Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Histoire des connaissances zoologiques”
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Scaccuto, Alessandra. "La sexualité animale dans l'Antiquité grecque et romaine : science, morale et imagination". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ2007.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this study is to reconstruct the representations of animal sexual behaviour in the ancient zoologies. To this end, we have defined a corpus of Greek and Latin texts, consisting of Aristotle's zoological treatises (mainly "History of Animals" and "Generation of Animals"), Varro's "On Agriculture", Columella's "On Agriculture", Pliny the Elder's "Natural History", Plutarch's treatises on animals (mainly "On the Cleverness of Animals" and "Whether Beasts Are Rational"), Elian's "On the Characteristics of Animals", Oppian of Cilicia's "Halieutica" and Oppian of Apamea's "Cynegetica". In Antiquity, animal sexuality was often presented as the expression of an original sexuality opposed to that of humans, which was described as morally and socially constructed or even perverted. Animals are invoked as a reference model, a 'touchstone', to measure human behaviours against a homogenous pattern that is considered to be intact. However, the sexual behaviour of animals is characterised by a considerable diversity, which is too poorly taken into account by this approach. Nonetheless, this diversity is well attested in ancient zoological texts. In our study, we wanted to go beyond the simplistic and idealised doxa of a naïve animal sexuality, by paying special attention to the particular and specific practices attested by passages which describe animals sexual behaviours as such and not just as a mirror of human sexuality. If we avoid these biases of interpretation, we can see that our sources attribute behaviours that are very often considered to be purely cultural and human to other animals, such as sexuality for recreational purposes.The first part of the thesis deals with reproduction. The different anatomical configurations linked to sexual differentiation and the different mating positions are considered here. This first part concludes with a theoretical section devoted to the question of the ideological use of animal sexuality in Antiquity. The passages highlighted here do not focus specifically on animals, but mention their sexuality as a source of exempla for humans. The second part, on the other hand, looks at all the sexual practices generally dismissed or denied by an ideological view of animal sexuality. Several passages depict non-human animals as desiring beings who can seek pleasure, in a dynamic reminiscent of the manifestations of human sexual desire and expressed in a common vocabulary. The texts cover a range of behaviours, from monogamy to homosexual practices, without excluding interspecific relationships, which can prove fertile. The third part deals with behaviours that the sources themselves present as excessive, first and foremost incest. In addition, certain sexual acts are associated with various forms of violence. Desire can also drive individuals to act against reproduction itself: this is the case with animals that try to free themselves from their offspring in order to mate. This reflection on animal sexuality has been enriched by an interdisciplinary approach combining literary criticism and philology with methodologies and reflections borrowed from anthropology, ethology, sexuality studies and Animal Studies
Yaqouti, Hamid. "Gestion des animaux à la ménagerie du jardin des plantes et ses relations avec les parcs zoologiques d'Ile-de-France : étude historique". Paris 10, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA100055.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis explores the history of the menagerie du jardin des plantes in paris to determine the evolution of the principal functions of a zoological park in the last two centuries. Created in 1794, during the events of the french revolution, this menagerie is one of the oldest still opened in the world. As the paris zoological park (vincennes), it is a part of the museum d'histoire naturelle, a national scientific institution. Studying the management of the animal population of the zoological parks, we have particularly observed the types of entrances and exits of the animals in the menagerie du jardin des plantes and in the paris zoological park. Our goal was to gather the most recent statistical data about the management of the animal population and then compare it with the historical evidence left by the first administrators of the menagerie to determine the long term trends in the handeling of the animals. Those data give us an excellent basis to analyse the discourse of the administrators. We can then mesure the gap between the politics establishted by the administrators and the actual consequences of their day-to-day operations. It also seemed important to consider the problem of the existence of zoological parks : are they prisons where the animals are kept in an unnatural state or are they precious reserves of specimens for the future? we have tried to build interdisciplinary bridges between zoobiology and history by finding ties between the scientific aspects of the management of the animal population and the evolution of the mentalites of occident about the conception of nature. This may well be a new basis of reflexion about the preservation of the animals and the mission of the zoological parks in this context
Rey, Christine. "État des connaissances médicales au XVIIIème siècle". Montpellier 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON11147.
Pełny tekst źródłaFilliozat, Manonmani. "L'océan oriental : connaissances hydrographiques françaises aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles". Paris, EPHE, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EPHE4036.
Pełny tekst źródłaHattab, Ange. "Retention des connaissances acquises dans le secondaire". Paris 8, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA080519.
Pełny tekst źródłaDelvert, Francis. "La construction par l'image photographique de connaissances scientifiques et techniques sur des phénomènes survenant dans des situations extrêmes". Paris 10, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA100043.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe History allows identifying contributions to the Science and the Technology of the image. The process of "Déconstruction has opened possibilities to creation of image modem process able to have applications in extreme situations. The theorisation of "Déconstruction" is the substratum of creations on the artistic, intellectuals and more "physical" panels in areas of maritime, terrestrial, aerial and space extreme situations. An inventory of these contributions to the benefit of structures coming from scientific organisms to special units cornes before the presentation of a major example of creative Déconstruction : The "Velocigraphe II" which realised first image shootings in space within total autarky. Finally, the "Francis Delvert Time Bar", real bridge between the "non digital" and the "digital" spaces, through which emerges an multidirectional and interactive original idea established in order to improve the image or the communication and the communication of the image in the area of its history and the history of the photography
Pouillard, Violette. "En captivité. Politiques humaines et vies animales dans les jardins zoologiques du XIXe siècle à nos jours : ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes, zoos de Londres et Anvers". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209127.
