Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Himalayan glaciers

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Himalayan glaciers”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 6 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Himalayan glaciers"

Pronk, Jan Bouke, Tobias Bolch, Owen King, Bert Wouters i Douglas I. Benn. "Contrasting surface velocities between lake- and land-terminating glaciers in the Himalayan region". Cryosphere 15, nr 12 (10.12.2021): 5577–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5577-2021.

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Abstract. Meltwater from Himalayan glaciers sustains the flow of rivers such as the Ganges and Brahmaputra on which over half a billion people depend for day-to-day needs. Upstream areas are likely to be affected substantially by climate change, and changes in the magnitude and timing of meltwater supply are expected to occur in coming decades. About 10 % of the Himalayan glacier population terminates into proglacial lakes, and such lake-terminating glaciers are known to exhibit higher-than-average total mass losses. However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms driving exacerbated ice loss from lake-terminating glaciers in the Himalaya. Here we examine a composite (2017–2019) glacier surface velocity dataset, derived from Sentinel 2 imagery, covering central and eastern Himalayan glaciers larger than 3 km2. We find that centre flow line velocities of lake-terminating glaciers (N = 70; umedian: 18.83 m yr−1; IQR – interquartile range – uncertainty estimate: 18.55–19.06 m yr−1) are on average more than double those of land-terminating glaciers (N = 249; umedian: 8.24 m yr−1; IQR uncertainty estimate: 8.17–8.35 m yr−1) and show substantially more heterogeneity than land-terminating glaciers around glacier termini. We attribute this large heterogeneity to the varying influence of lakes on glacier dynamics, resulting in differential rates of dynamic thinning, which causes about half of the lake-terminating glacier population to accelerate towards the glacier termini. Numerical ice-flow model experiments show that changes in the force balance at the glacier termini are likely to play a key role in accelerating the glacier flow at the front, with variations in basal friction only being of modest importance. The expansion of current glacial lakes and the formation of new meltwater bodies will influence the dynamics of an increasing number of Himalayan glaciers in the future, and these factors should be carefully considered in regional projections.

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Maurer, Joshua M., Summer B. Rupper i Joerg M. Schaefer. "Quantifying ice loss in the eastern Himalayas since 1974 using declassified spy satellite imagery". Cryosphere 10, nr 5 (23.09.2016): 2203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-2203-2016.

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Abstract. Himalayan glaciers are important natural resources and climate indicators for densely populated regions in Asia. Remote sensing methods are vital for evaluating glacier response to changing climate over the vast and rugged Himalayan region, yet many platforms capable of glacier mass balance quantification are somewhat temporally limited due to typical glacier response times. We here rely on declassified spy satellite imagery and ASTER data to quantify surface lowering, ice volume change, and geodetic mass balance during 1974–2006 for glaciers in the eastern Himalayas, centered on the Bhutan–China border. The wide range of glacier types allows for the first mass balance comparison between clean, debris, and lake-terminating (calving) glaciers in the region. Measured glaciers show significant ice loss, with an estimated mean annual geodetic mass balance of −0.13 ± 0.06 m w.e. yr−1 (meters of water equivalent per year) for 10 clean-ice glaciers, −0.19 ± 0.11 m w.e. yr−1 for 5 debris-covered glaciers, −0.28 ± 0.10 m w.e. yr−1 for 6 calving glaciers, and −0.17 ± 0.05 m w.e. yr−1 for all glaciers combined. Contrasting hypsometries along with melt pond, ice cliff, and englacial conduit mechanisms result in statistically similar mass balance values for both clean-ice and debris-covered glacier groups. Calving glaciers comprise 18 % (66 km2) of the glacierized area yet have contributed 30 % (−0.7 km3) to the total ice volume loss, highlighting the growing relevance of proglacial lake formation and associated calving for the future ice mass budget of the Himalayas as the number and size of glacial lakes increase.

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P.C, Shakti, Dhiraj Pradhananga, Wenchao Ma i Pei Wang. "An Overview of Glaciers Distribution in the Nepal Himalaya". Hydro Nepal: Journal of Water, Energy and Environment 13 (12.03.2014): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v13i0.10034.

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Correction: On 7th September 2015, Pei Wang was included as an author on this paper. He was omitted from the paper by mistake. John W. Pomeroy was removed as an author of the paper but was included in the Acknowledgements of the paper (p.26)Abstract:Glaciers in the Himalayas are the important resource for fresh water. Continuous releases of the water from these glaciers make an important contribution to the drinking water, agriculture, and hydropower supply of densely populated regions in south and central Asia. Glaciers are not only a necessity for the survival of the people living in the low lying areas but also for their prosperity. Therefore, special attention should be given to detail research in the distribution of the glaciers in the Himalayan region and its surroundings. Physical parameters of glaciers area, length, depth, elevation profiles were analyzed based on the data provided by WGMS and NSIDC (1989), which was updated in 2012. Machhapuchhre, Thyangbo, Cho Oyu, Taweche, Setta, Tingbo and Kanchanjanga glaciers were found as the smallest glaciers in terms of area (<1km2), mean length (< 2km) and mean depth (40m) in the Nepal Himalaya. Langtang Ngojumba, Barun and Yalung glaciers were found as the largest glaciers in terms of area (>50km2). Large difference between start and end elevation point of glaciers of Khumbu, Ngojumba, Imja, Langtang indicates coverage area profiles are large and located in steep slopes of the Nepal Himalaya, which may result in linear erosions and avalanches. This paper also discusses about the Glacier Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) in the Himalayan region.HYDRO NEPAL Journal of Water, Energy and EnvironmentIssue No. 13, July 2013Page:20-27 Uploaded date: 3/12/2014

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Laha, Sourav, Reshama Kumari, Sunil Singh, Aditya Mishra, Tushar Sharma, Argha Banerjee, Harish Chandra Nainwal i R. Shankar. "Evaluating the contribution of avalanching to the mass balance of Himalayan glaciers". Annals of Glaciology 58, nr 75pt2 (lipiec 2017): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2017.27.

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ABSTRACT Avalanching is a prominent source of accumulation on glaciers that have high and steep valley-walls surrounding their accumulation zones. These glaciers are typically characterised by an extensive supraglacial debris cover and a low accumulation area ratio. Despite an abundance of such glaciers in the rugged landscapes of the High Himalaya, attempts to quantify the net avalanche contribution to mass balance and its long-term variation are almost missing. We first discuss diagnostic criteria to identify strongly avalanche-fed glaciers. Second, we develop an approximate method to quantify the magnitude of the avalanche accumulation exploiting its expected control on the dynamics of these glaciers. The procedure is based on a simplified flowline model description of the glacier concerned and utilises the known glaciological mass-balance, velocity and surface-elevation profiles of the glacier. We apply the method to three Himalayan glaciers and show that the data on the recent dynamics of these glaciers are consistent with a dominant contribution of avalanches to the total accumulation. As a control experiment, we also simulate another Himalayan glacier where no significant avalanche contribution is expected, and reproduce the recent changes in that glacier without any additional avalanche contribution.

