude tente de déterminer les rapports entre métafiction et jeux de langage, et d'en dégager les enjeux, tant sur le plan de la fiction que de l'écriture ou du langage. La première partie s'intéresse plus particulièrement aux problématiques de la mise en abyme, aux enjeux de miroirs, d'abord au niveau de la fiction, puis de l'écriture, enfin du langage. On montre comment ces jeux de miroirs fonctionnent, et quel est le rapport qui s'établit entre mise en abyme et métafiction. La seconde partie est plus particulièrement consacrée aux jeux de langage, ce qui implique à la fois une définition du jeu et des règles qu'il implique, et une étude du concept de 'jeu de langage' formule par Wittgenstein. On montre comment ce qui est en jeu dans l'écriture réflexive, c'est le langage. Cela implique une tentative de définition du langage, jeu qui implique des règles et des frontières qui sont sans cesse franchies. Cette partie porte un intérêt particulier aux monstres du langage, effractions des règles et autres exceptions. La troisième partie s'intéresse aux enjeux du langage, c'est-à-dire au rapport entre le langage et le monde. A partir des romans, on tente de montrer comment c'est le langage qui construit la réalité, et comment toute réalité est une construction du langage<br>Through the analysis of the novels written by Walter Abish, Donald Barthelme and Russell Hoban, this study tries to determine the relations between metafiction and language games, and to bring out what is at stake in such relations, be it on the level of fiction, writing and language. The first part is more particularly concerned with the problematic of mise en abyme and mirror-games, first on the level of fiction, then on the level of writing, and on the level of language. This section shows how those mirror-games work, and what is the relation between mise en abyme and metafiction. The second section deals with language-games, which implies defining the idea of a 'game' and the rules games entail. It also implies a study of Wittgenstein's concept of 'language games'. What is at stake in narcissistic writing is language, which implies to try and define language, as a game with its rules and its frontiers that are always transgressed. This section deals more particularly with the monsters of language. The third part is more particularly interested in the relations between language and the world, in what is really at stake in language. With those novels as a starting point, this section tries to show that language and language alone builds reality, and that reality is a contruction of language

Russell Hoban, born in Pennsylvania in 1925, is the author of fifty children's books and eight novels. This thesis provides a critical reading of his novels Kleinzeit (1974), The Medusa Frequency (1987), Riddley Walker (1980) and Pilgermann (1983). The thesis argues that the alienation of the protagonist from his society -- a theme common to the novels above -- is the result of the operation of the Derridean process of displacement. Hoban's novels work deconstructively to undermine binary oppositions (such as "reality" versus "fantasy"). I argue that the novels aim to recuperate the marginal by displacing the centre. In Kleinzeit and The Medusa Frequency, reality itself is figured as an absent centre. Through a discussion of magical realism, I show how Hoban questions the idea of a "consensus reality". I argue that by denying authority to the authors in these texts, Hoban privileges the uncertain authority of language itself. Using Derrida's concept of différance, I show that language in Kleinzeit is figured as an endless deferral of meaning. In Chapter II, I turn to an analysis of the invented post-atomic language of Riddley Walker, and examine how the neologisms and futuristic orthography of the text contribute towards significant wordplay. I argue that Riddley's attempts to read his culture's past offer a critique of the contemporary reader's assumptions, both about her present and about reading itself. I rely on Mircea Eliade's The Myth of the Eternal Return (1965) in discussing the nature of myth-making in Riddley Walker. In the final chapter, I discuss in detail the mechanism of displacement in Pilgermann. By examining the role of the grotesque in the novel, I argue that Pilgermann can be read hymeneutically. Derrida's figure of the hymen becomes the emblem of marginalisation. Using the example of the mode of the grotesque {which is prominent in the novel), I argue that the marginal is always already present in the very centre which would expel it. Pilgermann is read as an attempt to recuperate the margin in spite of "the confusion between the present and the non-present" (Derrida, 1984: 212) which is the hymen. Finally, I conclude that Hoban's works, while focussing on displacement, unwittingly displace women, by figuring them as absences whose existence is primarily metaphorical.

