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1
Terry, John. "Bodsberry Hill Unenclosed Platform Settlement, Near Elvanfoot, Strathclyde". Glasgow Archaeological Journal 18, nr 1 (styczeń 1993): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gas.1993.18.18.49.
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Summary Excavation and survey work ahead of the new M74 road development, jointly funded by Historic Scotland and Scottish Office Industry Department (Roads), at an unenclosed platform settlement, with its accompanying field system, has yielded an Early Bronze Age radiocarbon date from a primary hut platform structure. Subsequent re-use of the single excavated platform stance is dated to the Pre-Roman Iron Age.
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Poongothai, M., i Gokulkathirvel. "IoT Based Accident Prevention System for Hairpin Bend Roads". Journal of ISMAC 4, nr 3 (1.08.2022): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jismac.2022.3.001.
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According to survey, 10% of the total vehicle accidents happen on curved segments in hill stations. It is risky while driving in bends and curves. In order to provide solution, an IoT based Accident Prevention System for Hairpin Bend Roads has been proposed in this work. The objectives of the proposed work are to provide a safe and comfort hill travel by avoiding accidents mainly at the Hairpin bends and U curves, and to alert the drivers of both the vehicles approaching the bend, by generating traffic warning signal that indicates the arrival of a vehicle ahead on the opposite side of the bend. The proposed system includes ultrasonic sensor to detect any vehicle reaching the hairpin bend and alert immediately the vehicles on the other side by enabling an yellow signal. In the proposed work, NodeMCU is used as a processing element which supports ESP-NOW communication technology to enable two-way communication. Therefore, this system reduces the incidence of vehicle collision especially in the forest or hilly region which has poor internet connection. To solve connectivity issues, it has been implemented with machine-to-machine communication protocol without internet.
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Dzüvichü, Lipokmar. "Empire on their Backs: Coolies in the Eastern Borderlands of the British Raj". International Review of Social History 59, S22 (3.07.2014): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859014000170.
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AbstractIn the nineteenth century, colonial officials relied heavily on coercion to recruit “coolie” labour for “public works” and to provide various support services in the North-East Frontier of British India. “Treaties” with defeated chiefs and the subsequent population enumeration and taxation were strongly oriented to the mobilization of labour for road building and porterage. Forced labour provided the colonial officials with a steady supply of coolies to work on the roads as well as carriers for military expeditions. In mobilizing labour resources, however, colonial officials had to create and draw upon native agents such as the headmen and interpreters who came to play a crucial role in the colonial order of things. Focusing on the Naga Hills, this article will examine the efforts of the colonial state to secure a large circulating labour force, the forms of labour relations that emerged from the need to build colonial infrastructure and the demand for coolies in military expeditions, the response of the hill people to labour conscription and its impact on the hill “tribes”.
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Gara, Guruh Sawita, i Muhammad Idham. "EVALUASI KINERJA RUAS JALAN KAWASAN TAMAN BUKIT GELANGGANG KOTA DUMAI MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI VISSIM". Jurnal TeKLA 5, nr 1 (15.08.2023): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35314/tekla.v5i1.3378.
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The Dumai city area began to develop along with the rapid population growth with a total of more than 350 thousand people, the Dumai city government began to think about making a place of worship as well as a tourist nuance as a community recreation center along with a city green park adjacent to the hill arena park, the location of the hill arena park which is in an urban area will have a negative impact on the surrounding traffic conditions if it is not handled properly. The method used in evaluating the performance of roads due to traffic and surrounding development is using PKJI 2014 and the Vissim Student Version Software application. The results of the analysis using PKJI 2014 obtained a capacity value of 7869 Skr/Hour for Jendral Sudirman Road and 5988 Skr/Hour for HR. Soebrantas Road and 6925 Skr/hour for Jalan Raya Bukit Datuk. Of the three roads, the highest degree of saturation is on the road Raya Bukit Datuk obtained a saturation degree value of the existing conditions of 0,48. This explains that judging from the service level values being analyzed, the flow does not yet require repairs, either widening or other improvements.
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Wang, H., F. Yu, J. Xie, H. Wang i H. Zheng. "ROAD EXTRACTION BASED ON IMPROVED DEEPLABV3 PLUS IN REMOTE SENSING IMAGE". International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-3/W2-2022 (27.10.2022): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-3-w2-2022-67-2022.
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Abstract. Urban roads in remote sensing images will be disturbed by surrounding ground features such as building shadows and tree shadows, and the extraction results are prone to problems such as incomplete road structure, poor topological connectivity, and poor accuracy. For mountain roads, there will also be problems such as hill shadow or vegetation occlusion. We propose an improved Deeplabv3+ semantic segmentation network method. This method uses ResNeSt, which introduces channel attention, as the backbone network, and combines the ASPP module to obtain multi-scale information, thereby improving the accuracy of road extraction. Analysis of the experimental results on the Deeplglobe dataset shows that the intersection ratio and accuracy of the method in this paper are 63.15% and 73.16%, respectively, which are better than other methods.
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Maneesha, Alaparthi. "Road Safety at Ghats using IoT". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr VII (10.07.2021): 132–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36270.
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This paper describes how to overcome accidents at Ghat roads. In the developing countries accident is the major cause of death. If we look at the top 10 dangerous roads in the world we can see that all of them are mountain roads and curve roads. In the mountain roads there will be tight curves and the roads will be narrow. In these kinds of situations the driver of a vehicle cannot see vehicles coming from opposite side. Thousands of people lose their lives each year because of this problem. The solution to this problem is developing the Aurdino based project to provide safe and secure journey while travelling to the Ghat roads, Hill Stations, etc. It is provided by alerting the driver about the vehicle coming from opposite side. This is done by keeping a sensor in one side of the road before the curve and keeping a LED light after the curve, so that if vehicle comes from one end of the curve sensor senses and LED light glows at the opposite side. By looking at the LED light on/off criteria driver can become alert and can slow down the speed of the vehicle.
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Leni, Siregar, Tri Tjahjono i N. Nahry. "Endogenous relationship of accident occurrence with speed, traffic heterogeneity and driving environment on inter-urban roads in Indonesia". Journal of Applied Engineering Science 18, nr 4 (2020): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jaes0-25837.
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Speed performances and characteristics of traffic have mostly been considered as homogeneous across vehicles. In countries where the roads are dominated by mixed types of vehicles, the heterogeneity needs to be considered. This study is aimed at modeling how traffic heterogeneity as captured in speed, speed deviation, and traffic volume determines the fatality rates and accident rates. Traffic volume, road geometry (bendiness, hilliness, bend density and hill density) and road surface condition (represented by IRI) become the independent variables in a simultaneous regression using structural equation model (SEM). SEM is adopted to represent the hierarchical causal effects between the independent variables and dependent variables. The data cover inter-urban roads in eight provinces in Indonesia from 2012-2016 and 2019. Speed is not significant in predicting accident rate, and speed deviation is not significant in predicting fatality rate. An increase in speed deviation lowers the accident rates; an increase in speed increases fatality rates. Road geometry and traffic volume negatively impact the speed deviations of all vehicle categories, indicating that when there is more traffic on the road, the speeds of all vehicle categories become more homogenous. Bend density, bendiness, hill density and hilliness negatively affect both the speed and the speed deviations of the vehicles of all categories The findings of the study can contribute to traffic policing and traffic safety improvement schemes for heterogeneous traffic.