Pełny tekst źródłaL’examen débute à la fondation du jardin zoologique, c’est-à-dire au moment de la création de la ménagerie parisienne du Jardin des Plantes en 1793, et se centre, outre sur cette institution originelle, sur le jardin zoologique de Londres, créé en 1828, et celui d’Anvers, fondé en 1843.
Pour écrire l’histoire des animaux de zoo, la thèse mobilise une méthodologie qui mêle des indicateurs descriptifs – témoignages sur les corps et comportements animaux, sur les infrastructures de captivité, sur les soins et l’alimentation dont bénéficient les bêtes, – et quantitatifs – étude sérielle sur la longue durée des entrées et sorties d’animaux ainsi que des longévités des primates et des grands félins. L’évolution de ces différents indices est examinée au sein d’un cadre chronologique régi par les politiques des gestionnaires de zoos. Ainsi, après une première partie débutant à la fondation des institutions étudiées, une seconde s’ouvre au début du XXe siècle, alors que le marchand allemand Carl Hagenbeck ouvre en 1907 un zoo privé à Stellingen, près de Hambourg, qui popularise un nouveau type de présentation des bêtes, par lequel celles-ci sont exposées durant la journée en plein air et séparées du public par des fossés. Enfin, une troisième partie s’amorce à partir des années 1950, lorsque les zoos s’attellent à la mise en œuvre d’une nouvelle fonction, celle de protection des espèces ex situ, s’ajoutant aux trois autres traditionnellement endossées (récréative, éducative, scientifique).
L’examen des vies des bêtes sous l’influence des politiques humaines aboutit à élaborer une nouvelle chronologie des zoos, qui distingue un long XIXe siècle, dévoreur de vies animales ;une seconde phase, hygiéniste, à partir de l’entre-deux-guerres, caractérisée par les volontés des gestionnaires de rationaliser les conditions de captivité, mais dont les incidences sur les vies animales sont toutefois réduites ;enfin une troisième, attentive aux animaux, du milieu des années 1970 à nos jours, qui permet la naissance d’une nouvelle économie animale des zoos, qui voit l’atténuation des ponctions en milieu naturel pour la plupart des taxons (spécifiquement les mammifères et les oiseaux).
Ce faisant, l’étude met aussi en évidence, à rebours des discours finalistes de l’historiographie officielle, des permanences, immanentes à la captivité des animaux dans le contexte des zoos. Il s’agit d’une part de l’expression par les bêtes de comportements anormaux dans des proportions qui dépassent le niveau anecdotique ;il s’agit d’autre part de l’approvisionnement en milieu naturel, qui, bien qu’en déclin dans le contexte du bouleversement de l’économie animale, persiste jusqu’à nos jours en nombre important pour les taxons moins considérés, soit les poissons et les invertébrés, et se réincarne en de nouveaux avatars pour les autres (ponctions dans le cadre des programmes de protection, captures scientifiques, )./
Following in the footsteps of recent developments in the French historiography, this dissertation aims at balancing the attention given to humans and animals. The research therefore focuses on human policies concerning the management of animals kept in zoological gardens, as well as on their consequences on the bodies and behaviors of animals, and on mutual influences between humans and animals.
The study begins with the birth of the zoological garden, i.e. the creation of the Jardin des Plantes Menagerie in 1793, and focuses on this institution as well as on the London Zoo, created in 1828, and the Antwerp Zoo (1843).
In order to write the history of zoo animals, the method uses both descriptive indicators – testimonies on animals bodies and behaviors, on captive environments, on animal cares, handling and food, – and quantitative indicators – long-term study of the arrivals and departures, births and deaths of animals and of the longevity of Primates and Pantherinae in captivity. The evolution of these indicators takes place in a chronological framework based on the policies designed to manage zoo animals. The first part begins with the foundation of the zoological gardens. The second one starts at the beginning of the 20th century, when German dealer Carl Hagenbeck opened a zoo in Stellingen, near Hamburg (1907) which popularized a new way to display the animals, in open-air enclosures separated from the public by ditches. The third part starts in the 1950’s, when zoos implemented a new function, one of ex situ conservation, in addition to their other traditional recreative, educative and scientific missions.
This study of animal lives under human influence results in a new chronology of zoological gardens, discerning a long 19th century, that consumed animal lives, a second phase, hygienist, from the interwar period, marked by the managers’ willingness to rationalize the conditions of captivity, without much influence on animals lives and longevity, and a third one, from the mid-1970’s to the present time, characterized by increased attention to zoo animals and their well-being, allowing the birth of a new animal economy of zoological gardens, by which in situ captures decline for most taxa (specifically mammals and birds).
