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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "History europe ireland general"
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Clout, Hugh, Paul Gibson, Arnold Horner i William Nolan. "Reviews of Books". Irish Geography 27, nr 1 (15.01.2015): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.1994.433.
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IRELAND, EUROPE AND THE SINGLE MARKET, edited by Russell King. Dublin: Geographical Society of Ireland Special Publications No.8, 1993. 136pp. IR£7.00. ISBN 0-9510402-9-4.MANAGING LAND USE CHANGE, edited by Alan Cooper and Peter Wilson. Coleraine, Geographical Society of Ireland Special Publications No. 7, 1992. 94pp. IR£7.00. ISBN 0-9510402-8-6.CORK: HISTORY & SOCIETY, INTERDISCIPLINARY ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF AN IRISH COUNTY, edited by Patrick O'Flanagan and Cornelius G. Buttimer. Dublin: Geography Publications, 1993. 999pp. IR£37.50. ISBN 0-906602-22 X.ALL WORLDS POSSIBLE: THE DOMAIN OF THE MILLERS OF COOLYBROWN, by Patrick J. O'Connor. Limerick: Oireacht na Mumhan Books, 1994. 160pp. IR£18.00. ISBN 0-9512184-4-1.
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Sawyer, Roy T. "History of the Leech Trade in Ireland, 1750–1915: Microcosm of a Global Commodity". Medical History 57, nr 3 (30.05.2013): 420–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2013.21.
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AbstractIn the nineteenth century the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis evolved into a lucrative commodity in great demand throughout the western world. In less than a century its trade became big business by any measure, involving tens of millions of animals shipped to every inhabited continent. In this context Ireland is particularly instructive in that it was the first country in Europe to exhaust its supply of native leeches. Concomitantly, it was also the first country to import leeches from abroad, as early as 1750. Being an island with manageable border controls, and a clearly definable medical market, Ireland serves superbly as a microcosm of the leech as a worldwide commodity. Being a relative small country it is possible for the first time to gain a balanced perspective of various economic factors underlying this trade, including supply and demand, exploitation of natural resources, and an evolving network of competitive traders.This paper addresses these and other aspects of the leech trade in Ireland. The principal, and unexpected, finding of this paper is that leeches were unequivocally very expensive in Ireland and became a significant drain on hospital budgets. As such, they found little use amongst the Irish poor. An estimate of several million leeches were imported into Ireland in the nineteenth century, a practice which continued into the twentieth. They were imported initially from Wales and then from France following the defeat of Napoleon, but the bulk came ultimately from Hamburg, via importers in England.
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Engler, S., F. Mauelshagen, J. Werner i J. Luterbacher. "The Irish famine of 1740–1741: famine vulnerability and "climate migration"". Climate of the Past 9, nr 3 (28.05.2013): 1161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-1161-2013.
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Abstract. The "Great Frost" of 1740 was one of the coldest winters of the eighteenth century and impacted many countries all over Europe. The years 1740–1741 have long been known as a period of general crisis caused by harvest failures, high prices for staple foods, and excess mortality. Vulnerabilities, coping capacities and adaptation processes varied considerably among different countries. This paper investigates the famine of 1740–1741 in Ireland applying a multi-indicator model developed specifically for the integration of an analysis of pre-famine vulnerability, the Famine Vulnerability Analysis Model (FVAM). Our focus is on Ireland, because famine has played a more outstanding role in Irish national history than in any other European country, due to the "Great Famine" of 1845–1852 and its long-term demographic effects. Our analysis shows that Ireland was already particularly vulnerable to famine in the first half of the eighteenth century. During and after the experience of hardship in 1740–1741, many Irish moved within Ireland or left the country entirely. We regard migration as a form of adaptation and argue that Irish migration in 1740–1741 should be considered as a case of climate-induced migration.
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Ellis, Steven G. "Prelude to the Tudor conquest: Henry VIII and the Irish expedition of Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey, 1520–22". Irish Historical Studies 47, nr 171 (maj 2023): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2023.2.
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AbstractDuring the brief ‘universal peace’ following the treaty of London in 1518, Surrey's expedition brought to Ireland as chief governor Henry VIII's best general, ostensibly leading a reconnaissance in force to discover how the king might reduce the land to order and obedience. Despite the expedition's protracted planning, as here outlined, the king's aims remained unclear, at least to Surrey. His army spent most of the time garrisoning the Pale and compelling submissions by neighbouring border chiefs. As suggested in a previously unnoticed cache of documents, King Henry hoped the Irish could be persuaded to use English law and the king's courts, restoring crown land since overrun, so that a recovery of the revenues would meet the expedition's costs. When Surrey insisted that Ireland's reform would entail a lengthy and costly military conquest, he soon lost interest. As renewed war threatened in continental Europe, Surrey was instructed to focus on the Pale's defence to reduce the king's costs, so conserving the monarch's treasure for other ‘higher enterprises’. Surrey's short-lived expedition and brief recall disrupted the political stability established by the earl of Kildare's defence of the Pale, with little achieved.
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Clout, Hugh, F. H. A. Aalen, Patrick J. O'Connor, R. H. Buchanan, Breandán S. Mac Aodha, E. Buckmaster i A. A. Horner. "Reviews of Books". Irish Geography 19, nr 2 (20.12.2016): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.1986.718.
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CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL IRELAND, edited by Proinnsias Breathnach and Marv E. Cawley. Geographical Society of Ireland. Special Publications No. I. 1986. 92pp. IR£3.00. ISBN 0 9510402 1 9. Reviewed by HUGH CLOUTTHE COMPARATIVE HISTORY OF URBAN ORIGINS IN NON-ROMAN EUROPE: IRELAND, WALES, DENMARK, GERMANY, POLAND AND RUSSIA FROM THE NINTH TO THE THIRTEENTH CENTURY, edited by H. B. Clarke and Anngret Simms. Osney Mead, Oxford: British Archaeological Reports International Series 2S5(i), 1985. 2 vols. 748pp. £40.00 stg. ISBN 0 86054 326 9. Reviewed by F. H. A. AALENANGLO-NORMAN SETTLEMENT IN IRELAND, by B. J. Graham. Athlone: Group for the Study of Irish Historic Settlement. Irish settlement studies No. I, 1985. 40pp. No price stated. No ISBN. Reviewed by PATRICK J. O'CONNORTIPPERARY: HISTORY AND SOCIETY. INTERDISCIPLINARY ESSAYS ON THE HISTORY OF AN IRISH COUNTY, edited by William Nolan, associate editor, Thomas G. McGrath. Dublin: Geography Publications, 1985. 493pp. IR£35.00. ISBN 0 9066 2033. Reviewed by R. H. BUCHANANMAPPING SOUTH CONNEMARA: PARTS 1–29 CASHEL, CARNA AND CILL CHIARAIN. by Tim Robinson. Roundstone, Co. Galwav: Folding Landscapes, 1985.60pp. IR£3.50 ISBN 0 9504002 38. Reviewed by BREANDÁN S. MAC AODHATHE ORDNANCE SURVEY ROAD ATLAS OF IRELAND. Dublin: Gill and Macmillian, 1985. IR£8.95. ISBN 7171 1404X. Reviewed by E. BUCKMASTERTHIS PROTEAN SUBJECT: THE GEOGRAPHY DEPARTMENT IN TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN 1936–1986, by Gordor L. Herries Davies. Dublin: Department of Geography, Trinitv College Dublin, 1986. 48pp. IR£3.50. NO ISBN. Reviewed by A. A. HORNER
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Kalinowska, Katarzyna. "Overcoming the consequences of financial crisis on the example of Island and Ireland". Central European Review of Economics & Finance 33, nr 2 (31.08.2021): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/ceref.2021.007.
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Will Ireland share the fate of Iceland? Is this open, small economy with a debt-to-GDP ratio of above 130% on the verge of bankruptcy? Economists argue that if public debt is greater than national income, then smaller economies, heavily involved in the international division of labor are at risk of becoming insolvent. The bankruptcy of Ireland, whose prosperity is based on its reputation for being a good place to do business, could be a catastrophy. Contrary to the countries of southern Europe, the economy of the Green Island has never had problems with paying its liabilities and with solvency. While Greece has gone bankrupt five times since gaining independence in 1826 and Spain as many as thirteen in the past two centuries, Ireland's history in this area is impeccable (Reinhard, Rogoff, 2009, p. 3-6). Since the beginning of the 21st century Ireland's economic development has been based mainly on construction industry and not exports, as it used to be in the 1990s when the country was nicknamed the Celtic Tiger. The boom resulted in a budget surplus and a positive balance in current settlements. But it also resulted in higher prices - the Irish no longer had to accept slow wage growth to stay internationally competitive - which, combined with the low nominal interest rate of the European Central Bank, provided fertile ground for the build-up of the real estate bubble. The aim of the article is to identify the factors that led Ireland to the brink of bankruptcy and to try to answer the question whether the action of recapitalization of failing banks by the government and international financial institutions will bring the expected results in the form of healing the financial system and returning Green Island to the path of economic growth.