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Arnaez-Vadillo, J., i V. Larrea. "Erosion models and hydrogeomorphological functioning on hill-roads (Iberian System, La Rioja, Spain)". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 38, nr 3 (29.09.1994): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/38/1994/343.
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Santhoshakumara, L. Y. "Fabrication of Vehicle Transporting Mechanism for Hill Top Roads". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 6, nr 2 (28.02.2018): 415–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2018.2061.
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Bati, Saru, i Thusitha Chandani Shahi. "Performance Assessment of Crash Barriers used in Road Safety: A Case Study of Malekhu Kurintar Section of the Prithvi Highway". Journal of Science and Engineering 8 (12.11.2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jsce.v8i0.32867.
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Hill roads in Nepal are comprised of critical geometry and limited roadway clearances. It causes high number of runoff roadway type of accidents with single vehicle. These accidents often carry huge number of fatalities and severe injuries. Installation of crash barriers is the most effective way of preventing such accidents along hill roads. However, the existing practice of construction of crash barriers does not show the satisfactory results. Therefore, this research aimed at the evaluation of typical crash barriers constructed along the valley side of highway. Analysis of the road accident of Malekhu-Kurintar section of Prithvi Highway record shows that this section has relatively higher accident rate and most of the accidents are runoff roadway type. Further, these accidents are mainly caused due to either the absence or the failure of the crash barriers along the valley side of the highway. On the basis of field records, kinetic energy absorbed by the crash barriers and their deflections was investigated by application of computer based analysis tool ABAQUS V6.10. It has given satisfactory results on the deflection of W-beam and plum concrete barriers due to the impact of vehicle moving in various range of speed.
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Putra, Teuku Edisah, Husaini, Hary Prakasa, Iskandar Hasanuddin, Muhammad Rizal i Muhammad Nizar Machmud. "Fatigue Life Assessments of the SAE 5160 Carbon Steel Subjected to Uphill and Downhill Roads Strains". Defect and Diffusion Forum 402 (lipiec 2020): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.402.33.
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This study examines the fatigue life of the SAE 5160 carbon steel as the material for an automotive coil spring subjected to road strain. The strain signals were acquired by attaching a strain gauge on the component, driving a car up- and down-hill roads. The results of the fatigue life assessment based on the strain-life approach show that the downhill road resulted in a lifespan of 15,000 cycles to failure, which was 53% lower than the uphill road. This value was a result of braking when the vehicle is moving downhill, causing stress to the component leading to shorter fatigue life.
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Arora, Vibha, i Raile Rocky Ziipao. "The Roads (Not) Taken: The Materiality, Poetics and Politics of Infrastructure in Manipur, India". Journal of South Asian Development 15, nr 1 (10.02.2020): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973174119896470.
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Roads are bitumen covered concrete metaphors of modernity and development, and they materially represent fantasies, collective hopes, and aspirations of future(s). They symbolize movement, connectivity, transactions and transportation, and eminently reflect governmentality. Our article is about Manipur’s connective infrastructures, and it focuses on internal roads, and a border highway that connects Imphal (Manipur’s capital city) to Dimapur at Nagaland in North-east India. We explain the infrastructural deficit within Manipur and decision-making about them being influenced by a hill-valley socio-ecological ethnic distributional conflict. The road links and is part of the uneven development route. We provide an ethnographic account of a truck journey undertaken between Imphal and Dimapur in 2018, and this enables us to understand routinized corruption and the collusion of state and non-state actors therein. The road is the symbol of hope, and a developmental desire, and epitomizes state’s governmentality and developmental project of progress, nonetheless it also gets transformed into the central locale of political protest, ethnic conflict when ethnic groups appropriate it forcibly to erect blockades and organize protests in its arterial space. The roads and highways spatially produce and reproduce (il)legality, (il)legibility, and (il)legitimacy of the Indian state. Our ethnographic research unpacks and invokes the multivalence of roads.
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Bower, Richard. "Marginality and the Third Space of Unadopted Plotlander Roads". Space and Culture 20, nr 4 (9.07.2017): 485–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331217707474.
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This article explores the characteristics and relationships of marginality in informal space and plotlander housing in the context of Homi K. Bhabha’s cultural hybridity and Third Space. To illustrate and examine the processes of marginalization that defined informal space in the United Kingdom, this article will critically analyze the previously undocumented plotlander community at Studd Hill on the North Kent coastline.1 Examining key aspects of this sites social origins and its marginal spatial context reveals the positive implications and challenges of informal space and social hybridization. In this analysis, issues of spatial vulnerability and marginality of plotlander communities are critically reframed as analogous to the sociospatial characteristics and innovative practices highlighted by Bhabha in postcolonial hybrid space. Focusing specifically on the challenges of the unadopted roads at Studd Hill, this article’s comparisons reveal how the anarchistic emergence of plotlander housing in the United Kingdom has produced innovative solutions to their social marginality that reflect the spatial values of postcolonial hybrid spaces.
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Anbalagan, R., Bhawani Singh i Pradeep Bhargava. "Half tunnels along hill roads of Himalaya—an innovative approach". Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 18, nr 4 (sierpień 2003): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0886-7798(02)00080-9.
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S, Gnanamurugan, Badmapriya S, Boomikadevi S, Kiruthiga M i Mathumitha M. "Machine Learning-based Intelligent Smart Warning System in Twisty Swerve in Hill Station using IoT". Journal of Trends in Computer Science and Smart Technology 5, nr 1 (marzec 2023): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36548/jtcsst.2023.1.006.
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The surveyed reports state that about 10% of car accidents in the hilly areas happen on curved roads. It is risky to drive through curves and bends. Therefore, this work suggests a hairpin bend road collision prevention system using Internet of Things (IoT). The proposed design employing IoT strives to prevent the collisions by initiating warning alarms on detecting vehicles on the either side of the hairpin bend. The detection of the vehicles in the either side is performed using an ultrasonic sensor.
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Arnáez, J., i V. Larrea. "Erosion processes and rates on road-sides of hill-roads (Iberian System, La Rioja, Spain)". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 20, nr 3-4 (czerwiec 1995): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-1946(95)00053-4.
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Gautam, Arstu, Achyut Das, K. Ramachandra Rao i Geetam Tiwari. "Estimation of PCE values for hill roads in heterogeneous traffic conditions". Transportation Letters 10, nr 2 (16.06.2016): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2016.1190884.
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Bekavac, Silvia, i Željko Miletić. "Octavian’s footprints: hillforts, camps and roads between Burnum and Sinotium". Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu 54, nr 1 (2021): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.52064/vamz.54.1.8.
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On the basis of a recent field survey of Petrovo polje, in comparison to the data of Appian and Dio Cassius, the Octavian war campaign against the Dalamatae in the area between Burnum and Sinotion (Synodium, Synodion, Sinotium) is reconsidered. We recognize two temporary Roman military camps. The first, near the village of Parčić, is part of the Octavian contravallation in the northwest corner of Petrovo polje, the siege system by which Dalmatian Promona was surrounded. We conclude that the central oppidum of that polis integrated three areas on and around the Orišnica hill. On the neighbouring hill, Petrovac, we locate the citadel (acropolis) of Promona. The second camp, above the villages of Otavice and Gradac, located on the southern slope of the Svilaja mountain, we link with the blockade of the Setovia hillforts on the edges of the eastern half of Petrovo polje. The chronological stratification of the Roman road network between Burnum and Salona is considered.