The dissertation also shows, in opposition with the finalist discourses of the official historiography, somes continuities, immanent to animal captivity in the context of zoological gardens. Abnormal behaviors in animals especially appear in proportions exceeding the anecdotal level. Another important phenomenon pointing to continuities is the collecting in the wild which, although it declined at the same rhythm that the new animal economy developed, has persisted to this day, profusely for the least considered taxa (fishes and invertebrates), and resurfacing in new iterations for mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians (capture for purposes of conservation, for scientific collecting, ).
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Lim, Yeong-Hee. "Conceptualisation des connaissances historiques et prise de conscience, en CM1, de l'histoire comme construction de l'historien". Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05H058.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn order to set up a situation of teaching and learning in which pupils are able to construct and appropriate historic knowledge, it is necessary to take into account two important characteristics of history, i. E. Its scientific character, on the one hand, and the purpose society attaches to its teaching, on the other. Given these particularities, the following three main issues have been identified: the awareness that historic knowledge is somebody's construction, the production of the plot and the conceptualization of historic knowledges. A didactic situation which takes simultaneously account of these three points can be created using the concept of "employment". It is now admitted that the solution of choice to achieve the threefold objective consists of a didactic situation in which pupils can understand and produce an employment. For the pupils, the task of understanding and producing the employment is not an easy one. In the concrete didactic situation, they have to overcome countless constraints, resistances and other obstacles of all kinds. Better understanding of the pupil7s problems enables to create a better didactic situation. The purpose of our research is to construct representations (and to improve existing ones) as well as to identify the constraints, difficulties, obstacles. . . The pupils meet when confronted with the task of understanding and producing an employment
CORDIER, BOUCHAND SOPHIE. "Etat des connaissances neurologiques et neurochirurgicales a la lecture des premieres livraisons de la presse medicale (1893-1895)". Nantes, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NANT018M.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuy, Thomas. "Gestion diagrammatique des connaissances sur les lignées techniques de télescopes". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02932351.
Pełny tekst źródłaCentral device of astronomy, the telescope is also one of the very first scientific instruments. We propose to deliver an innovative analysis based on genetic mechanology. This method of analyzing the structures and the evolutions of technical objects is inspired by the work of Jacques Lafitte and Gilbert Simondon. In particular, this involves identifying the appearance of new technical schemes and relating them to the technical lineage to which they belong. In this context, we develop several concepts and tools to extract, formalize and enrich the knowledge about inventions that have emerged during the concretization process of telescope technical lineages. The collected information is not passive archived data : its formalization through diagrams must turn them into technological knowledge, which clarifies the operation of the instrument and allow to trace its genealogy. By analyzing the design processes, as well as the competition between the different lineages of telescopes, we achieve a better understanding of the technical evolution patterns underlying the development of these instruments and are able to formulate very general technical trends. Those latters are accompanied, in the case of telescopes, by evolutionary patterns resulting from external performance imperatives as well as from internal technical necessities. The explanation of these patterns, as well as the emerging processes to which they give rise, make it possible to understand the long time dynamics and anticipate difficulties for future missions. Thus, our approach is neither normative nor positive: through a constant dialectic between the formulation of our « laws of evolution » and the historical data, we exhibit, with a certain objectivity, some regularities in the evolution of telescopes, in a historical perspective that is both retrospective and prospective
Benchekroun, Chafik Toum. "Images et connaissances de l'Occident chrétien au Maghreb médiéval". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20027.
Pełny tekst źródłaIt is difficult to refute the idea that a caricatural vision of the Christian West prevails in the medieval Maghreb, a vision that summarizes the Other with both general and stereotyped traits. In medieval times, Maghreb writers seem to struggle to differentiate the Christian powers from one another, often preferring to designate (what this thesis wants to call) the Mediterranean Other vaguely and remotely: "Romans", "Francs", "Christians", or more rarely "unbelievers". These appellations often appear to be thrown at random, and to be perfectly equivalent. But, although this impression is largely correct, some nuances may perhaps bring greater clarity to the state and degree of knowledge of the Other in the cultivated consciousness (in the Hegelian sense of expression) of the elite medieval Maghreb intellectuals. This other multisecular, pre-Islamic. Already, in 171, 540 years before 711, the Moors crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to attack Betic, pushed by a crop more than insufficient. Constituting a danger quite considered at the time. Already under Nero, the poet Calpurnius wrote: "trucibusque obnoxia Mauris pascua Geryonis". Although Islam comes to complete and anchor this gigantic psychological situation. The medieval Maghreb intellectual identity is based on a fantasized pre-Islamic period of Arabia of Muhammad. It must not be forgotten that Jews and Christians were simply expelled from Arabia after the death of Muhammad, for they would defile the homeland of the Prophet by their mere presence. This is a founding element of the traditional representation of Christians and Jews in the Land of Islam. This will influence the legal visions of the relations that can be undertaken between the Maghrebians and the Christian West. Thus many medieval Maghreb jurists will present as illicit trade between Maghrebians and Christians (of the West) being realized with Christian coins engraved with crosses, even engraved with Latin inscriptions quite simply. Even the relationship with the Other is therefore defined by the refusal of the Other. Because, the Christian West is Dār al-ḥarb (a land of war)