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NG, KAH CHOON, SUI CHAI YAP i KIN MENG CHENG. "ASSESSMENT OF GLACIER MASS BALANCE IN THE HIMALAYAN-KARAKORAM REGION". Quantum Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 3, nr 3 (28.08.2022): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.55197/qjssh.v3i3.144.

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Mountain glaciers are susceptible to climate change. Most high-elevation glaciers, including the Himalayan glaciers, have been receding at an unprecedented rate in recent decades. Moreover, most mountain glaciers are found in the Himalayan areas, but field sampling and research efforts are limited due to logistical and financial constraints. From 1997 to 1999, just 6.8 km² of the 33,000 km² were examined in the Himalayan region. Previous studies indicated that Himalayan glaciers have been melting at an alarming rate over the past few decades. The objective of this paper is to review glacier changes, with an emphasis on mass balance changes in the Himalayan-Karakoram ranges, using 15 ISI journal articles published between 2008 and 2017. The acquired data on glacier mass balance was used to create a glacier mass balance change map for quantification using ArcGIS software and Landsat map as base map. The majority of the glaciers in the study area melted at various rates, with the most extensive glacier loss occurring in the west Himalayan highlands and the lowest occurring in the Karakoram region. Therefore, additional scientific research have to be conducted, and significant actions have to be taken at many different levels to prevent the continued loss of glaciers in this area.

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Venkatesh, T. N., A. V. Kulkarni i J. Srinivasan. "Relative effect of slope and equilibrium line altitude on the retreat of Himalayan glaciers". Cryosphere Discussions 5, nr 5 (4.10.2011): 2571–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-5-2571-2011.

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Abstract. A majority of glaciers in the Himalayas have been retreating. In this paper, we show that there are two major factors which control the advance/retreat of the Himalayan glaciers. They are the slope of the glacier and changes in the equilibrium line altitude. While it is well known, that these factors are important, we propose a new way of combining them and use it to predict retreat. Our model has been applied to the movement of eight Himalayan glaciers during the past 25 years. The model explains why the Gangotri glacier is retreating while Zemu of nearly the same length is stationary, even though they are subject to similar environmental changes. The model has also been applied to a larger set of glaciers in the Parbati basin, for which retreat based on satellite data is available, though over a shorter time period.

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Venkatesh, T. N., A. V. Kulkarni i J. Srinivasan. "Relative effect of slope and equilibrium line altitude on the retreat of Himalayan glaciers". Cryosphere 6, nr 2 (15.03.2012): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-6-301-2012.

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Abstract. It has been observed that a majority of glaciers in the Himalayas have been retreating. In this paper, we show that there are two major factors which control the advance/retreat of the Himalayan glaciers. They are the slope of the glacier and changes in the equilibrium line altitude. While it is well known, that these factors are important, we propose a new way of combining them and use it to predict retreat. The functional form of this model has been derived from numerical simulations using an ice-flow code. The model has been successfully applied to the movement of eight Himalayan glaciers during the past 25 years. It explains why the Gangotri glacier is retreating while Zemu of nearly the same length is stationary, even if they are subject to similar environmental changes. The model has also been applied to a larger set of glaciers in the Parbati basin, for which retreat based on satellite data is available, though over a shorter time period.

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Thayyen, R. J., i J. T. Gergan. "Role of glaciers in watershed hydrology: ''Himalayan catchment'' perspective". Cryosphere Discussions 3, nr 2 (15.07.2009): 443–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tcd-3-443-2009.

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Abstract. A large number of Himalayan glacier catchments are under the influence of humid climate with snowfall in winter (November–April) and South-West monsoon in summer (June–September) dominating the regional hydrology. Such catchments are defined as ''Himalayan catchment'', where the glacier melt water contributes to the river flow during the period of annual high flows produced by the monsoon. Other two major glacio-hydrological regimes of the Himalaya are winter snow dominated Alpine catchments of the Kashmir and Karakoram region and cold-arid regions of the Ladakh mountain range. Factors influencing the river flow variations in a ''Himalayan catchment'' were studied in a micro scale glacier catchment in the Garhwal Himalaya, covering an area of 77.8 km2. Discharge data generated from three hydrometric stations established at different altitudes of the Din Gad stream during the summer ablation period of 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003 and 2004. These data has been analysed along with winter/summer precipitation, temperature and mass balance data of the Dokriani glacier to study the role of the glacier and precipitation in determining the runoff variations along the stream continuum from the glacier snout to 2360 m a.s.l. Study shows that the inter-annual runoff variations in a ''Himalayan glacier catchment'' is directly linked with the precipitation rather than mass balance changes of the glacier. Study suggest that warming induced initial increase of glacier degraded runoff and subsequent decline is a glaciers mass balance response and cannot be translated as river flow response in a ''Himalayan catchment'' as suggested by the IPCC, 2007. Study also suggest that the glacier runoff critically influence the headwater river flows during the years of low summer discharge and proposes that the Himalayan catchment could experience higher river flows and positive glacier mass balance regime together in association with strong monsoon. This paper intended to highlight the importance of creating credible knowledge on the Himalayan cryospheric processes to develop a global outlook on river flow response to cryospheric change and locally sustainable water resources management strategies.

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Arora, Prachita, Sheikh Nawaz Ali i Anupam Sharma. "Role of Different Moisture Sources in Driving the Western Himalayan Past-glacier Advances". Journal of Atmospheric Science Research 6, nr 3 (25.05.2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/jasr.v6i3.5581.

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The fragmented pattern and the rapidly declining preservation of older glacial features/evidences limits the precision, with which glacial chronologies can be established. The challenge is exacerbated by the scarcity of datable material and limitations of dating methods. Nevertheless, the preserved glacial landforms have been fairly utilized to establish glacial chronologies from different sectors of the Indian Himalayas. The existing Himalayan glacial chrono-stratigraphies have revealed that in a single valley, past glacial advances rarely surpass four stages. Thus, local and regional glacial chronologies must be synthesized to understand glacial dynamics and potential forcing factors. This research presents an overview of glacier responses to climate variations revealed by glacial chrono-stratigraphies in the western Indian Himalayan region over the Quaternary (late). The synthesis demonstrated that, although the glacial advances were sporadic, glaciers in western Himalayas generally advanced during the Marine isotope stage (MIS)-3/4, MIS-2, late glacial, Younger Dryas (YD) and Holocene periods. The Holocene has witnessed multiple glacial advances and the scatter is significant. While previous glacial research revealed that Himalayan glaciers were out of phase with the global last glacial maximum (gLGM), weak Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) has been implicated (ISM was reduced by roughly 20%). Recent research, however, has shown that gLGM glaciation responded to the global cooling associated with the enhanced mid-latitude westerlies (MLW). Further, the magnitude of gLGM glacier advance varied along and across the Himalayas particularly the transitional valleys located between the ISM and MLW influence. It is also evident that both the ISM and MLW have governed the late Quaternary glacial advances in the western Himalayan region. However, the responses of glaciers to ISM changes are more prominent. The insights gained from this synthesis will help us understand the dynamics of glacier response to climate change, which will be valuable for future climate modelling.