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Cagigal Montalbán, Ekain. "La maldición de los Archer. Una familia irlandesa al servicio del Consulado de Bilbao (siglo XVIII)". Vínculos de Historia Revista del Departamento de Historia de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, nr 12 (28.06.2023): 330–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18239/vdh_2023.12.17.
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RESUMENMiguel Archer forma parte del enorme contingente de exiliados que dejaron Irlanda durante el siglo xviii y se establecieron a comienzos de la centuria en la villa de Bilbao. Junto a su mujer, María Geraldino –también irlandesa–, crio una próspera y exitosa familia, al tiempo que se posicionaba sólidamente en el comercio y la sociedad bilbaína. Archer trabajó en múltiples ámbitos para el Consulado de Bilbao, vínculo que su hijo Miguel hizo perdurar y engrandecer durante años. El padre ejerció durante más de 30 años como arqueador y corredor de navíos en el puerto bilbaíno, cargo que fue legándose sucesivamente a través de varios miembros de la familia. El hijo fue designado maestro de la recién creada y pionera Escuela de Náutica de Bilbao –que años después le propiciaría el nombramiento como capitán de fragata–, así como toda una suerte de comisiones relacionadas con la ingeniería civil –en muchos casos de gran relevancia– que las instituciones vizcaínas precisaban. Sin embargo, en lo más alto de los logros que la familia había alcanzado, en 1752 las calamidades comenzaron a recaer sobre los Archer-Geraldino en una sucesión de tragedias que acabarían con la casi totalidad de la familia en unos pocos años. Palabras clave: Archer, Geraldino, Consulado de Bilbao, corredor de navíosTopónimos: Bilbao, IrlandaPeríodo: siglo xviii ABSTRACTMiguel Archer is part of the huge number of exiled Catholics that were forced to leave Ireland during the early modern period. He settled in Bilbao in the early 18th century, where he married Maria Geraldino, also an Irishwoman, and both raised a prosperous and successful family whereas Archer took hold in the trade and society of Bilbao. He worked for the Consulate of Bilbao in different ways; and likewise the link was preserved and enlarged by his son Miguel. The father acted as a ship tonnage surveyor and sworn translator –successively bequeathed to other relatives– in the port of Bilbao for more than thirty years. The son was nominated lecturer of the newly created and pioneer Navigation School of Bilbao –lately enabling his appointment as navy commander in Spanish Armada– as well as many commissions related to civil engineering issues very relevant for the Biscayan public bodies. Nevertheless, in the summit of the family achievements, in 1752 a series of misfortunes arose to the Archer-Geraldinos and they were nearly extinguished as a result of a succession of tragedies in very few years. Keywords: Archer, FitzGerald/Geraldine, Consulate of Bilbao, sworn translatorPlace name: Bilbao, IrelandPeriod: 18th century REFERENCIASBilbao Acedos, A. (1999): “Los Irlandeses y el sector del curtido en Bizkaia en el siglo xviii”, Bidebarrieta, 4, pp. 295-309.— (2004): Los irlandeses de Bizkaia “Los chiguiris”. Siglo xviii, Bilbao, Fundación BBK.Binasco, M. (2018): Rome and Irish Catholicism in the Atlantic World, 1622-1908, London, Palgrave Macmillan.Cagigal Montalbán, E. (2019): “La presencia irlandesa en Bizkaia a través de los registros parroquiales (siglos xvii-xviii)”, Revista de Demografía Histórica, 37 (1), pp. 15-46.— (2020a): “Los irlandeses en los pleitos de hidalguía del Señorío de Bizkaia. Estudio comparado de fuentes”, Revista de Historia Moderna. Anales de la Universidad de Alicante, 38, pp. 255-291.— (2020b): “Miguel Archer: Desmontando el mito, aumentando el mito”, Vasconia, 44, pp. 65-91.Canny, N. (2021): “How the local can be global and the global local: Ireland, Irish Catholics and European Overseas Empires, 1500-1900”, en P. Griffin y F. D. Cogliano (eds.), Ireland and America: Empire, Revolution, and Sovereignty, Chalottesville, University of Virginia Press, pp. 23-52.Chauca García, J. (2019): De comerciante a gobernante: Ambrosio O’Higgins virrey del Perú, 1796-1801, Madrid, Ediciones Sílex.Crooks, P. y Duffy, S. (eds.) (2017): The Geraldines and Medieval Ireland: The Making of a Myth, Dublin, Four Courts Press.Cullen, L. M. (1994): “The Irish Diaspora of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries”, en N. Canny (ed.), Europeans on the Move: Studies on European Migration 1500-1800, Oxford, Clarendon Press, pp. 113-149.Dickson, D., Parmentier, J. y Ohlmeyer, J. H. (eds.) (2007): Irish and Scottish Mercantile Networks in Europe and Overseas in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, Gent, Academia Press.Downey, D. M. y Crespo MacLennan, J. (coords.) (2008): Spanish-Irish Relations Through the Ages, Dublin, Four Court Press.Egiluz Romero, M. A. (2006): La historia ignorada. Una visión sobre el papel de las mujeres en la vida pública de Hernani. (siglos xvi-xix), Hernani, Hernaniko udala-Hernaniko Berdintasun Kontseilua.Fannin, S. (2013): “Spanish Archives of Primary Source Material: Part II”, The Irish Genealogist, 13 (4), pp. 288-310.García Hernán, E. (2006): “Irish clerics in Madrid, 1598-1665”, en T. O’Connor y M. A. Lyons (eds.), Irish communities in early modern Europe, Dublin, Four Court Press, pp. 267-293.—(2009): Ireland and Spain in the Reign of Philip II, Dublin, Four Court Press.García Hernán, E. y Pérez Tostado, I. (eds.) (2010): Irlanda y el Atlántico Ibérico. Movilidad, participación e intercambio cultural, Valencia, Albatros Ediciones.García Hernán, E. y Lario de Oñate, M. C. (eds.) (2013): La presencia irlandesa durante las Cortes de Cádiz en España y América, 1812, Valencia, Albatros Ediciones.Guiard Larrauri, T. (1972): Historia del Consulado y Casa de Contratación de la villa de Bilbao, Bilbao, La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca, vols. 1 y 2.Larrea Sagarmínaga, M. Á. y Labayru y Goicoechea, E. J. (1974): Historia general del señorío de Bizcaya: Caminos de Vizcaya en la segunda mitad del siglo xviii, Bilbao, La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca.Llombart, J. y Hormigón, M. (1990): “Un libro de texto de la Escuela de Náutica de Bilbao en el siglo xviii”, en R. Codina y R. M. Llobera (coords.), Història, Ciencia i Ensenyament, Barcelona, Sociedad Española de Historia de las Ciencias y de las Técnicas, pp. 439-451.Martin, F. X. Rev. (O.S.A.) (1949): “The Rosseters of Rathmacknee castle. Part I”, The Past: The Organ of the Uí Cinsealaigh Historical Society, 5, pp. 103-116.— (1950): “The Rosseters of Rathmacknee castle. Part II”, The Past: The Organ of the Uí Cinsealaigh Historical Society, 6, pp. 13-44.“Memoria sobre el progreso y adelanto de las obras de mejora de la ría de Bilbao” (1881), Revista de Obras Públicas, 18, pp. 209-214.O’Connor, T. y Lyons, M. A. (eds.) (2003): Irish migrants in Europe after Kinsale, 1602-1820, Dublin, Four Court Press.— (2006): Irish communities in early modern Europe, Dublin, Four Court Press.O’Connor, T. (ed.) (2001): The Irish in Europe, 1580-1815, Dublin, Four Courts Press.— (2016): Irish Voices from the Spanish Inquisition. Migrants, Converts and Brokers in Early Modern Iberia, London, Palgrave-Macmillan.Ordenanzas de la ilustre Universidad y Casa de Contratacion de la M.N. y M.L. villa de Bilbao (1869), Bilbao, Casa de contratación, Librería de Rosa y Bouret.O’Scea, C. (2010): “From Munster to La Coruña across the Celtic Sea: emigration, assimilation, and acculturation in the Kingdom of Galicia (1601-40)”, Obradoiro de historia moderna, 19, pp. 9-38.Pedone, C. (2010): “Cadenas y redes migratorias. Propuesta metodológica para el análisis diacrónico-temporal de los procesos migratorios”, Empiria: Revista de metodología de ciencias sociales, 19, pp. 101-132.Pérez Tostado, I. (2008): Irish Influence at the Court of Spain in the Seventeenth Century, Dublin, Four Court Press.Pérez Tostado, I. y Downey, D. M. (eds.) (2020): Ireland and the Iberian Atlantic: migration, military and material culture, Valencia, Albatros Ediciones.Recio Morales, Ó. (2010): Ireland and the Spanish Empire, 1600-1825, Dublin, Four Courts Press.— (ed.) (2012): Redes de nación y espacios de poder: la comunidad irlandesa en España y América española, 1600-1825, Valencia/Madrid, Albatros Ediciones/ Ministerio de Defensa.— (2020): Alejandro O’Reilly, Inspector General: poder militar, familia y territorio en el reinado de Carlos III, Madrid, Ediciones Sílex.Rivera Medina, A. M. (1998): “Paisaje naval, construcción y agentes sociales en Vizcaya desde el medioevo a la modernidad”, Itsas memoria: revista de estudios marítimos del País Vasco, 2, pp. 49-92.Santoyo, J. C. (2003): “Un quehacer olvidado: los intérpretes-traductores de navíos”, Quaderns de filología. Estudis lingüístic, 8, pp. 1-21.Silke, J. J. (1976): “The Irish abroad, 1534-1691”, en T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin y F. J. Byrne (eds.), A new history of Ireland, vol. 3: Early modern Ireland, 1534-1691, Oxford, Clarendon Press, pp. 587-633.Simms, J. G. (1986): “The Irish on the Continent, 1691-1800”, en T. W. Moody y W. E. Vaughan (eds.), A New History of Ireland, IV: Eighteenth Century Ireland, 1691-1800, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 629-656.Téllez Alarcia, D. (2012): El ministerio Wall: la “España discreta” del “ministro olvidado”, Madrid, Marcial Pons Historia.Villar García, M. B. (coord.) (2000): La emigración irlandesa en el siglo xviii, Málaga, Universidad de Málaga.Worthington, D. (2010): British and Irish Emigrants and Exiles in Europe: 1603-1688, Leiden-Boston, Brill.