Kategorisering är något som görs av alla människor, hela tiden. Det är ett sätt att sortera omvärlden i olika fack och organisera strukturer för hur allting hänger ihop. Genom att analysera hur kategoriseringar skapas kan man ofta belysa underliggande normföreställningar, liksom identifiera strukturer i samhället som skulle behöva förändras. Jag ville undersöka om, och i så fall hur, media med hjälp av kategorisering befäster eller motsäger de kulturella normer som är förknippade med våra traditionella könsroller, när de rapporterar om standup och i synnerhet kvinnliga standupkomiker. I min studie har jag därför valt att analysera ett antal tidningsartiklar som handlar om kvinnliga ståuppkomiker år 2000-2019, för att granska hur dessa kvinnor porträtteras i media och om det förändras över tid. Analysen baserades på metoderna Membership Categorization Devices samt multimodal bildanalys, där jag har undersökt dels kategoriseringar och hur de skapas, dels tillhörande bildmaterial för att se om det förstärker eller motsäger budskapet i texten. Resultatet visar att kategoriseringar är vanligt förekommande i artiklarna och främst kan kopplas till de övergripande samlingskategorierna underhållning, kön, religion, kroppsuppfattning samt könsnormer. Det är en tydlig skillnad i hur mycket utrymme komikerna får att själv yttra sig i de tidigare intervjuerna jämfört med de senare, och på vilket sätt kategoriseringarna tar plats i texten. Studien visar också att intervjupersonerna ofta kategoriserar sig själva utifrån de frågor de får av intervjuaren, medan intervjuarens kategoriseringar formuleras i referat eller påståenden om personen. Bildanalysen visar inget enhetligt resultat, då samspelet mellan text och bild varierar.

Sammanfattning Att kunna identifiera och förstå olika varieteter av målspråket är en grundläggande förutsättning för att andraspråksinlärare av svenska ska kunna bli fullständig deltagare i dagens flerspråkiga svenska samhälle. Den här studien har till syfte att explorativt undersöka vuxna andraspråksinlärares tillägnande av kunskaper i språklig variation vad gäller modersmålssvenska och andraspråkssvenska, samt deras sociolingvistiska medvetenhet. Detta testas och analyseras genom olika moment i ett lyssnarexperiment, dvs. hur L2-lyssnare bedömer olika talare, hur de förklarar sin bedömning och hur de uppfattar sig själva jämfört med olika talare. En bakgrundsenkät används för att samla in information om språklig erfarenhet och koppla den till L2-lyssnarnas bedömningar. Resultaten pekar mot att studiens L2-lyssnare varierar väldigt mycket vad gäller kunskaper i variation, och vissa lyssnare verkar även ha helt identiska bedömningar med modersmålskontrollgruppen. Studien har däremot inte kunnat påvisa någon korrelation mellan språklig erfarenhet och L2-lyssnarnas bedömningar. Det presenteras möjliga tolkningar av och förklaringar till vad som kan ha påverkan på L2-lyssnares kunskaper.<br>Abstract Being able to identify and understand different varieties of the target language is a fundamental condition for learners of Swedish as a second language in order to gain full language proficiency and become a participant in today’s multilingual Swedish society. The present study is an explorative investigation of how adult second language learners acquire knowledge of native and non-native variation in Swedish and of sociolinguistic awareness. A listening experiment is used to collect and analyse data in three steps, i.e. how L2 listeners judge different speakers, how they explain their judgements, and how they perceive their own Swedish compared to different speakers. A questionnaire is used to collect information about language experience and to find correlations between this and L2 listeners’ judgements. The results indicate that L2 listeners’ knowledge of variation varies to a great extent, and that some of them seem to have identical judgements to the native control group. The data in this study does not support that there are any correlations between L2 listeners’ language experience and judgements. Possible interpretations and explanations of what can affect L2 listeners’ knowledge are presented as well.

Syftet med studien är att dels undersöka attityderna hos gymnasielärare på tre gymnasieskolor i Stockholm beträffande förekomsten av ungdomsspråk i elevernas självproducerade texter inom svenskämnet, med fokus på diskurspartiklar och slang, dels att undersöka lärarnas syn på vikten av att skriva formellt i skolans texter. Denna studie är huvudsakligen kvantitativ och genomfördes genom ett digitalt frågeformulär för att nå fler respondenter på distans. De skolor som användes i denna studie valdes utifrån bekvämlighet. Studiens resultat avslöjade att majoriteten av de tillfrågade lärarna påpekar att det är mycket viktigt att eleverna skriver formellt i skolans texter. Resultatet visade även att lärarna hade mestadels negativa attityder gentemot ungdomsspråk som förekommer i elevers skrivna texter, samt att majoriteten av lärarna nämner att förekomsten av ungdomsspråk i elevers skrivna texter kan påverka bedömning av textens kvalitet, eftersom ungdomsspråket i texten bland annat bidrar till att texten tappar sitt syfte. Slutsatsen som kan dras utifrån denna studie är att de tillfrågade lärarna föredrar språkriktighet i elevers självproducerade texter, oavsett vilken typ av text de skriver.