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Pruss, Shelley D. "Selection of natal dens by the swift fox (Vulpes velox) on the Canadian prairies". Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, nr 4 (15.09.1999): 646–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-001.
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The location and physical characteristics of 32 occupied swift fox (Vulpes velox) natal/rearing dens and 33 unoccupied sites in southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada, were compared in 1991 and 1992. Comparisons between occupied and unoccupied sites were restricted to eight habitat variables that described the orientation of each den entrance, mean height of old and new grass, number of holes in each den complex, den position and slope (i.e., incline of the land) in relation to hills, and distance to the nearest roadway and water source. Two-sample t tests and Mann-Whitney U tests indicated that occupied sites were located on the tops of hills, close to roads, and in places where old grass was significantly higher than at unoccupied sites. Den entrance angles did not differ between occupied and unoccupied sites. A stepwise discriminant function analysis identified five potential discriminators of occupied and unoccupied sites (i.e., position on a hill, height of new grass, distance to water, distance to roads, and slope). Den position was the variable that discriminated most strongly between occupied and unoccupied sites. Occupied sites were located predominantly on the tops of hills. The quadratic discriminant function had an overall classification success of 83.1%. Based on the five habitat variables, the discriminant function model correctly classified 28 of the 32 occupied sites as being occupied (87.5%) and 26 of the 33 unoccupied sites as being unoccupied (78.8%). The habitat variables identified by the discriminant function model may be a useful tool for selecting and modifying release-site characteristics and creating more realistic live-rearing facilities.
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González-Jorge, H., L. Díaz-Vilariño, S. Lagüela, J. Martínez-Sánchez i P. Arias. "INFLUENCE OF THE PRECISION OF LIDAR DATA IN SURFACE WATER RUNOFF ESTIMATION FOR ROAD MAINTENANCE". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-3/W3 (19.08.2015): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-3-w3-3-2015.
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Roads affect the natural surface and subsurface drainage pattern of a hill or a watershed. Road drainage systems are designed with the objective of reducing the energy generated by the flowing water and the presence of excess water or moisture within the road. A poorly designed drainage may affect to road maintenance causing cut or fill failures, road surface erosion and degrading the engineering properties of the materials with which it was constructed. Surface drainage pattern can be evaluated from Digital Elevation Models typically calculated from point clouds acquired with aerial LiDAR platforms. However, these systems provide low resolution point clouds especially in cases where slopes with steep grades exist. In this work, Mobile LiDAR systems (aerial and terrestrial) are combined for surveying roads and their surroundings in order to provide complete point cloud. As the precision of the point clouds obtained from these mobile systems is influenced by GNSS outages, Gaussian noise with different standard deviation values is introduced in the point cloud in order to determine its influence in the evaluation of water runoff direction. Results depict an increase in the differences of flow direction with the decrease of cell size of the raster dataset and with the increase of Gaussian noise. The last relation fits to a second-order polynomial Differences in flow direction up to 42º are achieved for a cell size of 0.5 m with a standard deviation of 0.15 m.
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Kichloo, Muzaffar A., Asha Sohil i Neeraj Sharma. "Wildlife at the crossroads: wild animal road kills due to vehicular collision on a mountainous highway in northwestern Himalayan region". Journal of Threatened Taxa 14, nr 1 (26.01.2022): 20517–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7713.14.1.20517-20522.
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Wildlife mortality due to vehicular collision is well known across the world and the number of such incidences is steadily rising in Himalaya as well. To assess the quantum of wildlife road kills, we conducted an intensive survey spanning 33 months along a mountainous National Highway 244 in the Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir. Forty-nine wild animal carcasses of 13 species of higher vertebrates were observed lying on the road, shoulders, edges, and valley slopes. These included seven mammals, four birds, and two reptiles. This survey, first of its kind in this part of the Himalaya would be helpful in understanding the underlying reasons of the rising wildlife fatalities on the hill roads, identifying susceptible hotspots, and developing measures to address this new threat to Himalayan wildlife. We recommend creating wildlife passages, raising speed halters, and placing warning signages in vulnerable sections to reduce the road-related wildlife mortality in such mountainous highways.
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Musiienko, Igor. "Study of the economical longitudinal slope of a hill bypass when tracing roads". Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University 2, nr 86 (20.12.2019): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2019.86.2.110.
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Exall, Kirsten, Jiri Marsalek, Quintin Rochfort i Steven Kydd. "Chloride transport and related processes at a municipal snow storage and disposal site". Water Quality Research Journal 46, nr 2 (1.05.2011): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2011.023.
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The practice of used snow disposal has evolved from indiscriminate snow dumping to storage and meltwater management at engineered snow disposal sites. The Town of Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada, constructed such a snow disposal site in 2003. Environment Canada and the Town of Richmond Hill formed a partnership to investigate the operation of the Richmond Hill Snow Storage Facility (RHSSF) with respect to snowmelt flows, fluxes of chemicals contained in snowmelt and direct effects on the receiving water. Results of chloride monitoring during the winter of 2007 are presented here. Roughly 16 tonnes of chloride passed through the snow disposal facility in 2007, which in itself reflects only a small proportion of the total salt applied to roads that winter. The highest concentrations of chloride were present in early melt, with 50% of the chloride released within the first 30% of the meltwater. The remainder of the chloride was released in lower concentration, higher volume melt later in the season. As expected, conductivity measurements at the outlet of the stormwater pond indicate that the meltwater management system served to delay and dilute the chloride released, but not to remove the pollutant.
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Korzhyk, V. P. "THE ROADS OF MILITARY EVENTS: BUKOVINA, XIV—XVIII CENTURIES". Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 26, nr 1 (25.03.2018): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.01.16.
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The presence of communication, their density, quality, parameters to a large extent determine the strategy, logistics, tactics and overall success of military conflict resolution. On the territory of Bukovina, which is marked by an intensely dissected topography and a high degree of afforestation, the road network adapted to these difficult conditions. It played a decisive role in the implementation of the historical-geographical process in its belligerative format. From this position military conflicts signifying for Bukovyna were analyzed.
The battle in the Kozmin forest (October 1497) between Poland (Jan Olbright) and Moldova (Stefan the Great) (Chernivtsi region, Glybotsky district) is very interesting for military history. Due to the high level of forestness of the territory and a small number of roads, the battle took place along the main road at a distance of 20—22 km. For those times it became a unique phenomenon. The tactics of the forest ambush allowed a much smaller Moldovian army (a maximum of 16—17 thousand people) to achieve significant success in a short time.
Was destroyed more than half of the living force of the enemy, captured several thousand Poles, seized all the siege technology, artillery, column, carriage of the king. As a result, from 50—60 thousand Polish troops returned home only a dozen of personal guards of the king.
In October 1685, fighting near the villages of Boyany — Raranche (Novoselytsya district) took place between the troops of the Polish crown hetman Jan Jablonowski (30000 soldiers) and the Turkish-Tatar-Moldovian coalition (about 140 thousand soldiers). The commander, who was pressed to the forested hills of Khotyn highland, had to look for ways to retreat by forest roads. Due to their small quantity and poor condition, carrying out rearguard battles, he managed to save the army from defeat. The author supposed 3 options for choosing a retreat path. Now is necessary to determine the actual road with additional research using a metal detector.