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Singh, Virendra Bahadur, AL Ramanathan i Pramod Kumar. "Hydro-meteorological Correlations of Himalayan Glaciers: A Review". Journal of Climate Change 7, nr 3 (2.09.2021): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jcc210018.

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This review manuscript addresses hydro-meteorological correlations of various glaciers situated in the Himalayan region. Meteorological parameters influence the discharge pattern of the glacier. A strong correlation has been observed between discharge and air temperature of the studied Himalayan glaciers. Whereas, other meteorological parameters such as wind speed and wind direction etc. were not significantly correlated with the meltwater runoff of different glaciers in this region. In general, variability (Cv) in discharge from the various Himalayan glaciers such as Chhota Shigri and Gangotri glaciers follow the variability (Cv) in the temperature of these glaciers. Maximum variability (Cv) in meltwater runoff from the Chhota Shigri glacier has been reported in the month of September, which might be due to the fast decline in stream runoff and air temperature of the study area during the month of September. A strong relationship has been observed between suspended sediment concentration and temperature of the majority of studied Himalayan glaciers. Such type of result shows that the suspended sediment concentration in the glacial meltwater has increased with rising air temperature in this region.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Himalayan glaciers"

King, Owen. "Characterising the evolution of Himalayan debris covered glaciers". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21574/.

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The majority of the 20,000 glaciers found in the Himalaya are in a state of negative mass balance, and have been for decades. Broad spatial trends in ice mass loss have been identified by large scale geodetic mass balance studies, but regional averaging of mass loss data has masked catchment or glacier scale variability. This thesis has the broad aim of examining the catchment scale variability of ice mass loss, in order to identify factors that might promote, or inhibit, more substantial ice mass loss from the region in the future. Ice mass loss rates from Everest region glaciers were calculated using the geodetic approach, over the period 2000-2015, and compared depending on glacier terminus type. Lake-terminating glaciers were found to have lost 32% more ice mass than land-terminating glaciers, and maximum surface lowering rates of lake-terminating glaciers peaked at more than twice the rate of land-terminating counterparts. Glacier hypsometry was found to be contrasting at the catchment scale, and predicted accumulation area ratio (AARs) change in response to different RCP warming scenarios emphasises the importance of considering glacier area-altitude distribution in future ice loss estimates. A more detailed assessment of the evolving geometry, dynamics and ice loss rates of nine lake-terminating glaciers suggested two phases of glacier-lake interaction may exist. A phase of dynamic lake-terminating glacier retreat was evident where terminus proximal surface lowering rates were high (up to 3 m a-1), ice front retreat rates were steady or accelerating, and surface velocities increased (by up to 10 m a-1, between 1999 and 2015). Alternatively, a phase of retreat typified by surface lowering rates akin to land-terminating glaciers (~1 m a-1), where ice front retreat rates were steady or diminishing, and where surface velocity reduction occurred. The dynamic phase of ice loss observed on lake-terminating glaciers in the Everest region is not of the same magnitude as larger waterter-minating glaciers found in other glacierised regions, probably because of the topographic confinement of host glaciers and the dominance of resistive stresses, but the now populous nature of glacial lakes in the region means the potential for amplified future ice loss exists. The impact of long-term ice loss on the topographic characteristics of debris covered glacier surfaces was also examined. Ice cliff and supraglacial pond expansion was identified as the main driver of topographic change on slow flowing, land-terminating glaciers. A more pitted surface topography of greater relief developed on most glaciers, which has implications for the energy balance at the glacier surface, and for supraglacial hydrology. Overall, the results of this thesis emphasise the need to incorporate a range of glacier dynamics scenarios and melt processes into simulations of future ice loss in the Himalaya.

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Watson, Cameron Scott. "The evolution of supraglacial ponds and ice cliffs on Himalayan debris-covered glaciers". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/18964/.

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The widespread negative mass balance of debris-covered glaciers in the central Himalaya is expressed through, and influenced by, glacier surface morphology, including the spatio-temporal dynamics of supraglacial ponds and ice cliffs. These features form a relatively unknown component of the overall melt budget but are thought to be key contributors to a debris-cover anomaly, whereby the insulating effect of debris is offset by enhanced melt at supraglacial ponds and ice cliffs. In this thesis we revealed the role of ice cliff evolution and supraglacial pond dynamics at seasonal to annual timescales using extensive fieldwork and assessments of remotely sensed satellite imagery from the Everest region of Nepal. Supraglacial pond dynamics were assessed over the last decade using multitemporal fine-resolution satellite imagery (~0.5−2 m), revealing a net increase in pond area but large inter-annual and seasonal variability. Coalescing and persistent ponds on Khumbu Glacier suggested that a trajectory towards large lake development was underway. Additionally, we revealed that the size distribution of ponds on debris-covered glaciers potentially leads to large classification omissions in studies using medium-resolution (e.g. 30 m) satellite imagery, on the order of 15–88% of ponded area. Instrumentation of ponds on Khumbu Glacier revealed seasonal expansion and drainage, and water temperatures conducive to englacial ablation. We surveyed 24 ponds with an unmanned surface vessel to derive their bathymetry and an empirical area-volume relationship, which can now be used to predict glacier-scale water storage fluxes. A remote sensing assessment of ice cliffs revealed that on average 49% of cliffs were associated with a supraglacial pond, and that cliff density was positively correlated with glacier mass loss. We presented the first application of 3D point cloud differencing to multi-temporal ice cliff point clouds to quantify the magnitude and spatio-temporal variation in cliff retreat, and revealed the role of ponds and local topography on controlling cliff persistence. We observed mean retreat rates of 0.30–1.49 cm d−1 during the winter interval (November 2015–May 2016) and 0.74–5.18 cm d−1 during the summer (May 2016–October 2016). Overall, by coupling remote sensing and field-based observations we produced a holistic assessment of ice cliffs and supraglacial ponds. This assessment has improved our process-based understanding of debris-covered glacier evolution and has provided the foundations for better consideration of surface processes in studies modelling glacier evolution.

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Miles, Evan. "Spatio-temporal variability and energy-balance implications of surface ponds on Himalayan debris-covered glaciers". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/263026.