Kasprzyk-Istin, Marie-Cécile. "De la navigation maritime à la navigation aérienne : transferts de méthodes mathématiques et de connaissances en France dans la première moitié du XXe siècle". Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4047/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaScientific navigation had already been well established in the Navy and merchant navy when aeronautics of "lighter than air" (free balloons and airships), then "heavier than air" (planes and seaplanes) began to need instruments and techniques of dead reckoning and astronomic navigation. The aim of this thesis is to research and analyze the transfers that exist in France in terms of navigation between the Navy and merchant navy, and air force and civil aviation, and also between the Navy and high seas aeronautics in the first half of the twentieth century, highlighting the mathematics at stake and techniques. After having established an inventory of the method of high seas navigation, both in terms of training and practice, before the First World War, a focus on the innovations in aerial navigation and contributions, occurring during this war, such as radio navigation, is made. Everything is present for the air navigation to take off: this is the purpose of the third part of the thesis, always looking for possible transfers. This thesis is based on the study of training of navigators, schools and textbooks. It is also focussed on navigational instruments - compasses, stopwatches, sextants, log tables, abbreviated tables, abaques and nomograms, charts for loxodromic or orthodromic navigation, etc. The importance of the role of the navy and merchant navy in aerial navigation is thus shown and qualified, but the latter also experienced innovations and inventions when necessary
Laforêt, Alice. "Connaissances de l'arbre au Moyen Âge.Savoirs et discours botaniques dans les encyclopédies, les herbiers et les textes agronomiques (XIIe-XVe siècle)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALL025.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Middle Ages did not consider botany to be a specific discipline. Yet the period was prolific in scholarly works on the world of plants. The encyclopaedias, herbals and agronomic texts that were produced and distributed from the twelfth to the end of the fifteenth century focused on plants and their uses. These works have comparable textual structures, making it possible to bring them together in a coherent corpus. While practical uses (therapeutic, dietetical or agronomical) do indeed occupy a central place, these works do not confine themselves to a purely practical understanding of plants, but do show an interest in the plants themselves. Both botanical texts and iconography were part of the construction of a scientific discourse specific to the period. This study focuses on one of the categories of plants, the tree. Medieval naturalists considered this category in terms of the multiplicity of different species that it contains, all of which needed to be named, described and ordered. Defining the tree was also an issue for authors of the period, revealing the working methods of the naturalists and the specific characteristics of medieval botany
Pouillard, Violette. "En captivité. Politiques humaines et vies animales dans les jardins zoologiques du XIXe siècle à nos jours : ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes, zoos de Londres et Anvers". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO30005.
Pełny tekst źródłaFollowing in the footsteps of recent developments in the French historiography, this dissertation aims at balancing the attention given to humans and animals. The research therefore focuses on human policies concerning the management of animals kept in zoological gardens, as well as on their consequences on the bodies and behaviors of animals, and on mutual influences between humans and animals.The study begins with the birth of the zoological garden, i.e. the creation of the Jardin des Plantes Menagerie in 1793, and focuses on this institution as well as on the London Zoo, created in 1828, and the Antwerp Zoo (1843). In order to write the history of zoo animals, the method uses both descriptive indicators – testimonies on animals bodies and behaviors, on captive environments, on animal cares, handling and food, ... – and quantitative indicators – long-term study of the arrivals and departures, births and deaths of animals and of the longevity of Primates and Pantherinae in captivity. The evolution of these indicators takes place in a chronological framework based on the policies designed to manage zoo animals. The first part begins with the foundation of the zoological gardens. The second one starts at the beginning of the 20th century, when German dealer Carl Hagenbeck opened a zoo in Stellingen, near Hamburg (1907) which popularized a new way to display the animals, in open-air enclosures separated from the public by ditches. The third part starts in the 1950’s, when zoos implemented a new function, one of ex situ conservation, in addition to their other traditional recreative, educative and scientific missions.This study of animal lives under human influence results in a new chronology of zoological gardens, discerning a long 19th century, that consumed animal lives, a second phase, hygienist, from the interwar period, marked by the managers’ willingness to rationalize the conditions of captivity, without much influence on animals lives and longevity, and a third one, from the mid-1970’s to the present time, characterized by increased attention to zoo animals and their well-being, allowing the birth of a new animal economy of zoological gardens, by which in situ captures decline for most taxa (specifically mammals and birds).The dissertation also shows, in opposition with the finalist discourses of the official historiography, somes continuities, immanent to animal captivity in the context of zoological gardens. Abnormal behaviors in animals especially appear in proportions exceeding the anecdotal level. Another important phenomenon pointing to continuities is the collecting in the wild which, although it declined at the same rhythm that the new animal economy developed, has persisted to this day, profusely for the least considered taxa (fishes and invertebrates), and resurfacing in new iterations for mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians (capture for purposes of conservation, for scientific collecting, ...)