In November 1691, near the village of Ropcha (Storozhynets district), after leaving Moldova, the army of Jan Sobieski, on the only one old transit route here, fell on a three-day snow storm. Non combat losses was more than 50 % soldiers, 100 % ammunition, artillery, many horses and carts. The reason is in a small number of dwellings near this road and in the absence of feed.
In 1739, during the Russo-Turkish War, the Russian army under General von Münnich in the territory of the Khotyn Hill unexpectedly and illogically used the difficult path for maneuvering across forests between the villages Zhuchka and Raranche. As a result of the two subsequent battles, the Turkish Army was broken up.
Thus, the historical geographic analysis on the principle of reflection gives the excellent opportunity to identify the nature and course of military events, exploring the network of ancient routes.
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Shah, Prashant, i Khetraj Dahal. "Problems Associated with the Implementation of Bioengineering in Hill Road Construction in Nepal". American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering, and Technology 7, nr 2 (17.04.2023): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajaset.v7i2.1383.
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The landslide disaster, feeble geology, rapid deforestation, poor drainage system, and increase in mechanical strain have weakened the Krishna Bhir slope, Prithvi Highway, Dhading, Nepal. The objective of this article was to study the problems associated with bioengineering implementation in hill road construction with recommendations. For primary research, a map study, field observation, in-depth interview, focus group discussion, and questionnaire survey were used as an instrument for the field study. Published reports, papers, a thesis, database, manuals, and field observation were also reviewed. The landslide caused loss of property, ill effects on lifestyle, disturbance in the movement of goods and services, loss of availability of water due to damage to the water supply system, damage to the sewage disposal system, etc. During the construction period using the bioengineering technique, the major problem occurred during the installation of the bioengineered system (RII = 0.791), lack of training during construction (RII = 0.839), unavailability of space (RII = 0.817), inadequate supply of appropriate instruments (RII = 0.821) and improper selection of vegetation types (RII=0.839). The major problems were also seen during site monitoring and evaluation (RII= 0.853). Proper selection of plant species (RII=0.936) before implementation of the bioengineering technique is needed at hill roads, but the high installation costs (RII=0.841) could be the major limitation. Bioengineering application has a bright future if proper actions are taken in time. Solutions need to be formulated and implemented by understanding the major limitations of bioengineering techniques.
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Bagnall, R. S., A. Bülow-Jacobsen i H. Cuvigny. "Security and water on the Eastern Desert roads: the prefect Iulius Ursus and the construction of praesidia under Vespasian". Journal of Roman Archaeology 14 (2001): 325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047759400019966.
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During recent years several teams have surveyed and excavated along the roads between Coptos in the Nile Valley and the Red Sea. This article is the result of co-operation between two of them, namely the Dutch-American team working in Berenike since 1994 and the French team that has excavated stations on the Coptos–Myos Hormos road between 1994 and 1997 and later at Didymoi in the N end of the Coptos–Berenike road. A chance visit to Berenike gave the key to a deeper understanding of the origins and history of the road that leads there from Coptos, because an inscription, that could easily have been understood in a purely local context, was suddenly seen to have at least two rather exact, though almost illegible, parallels at other stations. The three inscriptions are published below, two of them for the first time.Sikayt is one of 10 forts that encircle Berenike from southwest to northwest (see fig. 1). These include: (1) a hill top fort at Shenshef; (2) a large hydreuma in Wadi Kalalat; (3) a small fort in Wadi Kalalat; (4) the fort at Sikayt; (5-9) 5 forts in Wadi Abu Greiya (Vetus Hydreuma); and (10) the small fort in Wadi Lahami. These forts range in date from Ptolemaic to late Roman. Some are only from one period, while others seem to span longer periods.
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McIver, James D., i R. McNeil. "Soil Disturbance and Hill-Slope Sediment Transport After Logging of a Severely Burned Site in Northeastern Oregon". Western Journal of Applied Forestry 21, nr 3 (1.07.2006): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/21.3.123.
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Abstract Despite considerable public debate in recent years on the practice of postfire logging, few studies have directly evaluated its effects. Soil disturbance and hill-slope sediment transport were measured after a postfire logging operation conducted two years after the 1996 Summit Wildfire (Malheur National Forest), in northeastern Oregon. The wildfire was relatively severe, killing an average of 86% of the trees in experimental units, and leaving an average of 34% mineral soil exposed one year after the fire. Soil disturbance was measured both pre- and postharvest in four replicate units in each of three postfire harvest treatments (unlogged control, commercial harvest [most dead merchantable trees removed], fuel reduction harvest [most dead merchantable trees removed plus most dead trees >10-cm diameter]). There was a significant difference among treatments in the percentage of mechanically disturbed soil area, with an average of 19.4% disturbed in fuel reduction units and 15.2% in commercial units. Displacement (13.7% of soil area), apparent compaction (3.1%), and erosion (0.4%) were the most common types of machine-caused soil disturbance. Controls had significantly less change in mean displacement from pre- to posttreatment compared to fuel reduction units, and significantly less change in erosion compared to commercial units. At the experimental unit level, there was a significant correlation between the number of stems removed and the total amount of mechanical soil disturbance observed. Multiple regressions indicated that logging activity, reflected by the number of stems removed, explained more variation in soil disturbance than relative fire severity, reflected by tree mortality, forest floor mass, or the percentage of mineral soil exposed. There was no correspondence between disturbance within units and hill-slope sediment collected in silt fences below units. Visual inspections and sediment collected in silt fences indicated that little sediment exited the experimental units in the short term, and that the existing road system caused most of the observed hill-slope sediment transport. Low observed levels of sediment transport were likely due to a combination of low-to-moderate slopes, low-to-moderate—risk soils, logging over snow or dry ground, hand felling, no new roads, two years recovery of ground cover between the fire and the logging, problems with measuring hill-slope sediment, and the absence of severe weather events in the two years after postfire logging. Given these mitigating factors, hill-slope sediment transport measured in this study should be considered as representative of the low end of the range that would be expected in a postfire tractor logging operation on similar soils and under similar burn severity conditions. West. J. Appl. For. 21(3):123–133.
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Rahman, Aftab Ur, Zhang Guangcheng, Asghar Khan, Mohit Kumar Puniya, Sami Ur Rahman i Zeng Xin. "ROCK MASS CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS AND KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SLATES FROM DIR GROUP, NW, HIMALAYA, PAKISTAN; IMPLICATION FOR SLOPE STABILITY". Geological Behavior 6, nr 2 (2022): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/gbr.02.2022.61.67.
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Slope stability is an important issue for the construction of roads on hill slopes. 24 slopes cuts have been investigated to determine the slope instability issues and mode of failure along the newly constructed road of Dir-Sheringal Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The major rocks are slates and tuffaceous siltstone which are weak to moderately strong in strength. The main objective of this study is to assess the application of rock mass classification systems and kinematic analysis which affects the slopes. The investigation shows that rock mass rating (RMR-basic), and slope mass rating (SMR) values range from 0 to 73 which is poor to normal while geological strength index (GSI) analysis classified the rock mass from poor to good conditions. The Kinematic analysis shows that three types (plane, wedge and topple) of failure mode are present in these slopes. Most of the slopes are unstable and weak where perspective tools and proper installation provide support and prevent future failure. This study shows a good relationship between RMR-basic, SMR, and GSI for different locations.
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Baker, Anthony, Donald Tahani, Christopher Gardiner, Keith L. Bristow, Andrew R. Greenhill i Jeffrey Warner. "Groundwater Seeps Facilitate Exposure to Burkholderia pseudomallei". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, nr 20 (26.08.2011): 7243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.05048-11.