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Surface ponds play a key role in transferring atmospheric energy to the ice for debris-covered glaciers, but as the spatial and temporal distribution of ponds is not well documented, their effect on glacier ablation is unknown. This thesis uses remote sensing and field methods to assess the distribution of supraglacial ponds in the Langtang Valley of Nepal, then develops and applies numerical models of pond surface energy balance to determine energy receipts at the pond, glacier, and basin scales. 172 Landsat TM/ETM+ scenes are analysed to identify thawed supraglacial ponds for the debris-covered tongues of five glaciers for the period 1999-2013. There is high variability in the incidence of ponding between glaciers, and ponds are most frequent in zones of low surface gradient and velocity. The ponds show a pronounced seasonality, appearing rapidly in the pre-monsoon as snow melts, reaching a peak area in the monsoon of about 2% of the debris-covered area, then declining in the post-monsoon as ponds drain or freeze. The satellite observations are supplemented by diverse field observations on Lirung Glacier in the Langtang Valley made in 2013 and 2014, confirming that overall pond area is markedly higher in the pre-monsoon than post-monsoon. Four ponds are observed in detail showing pond drainage, stability, and growth. The thesis then advances efforts to develop a model of mass and energy balance for supraglacial ponds, using field data from a small pond on Lirung Glacier. Sensitivity testing is performed for several key parameters and alternative melt algorithms. The pond acts as a significant recipient of energy, and participates in the glacier’s local hydrologic system during the monsoon. The majority of absorbed energy leaves the pond via englacial conduits, delivering sufficient energy to melt 2612 m3 of ice (~5.3 m ablation for the pond area). Energy receipts for all Lirung Glacier ponds for 2014 are then determined, using the full model and simpler approaches based on data availability. The partition of absorbed energy between pond-proximal and englacial melt is inconsistent between ponds, and the shortwave energy balance alone is not adequate to represent pond energy absorption. The model results suggest that ponds absorbed sufficient energy to account for ~10% of Lirung Glacier’s ablation in 2014.Finally, a simplified pond surface energy-balance model is applied to assess pond energy absorption for the entire Langtang catchment, using local meteorological data for 2013 and mean monthly pond distributions from the Landsat observations. Supraglacial ponds are found to absorb sufficient atmospheric energy to account for 5-16% (mean ~12%) of the debris-covered area’s volume loss in 2013 (equivalent to 0.11 m thinning for this area). Less absorption occurs in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon than in the monsoon due to decreased latent heat exchange. Altitude is an additional control, but seasonal surface energy balance remains positive at the ELA of 5400 m. This research suggests that due to the efficiency of supraglacial ponds as vectors of atmospheric energy to the glaciers’ interior, they may account for a considerable portion of the debris-covered area’s ablation (~10%) in spite of their low aerial coverage (1-2%), and ponds must be accounted for in studies of debris-covered glacier ablation and evolution.

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Maurer, Joshua Michael. "Using Declassified Satellite Imagery to Quantify Geomorphic Change: A New Approach and Application to Himalayan Glaciers". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5559.

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Himalayan glaciers are key components of earth's cryosphere, acting as hydrological reservoirs vital to many human and natural systems. Most Himalayan glaciers are shrinking in response to changing climate, which will potentially impact water resources, natural hazards, sea level rise, and many other aspects. However, there is much uncertainty regarding the state of these glaciers, as direct field data are difficult to obtain. Accordingly, long-timespan remote sensing techniques are needed to measure changing glaciers, which have memory and often respond to climate on decadal timescales. This study uses declassified historical imagery from the Hexagon spy satellite database to fulfill this requirement. A new highly-automated, computer-vision based solution is used to extract historical terrain models from Hexagon imagery, which are used as a baseline to compute geomorphic change for glaciers in the Kingdom of Bhutan and Tibet Autonomous Region of the eastern Himalayas. In addition to glaciers, the new method is used to quantify changes resulting from the Thistle Creek Landslide (surface elevation changes resulting from the landslide show an average elevation decrease of 14.4 ± 4.3 meters in the source area, an increase of 17.6 ± 4.7 meters in the deposition area, and a decrease of 30.2 ± 5.1 meters resulting from a new roadcut) and Mount St. Helens eruption in western North America (results show an estimated 2.48 ± 0.03 km3 of material was excavated during the eruption-triggered debris slide). These additional results illustrate the applicability of Hexagon imagery to a variety of landscape processes. Regarding the primary application in the Himalayas, all studied glaciers show significant ice loss. Futhermore, the multi-decadal timespan reveals important aspects of glacier dynamics not detectable with temporally shorter datasets. Some glaciers exhibit inverted mass-balance gradients due to variations in debris-cover, while enhanced ice losses are prominent on glacier toes terminating in moraine-dammed proglacial lakes, resulting from calving caused by thermal undercutting. Remarkably, debris-covered glaciers show significant thinning despite insulating effects of the debris, likely due to poorly-understood ice cliff and melt pond mechanisms. The mean annual geodetic mass balance of 22 studied glaciers over a 32-year period is estimated to be -0.16 ± 0.03 m yr-1 water equivalent. Thus, these glaciers are not in equilibrium with current climate, and appear to be losing significant amounts of ice regardless of debris-cover.

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Gardelle, Julie. "Evolution récente des glaciers du Pamir-Karakoram-Himalaya : apport de l'imagerie satellite". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00864042.

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La région du Pamir - Karakoram - Himalaya (PKH) constitue la plus grande réserve de glace terrestre après les régions polaires. Cependant, l'évolution récente de ces glaciers, indicateurs privilégiés du changement climatique en haute altitude, reste encore mal connue, du fait notamment de difficultés d'accès et de conditions climatiques qui rendent délicate l'acquisition de mesures in situ. L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à l'amélioration des connaissances sur l'évolution globale des glaces du PKH au cours de la dernière décennie, en s'appuyant sur des images satellite et des modèles numériques de terrain (MNTs). Une premièreméthodologie a été développée pour assurer le suivi automatique de la distribution spatiale et de l'évolution temporelle des lacs glaciaires à partir d'images Landsat entre 1990 et 2009 sur sept zones d'études réparties le long du PKH. Ainsi, une certaine disparité des types, tailles et évolutions des lacs entre la partie orientale et occidentale du PKH a été mise en évidence. Sur la période de temps considérée, la superficie des lacs a légèrement diminué à l'ouest (Karakoram et Hindu Kush), a été en très nette augmentation à l'est (Népal et Bouthan) et relativement stable sur la partie centrale (Inde du nord-ouest). Le bilan de masse des glaciers a ensuite été calculé, à partir des variations d'épaisseurs mesurées en comparant deuxMNTs, acquis à deux dates différentes, et issus de lamission SRTM et du satellite SPOT5. Cette méthode implique un certain nombre de corrections et d'ajustements au préalable, afin de garantir des mesures les moins biaisées possible. Ainsi, la différence de résolution spatiale initiale des MNTs peut être à l'origine d'un biais fonction de l'altitude, de même que la pénétration des ondes radar de la mission SRTM dans la neige et la glace est à prendre en compte le cas échéant, pour ne pas sous-estimer les altitudes sur les glaciers. Là encore, on observe des disparités entre les différents bilans de masse régionaux sur la période 1999-2011, avec des pertes de masse modérées sur l'Himalaya central et oriental(-0.30±0.08 m a-1 w.e.), plus accentuées sur l'Himalaya occidental (-0.43±0.09 m a-1 w.e.) et des gains de masse plus à l'ouest, pour les glaciers des massifs du Pamir (+0.14±0.11 m a-1 w.e.) et du Karakoram (+0.10±0.20 m a-1 w.e.). Ces résultats confirment donc l'anomalie des glaciers du Karakoram et suggèrent des comportements similaires au Pamir. Le bilan de masse global des glaciers du PKH est estimé à -0.13±0.06 m a-1 w.e.