Rivoallan, Isabel P. "Analyse pluriréférentielle de l'attention : étude comparative des connaissances, croyances et pratiques enseignantes". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3021.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis dissertation adopts a multi-referential approach for the analysis of the problem of attention. An historical survey of the philosophical literature proposes to answer the question of whether or not attention can be educated. Philosophers from Antiquity to the 17th century advance the existence of attention as a mental entity or a mode of thinking. They link attention with the mastery of the intellect, the body and the passions, and confirm the need for its education. From the 18th to the 19th century the voluntary nature of the faculty of attention captures the interest of scholars. At the end of the 19th century attention is objectified, examined by science then rejected as a worthy subject of research owing to its elusive nature. We address the problem of educating attention or Attention Training (AT) through the lens of more recent philosophical, psychological and neuroscientific texts conceptualizing attention as a principal component of embodied cognition. This perspective credits methods dating back to Antiquity with a capacity for the education of attention. Our mixed methods research demonstrates an important gap between the theoretical literature and current teacher epistemology and practice. Although the literature argues in favor of adopting interoceptive practices, teachers tend to prioritize exteroceptive and behaviorist methods dating back to the 19th and early 20th century
Rohou, Bruno. "Modélisation des ports de Brest (France), Rosario et Mar del Plata (Argentine) en tant que macro systèmes technologiques complexes : application à la modélisation des connaissances pour l'histoire des sciences et des techniques". Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0103/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis is part of the F. Viète Centre's "Comparative History of Port Cultural Landscapes" programme and focuses on understanding the scientific and technological evolution of the ports of Brest (France), Mar del Plata and Rosario in Argentina in contemporary times. The research hypothesis is to consider a port as a complex technological macro-system whose spatial and temporal evolution as an artifact is part of the history of science and technology. These artifacts are considered as significant indicators of this evolution.The objective of this thesis is to build a comparative history of ports, to propose and validate new research methods in digital humanities. To meet these objectives, we have produced a comparative history of the considered ports.Then, we have developed a model for the evolution of these ports, called HST-PORT, based on the SHS meta-model ANY-ARTEFACT. Based on the HSTPORT model, we have developed a reference ontology, called PHO (Port History Ontology). The latter is based on the CIDOC-CRM ontology and therefore uses the corresponding event model. This ontology has been successfully evaluated by reproducing the comparative history of the considered ports made by historians. In the long term, it will be necessary to design new information systems based on these ontologies and the semantic web to index, publish and query historical sources to produce a comparative history
Laroche, Florent. "Contribution à la sauvegarde des objets techniques anciens par l'archéologie industrielle avancée : proposition d'un modèle d'information de référence muséologique et d'une méthode inter-disciplinaire pour la capitalisation des connaissances du patrimoine technique et industriel". Nantes, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NANT2120.
Pełny tekst źródłaFor optimizing its added value creation, enterprise adjusts continuously its operating modes and its production tools. Machines considered obsoletes as soon as they don't meet the demand, are consequently stopped, stored and very often dismantled. Consequently, industrial sites disappear and the workers, creators of knowledge, are leaving the industrial world with their know-how. Safe keeping, analyzing and understanding these objects belonging to a Past Heritage can convert them into a Present Capital; sometimes, they can even become an innovation source for preparing our future and assisting industrials to create the tomorrow objects. In addition, concerning their conservation and their popularization in museums and sites, the aging of technical information requires to implement a new kind of museology for this 3rd millennium. The developed methodology consists in overturning the design time axis: it is the Reverse-process of Heritage Design. Advanced Industrial Archaeology, allows the elaboration of the Technical Heritage File by capitalizing knowledge from the past into a digital media and a virtual simulating state for museography and valorization. As the objects complexity requires a multiplicity of competences, the Heritage Cooperative Engineering Process requires collaborations of experts who usually, do not collaborate. Therefore, a new kind of Inter-disciplinary Team is appearing which needs a common base for allowing different semantics living together. Consequently, the Information System proposes to encapsulate this taxonomy of the Men, also taking into account the actors of the past. The model defines the Heritage Technical Object in its Internal and External Aspects. The Digital Heritage Reference Model, DHRM, can then be considered as a new tool for museology. During these researches, numerous technical studies are analyzed and conceptualized so as to build the ontology's and consequently validate the applicability of DHRM
Victor, Analice Cordeiro dos Santos. "A? eu era Ant?nio Brasil: contribui??es de situa??es did?ticas com conhecimentos hist?ricos para a constru??o da identidade pessoal da crian?a na educa??o infantil". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2010. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14296.