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Macquarie, Julius Cezar. "ROADIES: AN ETHNOGRAPHY OF DIGITALISATION OF INEQUALITIES AND PRECARISATION IN FOOD COURIERS". New Europe College Yearbook 2021-2022 (31.03.2023): 93–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.58367/necy.odo.2022.1.93-127.
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Food couriers working the evening and nighttime shifts are a special case of platform‑mediated work, and an under‑researched category of contracted workers in the digitalised platform economy. Drawing on a night ethnography, the paper focuses on the strategic role that migrant and non‑migrant gig workers play in supporting communities in four cities: Bucharest and Oradea in Romania, and Cork in Ireland. London, the fourth locality, is the “glocturnal” city in Europe, with a long history of immigration and an exceptional status due to its high demand for migrant workers 24/7. This ethnographic account aims to impact the emerging field in the digitalisation of labour migration and contribute to debates on digitalisation of inequalities and precarisation of nightworkers.
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Hughes, T. J., Gordon L. Davies, William J. Smyth, N. C. Mitchel, A. J. Parker, R. H. Buchanan, James E. Killen i in. "Reviews of Books". Irish Geography 7, nr 1 (29.12.2016): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.1974.917.
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THE PERSONALITY OE IRELAND. HABITAT. HERITAGE AND HISTORY by E. Estyn Evans. Cambridge: University Press. 1973. 123 pp. £2.70. Reviewed by: T. J. HughesHISTORY IN THE ORDNANCE MAP: AN INTRODUCTION FOR IRISH READERS, by John H. Andrews. Dublin : the Ordnance Survey, l974. 63 pp. £1.00. Reviewed by: Gordon L. DaviesINISHKILLANE — CHANGE AND DECLINE IN THE WEST OF IRELAND. by Hugh Brody. London: Allen Lane, the Penguin Press, 1973. 286 pp. £2.95. Reviewed by: William J. SmythNORTHERN IRELAND. by M.A. Busteed (PROBLEM REGIONS OF EUROPE. edited by D. I. Srargill). London: Oxford University Press, 1974. 48 pp. £1.00. Reviewed by: N. C. MitchclHAS IRELAND A POPULATION PROBLEM ? by R. E. Blackith. P. Dowding and F. J. Purcell. Dublin: the Irish Conservation Society, 1973. 57 pp. £0.50. Reviewed by: A. J. ParkerTHE DOWNSHIRE ESTATES IN IRELAND, 1801–1845, by W. A. Maguire. Oxford: the Clarendon Press, 1972. 284 pp. £0.00. Reviewed by: R. H. BuchananOFFICE LOCATION IN IRELAND: THE ROLE OF CENTRAL DUBLIN, by Michael J. Bannou. Dublin: An Foras Forbartha, 1973. 144 pp. £1.75. Reviewed by: A. J. ParkerIRISH RAILWAYS SINCE 1916. by Michael H. C. Baker. London: Ian Allan. 1972. 224 pp. £3.16. Reviewed by: James E. KillenA RAILWAY ATLAS OF IRELAND, by S. Maxwell Hajducki. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. 1074. 70 pp. £4.25. Reviewed by: James E, KillenACHILL. by Kenneth McNally. Newton Abbot : David and Charles. 1973. 239 pp. £3.50.; THE ARAN ISLANDS, by Daphne Pochin Mould. Newton Abbot: David and Charles. 1072. 171 pp. £2.75. Reviewed by: J. P. HaughtonTHE LIBERTIES OF DUBLIN, edited by Elgy Gillespie. Dublin : E. and T. O'Brien Ltd.. 11 Clare Street. 1973. 1211 pp. £1.65. Reviewed by: J. A. K. GrahameAN ATLAS OF IRISH HISTORY, by Ruth Dudley Edwards. London: Methuen 1973. 261 pp. £2.70 (hardback), £1.50 (paperback). Reviewed by: A. A. HornerTHE HERITAGE OF HOLY CROSS, by Geraldine Carville. Belfast : Blackstaff Press, 1973. 175 pp. £5 (hardback), £1.75 (paperback). Reviewed by:STUDIES OF FIELD SYSTEMS IN THE BRITISH ISLES,edited by A. R. H. Baker and R. A. Butlill. Cambridge: the University Press, 1973. 702 pp. £11.00. Reviewed by: J. H. AndrewsMAN MADE THE LAND: ESSAYS IN ENGLISH HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY, edited by Man R. H. Baker and J. B. Harley. Newton Abbot : David & Charles, 1973. 208 pp. with 263 illustrations. £6.25.; ENGLISH LANDSCAPES, by W. G. Hoskins. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. 1973. 120 pp. with 84 illustrations. £0.75. Reviewed by: Kobin K. GlasscockTHE GLYNNS: Journal of the Glens of Antrim Historical Society, Vol. 1. 1973. 45 pp. £0.50. Reviewed by: J. A. K. Grahame
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Hughes, T. J., R. H. Buchanan, K. A. Mawhinney, J. P. Haughton, F. W. Boal, Robert D. Osborne, Anngret Simms i in. "Reviews of Books and Maps". Irish Geography 10, nr 1 (26.12.2016): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.1977.861.