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Fujita, Koji, 耕史藤田, Lonnie G. Thompson, Yutaka Ageta, Tetsuzo Yasunari, Yoshiyuki Kajikawa, Akiko Sakai i Nozomu Takeuchi. "Thirty-year history of glacier melting in the Nepal Himalayas". American Geophysical Union, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/11359.

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Douglas, James. "Modelling glacier and runoff changes in the Alps & Himalaya". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21627/.

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Glacier melt within alpine catchments provides a vital component of runoff that constitutes an important water resource for downstream populations. With future climate changes, it is expected that glacier volume change will be considerable in the coming decades, with associated implications for runoff. Estimation of future changes in glacier volume and catchment runoff is therefore essential for understanding future water resource implications in alpine environments. This thesis focuses on glacier volume and runoff changes predicted using the statistical model GERM (Glacier Evolution and Runoff Model; Huss et al., 2008a) and has three novel aims. Firstly, to provide more robust assessments of the modelling uncertainty associated with predicted glacier and runoff changes from alpine catchments than previous studies, by challenging the model to reproduce historic changes in glacier volume and evolution over 120 year periods, and comparing predicted and measured runoff. Secondly, to use this assessment of uncertainty to contextualise and understand the precision of future (to 2100 AD) runoff projections for alpine catchments under a wide range of possible climate changes scenarios. Thirdly, to develop the model so that it can be applied to a debris-covered, downwasting glacier in the Himalaya. Two further novel aspects of this thesis are the development of a more systematic and robust calibration procedure for GERM, and the application of climate data downscaling techniques that are more sophisticated than have hitherto been applied in glacio-hydrological studies. To achieve aim 1, GERM was used to forward model glacier volume and runoff for the Griesgletscher and Rhonegletscher catchments in the European Alps from 1884-2004. As a statistical model that requires catchment-specific calibration, GERM was first calibrated to each catchment using contemporary glacier volume and catchment runoff measurements (as is standard when using the model for future projections). Digital elevation models were then used to obtain the initial glacier geometry required to begin each model run, and each completed model run was subsequently used to estimate the accumulated uncertainty associated with the predicted glacier volume/runoff changes by comparing modelled with observed glacier volume/runoff change at the end of the simulation. To achieve aim 2, future model runs (2010-2100) were conducted for the same two catchments and the glacier volume/runoff uncertainty calculated from model performance in the past (aim 1) applied to future projections. Future simulations were driven by a wide-range of climate inputs to allow quantification of the uncertainty associated with climate scenarios/models. The combination of these two sources of uncertainty (GERM and climate) provides future II projections with greater awareness and better quantification of uncertainties than previous studies. Finally, to achieve aim 3, GERM was applied to the debris-covered Khumbu Glacier by adjusting the mass redistribution process of GERM (Δh-parameterisation) to reflect the downwasting behaviour of the debris-covered glacier tongue, based on observed thinning rates at Khumbu Glacier. Additionally, to account for the insulating effect of debris on ice, the modelled melt rate was reduced in proportion to debris thickness on a spatially distributed basis (i.e. debris thickness was not uniform) using observations of reduced melt at glaciers close to Khumbu. Improvements to the calibration procedure used when applying GERM were made and applied throughout this thesis by developing an automated calibration which systematically adjusts the parameters, calculates a combined goodness-of-fit statistic that allows comparison to observations of both glacier volume and runoff, and selects the optimal parameter set. Improved downscaling methods were also used and applied to all future volume and runoff change projections made during this thesis. Specifically, state-of-the-art General Circulation Model simulations were dynamically-statistically downscaled using Regional Climate Model simulations and quantile mapping, and were used to drive future model runs at all three sites. Finally, the novel adjustments made to the mass redistribution process and the inclusion of reduced melt beneath debris indicate that GERM can now be applied to debris-covered glaciers. A recommendation for future research is that GERM is further tested on additional debris- covered glaciers and applied to additional catchments in the larger Everest region. The results of the uncertainty analyses (aim 1) show that glacio-hydrological model uncertainty amounts to annual runoff errors of ±0.04 106m3yr-1 (±0.15 % yr-1), and glacier volume errors of ±0.16 % yr-1, over time periods of 120 years at Griesgletscher. At Rhonegletscher, the uncertainty assessment resulted in annual runoff errors of ±0.16 106m3yr-1 (±0.2 % yr-1) and glacier volume errors of ±0.13 % yr-1, over time periods of 120 years. Nonetheless, the key finding is that the main sources of future uncertainty relate to emissions scenarios and GCM-RCM (General Circulation Model - Regional Climate Model), combinations which lead to variations in predicted future runoff in 2100 of ±36 % at Griesgletscher and ±20 % at Rhonegletscher. The results of the future simulations (aims 2 and 3) indicate that all three glaciers that form the focus of this thesis will lose considerable volume. Specifically, by 2100, Griesgletscher is likely to have become an ice-free catchment (87-100 % ice loss); Rhonegletscher will have lost 70-90 % of ice; and Khumbu Glacier will have lost 61-92 % of ice. The results further show that mass losses will cause an initial increase in annual river discharge followed by a decline in discharge levels, such that annual discharge by 2100 will be considerably lower than present, with peak discharge at Griesgletscher occurring in 2020, at Rhonegletscher in 2075, and at Khumbu Glacier in 2045.

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Ghazoui, Zakaria. "Late Quaternary Seismicity and Climate in the Western Nepal : Himalaya". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU026/document.