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ABSTRACTBurkholderia pseudomalleiis a saprophytic bacterium which is the causative agent of melioidosis, a common cause of fatal bacterial pneumonia and sepsis in the tropics. The incidence of melioidosis is clustered spatially and temporally and is heavily linked to rainfall and extreme weather events. Clinical case clustering has recently been reported in Townsville, Australia, and has implicated Castle Hill, a granite monolith in the city center, as a potential reservoir of infection. Topsoil and water from seasonal groundwater seeps were collected around the base of Castle Hill and analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR targeting the type III secretion system genes for the presence ofB. pseudomallei. The organism was identified in 65% (95% confidence interval [CI], 49.5 to 80.4) of soil samples (n= 40) and 92.5% (95% CI, 83.9 to 100) of seasonal groundwater samples (n= 40). Further sampling of water collected from roads and gutters in nearby residential areas after an intense rainfall event found that 88.2% (95% CI, 72.9 to 100) of samples (n= 16) contained viableB. pseudomalleiat concentrations up to 113 CFU/ml. Comparison of isolates using multilocus sequence typing demonstrated clinical matches and close associations between environmental isolates and isolates derived from clinical samples from patients in Townsville. This study demonstrated that waterborneB. pseudomalleifrom groundwater seeps around Castle Hill may facilitate exposure toB. pseudomalleiand contribute to the clinical clustering at this site. Access to this type of information will advise the development and implementation of public health measures to reduce the incidence of melioidosis.
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Pragasan, Lingassamy Arul, i Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy. "Angiosperms, tree species in tropical forests of southern Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India". Check List 5, nr 3 (1.09.2009): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/5.3.542.
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We provide a list of tree species enumerated from a total of 60 ha area sampled in the tropical forests of southern Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. A total of 272 tree species (Ā 30 cm girth at breast height) representing 181 genera and 62 families were recorded. Euphorbiaceae with 25 species was the most speciose family, followed by Moraceae (17 species), Rubiaceae (17), Rutaceae (14) and Lauraceae (12). At the generic level, Ficus dominated with 12 species, followed by Diospyros (9), Acacia (6), Terminalia (6) and Grewia (5). Anthropogenic activities such as hill cultivation, construction of dams, roads, buildings, etc. affect the already fragmented southern Eastern Ghats, and underline the need for effective conservation measures.
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Li, Xiaohu, Zehong Cao i Quan Bai. "A Novel Mountain Driving Unity Simulated Environment for Autonomous Vehicles". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, nr 18 (18.05.2021): 16075–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i18.18016.
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The simulated driving environment provides a low cost and time-saving platform to test the performance of the autonomous vehicle by linkage with existing machine learning approaches. However, most of existing simulated driving environments focus on building flat roads in urban areas. Still, they neglected to endeavour the tough steep, curvy hill roads, such as mountain paths around suburban areas. In this study, by deploying in Unity engine, we developed the first complex mountain driving simulated environment with characterizing continuous curves and up/downhill. Then, two state-of-art reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms are used to train a vehicle agent and test the performance of autonomous vehicles in our developed simulated environment. Also, we set 5 different levels of vehicle's speeds and observe the cumulative rewards during the vehicle agent training. Our demonstration presents the developed environment supports for complex mountain scenario configurations and RL-based autonomous vehicles, and our findings show that the vehicle agent could achieve high cumulative rewards during the training stage, suggesting that our work is a potential new simulation environment for autonomous vehicles research. The demonstration video can be viewed via the link: https://youtu.be/0wSqGeCn-NU.
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Alemayehu, Daniel, Meseret Tadesse i Mohammed Abdul Athick. "Application of TPI for Analysis of Landforms and LULC of Adama Wereda, Ethiopia". Journal of Geographical Studies 2, nr 2 (8.06.2019): 100–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/10.21523/gcj5.18020205.
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Topographic Position Index (TPI) algorithm is useful for landform classification using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to identify upper, middle and lower parts of the landscape. Topographic slope positions and landform classifications can be automated and measured by employing the Jenness algorithm based on the Set of Rules in the TPI. Adama Wereda in Ethiopia has been selected to study the different landforms classified using DEM (30m resolution) and Landsat 8 OLI data. Spatial statistics and GIS applications were also used to distinguish the geomorphologic properties of DEM. Adama Wereda encompasses 2.15% of the valley, 33.79% of flat lands, 15.85 % of lower slope, 33.07% of average slope, 12.85% of upper slope and 2.24% of ridges. Nine land use and land cover (LULC) classes, specifically rocky terrain, built up area, forests, water bodies, roads, agriculture, barren land, hill/mountain and fallow land have been analyzed. Landforms of Adama Wereda are ranging from large-scale features such as plains and mountain ranges to minor features such as hills and valleys. The built-up area and agriculture are covering most of the landform classes. U shaped valley was observed in water bodies. The various classifications of TPI and landform can be used in precision agriculture, land-use alteration studies, etc.
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Takenouchi, Kyo, i Ola Wedebrunn. "Bridges and Infrastructure". Bridges and Infrastructures, nr 45 (2011): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/45.a.ua6jugl4.
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At present, it is by no means an exaggeration to say that innumerable bridges and infrastructures are able to bring us to the end of the earth, whether these are monuments, scattered in a remote area, recognized or not. situated where mankind intensively has made its effort to extend daily circles of life till the present day. Humans have always been on the move, in primitive ages they went up the hill and down the dale, over and beyond mountains, across streams and wherever obstacles had to be crossed, bridges and roads skilfully came into their hands. Emerging directly on the ground, as fruit of empirical and intuitive knowledge; as comprehensive static and dynamic engineering, state of the art science and creative use of information.
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Ibáñez, Neus, Carlos Gómez-Bellver, Paula Farelo, Josep Maria Montserrat, Samuel Pyke, Neus Nualart i Jordi López-Pujol. "Montjuïc Hill (Barcelona): A Hotspot for Plant Invasions in a Mediterranean City". Plants 12, nr 14 (21.07.2023): 2713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12142713.
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Cities are often hotspots for biological invasions, showing much higher percentages of alien species than non-urbanized settings. The reasons are multiple and are mostly related to two main factors: their heterogeneous, highly disturbed habitats and their many gateways that allow alien species introduction (e.g., airports, roads, train stations, or gardens). In addition to being a sink of biological invasions, cities can also be a source of the spread of alien species into surrounding landscapes, which adds further complexity to this issue. Herein, we are presenting the results of a five-year survey of the alien flora of Montjuïc, the largest urban hill in Barcelona (Spain). In just about 3.4 km2, we recorded up to 247 alien plant taxa, a figure much higher than those of many other Mediterranean cities and which clearly points to the role of Montjuïc as a hotspot for alien plants. The comparison with the alien flora of its surrounding region (coastal Catalonia) suggests that the alien flora of Montjuïc would have become enriched through many immigration episodes from close geographic areas. The hill, however, would have also acted as a source of the spread of alien plants, and indeed, some species have not been detected yet beyond the confines of Montjuïc. This study aims to be a key tool to ensure early detection and also to develop appropriate management and/or eradication actions.
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Rustemli, Sabir, Behcet Kocaman i Suat Avcil. "Comparative Analysis of High-Pressure Sodium Vapor Luminaires with LED Luminaires in Tunnel Illumination". Light & Engineering, nr 04-2022 (sierpień 2022): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33383/2022-003.