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REVIEWS OF BOOKSIRELAND IN PREHISTORY, by Michael Herity and George Eogan. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. 302 pp. £8.95. Reviewed by: T. J. HughesTHE LIVING LANDSCAPE: KILGALLIGAN, ERRIS, CO. MAYO, by S. Ó Catháin and Patrick O'Flanagan. Dublin: Comhairle Bhéaloideas Éireann, 1975. 312 pp. Reviewed by: R. H. BuchananTHE IRISH TOWN: AN APPROACH TO SURVIVAL, by Patrick Shaffrey. Dublin: The O'Brien Press, 1975. 192 pp. £5.00. Reviewed by: K. A. MawhinneyLOST DEMESNES: IRISH LANDSCAPE GARDENING 1660–1845, by Edward Malins and the Knight of Glin. London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1976. 208 pp. ,£15.00. Reviewed by: K. A. MawhinneyNORTH BULL ISLAND, DUBLIN BAY — A MODERN COASTAL NATURAL HISTORY, edited by D. W. Jeffrey and others. Dublin: Royal Dublin Society, 1977. 158 pp. Hardback .£6.50, paperback £3.60. Reviewed by: J. P. HaughtonCONFLICT IN NORTHERN IRELAND: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POLARISED COMMUNITY, by John Darby. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1976. 268 pp. £7.95. Reviewed by: F. W. BoalBELFAST: AREAS OF SPECIAL SOCIAL NEED. REPORT BY PROJECT TEAM. Belfast: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1976. 85 pp. £3.25. Reviewed by: Robert D. OsborncDUBLIN: A CITY IN CRISIS, edited by P. M. Delany. Dublin: Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland, 1975. 108 pp. £3.25. Reviewed by: Anngret SimmsIRELAND'S VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE, by Kevin Danaher. Cork: Mercier Press for the Cultural Relations Committee of Ireland, 1975. 82 pp., 68 plates. £1.50. Reviewed by: F. H. A. Aalen18TH CENTURY ULSTER EMIGRATION TO NORTH AMERICA, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland Education Facsimiles 121–140. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1972. £0.45.; PLANTATIONS IN ULSTER, c. 1600–41, by R. J. Hunter. Public Record Office of Northern Ireland Education Facsimilies 161–180. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1975. £1.00.; RURAL HOUSING IN ULSTER IN THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY, prepared by Alan Gailey, Victor Kelly and James Paul with an introduction by E. Estyn Evans, for the Teachers' Centre of the Queen's University, Belfast in association with the Ulster Folk Museum and the Public Record Office Northern Ireland. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1974. £0.70.; LETTERS OF A GREAT IRISH LANDLORD: A SELECTION FROM THE ESTATE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE THIRD MARQUESS OF DOWNSHIRE, 1809–45, edited with an introduction by W. A. Maguire, for the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1974. 189 pp. £1–65.; ORDNANCE SURVEY MEMOIR FOR THE PARISH OF DONEGORE, Belfast: Department of Extra-Mural Studies, Queen's University, and the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, 1974. v + 64 pp. 1 map and 31 plates. £0.75. Reviewed by: A. A. HornerTHE LANDED GENTRY. Facsimile documents with commentaries. Dublin: The National Library of Ireland, 1977. 20 sheets and introduction. £1.00. Reviewed by: J. A. K. GrahameSANITATION, CONSERVATION AND RECREATION SERVICES IN IRELAND, by Michael Flannery. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1976. 178 pp. £5.75. Reviewed by: Michael J. BannonGEOGRAPHY, CULTURE AND HABITAT, SELECTED ESSAYS (1925–1975) OF E. G. BOWEN, selected and introduced by Harold Carter and Wayne K. D. Davies. Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1976. 275 pp. £6. Reviewed by: J. H. AndrewsDICTIONARY OF LAND SURVEYORS AND LOCAL CARTOGRAPHERS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND 1550–1850 edited by Peter Eden. Folkestone: William Dawson & Sons. Part I, 1975; Parts II and III, 1976. 377 pp. £6.00 per part. Reviewed by: A. A. HornerFIELDS, FARMS AND SETTLEMENT IN EUROPE, edited by R. H. Buchanan, R. A. Butlin and D. McCourt. Belfast: Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, 1976. 161 pp. £5. Reviewed by: J. H. AndrewsREVIEWS OF MAPSNORTHERN IRELAND — A MAP FOR TOURISTS. 1:250,000(1970); CASTLEWELLAN FOREST PARK. 1:10,000(1975); ADMINISTRATIVE MAPS; MAP CATALOGUE (1975 edition). 26 pp. Reviewed by: J. A. K. Grahame
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "History europe ireland general"
1
MacLeod, Alan Stuart. "The United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, United States and the conflict in Northern Ireland, August 1971 - September 1974". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3359/.
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This thesis offers a new interpretation of the international history of the early period of Northern Ireland’s ‘Troubles’. Such a revision is necessary given the recently released material in the national archives of the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and the United States, and in the personal archives of those involved. Furthermore, by adopting a different methodology, made possible by the recent archive material, further new perspectives emerge of the international dimension. Rather than taking a single element of the international history of the Troubles – for example, the ‘Irish dimension’, ‘American dimension’, the Cold War, or European integration – this thesis takes a multidimensional approach analysing the impact of the interactions of each of the international actors. The starting point for this multidimensional analysis is the introduction of internment without trial on 9 August 1971. This was not just a significant event in Northern Ireland, but also had the effect of internationalising the Troubles. Over the months that followed the international dimension developed two distinct spheres of activity – a political sphere and a security sphere. Different combinations of actors interacted in each of these spheres. In addition to the moderate Northern Irish parties, the British and Irish governments participated in the political sphere. The US government eventually ruled itself out of this sphere following the US presidential election in November 1972, but only after it had flirted with intervention. However, interventions by the US Congress’s ‘Irish Caucus’ continued. Meanwhile, in the security sphere, comprehensive Anglo-Irish security cooperation proved impossible to achieve. Instead, Anglo-American and Hiberno-American security cooperation developed – with Dublin eventually exerting as much of an influence on US policy as the UK. However, the US government’s attempts to supress IRA support were seriously restricted by the administration’s unwillingness to pick a fight with the Irish Caucus. The international dimension was an integral component of the peace process that resulted in the establishing of a cross-community power-sharing executive and the Sunningdale Agreement of December 1973. Even when this process was brought to an end by a Protestant backlash in May 1974 the principles developed during this period were confirmed and were to be central to future peace initiatives in Northern Ireland, including the Good Friday Agreement.
2
Galpin, Charlotte Amy. "Euro crisis - identity crisis? : the single currency and European identities in Germany, Ireland and Poland". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5634/.
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This thesis examines the effect of the Euro crisis on the construction of European identities in three case study countries- Germany, Ireland and Poland. Combining a social constructivist approach to European identities with the constructivist and discursive institutionalist literature on ideational change and crisis, it investigates the extent to which the crisis constituted a 'critical juncture' for European identity discourses. Through extensive qualitative frame analysis of political and media discourse at key moments of the crisis, it examines how European identities are constructed through the debates about the crisis. The central argument is that the Euro crisis has had little effect on European identities because actors construct the crisis in their respective national contexts. In doing this, they draw on existing identities and ideas which then 'endogenises' the crisis into the existing national discourses. Where identity change is possible, it is subtle rather than a dramatic shift. Nevertheless, this does not mean that the EU has remained completely unified. Because the crisis generally serves to reinforce, rather than challenge, existing identities, attachments to national sovereignty and old national stereotypes have created or reinforced divisions particularly between northern and southern Europe and core and periphery.
3
Teece, Austin D. "Structural Reform in Europe: The Overlooked Value of The Austerity-era". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1360.
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The debate that rages around the concept of austerity, specifically in Europe, lacks context. This paper strives to show that successful reforms are 1) pragmatic in their nature, 2) piecemeal in ideology, 3) mandated by supranational institutions that disregard national sovereignty, 4) unattainable prior to the crisis and 5) long-term in their timeframe. Reforms have had beneficial implications above and beyond fiscal austerity. In the case studies of Ireland, Spain and Greece, the reforms instituted are laid out and evaluated. In each case, reforms achieved a different outcome but allow one to see the merits of well-regulated free market capitalism. When reform is appreciated, the legacy of the European and Troika response to the crisis becomes more appropriate.
4
Taylor, Paul. "Heroes or traitors? : experiences of returning Irish soldiers from World War One to the part of Ireland that became the free state covering the period from the Armistice to 1939". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1a28ca53-e9c8-4176-b4a7-2d294988d789.
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A number of academic studies assert that ex-servicemen were subject to intimidation, some killed as a punishment for war service, and that they formed a marginalised group in Irish society. Evidence based on records of the victims and perpetrators demonstrates otherwise; intimidation was mostly for reasons other than war service, for instance, membership of a particular class such as landowners or the judiciary, or for specific actions, including informing, supplying to or joining the Crown Forces. The violence towards ex-servicemen was geographically focussed, varying in intensity in correlation to the level of violence experienced by other sectors of the population; support for republicanism varied significantly by location. The great majority of ex-servicemen were not intimidated; many served in the IRA. With the formation of the Free State there is little evidence that either the State or community marginalised ex-servicemen. They were treated equally before the legislature and the courts. Some half of the Free State army, formed to defeat extreme republicans, were ex-servicemen. Remembrance took place with considerable community support and acceptance from the State. According to credible contemporary reports they were not discriminated against and held high positions in the civil service, army and police. They were not a homogeneous group. Neither war service nor loyalism defined them; many were supporters of Fianna Fáil. Britain fulfilled its imperial obligation to the ex-servicemen with housing and pension benefits considerably more favourable than those for their counterparts in Britain. The view that ex-servicemen were persecuted became persuasive. They became perceived through the prism of commemoration, and with the establishment of a republican historiography assigned to a national amnesia. Loyalist lobbying groups highlighted perceived discrimination to a willing press. It was a convenient collusion but at odds with the evidence. In reality the group truly marginalised after the Civil War was the anti-Treaty republicans.
5
Harland, R. W. "The history of the teaching of the speciality of general practice in Northern Ireland". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398102.
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Wadden, Patrick James. "Theories of national identity in early medieval Ireland". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:49c662b9-4e14-41b3-972e-ed8475f324c5.
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Despite the political disunity of early Irish society, theories and expressions of national identity abounded in the work of the learned classes of clerics, genealogists, poets and lawyers. This thesis examines texts from two crucial periods in the evolution of these theories. Focusing initially on the seventh and eighth centuries, the first part of the thesis argues that Irish national identity was created as part of a campaign to assert the joint authority of the Uí Néill kings of Tara and their ecclesiastical allies in Armagh. Drawing inspiration from biblical and patristic sources, and possibly also from contemporary developments elsewhere in Europe, these ecclesiastico-political allies asserted the national unity of the Irish in linguistic, genetic and territorial terms in pursuit of their own particular objectives. The influence of biblical and patristic beliefs on many of these early expressions of Irish identity highlights the outward-looking nature of the Irish scholarly tradition. During the eleventh and twelfth centuries, this international dimension intensified as the histories and identities of foreign peoples became subjects of study in Ireland, and new source materials filtered into the country from overseas. With reference to two texts composed during this period, the Irish Sex Aetates Mundi and a poem on national characteristics beginning Cumtach na nIudaide n-ard – the second part of this thesis discusses the influence of newly acquired sources on contemporary Irish scholarship. It also examines how the information contained in these sources was adapted and rationalised to conform to the basic assumptions of Irish society.