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L'Himalaya résultant de la collision indo-asiatique, dans laquelle l'Inde plonge sous le Tibet, initie régulièrement des tremblements de terre destructeurs dont la plupart sont mortel pour les communautés népalaises et limitrophes. Telle une muraille séparant les plaines d’Inde et le haut plateau du Tibet, l’Himalaya façonne la circulation atmosphérique, affectant tant le climat régional que global. Cette thèse vise à se pencher sur l'histoire et l'évolution peu connue du climat et de la sismicité de l'Himalaya, dans une des régions les moins peuplées et la plus reculées du Népal occidental. Dans le contexte de changements climatiques et environnementaux, l'un des aspects les moins bien élucidés de l'histoire de l'Himalaya au cours du Quaternaire supérieur est celui de l'extension des glaciers ainsi que leurs impacts sur l'évolution du paysage. En nous appuyant sur des observations de terrain, sur des datations par nucléides cosmogéniques (10Be) ainsi que des observations satellitaires, nous avons pu estimer l'étendue maximale des glaciers durant le dernier maximum glaciaire. Soutenant ainsi l'hypothèse suivant laquelle la présence de glacier fut relativement plus étendue à l'échelle du Népal occidental mais pas de l’ordre d’une calotte glaciaire. Sur le plan sismologique, l’enjeu à la fois sociale, économique et politique de l’occurrence d’un séisme de magnitude plus élevée que le récent séisme de 2015 dont l’épicentre se situe près de la ville de Gorkha constitue une préoccupation majeure et motive en grande partie cette thèse. Le dernier séisme majeur ayant rompu le Main Frontal Thrust de magnitude supérieure à 8 (Mb) s’est déroulé le 6 juin 1505 et a considérablement impacté la population népalaise et environnante. Le caractère singulier du Népal occidental s’exprimant ainsi par l’hypothèse de la présence d’un hiatus sismique s’étendant sur plus de 500 ans sur base d’archives historiques et d’études paléosismologiques. Dans cette perspective, cette thèse se penche sur deux questions majeures relatives au comportement sismique de l'Himalaya : d'une part, l'hypothèse d'une lacune sismique dans l'Himalaya central et, d'autre part, de la distribution temporelle des séismes au cours de la fin du Quaternaire. A cette fin, une nouvelle approche de recherche, indépendamment du recours aux tranchées paléosismiques, a été mise en œuvre en Himalaya. En utilisant les lacs comme paleoseismomètre, au travers de la collecte de carottes sédimentaires, nous avons pu affiner la résolution temporelle et déceler des séismes à ce jours non répertorié dans les basses de données accessible et ce sur une échelle de 700 ans. La mise en évidence de séismes important (Mw>6.5) non répertorié indique que le Népal occidental connait une activité sismique comparable au centre du Népal et remet en question l’hypothèse d’un gap sismique au centre de l’Himalaya. Sur base d'une carotte sédimentaire plus longue provenant du même lac, nous avons étudié la distribution temporelle des séismes sur une période de 6000 ans, permettant ainsi de mettre en évidence le caractère aléatoire de l’occurrence des séismes constituant un changement de paradigme là où notion de cycle sismique est encore prépondérante. La mise en évidence du caractère aléatoire de l’occurrence des séismes tant à courte échelle de temps (instrumentale) qu’à l’échelle du Quaternaire infirme l’hypothèse du gap sismique au centre de l’Himalaya et mets en évidence le risque permanent pour le million de personnes concernées. Cette thèse s’achève en se penchant sur une possible relation à l’échelle globale entre la variation de taux de séismicité et les changements climatiques au cours de l’Holocène. Nous constatons ainsi que la sismicité globale connu des périodes de séismes accrue sur 7000 ans. Ces périodes de plus fortes activités semblent être synchrone avec la somme des avancées glaciaires de l'Holocène moyen et supérieur
The Himalayan collision, in which India underthrusts below Tibet, regularly produces major destructive earthquakes in Nepal and its neighboring countries, most of which are fatal to nearby communities. As a wall dividing the Indian plains and the Tibetan plateau, the Himalaya also significantly modifies the atmospheric circulation, affecting both the local and global climate. This thesis explores the poorly known Quaternary history and evolution of Himalayan climate and seismicity, more particularly in the least populated and most remote region of Western Nepal. In terms of climate and environmental change, one of the least understood aspects of Himalayan history during the late Quaternary is the extension of glaciers and their impacts on landscape evolution. Based on field observations, cosmogenic nuclide dating (10Be) and satellite observations, we estimated the maximum extent of glaciers during the Last Glacial Maximum, which supports the hypothesis of a relatively large glacier cover, but not of an extended ice cap, at the scale of Western Nepal. In terms of seismology, the social, economic and political implications of the occurrence of an earthquake of higher magnitude than the recent earthquake of 2015, whose epicenter is located near the city of Gorkha, is a major concern and largely motivates this thesis. The last major earthquake of magnitude greater than 8 (Mb) took place on 6 June 1505 and had a profound impact on the Nepalese population and the surrounding area. In Western Nepal the 1505 event was the last earthquake that ruptured the Main Frontal Thrust according to historical archives and paleoseismological studies, which gave rise to the concept of a seismic gap in western Nepal and adjacent areas in northern India. With this in mind, this thesis addresses two major issues on the Himalayan seismic behavior: on the first hand is the hypothesis of a seismic gap in the central Himalaya and on the second the temporal distribution of earthquakes during the late Quaternary. For this purpose, a new research approach independent of paleoseismic trenches was applied in the Himalaya. By using lakes as paleoseismometers, we were able to refine the temporal resolution and identify earthquakes that had not yet been documented in the accessible databases on a 700-year scale. Our results from Lake Rara highlight significant previously-unknown earthquakes (Mw>6.5) and they reveal that Western Nepal is seismically as active as central Nepal. Furthermore, they call into question the hypothesis of a seismic gap in the central Himalaya. Based on a longer sediment core from the same lake, we studied the temporal distribution of earthquakes over a period of 6000 years, which has highlighted the random nature of the occurrence of earthquakes, constituting a paradigm shift where the notion of seismic cycle is still prevalent. The random nature of the occurrence of earthquakes both on short (instrumental) and Quaternary time scales disproves the hypothesis of the seismic gap in the central Himalaya and underlines the permanent risk for the million people of concern. The final part of this thesis addresses the possible global relationship between seismic rate fluctuations and climate change during the Holocene. Our results show that the global seismicity clustered over 7000 years and appears to be synchronous with the sum of glacial advances through the Mid and Late Holocene

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Taylor, Peter James. "The Quaternary glacial history of the Zanskar Range, north-west Indian Himalaya". Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/606075.

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Palaeoglacier margins from the Zanskar Range of the north-western Indian Himalaya are reconstructed through geomorphological mapping and sedimentology. These are dated ilsing Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) techniques on quartz extracted from related fluvioglacial and lacustrine deposits. A glaciated palaeosurface with broad, gentle slopes >280m above river level and high grade metamorphic erratics represents the oldest and most extensive glaciation, the Chandra Stage. This formed an ice-cap with its ice-shed to the south over the High Himalaya. A change from broad glacial troughs to narrow V -shaped gorges along with large subdued moraine ridges and drift/erratic limits defines an extensive valley glaciation, the Batal Stage, with its maximum close to -78.0±12.3ka BP (Oxygen Isotope Stage (OIS) 4). Distinct sets of moraine ridges represent a less extensive glaciation, the Kulti Stage, which is dated to shortly after the global Last Glacial Maximum (OIS 2) and a minor advance, the Sonapani, is represented by sharp crested moraine ridges < 2km from current ice bodies. The change in glacier extent and style from the Chandra Stage to the later glaciations may be related to uplift of more southerly ranges blocking monsoon precipitation and incision of the landscape such that ice reached lower altitudes over shorter horizontal distances. Batal and Kulti Stage Glacier Elevation Indexes (GEls) calculated for this and adjacent areas increase from south-west to the north-east, but decrease again towards the Indus valley, reflecting attenuation of the south-westerly monsoon and possible channelling of westerly depressions along the broad upper Indus valley. GEl values were depressed by ~500m during the Batal Stage and -300m during the Kulti Stage. Six new OSL age estimates from the Zanskar Range greatly improve the glacial chronology of the north-west Himalaya and reinforce the emerging asynchrony between this region and the Central and Eastern Himalaya, which experienced its maximum glaciation during OIS 2 rather than OIS 4. Improved glacier mass balance data, palaeoclimatic proxy data for the summer monsoon and particularly the winter westerlies, and numerical age estimates from Himalayan glaciers are required to explain this asynchronous maximum.