Teachers need to be equipped with the tools necessary to evaluate content on the Internet and determine if it is a credible source, or a hoax website since they are expected to instruct and prepare students on how to evaluate the sites which is now a relevant phenomenon. The purpose of the mixed‑method study was to obtain an understanding of the web evaluation strategies of prospective teachers regarding the evaluation of hoax websites and how their epistemic beliefs may influence their evaluation. Another aspect of this study was to find out what outcomes resulted from providing guidance, or not to prospective teachers before evaluating the hoax websites. Seventy‑two prospective teachers from undergraduate education courses completed an online questionnaire, where they evaluated four websites (two hoaxes and two credible) and completed questions regarding their epistemic beliefs. Two groups of prospective teachers were selected. Group A was the control group and Group B was the experiment group. Group A simply took the online questionnaire. However, Group B was provided with an overview of a specific web evaluation strategy, the WWWDOT Framework, before taking the online questionnaire. Sixteen participants were interviewed. Interestingly, almost half of the participants (48.6%), trusted at least one of the hoax websites. The study concluded that teaching the WWWDOT Framework helped to increase the number of people that did not trust the aesthetically appealing hoax website in Group B. Regarding epistemic beliefs, prospective teachers, who displayed feeling‑based epistemic beliefs, tended to trust the hoax website that was aesthetically appealing in Group A. The qualitative results provided additional insights and supported the quantitative data. The qualitative research suggests that lateral reading, spending sufficient time to read and evaluate and knowing the definition of a hoax website as being the most important web evaluation strategies displayed by those that did not trust the hoax websites.

In this paper, generic reference in a collection of juridical texts is examined, with focus on third person singular pronouns. The object of the study is to find out which generic pronouns occur in the material along with their relative distribution, but also to display further use patterns and to offer plausible explanations for these patterns. Another object is to evaluate whether the use of generic pronouns corresponds with language planners’ recommendations for non-sexist language. The corpus studied consists of Rikspolisstyrelsens författnings­samling (“Statute Book of the Swedish National Police Board”), comprising 172 documents written between 1974 and 2009. The study is divided into two parts. In the quantitative part, the occurrence of generic pronouns in the material is studied, as well as changes in distribution over time. In the qualitative part, the use of the pronouns is more closely examined, with regard to specific referents and textual contexts. The main findings are as follows. Only three out of seven examined generic pronouns appear in the material. The gender neutral han eller hon and the masculine denne are predominant, while the masculine han is relatively scarce. Seen over time, han has diminished considerably whereas han eller hon and denne have increased greatly. A general feature of the material is that the use of pronouns is inconsistent, but several patterns, overlapping each other, are nevertheless discernible. The use of generic pronouns does not entirely correspond with language planners’ recommendations. It is true that linguistic directives and initiatives seem to have had a direct or indirect impact on the material, which appears from an increased and extended, sometimes even surprising, use of han eller hon (for instance regarding referents within the police field and referents associated with weapons), as well as from a decreased and limited use of han. However, denne is still prevalent, possibly as a substitute for the disdained han, and on the whole masculine reference is prevailing in the material.

Two categories of sex are considered to not be enough and the use of a masculine pronoun in cases where gender is unknown is said to increase the gaps instead of bringing them together when it comes to gender equality. In 2015, the new word ze (in swedish: hen) was added to the Swedish Academic Glossary and since then the opinions regarding the linguistic change have gone apart. This study aims to provide in-depth knowledge of the gender neutral pronouns ze, the attitudes to and the use of the word in the Swedish language and society. Through a quantitative study with a survey as a method; 226 questionnaires were collected. Then they were analyzed based on the theoretical framework based on a sociolinguistic perspective and queertheory that focuses on normality and deviation. The results from the study show that more than half of the respondents have a positive attitude towards ze. It is primarily in writing that the gender neutral pronoun is used; almost half of the respondents state that they prefer the word in writing situations. Language usage in general affects a persons attitude to the word ze, the more linguistic change someone has accepted, the more likely it is that they start using a future one. The conclusion is that linguistic changes take time, but despite that, ze have been established in the Swedish language and society as a gender neutral pronoun but not as a third gender category.

The aim of this study is to examine how female and male perpetrators are represented in the tabloid Aftonbladet. The study is based on two murder cases that resemble each other. The murders are commited by two perpetrators together, a woman and a man. The questions examined are: How are the perpetrators and victims of news journalism represented in murders commited together by a female and male offender? Which are the similarities and differences between how female and male offenders are represented? We executed a critical discourse analysis of 14 news articles from Aftonbladet, from the time period of the detention to the sentence of the crimes. The result shows that the perpetrators together are represented as well-planned, greedy and evil. The female offender are represented as manipulative, emotional and her actions are correlated to her role as a mother. Furthermore she is placed above the male offender, he becomes submissive. The man is also represented as deviant and has relationship problems with others. The victims are portrayed as helpless and innocent. They are also represented as thoughtful and generous towards their children. The victims’ fear is portrayed in relation to the perpetrators malice.