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Nicholls, Robert. "The British political elite and the issue of Europe 1959 to 1984". Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2014. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/24474/.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the debate over Britain’s application for membership of the European Community. It explains the significant impact which short-term political calculations played in the stances adopted by individual members of the political elite. This political expediency was a major reason for the inadequacies of the debate on membership. Central to the research is a set of individual trajectories displaying the positions adopted by parliamentarians and political parties from 1959-1984 during which time Britain’s very membership of the European Community was at stake. The trajectories include a representative sample of Conservative and Labour MPs compiled using interviews, voting records, speeches and other evidence. While the aim of the thesis is to analyse whether members of the elite held views determined by concerns other than the substantive issue itself, the thesis also advances the argument that many failed to consider the long-term implications of Britain’s membership. The lack of a comprehensive debate of sufficient quality contributed substantially to later problems with Britain’s relationship with Europe. The chronological chapters analyse significant events at particular stages in the evolution of Britain’s relationship with Europe. The 1975 referendum on Common Market membership for example, is a spectacularly significant milestone – not only for Britain and Europe, but also in respect of the positions taken by Britain’s political elite, whose views were often shaped or changed as a consequence of the political machinations surrounding the issue. Analysis of this and other events including general elections and leadership changes, provide a greater understanding of why members of the political elite subordinated the issue of Britain’s future in Europe to short-term, pragmatic, party management or career considerations.
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Heidenhain, Brigitte. "Juden in Wriezen : ihr Leben in der Stadt von 1677 bis 1940 und ihr Friedhof". Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1519/.
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Pri ha-Pardes (Früchte des Obstgartens) ist eine Reihe der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien e.V., welche in Verbindung mit dem Zentrum für Jüdische Studien der Universität Potsdam publiziert wird. Pri ha-Pardes möchte kleineren wissenschaftlichen Studien, Forschungen am Rande der großen Disziplinen und exzellenten Masterarbeiten eine Publikationsplattform bieten.
Im ersten Band dieser Reihe zeichnet Brigitte Heidenhain die Geschichte der Juden in Wriezen nach, welche 1677 einsetzte und 1940 mit ihrer Vertreibung und Ermordung endete.
Zahlreiche, zumeist bislang unbeachtete Quellen des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts aus brandenburgischen und Berliner Archiven lassen die Auswirkungen der preußischen Judenpolitik im Leben des Einzelnen und der Gemeinde lebendig vor uns erstehen. Im 18. Jahrhundert war die Existenz der Wriezener Juden vom Kampf um die Aufenthaltserlaubnis und gegen drohende Verarmung geprägt. Die im 19. Jahrhundert neu gewonnene Niederlassungsfreiheit brachte eine Vergrößerung der jüdischen Gemeinde mit sich und gegen Ende des Jahrhunderts eine leichte Verbesserung der wirtschaftlichen Lage.
Über das schnelle und vollständige Ende jüdischen Lebens in Wriezen nach 1938 gibt es kaum schriftliche Informationen. Die wichtigste Quelle ist die Datenbank der Gedächtnisstätte JadwaSchem in Jerusalem. In ihr wird die Erinnerung an 56 namentlich bekannte ermordete Wriezener Juden aufbewahrt.
Der Band wird mit der Beschreibung des seit 1730 existierenden jüdischen Friedhofes und der Erfassung der hebräischen Grabinschriften abgeschlossen.The history of jews in Wriezen begins in 1677, shortly after Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm allowed jews to settle in Brandenburg again through his edict of 1671. However, during the whole of the 18th century Prussian policy toward jews was extremely restrictive . The results of this policy are clearly visible in the life of the jews of Wriezen: they always remained a small congregation since this was the will of the king for small towns. Life was dominated by the struggle for the right of residence. Status as "Schutzjude" (i.e. "Protected Jew") was restricted to few individuals, leading to the separation of families as younger siblings were forced to leave. State regulated economic policy strongly restricted the freedom of trade, the main source of income for the jews, leading to the impoverishment of most jewish families in Wriezen. In the 18th century, there was no organized congregational activity. This only developed in the course of the 19th century. The jews of Wriezen built their first synagogue in 1820, replacing it with a new and larger one in 1886. The emancipation edict of 1812 improved the general situation of individuals and the new freedom of movement led to an influx of jews to Wriezen. But full legal equality with other citizens was not achieved until the German Empire was founded in 1871. In the first half of the 19th century, the economic situation of the jews of Wriezen was still quite modest, only improving toward the end of the century. There were numerous fluctuations in the membership of the jewish community in the last decades of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. But the number of jewish inhabitants of Wriezen remained relatively constant at 100 -120 individuals. There is hardly any written information on the sudden and complete end of jewish life in Wriezen after 1938. At least 59 jewish citizens of Wriezen were deported and murdered between 1940 and 1945. The victims are commemorated in the public database of the Yad-VaShem Memorial in Jerusalem. There has been a jewish cemetery in Wriezen since 1730, in which 131 gravestones still survive today. The oldest dates back to 1773, the last is from 1940.
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Kühn, Christoph. "Jüdische Delinquenten in der Frühen Neuzeit : Lebensumstände delinquenter Juden in Aschkenas und die Reaktionen der jüdischen Gemeinden sowie der christlichen Obrigkeit". Universität Potsdam, 2008. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1756/.
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Pri ha-Pardes (Früchte des Obstgartens) ist eine Reihe der Vereinigung für Jüdische Studien e.V., welche in Verbindung mit dem Institut für Jüdische Studien der Universität Potsdam publiziert wird. Pri ha-Pardes möchte kleineren wissenschaftlichen Studien, Forschungen am Rande der großen Disziplinen und exzellenten Masterarbeiten eine Publikationsplattform bieten.
Im dritten Band der Reihe Pri ha-Pardes beleuchtet Christoph Kühn das Leben jüdischer Delinquenten im frühneuzeitlichen Deutschland. Jüdische Delinquenten lebten – in unterschiedlichem Maße – am Rande sowohl der christlichen als auch der jüdischen Gesellschaft.
Diese doppelte Marginalisierung wird in dem vorliegenden Band untersucht.
Die Frühe Neuzeit ist eine Epoche, in der sich das jüdische Leben meist außerhalb urbaner Zentren abspielte, die Epoche des Landjudentums. Ein Resultat ökonomischer und sozialer Restriktionen waren umherziehende Gruppen von Betteljuden, aus denen sich wiederum Teile der jüdischen Delinquenten rekrutierten. Jüdische Sozialeinrichtungen waren für die oft überregional agierenden delinquenten Juden eine lebensnotwenige Infrastruktur. Jedoch nicht
alle Delinquenten gehörten zu den Nichtsesshaften. Die Verbundenheit zur jüdischen Gemeinschaft blieb meist bestehen, auch wenn das „Gaunerleben“
nicht immer von großer Frömmigkeit geprägt war. Für jüdische Gemeinden war es nicht einfach, zwischen ehrbaren und delinquenten Juden zu unterscheiden. Im Falle einer Missetat reichten die Reaktionen von öffentlicher Rüge bis zum großen Bann. Seitens der christlichen Obrigkeit wurden gegen Juden keine spezifischen Strafen verhängt, obgleich negative Vorstellungen von einer „typisch jüdischen“ Delinquenz virulent waren.
10
Grözinger, Elvira. "Ein Dreiecksverhältnis in Geschichte und Gegenwart : Polen, Deutsche, Juden". Universität Potsdam, 1991. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1845/.
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Aus dem Inhalt:
Ende der siebziger Jahre kam aus Krakau eine sensationelle Nachricht: Der lange verlorengeglaubte Nachlaß von August Varnhagen von Ense, in dem sich auch die Briefe seiner Frau Rahel, geborene Levin, befinden, wurde in der Jagiellonen-Bibliothek wiedergefunden. Dadurch ergab sich für alle Interessierten - Germanisten, Judaisten, Historiker - erneut die Möglichkeit, in authentische Zeugnisse der deutsch-jüdischen Kultur des 19. Jahrhunderts Einblick zu nehmen. Sowohl die Varnhagen-Forschung als auch das damit zusammenhängende Interesse an den jüdischen Frauen der deutschen Romantik hat dadurch neue Impulse erhalten. Dies ist ein erfreuliches Beispiel fruchtbarer kultureller Wechselbeziehungen im Dreieck zwischen Deutschen, Polen und Juden.