Pełny tekst źródłaL'objectif de cette ?tude est de comprendre la relation entre les situations didactiques faisant appel aux connaissances historiques et la construction de l'identit? personnelle pour les enfants dans l'?ducation de la petite enfance. Sa question centrale se demande si les connaissances sont offrent des contributions ? la construction de l'identit? personnelle par les enfants de la petite enfance. Se distingue, lui aussi, entend contribuer ? ?largir le d?bat sur l'enseignement et l'apprentissage des th?mes historiques dans l'?ducation des enfants, et permettre un dialogue avec d'autres enseignants dans cette ?tape de l'?ducation. Ont ?t? analys?s par des principes th?oriques et m?thodologiques de qualit? et a assum? les orientations m?thodologiques de la recherche collaborative. Il a ?t? constat? que la syst?matisation des situations didactiques impliquant la connaissance historique dans l'?ducation de la petite enfance contribue ? la construction de l'identit? personnelle de l'enfant. Ceci, pour prendre possession de ces connaissances, ils recueillent des renseignements qui permet le plus large ?ventail de relations, afin de comparer les pratiques culturelles de son temps avec des pratiques ? d'autres moments. Ainsi orient?e, l'enfant cherche ? raconter son histoire avec le th?me historique ? laquelle elle a eu acc?s, d'organiser et de construire des r?ponses des explications sur leur environnement et de lui-m?me. Tout cela montre ? la r?alisation que le processus d'internalisation des connaissances historiques de l'enfant est construit comme un sujet et, par cons?quent, cette connaissance peut ?tre con?u comme un m?diateur dans la formation de l'identit? personnelle
O objetivo principal deste trabalho consiste em compreender as rela??es entre situa??es did?ticas que envolvem o conhecimento hist?rico e o processo de constru??o da identidade pessoal por crian?as da Educa??o Infantil. Sua quest?o central indaga se os conhecimentos hist?ricos oferecem contribui??es para a constru??o da identidade pessoal pelas crian?as da Educa??o Infantil. Destaca-se, tamb?m, a inten??o de contribuir para ampliar a discuss?o sobre o ensino/aprendizagem de temas hist?ricos na Educa??o Infantil, e possibilitar a interlocu??o com outros professores desta etapa de ensino. Foram adotados os princ?pios te?rico-metodol?gicos da abordagem qualitativa e assumidas as diretrizes metodol?gicas da pesquisa colaborativa. Constatou-se que a sistematiza??o de situa??es did?ticas envolvendo os conhecimentos hist?ricos na Educa??o Infantil contribui no processo de constru??o da identidade pessoal pela crian?a. Esta, ao se apropriar de tais conhecimentos, re?ne informa??es que lhe permite estabelecer as mais diversas rela??es, de modo a comparar pr?ticas culturais de seu tempo com pr?ticas de outros tempos. Assim orientada, a crian?a busca relacionar a sua hist?ria com o tema hist?rico ao qual teve acesso, organizando explica??es e construindo respostas acerca do seu meio e de si pr?pria. Isso tudo aponta para a compreens?o de que no processo de internaliza??o do conhecimento hist?rico a crian?a vai se constituindo como sujeito e, desse modo, tal conhecimento pode ser concebido como elemento mediador na constitui??o de sua identidade pessoal
Eychenne, Bertrand. "Le Colegio Militar de Bogota (1848-1884). La mise en place d'un enseignement supérieur scientifique et technique après l'indépendance de la Colombie". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS176.
Pełny tekst źródłaAs Colombia becomes emancipated from the Spanish Crown in 1819, it has to strengthen its independence and is thus faced with a number of obstacles which come in the way of a stable scientific and technical education. By taking into account this postcolonial context and by focusing on the Colegio Militar of Bogota, a school of civil and military engineering between 1848 and 1884, this study describes the process which led to the foundation of such teachings and follows its evolution during the second half of the 19th century. The influence of power proves to be constant at the time and brings out such specificities as its mixed education curriculum, military and civil, its quest for utility or the absence of a selection process. Furthermore, the study of its curriculum reveals how its institutional vision influenced by party ideology shows through the teachings. It also demonstrates the ability of the various players to alter, at their level, this curriculum and manages to establish the continuity of its history despite the heterogeneity of their actions. Similarly, the analysis of the scientific and technical notions conveyed by this curriculum illustrates how, by adapting to the context, the diffusion of knowledge comes with scientific production. The decentralization entailed by our study leads us to consider the issue of transfer of knowledge, by showing how the study of an educational institution allows to tackle these mechanisms in their complexity. These circulations will be considered on different levels, locally with the regulating function of the school in the educational field, within the South American continent and toward the main hubs of scientific production in Europe and North America. Finally, this study sheds some light on the constitution and emergence of a professional group in Colombia namely, civil engineers, which is tightly linked to that of science teachers. By following the trail of former students of the Colegio Militar, we become acquainted with the strategies they adopt to ensure that both their profession and the right to practise it is acknowledged
Chambris, Christine. "Relations entre les grandeurs et les nombres dans les mathématiques de l'école primaire : Evolution de l'enseignement au cours du 20e siècle : connaissances des élèves actuels". Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA070034.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuring the last 150 years, relationships between quantifies and numbers have deeply changed in academic mathematics, taught mathematics, and in everyday life. We want to understand these relationships at french primary school in mathematics education nowadays and foresee other possibilities for the future. Our framework is the anthropological theory of the didactic (Chevallard). We have particularly developed the study of the teaching of metrical System, System of place value for whole numbers and links between both; and started the study of relationships between calculation (meaning, rules of calculation, types of numbers) and quantifies (notably length and diagrams with dimensions). Our study is developing into three directions which echo one to another: -links between quantifies, numbers, calculation and everyday life pratice before the reform of modem mathematics; breaks the reform caused in these links. Our analysis is based on a corpus of texts made up of national curriculum and textbooks mainly from 2nd and 3rd grades, over the 20th century; - academic mathematical knowledge. On the one hand, we want to identify transposed knowledge at several periods, on the other hand, we want to identify conditions for mathematical theories (possibly to be written) which could be used as reference for the teaching of quantifies, numbers and calculation. For that, we take into account mathematical and didactical needs: notably tasks, rationales of rules for students, consistency of knowledge, continuity of learning; -knowledge of present students (277 on 5th grade). We want to better define some potential breaks and gaps highlighted with studies of links and academic knowledge
Chambris, Christine. "Relations entre les grandeurs et les nombres dans les mathématiques de l'école primaire. Évolution de l'enseignement au cours du 20e siècle. Connaissances des élèves actuels". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00338665.