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Gibson, Morgan. "The role of supraglacial debris in Himalaya-Karakoram debris-covered glacier systems". Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/da25722d-928c-47d5-8f38-877a22768786.

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Spatiotemporal variability in supraglacial debris properties have the potential to affect estimations of mass balance for debris-covered glaciers. This thesis is concerned with identifying the extent to which debris properties vary in space and time, and the role of these variabilities in estimations of specific mass balance. The research presented uses a combination of methods, including statistical analysis of field data, mapping and classification of thermal and optical remotely sensed data, and numerical modelling. Near-surface debris temperature was measured in the field to investigate short term spatial and temporal variability in debris properties and its influence on debris temperature over a monsoon season. The strongest correlation between timeseries of near-surface debris temperature and meteorological controls was with air temperature, with lesser correlations between rate of change in air temperature and incoming shortwave radiation. Subtle spatial variability was also identified, controlled by site aspect and slope, grain lithology and size, and potentially moisture content and thermal conductance of the bulk debris layer. The occurrence of spatiotemporal variability in supraglacial debris distribution was identified on Baltoro Glacier over a sub-decadal timescale, considered to be primarily due to differences in input of debris to the glacier system through mass movement events. The importance of variability in debris properties was investigated using a surface energy balance and heat transfer model, where the influence of debris thickness, albedo and aerodynamic roughness length was tested. The modelling results, although not directly comparable to mass balance estimates for Khumbu Glacier, showed a 223% increase in total specific mass balance for Khumbu Glacier’s debris-covered area over a monsoon season when a spatially variable debris layer was included. Including spatially variable albedo and aerodynamic roughness length along with debris thickness reduced estimates of specific mass balance, although were still higher than the base line model simulation. Consequently, this thesis confirms the occurrence of spatially and temporally variable supraglacial debris properties, over seasonal and sub-decadal periods, and that such variability is influential for estimates of glacier mass balance.

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Książki na temat "Himalayan glaciers"

N, Ahmad. Himalayan glaciers. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub. Corp., 1998.

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Negi, Sharad Singh. Himalayan rivers, lakes, and glaciers. Wyd. 2. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co., 2009.

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Himalayan rivers, lakes, and glaciers. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co., 1991.

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Hasnain, Syed Iqbal. Himalayan glaciers: Hydrology and hydrochemistry. New Delhi: Allied Publishers, 1999.

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Himalayan rivers, lakes, and glaciers. Wyd. 2. New Delhi: Indus Pub. Co., 2009.

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Study Group on Himalayan Glaciers (India). Report of the study group on Himalayan glaciers. New Delhi: Office of the Principal Scientific Advisor to the Government of India, 2011.

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K, Kaul M., Puri V. M. K i Geological Survey of India, red. Inventory of the Himalayan glaciers: A contribution to the international hydrological programme. Calcutta: Geological Survey of India, 1999.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, National Research Council (U.S.). Water Science and Technology Board, National Research Council (U.S.). Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Population i National Research Council (U.S.). Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, red. Himalayan glaciers: Climate change, water resources, and water security. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2012.

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Sangewar, C. V. Inventory of the Himalayan glaciers: A contribution to the international hydrological programme. Redaktor Geological Survey of India. Kolkata: Geological Survey of India, 2009.

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Sangewar, C. V. Inventory of the Himalayan glaciers: A contribution to the international hydrological programme. Redaktor Geological Survey of India. Kolkata: Geological Survey of India, 2009.

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Części książek na temat "Himalayan glaciers"

Cogley, J. Graham. "Himalayan Glaciers in 2010 and 2035". W Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, 520–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_673.

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Chand, Pritam, Milap Chand Sharma, Ujjal Deka Baruah, Sanjay Deswal, Syed Umer Latief, Rakesh Saini, Parvendra Kumar, Satya Prakash i Pawan Kumar. "Shrinking Glaciers of the Himachal Himalaya: A Critical Review". W Environmental Change in the Himalayan Region, 89–115. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03362-0_5.

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Singh, Virendra Bahadur, i A. L. Ramanathan. "Meltwater Quality and Quantity Assessment in the Himalayan Glaciers". W Trends in Asian Water Environmental Science and Technology, 183–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39259-2_16.

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Sharma, Brij M., Shresth Tayal, Parthasarathi Chakraborty i Girija K. Bharat. "Chemical Characterization of Meltwater from East Rathong Glacier Vis-à-Vis Western Himalayan Glaciers". W Society of Earth Scientists Series, 181–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13743-8_14.

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Kumar, Rajesh, Prakash Rao i G. Areendran. "Himalayan GlaciersHimalayan glaciers Retreat and Implications for Sectoral Climate Adaptation". W Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 359–71. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38670-1_51.

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Tiwari, Nishant, Arvind Chandra Pandey i Chandra Shekhar Dwivedi. "Comparative Assessment on Glacier Velocity Estimation Using Optical and Microwave Satellite Data over Select Large Glaciers across the Himalayas". W Handbook of Himalayan Ecosystems and Sustainability, Volume 2, 19–33. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003265160-3.

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Racoviteanu, Adina E., Yves Arnaud, I. M. Baghuna, Samjwal R. Bajracharya, Etienne Berthier, Rakesh Bhambri, Tobias Bolch i in. "Himalayan Glaciers (India, Bhutan, Nepal): Satellite Observations of Thinning and Retreat". W Global Land Ice Measurements from Space, 549–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79818-7_24.

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Parry, L., S. Harrison, R. Betts, S. Shannon, D. B. Jones i J. Knight. "Impacts of Climate Change on Himalayan Glaciers: Processes, Predictions and Uncertainties". W Himalayan Weather and Climate and their Impact on the Environment, 331–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29684-1_17.

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Raghavendra, K. R., M. Geetha Priya i S. Sivaranjani. "Cryo-facies Mapping of Karakoram and Himalayan Glaciers Using Multispectral Data". W Futuristic Communication and Network Technologies, 329–37. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8338-2_27.

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Rai, Aman, Aayushi Pandey, Prabuddh Kumar Mishra i Kailash Chandra Tiwari. "The Potential of UAV Based Remote Sensing for Monitoring Hindu Kush Himalayan Glaciers". W Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 301–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37393-1_26.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Himalayan glaciers"

"Climate Change, Glaciers, and Water Resources in the Himalayan Region". W 1st Asia-Pacific Water Summit. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812833280_0006.