Aber es gibt auch anderes: Wenn man heute durch Polen fährt, kann man auf den Mauern die in deutscher Sprache (!) gepinselten Parolen »Juden
raus!« lesen. Damit wären wir in medias res, denn die Geschichte der drei so eng miteinander verbundenen Völker ist gekennzeichnet durch wechselvolle, meist konfliktreiche Koexistenz, die aber trotzdem für alle Beteiligten kulturell sehr bereichernd sein kann.
Książki na temat "History europe ireland general"
1
Steven, Beller. A concise history of Austria. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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Gerard, Stockman, Queen's University of Belfast. Institute of Irish Studies. i Queen's University of Belfast. Dept. of Celtic. Northern Ireland Place-Name Project., red. Place-names of Northern Ireland. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast, 1992.
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Gerard, O'Brien, i Stack Eilis C, red. Cork: Historical perspectives. Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2004.
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Lukowski, Jerzy. A concise history of Poland. Wyd. 2. Cambridge: Cambirdge University Press, 2006.
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Lukowski, Jerzy. A concise history of Poland. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
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McCorristine, Laurence. The revolt of Silken Thomas: A challenge to Henry VIII. Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 1987.
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Evlyn, Gould, i Sheridan George J, red. Engaging Europe: Rethinking a changing continent. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2005.
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E, Doherty J., red. A dictionary of Irish history 1800-1980. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1987.
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Lelia, Ruckenstein, i O'Malley James A, red. Everything Irish: The history, literature, art, music, people, and places of Ireland, from A-Z. New York: Ballantine Books, 2003.
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Ruckenstein, Lelia. Everything Irish: The history, literature, art, music, people and places of Ireland from A-Z. Douglas Village, Co. Cork: Mercier Press, 2004.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "History europe ireland general"
1
Hay, Denys. "Europe: General". W Handbook for History Teachers, 866–68. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032163840-140.
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Gray, Jane. "6. Household formation, inheritance and class-formation in nineteenth century Ireland: evidence from County Fermanagh". W Rural History in Europe, 153–80. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.rurhe-eb.4.00097.
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O’Hegarty, P. S. "The Sinn Fein Movement—The General Election Of 1918—Dáil Éireann (1918-19)." W A History of Ireland Under the Union, 720–30. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003354345-71.
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Skehill, Caroline. "The Development of Child Welfare Services in the Republic of Ireland 1900–1950". W History of Social Work in Europe (1900–1960), 201–8. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-80895-0_22.
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Hoppen, K. Theodore. "Priests at the Hustings: Ecclesiastical Electioneering in Nineteenth-Century Ireland". W Elections before Democracy: The History of Elections in Europe and Latin America, 117–38. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24505-5_6.
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Reilly, Eileen, Susan Lyons, Ellen O’Carroll, Lorna O’Donnell, Ingelise Stuijts i Adrienne Corless. "Building the Towns: The Interrelationship Between Woodland History and Urban Life in Viking Age Ireland". W Objects, Environment, and Everyday Life in Medieval Europe, 67–92. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.hdl-eb.5.109538.
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O’Malley, Eoin. "Introduction". W Palgrave Studies in Economic History, 1–15. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53070-8_1.
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AbstractThe first part of this chapter introduces the Celtic tiger boom, presenting facts and figures on trends in economic growth rates, average incomes and employment with international comparisons, as well as trends in unemployment, emigration and immigration. The second part of the chapter sets out the approach and structure of the book. It notes that the general approach is to treat Ireland as a relative latecomer to economic development and it explains what that implies. It then sets out the structure of the book, outlining the content and issues to be included in each chapter. It is noted here that a fundamental objective of the book is to explain what caused the long boom.
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Barclay, Katie, i François Soyer. "Charles Johnson, a General History of the Pyrates, from their Rise and Settlement in the Island of Providence, to the Present Time …". W Emotions in Europe 1517–1914, 31–36. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003175513-4.
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Vayer, Lajos. "The General Development and Regional Developments in the History of Art. The Situation in ‘Central Europe’". W Universal – International – Global, 221–30. Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/9783412520830.221.
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Ferenczi, Andreea, i Cornel Micu. "Low Attachment to an EU that Is Associated with Mobility. Students’ EU Perceptions in Two Romanian Peripheral Towns". W The Future of Europe, 99–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29793-9_8.
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AbstractIn Romania, the EU accession was overwhelmingly supported by the people but over time the support, although still high, started to dwindle. As a contribution to understand the opinions regarding the EU in Romanian society, this chapter reports the empirical findings of group discussions with students aged 16 and 17 in two Romanian small towns in peripheral areas. The two selected towns, Moreni in the southern part of Romania and Caransebeș in Transylvania, are rather different with regard to their general layout and history. Despite these differences, the students viewed the debated issues in broadly the same way. As the report reveals, they emphasised the lack of information regarding the EU and the rights associated with EU citizenship, and expressed interest in learning more about these topics. They didn’t fully relate to the European identity values and prioritised their national or local identity instead.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "History europe ireland general"
1
Wittlich, Marc. "1616d On the uv exposure of workers in europe in general and germany in particular: what do we know? results of the genesis-uv project". W 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.249.
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Sallai, János, i Johanna Farkas. "21ST CENTURY CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS IN THE LIGHT OF HISTORY". W SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.2.4.21.p24.
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It is impossible to separate the public police organization from the modern state. King Louis XIV was the founder of the first centrally organized and uniform police force in 1667. A book related to the work of the police was first published in 1705 under the title "Traité de la police". It outlines the three main activities of the police, which are economic regulation, measures of the public order, and general rules of hygiene. The first head of Police and his 44 police commissioners' work was assisted by police inspectors beginning in 1709. The police also appeared on German territory, and the works of Lorenz von Stein, Otto Mayer, and Robert von Mohl are still dominant in Europe nowadays. This study examines books, journals, and legal documents to present the development of the law enforcement and the modern challenges of policing in Hungary. Our country celebrated the establishment of the central police last year. In the 20th century there was a development in modern policing and literature, as well as the emergence of modern police officer training. After World War II, a Soviet law enforcement model was imitated in which there was state security, secrecy, and Soviet police character. Although research of historical and theoretical studies of policing was forbidden, after the Revolution of 1989, the research of law enforcement theory was completed. Globalisation has created new sources of danger (e.g. terrorism, cybercrime), driven by a lack of borders and the expansion of international relations (Farkas, 2016). We can only meet the new challenges with the deepening of international law enforcement cooperation. Keywords: law enforcement, globalisation, data-transmission revolution, security
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Colibaba, Anca cristina, Irina Gheorghiu, Stefan Colibaba, Odette Arhip, Claudia elena Dinu i Ovidiu Ursa. "FLIPPED CLASSES OR TAKING ADVANTAGE OF STUDENTS' ADDICTION TO STATE-OF-THE-ART TECHNOLOGY". W eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-243.
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The article is a study based on MyStory, a project funded by the European Commission (under KA3 ICT) for the years 2011-2013, which was developed within an international partnership including institutions from Finland, Ireland, Lithuania, Romania, Slovenia and the United Kingdom. The project created a collection of oral history items, life stories narrated by senior citizens and gathered by young people. The project made good use of the educational value of these testimonials which recreated the recent history of Europe from different angles and transferred their lessons to the young generation. Oral history as an authentic combination of history, culture and language stimulates discussion and encourages reflection. It is a powerful learning tool. When oral history is supported by ICT, it undoubtedly becomes one of the best ingredients to increase students' motivation to learn foreign languages. The method, called 'flipped learning', highly encourages a student-centred learning environment, where the student is actively engaged and empowered to take the lead in the learning process. The flipped classroom asks teachers to give up their leading role in teaching in order to encourage students' contributions. It also asks students to change from passive to committed participants and assume the responsibility for their learning. The paper focuses on the method which involves use videos as the main channel of content delivery and which was applied with students at the School of Medicine, Iasi. We analyse the activities carried out during the flipped classes as well as the benefits highlighted by teachers and students (increased student-teacher interaction, increased student responsibility for their learning, increased student motivation and participation in class).
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Nikolić, Nenad. "PROBLEM IDENTITETA NACIONALNE KNjIŽEVNOSTI U MEĐUNARODNOM KONTEKSTU". W IDENTITETSKE promene: srpski jezik i književnost u doba tranzicije. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Edaucatin in Jagodina, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/zip21.025n.
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The paper analyses the global tendency of conceptualizing transnational and regional literature in order to suppress national literatures at first, and then to completely replace them. The analysis is based on History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Junctures and disjunctures in the 19th and 20th centuries (Eds. M. Cornis-Pope and J. Neubauer, Vol. I 2004, Vol. II 2006, Vol. III 2007, Vol. IV 2010). The tendency to replace national literatures with the transnational one is depicted within the framework of broader cultural, social, and political circumstances. Based on the ideology of “Western liberalism, global capitalism, and George Soros” – which was stated as the core idea of the History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe by its editors – this tendency leads to a general weakening of traditional identities framework: from personal to national identity. Therefore, the suppression of national literature is simultaneous with the suppression of nationality in general, and with changing the notion of literature as it existed in the age of national states since that notion was correspondent with the personal identity which also undergoes through changes.