Pełny tekst źródłaNous avons approfondi l'étude de l'enseignement du système métrique, de la numération de position des entiers et de l'articulation entre les deux ; et entamé celle des relations entre opérations (sens, technique, types de nombres) et grandeurs (notamment la longueur et les représentations utilisant des schémas cotés).
Notre étude se développe selon trois axes qui se répondent :
- les liens entre grandeurs, nombres, opérations et pratiques pour la vie courante avant la réforme des mathématiques modernes ; les ruptures qu'elle a provoquées dans ces liens. Notre corpus est constitué par des textes du 20e siècle : programmes, manuels scolaires du CE (2P et 3P) ;
- les savoirs savants. Il s'agit d'une part de repérer les savoirs transposés à différentes époques, d'autre part d'identifier des conditions pour des théories mathématiques (éventuellement à formuler) susceptibles de servir de référence pour l'enseignement des grandeurs, nombres et opérations. Pour cela, nous prenons en compte des besoins mathématiques et didactiques : notamment tâches, discours justificatifs destinés aux élèves, cohérence des savoirs, continuité des apprentissages ;
- les connaissances des élèves actuels (277 en 5P). Il s'agit de mieux cerner d'éventuels ruptures et manques apparus avec l'étude des liens et des savoirs savants.
Laroche, Florent. "Contribution à la sauvegarde des Objets techniques anciens par l'Archéologie industrielle avancée.Proposition d'un Modèle d'information de référence muséologique et d'une Méthode inter-disciplinaire pour la Capitalisation des connaissances du Patrimoine technique et industriel". Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00382703.
Pełny tekst źródłaLa méthodologie développée consiste à renverser l'axe des temps de la conception : c'est le Rétro processus de Conception Patrimoniale. L'Archéologie Industrielle Avancée permet la constitution du Dossier d'Oeuvre Patrimoniale Technique en capitalisant les connaissances du passé sous une forme numérique et en les repositionnant virtuellement en situation d'usage à des fins de muséographie et de valorisation. La complexité des objets induisant une multiplicité des compétences, le Processus Coopératif d'Ingénierie Patrimoniale requiert la collaboration de métiers qui, jusqu'alors, ne collaboraient pas ou peu. Dès lors, une nouvelle forme d'Equipe Inter disciplinaire émerge pour laquelle un référentiel commun permet de faire cohabiter les différentes sémantiques. Ainsi, le Système d'Information proposé encapsule cette taxonomie des Hommes en considérant également les acteurs du passé. Le modèle définit l'Objet technique à caractère patrimonial dans ses Aspects Internalistes et Externalistes. Le Digital Heritage Reference Model ou Dossier d'Oeuvre Patrimonial Numérique de Référence, DHRM, peut alors être considéré comme un nouvel outil de travail muséologique.
Dans ces travaux de recherche, de nombreux cas d'études sont analysés et conceptualisés pour construire les ontologies validant ainsi l'applicabilité du DHRM.
Bottini, Thomas. "Instrumenter la lecture critique personnelle multimédia". Compiègne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010COMP1913.
Pełny tekst źródłaOur research aims at designing and developing tools which enable scholarly readers to perform a critical reading on sound and graphic documents. We propose software tools which make the fundamental critical operations possible (annotating, structuring, fragmenting, free Spatializing, labelling, marking, recomposing, linking, organizing. . . ). Our analysis articulates several disciplines: knowledge engineering, multimedia and document engineering, spatial hypertexts as well as computer-human interaction. We rely on a study of the history of reading and writing techniques and devices, and extend it with a philosophical and anthropological discussion about the nature of digital documents. We first propose a generic conceptual model which unifies the interpretation of heterogeneous multimedia contents. This model proposes entities which make the various material and cognitive operations on which relies critical work possible. These entities ensure a strong articulation between analytic (selection, fragmentation) and synthetic (free spatialization, fragments contextualization into interpretative structures) operations. We also propose a complete software environment which relies on the model and enables readers to thoroughly study a single document as well as a large multimedia fragments-made corpus. This software environment gave rise to innovative scholarly practices: critical essay of philosophy recorded lectures, semiotic analysis of multimedia corpora, segmentation and charting of synchronized music scores
Viallon, Christian. "Les écrits professionnels des éducateurs spécialisés : des écrits sous contraintes". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10101/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe topic of this research is education specialists’ professional writing. It is generally assumed that education specialists feel rather uncomfortable with professional writings although language whether, oral or written, IS the work. Moreover, since the early 2000’s, along with the changes implied by the New Public Management reforms, a huge emphasis is put on written activities in this profession. This research examines the real issues hidden behind the claim of an oral tradition explanation from educators specialist. Starting with the constraints (natural, non-natural, narratives, linguistics) that are bearing upon these educators’ professional writing, this work is organized in two parts. The first part is setting up a conceptual frame based on history, words, knowledge and language of educational workers through authors like Michel Foucault, Georges Canguilhem, Paul Ricoeur. The second part focuses on what educators, employed in a non profit organization, actually say about their practices through a quantitative enquiry and on analysis of documents. This non profit organization (OVE) dedicated to persons with special needs, manages 60 institutions and services and employs 389 teachers. To the end this research opens new ways of considering relations between professionals and persons with special needs, connections between profession and writing and, through narrative method, renewed forms of professional writing. Through thinking a new articulation between praxis and the clinical of care, a reflection on the place of literacies and pratices’ analysis is therefore needed in the educational training of this professionals
Houdement, Catherine. "Au milieu du gué : entre formation des enseignants et recherche en didactique des mathématiques". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957166.