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Strickland, Ryan, Matthew Covington, J. Gulley, Joshua Blackstock, Rijan Bhakta Kayastha i Dawa Tshering Sherpa. "SCALE INVARIANCE OF TOPOGRAPHIC DEPRESSIONS ON HIMALAYAN DEBRIS-COVERED GLACIERS". W GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-370432.

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Kumar, Vijay, G. Venkataraman, Y. S. Rao, Gulab Singh i Snehmani. "Spaceborne InSAR Technique for Study of Himalayan Glaciers using ENVISAT ASAR and ERS Data". W IGARSS 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2008.4779915.

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Wong, Kaufui V., i Sarmad Chaudhry. "Climate Change Aggravates the Energy-Water-Food Nexus". W ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36502.

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There are regions in the world experiencing the energy-food-water nexus problems. These regions tend to have high population density, economy that depends on agriculture and climates with lower annual rainfall that may have been adversely affected by climate change. A case in point is the river basin of the Indus. The Indus River is a large and important river running through four countries in East Asia and South Asia: China, India, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. The region is highly dependent on water for both food and energy. The interlinkage of these three components is the cause for the energy-water-food nexus. The difficulty in effectively managing the use of these resources is their very interdependence. For instance, water availability and policies may influence food production, which is governed by agricultural policies, which will further affect energy production from both water and biofuel sources, which will in turn require the usage of water. The situation is further complicated when climate change is taken into account. On the surface, an increase in temperatures would be devastating during the dry season for a region that uses up to 70% of the total land for agriculture. There are predictions that crop production in the region would decrease; the Threedegreeswarmer organization estimated that crop production in the region could decrease by up to 30% come 2050. Unfortunately, the suspected effects of climate change are more than just changes in temperature, precipitation, monsoon patterns, and drought frequencies. A huge concern is the accelerating melting of glaciers in the Himalayas. Some models predict that a global increase in temperature of just 1°C can decrease glacial volume by 50%. The loss of meltwaters from the Himalayan glaciers during the dry season will be crippling for the Indus River and Valley. In a region where up to 90% of accessible water is used for agriculture, there will be an increased strain on food supply. This will further deteriorate the current situation in the region, where almost half of the world’s hungry and undernourished people reside. While the use of hydropower to generate electricity is already many times lower than the potential use, future scarcity of water will limit the potential ability of hydropower to supply energy to people who already experience less than 50% access to electricity. In the current work, suggestions have been put forward to save the increased glacier melt for current and future use where necessary, improve electricity generation efficiency, use sea water for Rankine power cycle cooling and combined cycle cooling, and increase use desalination for drinking water. Energy conservation practices should also be practiced. All of these suggestions must be considered to address the rising issues in the energy-water-food nexus.

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Bhattacharya, Atanu, Susmita Ghosh i Kriti Mukherjee. "Multi-decadal mass budget and area change of some eastern Himalayan glaciers (Nepal-Sikkim) using remote sensing techniques". W 2018 4th International Conference on Recent Advances in Information Technology (RAIT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rait.2018.8388976.

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Gupta, Mousumi, Arpan Sharma, Santanu Gupta i Narpati Sharma. "Line of sight glacier velocity estimation of transboundary glaciers in Eastern Himalayas using high-resolution TerraSAR-X data." W The 4th International Electronic Conference on Geosciences. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecg2022-13951.

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Chacko, Michael. "GLACIER VARIABILITY IN THE DHAULIGANGA BASIN, CENTRAL HIMALAYA". W GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-324279.

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Das, Saurabh, Swastika Chakraborty, Nirmal Rai, Aritra Dhar, Arnav Sadhu, Baishali Gautam, Pooja Verma, Anindita Singh, Chimila Sherpa i Madhura Chakraborty. "Eastern Himalayan Glaciar Hazard Analysis Using UAV-A Brief Approach". W 2019 URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (AP-RASC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ursiap-rasc.2019.8738483.

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Ramya, Sakkeri, i V. Devadas. "System approach: climate change, glacier melt and development planning of the himalayan region". W 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/ephk8921.

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Experience over the last decade has demonstrated a gradual rise in global temperatures, which coupled with the unpredictable precipitation patterns (rainfall & Snow/ glacier melt are considered as important hydrologic process in the Himalayan basins), are expected to seriously affect the melt characteristics and further increase pressure on available water resources (both quantity and quality). The situation is being exacerbated intensified by the increasing water demands from agriculture, industry and rising population. However, current investigations reveal that there is a lack of a general framework for assessment. The major responsibility of the planning community is to adopt rational planning approach addressing the complexity of the system, yet it is appearing that the models used at various stages are not well developed to keep the same pace. This demands the acknowledgment and a better understanding of the dynamic inter-linkage and interdependence of the complex systems and sub-systems (namely physical, social, economic, ecology, environment, infrastructure, and institutional subsystems) using system dynamics technique. The aim of this paper is to develop a methodology for assessing the climate change and its impact on a region by demonstrating the inadequacy of sectoral and silobased planning approaches to address the complex sustainable development challenges whose interdependencies and inter-linkages transcend individual sectors and administrative borders. Further, this paper attempts to present the review of research done on the use of an integrated approach by using system dynamics technique in the context of evolving development plans. It concludes with extending the knowledge to support climate change adaptation and mitigation decisions to achieve sustainable development at the regional scale.

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Huo, Da, Michael P. Bishop i Brennan W. Young. "MODELING GLACIER SURFACE ABLATION DYNAMICS FOR INVESTIGATING DEBRIS-COVERED GLACIER SENSITIVITY TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE KARAKORAM HIMALAYA". W GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-317844.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Himalayan glaciers"

Bajracharya, S. R., i B. Shrestha. The Status of Glaciers in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.551.

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Shrestha, B., P. K. Mool i S. R. Bajracharya. Impact of Climate Change on Himalayan Glaciers and Glacial Lakes: Case Studies on GLOF and Associated Hazards in Nepal and Bhutan. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.470.

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Mool, P. K., D. Wangda, S. R. Bajracharya, S. P. Joshi, K. Kunzang i D. R. Gurung. Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods: Monitoring and Early Warning Systems in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region - Bhutan. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.373.

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Mool, P. K., S. P. Joshi i S. R. Bajracharya. Inventory of Glaciers, Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods: Monitoring and Early Warning Systems in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region - Nepal. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), styczeń 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.1018.

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Stumm, D., S. P. Joshi, N. Salzmann i S. MacDonell. In Situ Monitoring of Mountain Glaciers: Experiences from Mountain Ranges around the World and Recommendations for the Hindu Kush Himalaya - ICIMOD Working Paper 2017/7. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.671.

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The Glaciers of the Hindu Kush-Himalayan Region: A summary of the science regarding glacier melt/retreat in the Himalayan, Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Pamir, and Tien Shan mountain ranges. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.539.

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