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Roche, Joseph. "Strategies for Scientists in Higher Education". W HEAd'16 - International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head16.2016.2642.
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Scientists have had a role in higher education since the very first institutes of higher education. While this role has evolved considerably in the last century, the period that has seen the most significant changes has been the last four decades. The rapid expansion of the higher education sector and the massification of education through the commitment of the state to free education has seen the role of scientists in higher education in Ireland swell to incorporate new responsibilities and expectations. In this paper a brief history of the role of scientists in higher education and the recent changes to that role are presented. Although these changes are focused on the role of Irish scientists, similar changes can be identified across Europe. A new strategy for supporting scientists in higher education is proposed — a research-informed masters programme in science education that provides the necessary skills and experience for early career scientists in higher education to cope with the demands of their positions.
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Santoro, D., A. Spelta, P. Ferrara, L. P. Bianchini, G. Bartucci, A. F. Zarra, M. Pregliasco i in. "Well Simulation and Real Time Operations Engineering Overview and Results for Onshore, Offshore and Subsea Drilling Operations". W SPE Offshore Europe Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/215594-ms.
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Abstract Well simulation and real time operations engineering technologies are becoming an important part of Well Construction design and Drilling Operations follow-up worldwide. Market availability of such tools, for planning, real time support and post job analysis, has evolved in the years and, with this paper, we are presenting a general overview of the features and some of the case history Company had with a specific system. Basic idea of systems like well simulators and real time operation engineering software is to provide an immediate picture of the operations through data characterization in real-time, either through dynamic modelling and/or through data statistical analysis. Data collected on the field can provide real-time operation insights while feeding predictive analytics tools with the goal to improve safety and performance. For such applications, selected wells are configured within the software, in a manual or automatic approach, thus either receiving data from external sources or automatically configured through integrated systems and prepare the software for the subsequent modelling. Dynamic models, embedded into the software, are calibrated to reach an overlap between simulated and measured drilling parameters. Outputs can be of different natures, typically time-based (in mud log and driller-cabin-like layouts fashion), depth-based (such as roadmaps for axial and torsional friction factors), gauge-based (with operating envelops being represented on gauges with different colors to support the operator in understanding if the drilling parameters are within the operating envelop or not), pillar plots, diagrams and so on. These outputs can also be used as input for advanced analyses for both planning and post job phases. The tools can also provide support for advisory on drilling parameters, suggesting potential improvements, and highlight specific KPIs reached during drilling operations, comparing the same with offset well data to evaluate well operations performance. In Company, systematic application of such tools was initiated early 2021 with real time monitoring for North Sea and Africa offshore/subsea operations. Deployment along 2022 spread out across several other operated countries, for onshore, offshore and subsea drilling operations and, with the evolution of the digital drilling software market, the evaluation of new commercial tools was supported using this experience as one of the baselines. These technologies constitute a fundamental step towards drilling automation, as their dynamic approach allows the definition of operating envelopes inside which robotic tools can operate and generate alerts automatically if envelopes are overridden. Anomalous behavior of the drilling parameters can be recognized, controlled and adjusted. Well simulation solutions that have been tested and deployed in our operations come from one of the tools that were evaluated in Company and demonstrate adaptability to a variety of existing platforms. The new upgrades, for data input and results visualization, are prone for user-friendly application, reducing the amount of training required for operative personnel to familiarize with the tools and apply them during drilling operations.
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Mihalčinová, Nikola, i Miriam Jarošová. "Meteorological satellite as an important source of meteorological information for aviation". W Práce a štúdie. University of Žilina, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26552/pas.z.2021.1.15.
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This paper is focused on the use of information provided from meteorological satellites in air transport, its development and current status. The work defines general knowledge in the field of meteorology such as the history of meteorological satellites, the division of orbits and current meteorological satellites in orbits. The work also includes the characteristics of measured quantities and monitoring methods. The practical contribution of this work is the analysis of satellite images in Europe. Finally, the work deals with the future use of meteorological satellites and the development of new satellites.
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Onur, Mustafa, i Kiymet Gizem Gul. "Temperature Transient Modeling and Analysis for Hydraulically Fractured Wells". W SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209653-ms.
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Abstract In this work, new analytical sandface temperature solutions are developed for linear flow towards an infinite-conductivity hydraulically fractured well producing under specified constant-rate or constant- bottomhole pressure (BHP) production. The solutions apply for slightly compressible, single-phase undersaturated oil reservoirs with irreducible water saturation or liquid-dominated geothermal reservoirs. They include the effects of conduction, convection, the Joule-Thomson expansion of fluids and adiabatic expansion of the total rock and fluid system, and fluid loss fracture damage. They neglect the variation of rock and fluid properties with pressure and temperature so that pressure diffusivity and thermal energy balance equations are decoupled to obtain the analytical linear-flow temperature solutions using Laplace (for constant-rate) and Boltzmann (for constant-BHP) transformations. To validate the analytical solutions, a numerical solution is developed to solve the mass and thermal energy balance equations simultaneously and account for the variation of rock and fluid properties with pressure and temperature. We proposed a correction to fluid viscosity variation as input for the analytic solutions. The numerical and analytical solutions have been compared and verified with a commercial thermal reservoir simulator. Results indicate that the fracture surface temperature is decreasing with a square of time for constant-rate production but is constant for constant BHP production. The temperature responses for both modes of production are controlled by the adiabatic expansion of the rock and fluid properties and the thermal diffusivity of the rock. The effect of thermal conductivity plays a significant role for both production modes as the matrix permeability decreases. The fracture damage has different signatures on temperature transients at early and late times for both modes of production. The approximate analytical solutions show the information content of temperature transient data acquired from an infinitely conductive hydraulically fractured well under matrix linear flow. They are simple and can be used to perform matrix linear flow analysis jointly with pressure and rate transient data to estimate the thermal and mechanical properties of the rock and fluids. The numerical solution can be used for a more general analysis procedure based on automated history matching for constant as well as variable rate and pressure production test sequences.
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Hajdinac, Sara. "Religious identity as the state’s tool in modification of public space and its identity: the Yugoslav concept of the two squares in Maribor". W International conference Religious Conversions and Atheization in 20th Century Central and Eastern Europe. Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper, Annales ZRS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35469/978-961-7195-39-2_05.
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In 1934, after several years of struggle, the Orthodox community of Maribor was awarded a lot to construct a new sacral object on General Maister Square (then Yugoslavia Square) in Maribor, at the site of the recently removed monument dedicated to vice-admiral Wilhelm Tegetthoff. The square boasts a rich symbolic history, wherein the very names of the square have clearly indicated the identity of the city through time. The new government sought to modify public space in accordance with the new state – these spaces had to be given not only a Slovenian but also a Yugoslav outlook. The first modification was changing the square’s name to Yugoslavia Square, after which a Serbian Orthodox church was built in Serbian national architectural style by the architect Momir Korunović (1883–1969), who designed all three Serbian sacral objects in the province of Dravska Banovina (in Maribor, Ljubljana, and Celje). The Church of St. Lasarus was to be ideologically connected to the monument dedicated to King Aleksandar Karađorđević on Liberty Square, which would provide a clear Yugoslav identity to the city district. However, the construction of said monument was disabled by the beginning of the Second World War, while the church was destroyed by the Nazis in April 1941 and thus erased from local collective memory. Maribor was the northernmost city of Dravska Banovina and indeed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, yet its public space still failed to reflect a “Yugoslav identity” in the 1930s. Local residents primarily identified as Roman Catholic, while the city was politically predominantly ruled by the Slovenian People’s Party which imposed additional difficulties on the process of selecting the new church’s location. This paper will, accounting for the city’s religious and political climate, present Maribor as a place that obtained one of the biggest and most prominently representative Orthodox sacral objects, despite the fact the Orthodox religion was not dominant in the area. The focus will be on the question of the role and reflection of the unitarian-centralist politics of Belgrade through religion (Orthodox faith) on public space modification, what factors and agents design such space (and memory of such space) and in what way, by analysing commissions and art styles within the context of public spaces of Maister Square and Liberty Square in Maribor.
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Cailliez, Matthieu. "Europäische Rezeption der Berliner Hofoper und Hofkapelle von 1842 bis 1849". W Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Musikforschung 2019. Paderborn und Detmold. Musikwissenschaftliches Seminar der Universität Paderborn und der Hochschule für Musik Detmold, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25366/2020.50.