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Nowadays, some roads pass through underground tunnels due to technical inadequacy and high economic costs in constructing highways, railways, and pedestrians. Tunnels are opened to pass through obstacles on the route (mountain, hill, etc.) to force the driver, disturb him, reduce the ramps that could endanger safety depending on nature’s state, and shorten travel distances. In this way, number of tunnels along with the road increases, and illuminating these tunnels with different characteristics varies day and night. Tunnel illumination calculations and applications are essential as good tunnel illumination ensures the same flow of comfort, speed, and safety as on the approaching road. Moreover, with the advancement of tunnel technology, many types of equipment are used inside and outside the tunnel, and electricity needs vary according to these types of equipment. In this research, the importance of tunnel illumination was discussed and comparative illumination analysis in 8 August tunnel in Bitlis was conducted. Illumination for the Bitlis 8 August tunnel was done using luminaires with high-pressure sodium vapor lamps, and the grid was used to generate all the energy required. In this study, the energy used by the Bitlis 8 August tunnel for illumination was obtained from the accurate data and the results were compared with the initial situation when the same system was installed using light emitting diode (LED) illumination technology.
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Mwangi, P. W., F. N. Karanja, P. K. Kamau i S. C. Letema. "IMPACT OF URBAN FORMS ON 3D BUILT-UP INTENSITY EXPANSION RATE FROM AERIAL STEREO-IMAGERY". ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences V-4-2020 (3.08.2020): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-v-4-2020-203-2020.
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Abstract. Urban areas have been cited to be contributors to changing climatic conditions. Conversion of vegetated areas to impervious surfaces causes an alteration of surface temperatures, where impervious surfaces absorb and store incoming radiation during the day, releasing it slowly at night. This causes the urban heat island effect where temperatures in urban areas are higher than rural areas during night. Extreme weather conditions experienced in urban areas include heat waves, intense rainfall resulting to flash floods, destruction of infrastructure facilities. The research involved the use of time-series of stereo-aerial images acquired in 1978, 2000 and 2017. Building footprints were digitized and using digital elevation models, building heights were derived and volumes calculated. Road volumes were calculated using minimum standards of road construction and the total built-up volume was determined. The ground coverage ratio (GCR) and built-up volume densities (BVD) of the built-up areas was calculated from area and volumes from road and building values. Results indicate the mean GCR and BVD in Upper Hill is within the low density range. Mean building height from 1978 to 2017 are in the low-rise range with significant rise in building height and volumes between 1998 and 2017. The 3D built-up intensity expansion rate ranged between −4.28% to 56.80% per annum with a mean of 19.6% per annum. Roads and pavements also have a significant influence on the built-up density and should therefore be considered in planning policies.
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Wijaya, I. P. K., A. Joshi, M. N. Alam, S. Jayasinghe i N. Laila. "Climate Change Induced Landslide Susceptibility Assessment - for Aiding Climate Resilient Planning for Road Infrastructure: A Case Study in Rangamati District, Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1091, nr 1 (1.11.2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1091/1/012010.
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Climate change induced extreme hydro-meteorological conditions have increased the prevalence of landslides in the hilly and geologically fragile region of Chittagong Hill Tract districts (including Rangamati) in Bangladesh. These landslides have attributed to significant damages to transportation infrastructures such as roads and bridge. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility of landslides due to extreme rainfall events under different climate change scenarios in Rangamati district. We developed high-resolution 1km x 1km downscaled extreme rainfall projections under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios for baseline period 1976-2005 and for future time horizons 2030s, 2050s, and 2080s. Based on these extreme rainfall scenarios, the combination of the Frequency Ratio (FR) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) techniques were applied to map and analyse the landslide susceptibility maps. Nine multi-variate factors contributing to the landslides were considered including terrain slope, aspect, elevation, lithology, soil, distance from the lineaments, distance from the stream, land use and mean annual rainfall in four different time periods for scenario RCPs. Further, an Area Under the Curve (AUC) approach was used to evaluate the quality of the model A total of seven landslide susceptibility maps were developed and classified into five susceptible classes. The models were validated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC) approach, which showed a satisfactory result of 80-86 percent accuracy.
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Borghese, Michael, Melissa Brooks, Steven Earl i Jennifer Naddaf. "Ride Forward – An Evaluation of Cycling in Two Ottawa Neighborhoods". Revue interdisciplinaire des sciences de la santé - Interdisciplinary Journal of Health Sciences 2, nr 2 (1.10.2012): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18192/riss-ijhs.v2i2.1516.
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Outdoor cycling (bicycling) is a low-impact form of exercise that improves cardiovascular fitness, muscle tone, range of motion and flexibility. It is an activity that may be beneficial to one’s physical, emotional, and mental health and well-being. The benefits to one’s social and emotional health and wellness may be derived from the social networking associated with being a member of a cycling community. The purpose of this project is to provide recommendations to improve the current and future state of cycling in the Sandy Hill Community Centre’s catchment areas of Old Ottawa East and Sandy Hill, two communities in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. A preliminary needs assessment was conducted, and recommendations were generated from the information gathered. In order to begin the needs assessment we required much information, such as the opinions and attitudes of community members regarding cycling. Through the extensive research of other current programs and groups of- fered both in Ottawa and other cities such as Montreal, Quebec, Canada and Portland, Oregon, United States we have found that the best cities provide a wide-range of cycling utilities for its citizens to accommodate different lifestyles. From the general knowledge that we gained from the research of other cities we designed a survey to identify the specific needs of Ottawa, and more specifically our target population of Sandy Hill and Old Ottawa East catchments areas. Information was then synthesized into a list of recommendations, as well as solutions to current problems. The recommendations generated from the data gathered from the needs assessment include the development of various community programs, such as a cycling resource centre, cycling buddy system, cycling groups, safe-cycling education, and a bike share initiative. The data gathered from the needs assessment also indicated a priority need for the regular maintenance of roads and bicycle lanes.
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Hussain, Javid, Jiaming Zhang, Xiao Lina, Khaleel Hussain, Syed Yasir Ali Shah, Sajid Ali i Altaf Hussain. "Resource Assessment of Limestone Based on Engineering and Petrographic Analysis". Civil Engineering Journal 8, nr 3 (1.03.2022): 421–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2022-08-03-02.
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The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a massive in-progress construction project in Pakistan that connects more than 70 countries via multiple trade channels such as highways, railways, roads, and fiber optics. This project also involves the development of local infrastructure and industrial zones in Pakistan, which demands the discovery of new resources of aggregate to facilitate the construction. Therefore, physical characterization research was carried out on the Kirman hill region (Jurassic limestone), District Kurram, Pakistan, to investigate their suitability for utilization as construction materials using site investigation and laboratory studies. The results outline that all typical engineering parameters are within acceptable limits set by international standards like BS, ASTM, and AASHTO. Bituminous tests revealed that Jurassic limestone is appropriate as an aggregate for asphalt wearing coarse. Likewise, the petrographic study performed shows proper matching with engineering tests. The petrographic analysis of Jurassic limestone showed a minute amount of deleterious content; as a result, it is resistant to Alkali silica reaction (ASR) and Alkali carbonate reaction (ACR) expansions. Based on engineering and petrographic analysis, the Jurassic limestone, Kirman hill region, District Kurram, Pakistan is recommended as a potential aggregate for (i.e., base course, subbase course, cement concrete, and asphalt) and other mega and minor civil construction projects. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2022-08-03-02 Full Text: PDF
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Thapa, Prem Bahadur. "Occurrence of landslides in Nepal and their mitigation options". Journal of Nepal Geological Society 49, nr 1 (31.12.2015): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v49i1.23138.