Dans la littérature de la Corne de l’Afrique d’expression française, on assiste très souvent à l’image caricaturée des personnages féminins qui sont engagés dans un quotidien difficile à vivre. Aussi bien dans les textes de Waberi que dans ceux de Nuruddin Farah, les personnages féminins sont constamment en fuite pour échapper au destin tragique d’une existence douloureuse où la misère morale et matérielle constitue un obstacle majeur. Si l’un des facteurs qui tend les personnages féminins vers une marginalisation effective est en rapport avec un espace acariâtre, dominé « par la volonté assassine d’un soleil impérial » (Waberi : 2002.32), il y en a également d’autres qui contribuent à étouffer leur identité dans un environnement traditionnel où « tout ce qui sort du troupeau est l’ailleurs, le lointain inconnu, les limbes du néant » (Waberi : 2002.104), . Nous intégrons cette perception essentiellement misogyne dans une dimension critique où la marginalisation liée à l’exploration du corps féminin dans Les Nuits d’Addis-Abeba se précise au fil de la narration à travers les différents rites sexuels gravés dans la chair des personnages féminins comme « une surface sur laquelle la société inscrit les différentes modalités de transaction » (Rangira Gallimore : 1994. 56). La présente thèse s’interroge dans un premier temps sur les problématiques liées à la question du genre dans l’univers romanesque des écrivains de la Corne de l’Afrique tout en prenant en considération l’imaginaire populaire et les faits sociologiques relatifs aux représentations de la femme dans cette même zone géographique<br>In the Horn of Africa French-speaking literature, there are very often the caricatured images of female characters who are engaged in a difficult daily life. In both texts Waberi and Nuruddin Farah, female characters are constantly on the run to escape the tragic fate of a painful existence where moral and material/financial poverty is a major obstacle. If one of the factors that tends the female characters towards effective marginalization is related to a cantankerous space, dominated “by the vicious will of an imperial Sun”, there are also others who are contributing to stifle their identity in a traditional environment where "anything out of the herd is the elsewhere, the unknown distance, the limbo of oblivion”. We integrate this essentially misogynist perception in a critical size where marginalization related to exploration of the female body in” the nights in Addis Ababa takes shape over the narrative through exploitation the sexual rites that is graved in the flesh of female characters as” a surface where society registers the various terms of transaction”. This present thesis questions initially on issues related to the gender issue in the novelistic universe of writers while taking into account the popular imagination on the representations of women in the Horn of Africa

Text in English<br>This dissertation, deals with the verb structure found in Ju/̕hoansi, Naro and !Xóõ, which form part of the Northern, Central and Southern Khoesan respectively. Although previous studies have been conducted on these languages, no study has been done to date involving a detailed comparison of the structures in these languages. Thus, not much has been done in the area of syntax; particularly syntactical comparison. Previous studies ignored comparisons of grammatical categories and structures such as noun class markers, plural formation markers, tense and aspect markers and verbal extensions. This dissertation consists of six chapters. Chapter 1 covers the language situation in Botswana. Chapter 2 is devoted to the literature review. Chapter 3 deals with the linguistic features found in the three languages. Chapter 4 covers the methodology and the theoretical framework adopted in the dissertation. The theoretical framework is eclectic in nature, in other words, the study is largely descriptive. However, on occasion, some aspects of lexical functional grammar (LFG) are used. This theoretical framework is appealing as it best handles important aspects of the languages under consideration, particularly the verb extensions. Chapter 5 describes the noun class system, highlighting the markers found in different noun classes. It also covers tense and aspect markers as well as the verbal extensions found in the three languages. Specifically, it is argued in this chapter that plural formation occurs in three ways; regular plurals, irregular plurals and neutral plurals. The study reveals a close relationship between tense and aspect and the motion of the events, points of reference and moment of speech encoded in the verbs involved. Adverbials can co-occur with the relevant tenses. Lastly, it is shown that verbal extensions do not just combine freely; they are subject to different kinds of sequential constraints. Chapter 6 summarizes the main findings, highlighting the similarities and differences in the three languages. Naro is SOV while Ju/'hoansi and !Xóõ are SVO. Chapter 6 also indicates areas in these Khoesan Languages requiring further research.<br>African Languages<br>D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)