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The subject of this contribution is the European reception of the Berlin Royal Opera House and Orchestra from 1842 to 1849 based on German, French, Italian, English, Spanish, Belgian and Dutch music journals. The institution of regular symphony concerts, a tradition continuing to the present, was initiated in 1842. Giacomo Meyerbeer and Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy were hired as general music directors respectively conductors for the symphony concerts in the same year. The death of the conductor Otto Nicolai on 11th May 1849, two months after the premiere of his opera Die lustigen Weiber von Windsor, coincides with the end of the analysed period, especially since the revolutions of 1848 in Europe represent a turning point in the history of the continent. The lively music activities of these three conductors and composers are carefully studied, as well as the guest performances of foreign virtuosos and singers, and the differences between the Berliner Hofoper and the Königstädtisches Theater.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "History europe ireland general"
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Ortiz, Verónica, Rosa Rodriguez i Joaquin Tintoré. Lessons learnt from the EuroSea public engagement activities. EuroSea, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/eurosea_d8.5.
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The overall goal of this report is to analyse the EuroSea itinerant exhibition as a case study of public engagement activity. Aimed at the general public, this modular and itinerant exhibition raises awareness about the EuroSea project while also promoting ocean literacy and highlighting the importance of ocean observing and forecasting. Public engagement plays a crucial role in Horizon 2020, the EU's research and innovation funding program. It aims to bridge the gap between researchers and society, ensuring that their work is aligned with societal needs and values. This involves bringing together various stakeholders, including researchers, policymakers, industry representatives, civil society organizations, NGOs, and citizens, to foster inclusive and transparent dialogue. The benefits of public engagement are evident in the research and innovation process. It stimulates creativity and innovation, brings ocean science to a broader audience, builds trust and credibility and promotes ocean literacy and empowerment among citizens. Within Horizon 2020, the EuroSea Communication Work Package 8 focuses on public engagement activities related to ocean observing and forecasting, among other activities. To raise awareness about the EuroSea project and ocean observation, the EuroSea itinerant exhibition was created. This exhibition features printed panels, audiovisuals, and a photobooth that could be adapted and translated for different locations. The exhibition has been presented at 8 events and locations across Europe, aiming to engage the general public, promote ocean literacy, and emphasize the importance of ocean observation and forecasting. This report specifically focuses on three events targeted to the general public where the EuroSea exhibition was showcased: 1) 2022 European Researcher’s Night. 2022, September 30th in Palma (Mallorca, Spain); 2) 25th Galway Science & Technology Festival. 2022, November 13th in Galway (Ireland); and 3) 10th ‘Science for all’. 2023, May 11-13th in Palma (Mallorca, Spain). (...) (EuroSea Deliverable, D8.5)
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Boruchowicz, Cynthia, Florencia López Bóo, Benjamin Roseth i Luis Tejerina. Default Options: A Powerful Behavioral Tool to Increase COVID-19 Contact Tracing App Acceptance in Latin America? Inter-American Development Bank, grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002983.
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Being able to follow the chain of contagion of COVID-19 is important to help save lives and control the epidemic without sustained costly lockdowns. This is especially relevant in Latin America, where economic contractions have already been the largest in the regions history. Given the high rates of transmission of COVID-19, relying only in manual contact tracing might be infeasible. Acceptability and uptake of contact tracing apps with exposure notifications is key for the implementation the “test, trace and treat” triad. In the first study of its kind in Latin America, we find that for a nationally representative sample of 10 countries, an opt-out regime with automatic installation significantly increases the probability of acceptance of such apps in almost 22 p.p. compared to an opt-in regime with voluntary installation. This triples the size and is of opposite sign of the effect found in Europe and the United States. We see that an opt-out regime is more effective in increasing acceptability in South America compared to Central America and Mexico; for those who claim not to trust the national government; and for those who do not use their smartphones for financial transactions. The severity of the pandemic at the place of residence does not seem to affect the effectiveness of the opt-out regime versus an opt-in one, but feeling personally at risk does increase the willingness to accept contact tracing apps with exposure notifications in general. These results can shed light on the use of default options in public health in the context of a pandemic in Latin America.
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Smit, Amelia, Kate Dunlop, Nehal Singh, Diona Damian, Kylie Vuong i Anne Cust. Primary prevention of skin cancer in primary care settings. The Sax Institute, sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/qpsm1481.
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Overview Skin cancer prevention is a component of the new Cancer Plan 2022–27, which guides the work of the Cancer Institute NSW. To lessen the impact of skin cancer on the community, the Cancer Institute NSW works closely with the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Advisory Committee, comprising governmental and non-governmental organisation representatives, to develop and implement the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy. Primary Health Networks and primary care providers are seen as important stakeholders in this work. To guide improvements in skin cancer prevention and inform the development of the next NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy, an up-to-date review of the evidence on the effectiveness and feasibility of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care is required. A research team led by the Daffodil Centre, a joint venture between the University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW, was contracted to undertake an Evidence Check review to address the questions below. Evidence Check questions This Evidence Check aimed to address the following questions: Question 1: What skin cancer primary prevention activities can be effectively administered in primary care settings? As part of this, identify the key components of such messages, strategies, programs or initiatives that have been effectively implemented and their feasibility in the NSW/Australian context. Question 2: What are the main barriers and enablers for primary care providers in delivering skin cancer primary prevention activities within their setting? Summary of methods The research team conducted a detailed analysis of the published and grey literature, based on a comprehensive search. We developed the search strategy in consultation with a medical librarian at the University of Sydney and the Cancer Institute NSW team, and implemented it across the databases Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, Cochrane Central and CINAHL. Results were exported and uploaded to Covidence for screening and further selection. The search strategy was designed according to the SPIDER tool for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Evidence Synthesis, which is a systematic strategy for searching qualitative and mixed-methods research studies. The SPIDER tool facilitates rigour in research by defining key elements of non-quantitative research questions. We included peer-reviewed and grey literature that included skin cancer primary prevention strategies/ interventions/ techniques/ programs within primary care settings, e.g. involving general practitioners and primary care nurses. The literature was limited to publications since 2014, and for studies or programs conducted in Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, Western Europe and Scandinavia. We also included relevant systematic reviews and evidence syntheses based on a range of international evidence where also relevant to the Australian context. To address Question 1, about the effectiveness of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings from the Evidence Check according to different skin cancer prevention activities. To address Question 2, about the barriers and enablers of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The CFIR is a framework for identifying important implementation considerations for novel interventions in healthcare settings and provides a practical guide for systematically assessing potential barriers and facilitators in preparation for implementing a new activity or program. We assessed study quality using the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence. Key findings We identified 25 peer-reviewed journal articles that met the eligibility criteria and we included these in the Evidence Check. Eight of the studies were conducted in Australia, six in the UK, and the others elsewhere (mainly other European countries). In addition, the grey literature search identified four relevant guidelines, 12 education/training resources, two Cancer Care pathways, two position statements, three reports and five other resources that we included in the Evidence Check. Question 1 (related to effectiveness) We categorised the studies into different types of skin cancer prevention activities: behavioural counselling (n=3); risk assessment and delivering risk-tailored information (n=10); new technologies for early detection and accompanying prevention advice (n=4); and education and training programs for general practitioners (GPs) and primary care nurses regarding skin cancer prevention (n=3). There was good evidence that behavioural counselling interventions can result in a small improvement in sun protection behaviours among adults with fair skin types (defined as ivory or pale skin, light hair and eye colour, freckles, or those who sunburn easily), which would include the majority of Australians. It was found that clinicians play an important role in counselling patients about sun-protective behaviours, and recommended tailoring messages to the age and demographics of target groups (e.g. high-risk groups) to have maximal influence on behaviours. Several web-based melanoma risk prediction tools are now available in Australia, mainly designed for health professionals to identify patients’ risk of a new or subsequent primary melanoma and guide discussions with patients about primary prevention and early detection. Intervention studies have demonstrated that use of these melanoma risk prediction tools is feasible and acceptable to participants in primary care settings, and there is some evidence, including from Australian studies, that using these risk prediction tools to tailor primary prevention and early detection messages can improve sun-related behaviours. Some studies examined novel technologies, such as apps, to support early detection through skin examinations, including a very limited focus on the provision of preventive advice. These novel technologies are still largely in the research domain rather than recommended for routine use but provide a potential future opportunity to incorporate more primary prevention tailored advice. There are a number of online short courses available for primary healthcare professionals specifically focusing on skin cancer prevention. Most education and training programs for GPs and primary care nurses in the field of skin cancer focus on treatment and early detection, though some programs have specifically incorporated primary prevention education and training. A notable example is the Dermoscopy for Victorian General Practice Program, in which 93% of participating GPs reported that they had increased preventive information provided to high-risk patients and during skin examinations. Question 2 (related to barriers and enablers) Key enablers of performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Easy access and availability of guidelines and point-of-care tools and resources • A fit with existing workflows and systems, so there is minimal disruption to flow of care • Easy-to-understand patient information • Using the waiting room for collection of risk assessment information on an electronic device such as an iPad/tablet where possible • Pairing with early detection activities • Sharing of successful programs across jurisdictions. Key barriers to performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Unclear requirements and lack of confidence (self-efficacy) about prevention counselling • Limited availability of GP services especially in regional and remote areas • Competing demands, low priority, lack of time • Lack of incentives.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust i Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, październik 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.
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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.