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Landslides are very common occurrences in Nepal that have been affected development infrastructures, lives, and properties of the people every year. Many hill villages are situated on or adjacent to unstable slopes and old landslides are reactivated from time to time. The rapidly increasing construction of infrastructure, such as roads, irrigation canals, and dams without due consideration of natural hazards is contributing to triggering of landslides and debris flows. Thus, this paper has explored the cause and characteristics of landslides occurrences and their mitigation practices in Nepal. Topographic, geologic and triggering factors, and human intervention causing landslides are characterised to suggest the suitable mitigation options that can be implemented in the mountain hill-slopes. Among the wide range of slope stabilisation measures which are available to practitioner engineer, the lowering of groundwater level in combination of controlling of surface infiltration (e.g. sealing of tension cracks) of water into landslide are the most cost effective options for mountainous terrain because the rise in pore water pressure is one of the basic cause of landslides during the rainy season. In addition, removing of unstable slope debris, surface drainage, and retaining walls are the useful landslide mitigation measures depending on site conditions, availability of budget, and specific requirements. Various support systems and elements can be crafted for creative solutions of the slope instability problems in Nepal.
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Subba, Rosemary. "Addressal to the Rising Problem of Traffic Congestion in Kalimpong, West Bengal: Causes and Preventive Measures". Advanced Journal of Social Science 7, nr 1 (9.07.2020): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ajss.7.1.60-70.
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When towns and cities grow or rather undergo urbanisation; there are innumerable impacts that arise out of this process. One such impact is the problem of traffic congestion. In other words, it can be said that ‘urbanisation and problems related to traffic go hand in hand’. Kalimpong has witnessed urbanisation at an astounding rate largely due to improvement in tourism and its floriculture. However, the town is crippled by the problem of traffic congestion. Being a hill station, the topography and the structure of the town restricts the widening of the roads therefore making the practice of illegal parking common and the major factor for traffic congestion. In this paper, the problem of traffic congestion in Kalimpong town has been addressed. The reasons responsible for the problem has also been highlighted along with some suggestive preventive measures.
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Steele, Philip. "History of Air Maps and Charts". Journal of Navigation 51, nr 2 (maj 1998): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463398007838.
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There is no generally accepted definition of the difference between a map and a chart. A widespread feeling probably exists favouring the old saying that maps are to look at and charts to work on. It is true that the term ‘aeronautical chart’ gained a general currency over alternative terms as contact flying gave way to aerial navigation. But, in this paper, the terms ‘map’ and ‘chart’ will be used as seems appropriate to each occasion, without attempt to conform to any particular definition.We can get an idea of what was available to the earliest aviators by looking at an Ordnance Survey reprint of one of their nineteenth century maps (Fig. 1). They are printed in one colour only, black on white. By far the predominant feature is the hill shading. Quite gentle hills are hachured with a heaviness which tends to obscure both natural features like rivers, lakes and woodlands and man-made constructions such as towns and villages, roads, canals and railways. Hills are, of course, very important features to those on the ground, since they limit the extent to which other features can be seen. To the soldier, the significance of high ground is self-evident, and it was principally for the ordnance requirements of soldiers that these maps had been developed. But when men began to view the ground from the air, the perspective changed. Hills appeared flattened out and, provided that you knew the height of the tallest in the area and were sure none would impede your take-off or landing, were of minor significance. Lakes and woods, though, were spread out before you in their distinctive shapes, while railway lines and canals presented bold straight lines and curves, and rivers their unique courses, to your view. The need was for new kinds of maps which would give due prominence to such features.
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Lestari, Siti Lestari, Ardiansyah Ardiansyah, Angelina Puput Giovani i Desy Dwijayanti. "A DIJKSTRA ALGORITHM IMPLEMENTATION IN DETERMINING SHORTEST ROUTE TO MOSQUE IN RESIDENTIAL CITRA INDAH CITY". Jurnal Pilar Nusa Mandiri 16, nr 1 (15.03.2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33480/pilar.v16i1.1199.
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The application of artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence) for problem-solving in the field of computer science has experienced rapid development from year to year as the development of artificial intelligence itself. Problems involving searching (searching) is one example of the use of artificial intelligence that is quite popular to solve various kinds of problems. In daily activities, the use of roads is always an unavoidable activity, so determining the shortest path from one point to another becomes a problem that is often encountered. This is also felt by residents who live in a large enough housing. Sometimes to be able to reach the destination they are often confused in deciding which way to go to get the shortest distance to the destination. Citra Indah City Housing is a residential area in the Jonggol District area, Bogor Regency, developed by the Ciputra group. Within the Vignolia Hill Cluster, there is a mosque located on the northwest corner of the Vignolia Hill cluster or at the western end of the AH.17 block. A large number of blocks raise problems regarding the shortest route that can be taken by residents to get to the mosque. So, the purpose of this research is to determine the shortest path taken by citizens to get to the mosque. The method used is to apply the Djikstra algorithm which is able to produce the shortest route for residents to get to the mosque.
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Anderson, Bobby. "People, Land and Poppy: the Political Ecology of Opium and the Historical Impact of Alternative Development in Northwest Thailand". Forest and Society 1, nr 1 (27.04.2017): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24259/fs.v1i1.1495.
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Thailand’s near-total elimination of opium poppy cultivation is attributed to “alternative development” programming, which replaces illicit crops with licit ones. However, opium poppy cultivation was not drastically reduced because substitute crops earned the same income as opium: nothing can equal the price of opium to smallholder farmers, especially those without land tenure. Thailand’s reduction in poppy cultivation was achieved by the increased presence and surveillance capability of state security actors, who, year by year, were able to locate and destroy fields, and arrest cultivators, with increasing accuracy. This coercion was also accompanied by benefits to cultivators, including the provision of health and education services and the extension of roads; both stick and carrot constituted the encroachment of the Thai state. The provision of citizenship to hill tribe members also gave them a vested interest in the state, through their ability to hold land, access health care, education and work opportunities, amongst others. These initiatives did not occur without costs to hill tribe cultures for whom a symbiotic relationship with the land was and remains disrupted. These findings indicate that alternative development programming unlinked to broader state-building initiatives in Afghanistan, Myanmar and other opium poppy-producing areas will fail, because short-term, high-yield, high value, imperishable opium will remain the most logical choice for poor farmers, especially given the lack of a farmer’s vested interest in the state which compels them to reduce their income whilst offering them no other protections or services.
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Priyadarshini, Kompala, Nisanth Sai, Peddi Sai Krishna i Dr Shruti Bhargava Choubey. "Automatic Tunnel Lighting System for Road Traffic with Auto Exhaust Fan". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 6 (30.06.2022): 1254–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.44035.