Pełny tekst źródłaMalas, Anas. "Contributions à la résolution du transport à la demande fondées sur les systèmes multi-agents". Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMIR07/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis addresses the problem of on-demand transport (ODT). We propose three decentralized approaches based on multi-agent systems to solve this problem. The first multi-agent approach uses the algorithm A* in order to find an optimal solution in a road network characterized by constant travel speeds. Experiments are carried out on the road network of a Lebanese city called Tripoli and good results are obtained. However, in a city like Tripoli, travel speeds depend heavily on the dynamic situation of road traffic. For this reason, the second multi-agent approach massif comes to remedy the first taking into account the evolution of traffic. The road network is considered as dynamic deterministic. It is characterized by travel speeds dependent on the usual traffic situation. These speeds are pre-calculated on the basis of historical knowledge of road traffic. The experimental results show that the number of dissatisfied customers is greater than 50 % if the speeds are considered to be constant. Nevertheless, historical knowledge is not sufficient to reflect the actual traffic situation, especially in case of an unexpected event (such as an accident) occurring on the network. For this, a self-organized massive multi-agent approach is proposed. The road network is considered as a dynamic stochastic characterized by travel speeds dependent on the actual traffic situation. This approach represents the dynamic organization of traffic on its scale based on historical traffic knowledge and real-time traffic information. Vehicle trajectories and their durations are calculated and recalculated online whenever an unexpected event disrupts the usual traffic situation. The experimental results show that up to 39 % of customers will be dissatisfied if a road accident is not considered during the processing of their demands. Otherwise, 50 % to 100 % of these customers are satisfied
Abiven, Marie-Morgane. "Humanités numériques et méthodes de conservation et de valorisation des patrimoines maritimes : l'exemple des arsenaux de Brest et Venise". Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0083.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis transdisciplinary thesis is part of the Centre François Viète (EA 1161) laboratory’s program“Comparative history of port cultural landscapes anddigital humanities,” which is at the border between the fields of heritage, the history of science and technology, and digital humanities.The first objective is to establish and compare the evolution cycles and the industrial cultural practices of both arsenals (Brest and Venice) from a scientific and technological point of view through the study of specific indicators such as industrial production unitsand cranes, based on the ANY-ARTEFACT history metamodel. The second objective is the construction and validation of new digital humanities methods for the conservation and valorisation of industrial heritage and its associated activity. 1) A production chain involving work in knowledge engineering and in virtual reality, 2) An intelligent virtual environment (IVE) called Lab in Virtuo for the construction of scenarios for cultural mediation. This IVE is based on the coupling of two metamodels dedicated to the activity in question: the ANYARTEFACT-O and the MASCARET ontologies. A specialised ontology dedicated to forges has also been developed.The work on virtual reality has led to the development of an IVE that allows the carrying out of activities and the transmission of knowledge within virtual environments based on forges.The synthesis of this work is reflected in the creation of a methodological guide for researches andacademic or territorial actors
Zhou, Hao. "La chute du "triangle d'or" : apriorité, analyticité, nécessité : de l'équivalence à l'indépendance". Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01H204.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe three concepts of apriority, analyticity and necessity, which have long been considered equivalent, constitute whatcould be called the “golden triangle” or “triangle of equivalence”. Yet, the Kantian conception of the synthetic a priori and the Kripkean conceptions of the contingent a priori and the necessary a posteriori represent decisive criticismsagainst this triangle of equivalence. Inheriting critically these revolutionary thoughts from Kant and Kripke, a newepistemological schema entitled “subject-knowledge-world” is here systematically constructed. This schema renders thegolden triangle totally obsolete. The concepts of apriority, analyticity and necessity become independent of each other.This leads to a new space of knowledge categories, resulting from the free intersecting of the three distinctions a priori-aposteriori, analytic-synthetic and necessary-contingent. These knowledge categories, some of which are new, apply to science exclusively and exhaustively
Larocque, Stéphanie. "Les enjeux controversés dans le cadre de l’enseignement de l’histoire au secondaire : énoncés théoriques d’une synthèse des connaissances". Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24554.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe purpose of this thesis is to produce theoretical statements by gathering the available knowledge from the existing body of research on the teaching of controversial issues in high school history classrooms. We ask the following questions: How does context influence the school treatment of controversial issues? What are the possible approaches and how do they affect students? Our work reveals that school treatment of controversial issues is limited by contextual factors such as collective memory, normative pressure and social pressure. It also reveals that discussions of controversial issues contribute to the development of intellectual abilities, citizenship skills and knowledge when they follow certain criteria.