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Abstract: The main objective of this project work is to provide intelligent lighting scheme for the tunnels of hill station roads. Tunnel means tubular passage cut through the hill or underground, these tunnels remain in dark always and inside the tunnels proper lighting system are essential to avoid the accidents. In this regard our government is arranging lights and they are glowing continuously irrespective of traffic and lot of energy is wasted. To avoid energy losses at these places, this efficient and intelligent lighting scheme is developed, which works automatically depending up on the road traffic and minimizes the energy consumption. In addition, all the vehicles release the waste (exhaust) gases that may be stagnated in the tunnel, due to lack of circulation with the outside environment. So, a gas detector/sensor is used for sensing these exhaust gases released from the automobiles and pump them outside the tunnel through an exhaust fan automatically. The process begins from the sensors; optical sensors are used for sensing the vehicles and depending up on the traffic density, inside lights of tunnel are controlled automatically. For example, many vehicles entered in to the tunnel from both the sides, all the lights are energized and as the traffic moving forward depending up on the clearance, required lights are energized, during the clearance means no vehicle is inside, all the lights remain in off condition automatically. The system is designed with Microcontroller, four sets of Infra Red sensors are used and they can be arranged either side of the tunnel in by directional mode. All the sensors are interfaced with Microcontroller and the program is prepared such that, depending up on the interrupted signals obtained from the sensors. The sensor used in the project work can detect all types of petroleum gases; in addition, it can detect smoke also. The sensor interfaced with the controller can energize exhaust fan automatically when it detects any type of gas or smoke.
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Lee, E., U. Klöcker, DB Croft i D. Ramp. "Kangaroo-vehicle collisions in Australia's sheep rangelands, during and following drought periods." Australian Mammalogy 26, nr 2 (2004): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am04215.
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The effects of roads on wildlife behaviour and ecological function are poorly known in arid Australia. The most obvious impact is roadkill from wildlife-vehicle collisions. Therefore we collected statistics on kangaroo-vehicle collisions, investigated the causal factors of these collisions, and related roadkill mortality to the population structure, size and distribution of four kangaroo species in two intensive six month studies during and following drought. The research was conducted along a 21.2 km sealed section of the Silver City Highway between Broken Hill and Tibooburra that passes through the University of New South Wales (NSW) Arid Zone Research Station at ‘Fowlers Gap’ in north-western NSW. The rate of roadkill was higher during drought (20.8 roadkills month-1) than non-drought (2.6 roadkills month-1). Affected species were red kangaroos (Macropus rufus), euros (Macropus robustus erubescens), western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) and eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus). During drought, M. fuliginosus and M. giganteus were killed in lower proportions than their proportion in the source population, otherwise species were killed in proportion to their density along the road. There were no sex biases but male M. r. erubescens were much more likely to be beside the road than females and thus were killed more often during drought. The majority of roadkills were young individuals around 2 years old. Curves and stockraces along the road significantly increased the likelihood of roadkills. Likewise the frequency of roadkills was a function of the kangaroo population density along the road, night time traffic volume, low rainfall and higher vegetation cover and greenness along the road relative to surrounding areas. We evaluate the relationships between these causal factors and kangaroovehicle collisions, and discuss the possible effects of these collisions on kangaroo population structure under drought and post-drought conditions.
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Kanagavel, Arun, Shiny M. Rehel i Rajeev Raghavan. "Population, Ecology, and Threats to Two Endemic and Threatened Terrestrial Chelonians of the Western Ghats, India". ISRN Biodiversity 2013 (29.09.2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/341687.
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The Western Ghats part of the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka hotspot harbors two endemic terrestrial chelonians, the Cochin forest cane turtle Vijayachelys silvatica and the Travancore tortoise Indotestudo travancorica. Population estimates as well as information on the scale and intensity of threats for these chelonians are largely unavailable. This study attempts to address these gaps for two hill ranges of the Western Ghats. Thirty random quadrats at eight forest ranges were surveyed for chelonians and their carapaces recording any found en route and also during opportunistic surveys. Three live V. silvatica and 38 I. travancorica were subsequently encountered and had overall densities of 0.006 and 0.03 individuals per hectare, respectively. These chelonians were found at quadrats with lower light intensity and soil temperature. Nine carapaces were found during the field surveys: seven the result of human consumption, one trapped in a pit, and another consumed by a wild animal. In addition to field surveys, household surveys in 26 indigenous and nonindigenous human settlements resulted in the observation of one V. silvatica and 38 I. travancorica including a carapace. Roads were surveyed to assess the threat they posed to chelonians, resulting in the observation of two I. travancorica road kills. Increased interactions and discussions between the management authorities and local communities need to be promoted if chelonian conservation is to improve in the landscape.
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GARCÍA-GARCÍA, Samuel A., Eduardo ALANÍS-RODRÍGUEZ, Oscar A. AGUIRRE CALDERÓN, José I. YERENA-YAMALLEL, Luis G. CUÉLLAR-RODRÍGUEZ, Alejandro COLLANTES-CHÁVEZ-COSTA i Joel RASCÓN-SOLANO. "Economic assessment of the environmental services of PNA Cerro Mohinora, Guadalupe y Calvo, Chihuahua". Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 51, nr 2 (14.06.2023): 13205. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha51213205.
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The Cerro Mohinora Protected Natural Area (PNA) located in Guadalupe y Calvo, Chihuahua, Mexico has ecosystems in a good state of conservation that include trees of genera such as Picea, Abies and Pseudotsuga. The objective was to determine the willingness to pay (WTP) by the visitors through the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) in order to conserve the environmental services (SA) provided by the area and to know their perception of the current state of the Hill. 210 surveys were carried out to simulate a hypothetical market, where they asked what is the maximum amount they would be willing to pay to preserve and/or improve the SA of the PNA. The main results show that 90.48% of the visitors gave a positive WTP, 48.57% of the visitors are local and 55.24% have a university degree. 60.48% of the visitors do ecotourism on the Hill. The main suggestion to improve the area was the maintenance of the roads (55.00%) and the provision of more environmental education (32.69%). The only variable that influenced a positive WTP and that was statistically significant was the “Perception of good ecosystem quality (PGEQ)”. The average WTP calculated was 90.48 MXN, with a minimum and maximum of 68.12 MXN and 97.60 MXN, respectively, and a standard deviation of 5.55 MXN. The WTP should be established according to the number of visitors and use of the place, considering that it currently has no cost and that most visitors are willing to pay to enter and show concern for conservation.
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Corbett, Matt, i Juan Gaviria. "Integration of Comprehensive Environmental and Social Measures into Low-Volume Road Design for the Hills of Nepal". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, nr 1 (styczeń 2003): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819a-18.
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Road construction through Nepal’s hilly and mountainous terrain has historically had a significant impact on the local environment and land-owners, primarily because of the steep and often unstable terrain traversed, monsoonal climate, necessity for low-cost roads, and no landowner compensation for compulsorily acquired land. The design phase of the Road Maintenance and Development Project sought to incorporate comprehensive environmental and social measures into the design of low-cost roads in the western hills of Nepal to achieve more stable and lower-impact roads. The project involved the design of 196 km of new roads and 253 km of upgrading to existing roads by integrating engineering, environmental, social, and economic factors throughout the design process. The project began with the screening of candidate project roads on the basis of economic, environmental, and social factors by using a weighted scoring system to select those roads that would be most advantageous in relation to passenger and goods transport and associated economic development, while minimizing adverse environmental and social impacts. Proposed new road alignments were refined primarily through a walkover survey by a multidisciplinary team, ensuring that environmental and social issues were incorporated into this key stage of road design, when significant impacts can be avoided. Detailed road design incorporated comprehensive environmental management and social planning through integrated planning. Project outcomes include road designs that would increase road stability and have fewer construction impacts and the first comprehensive land and property compensation program for road construction in Nepal.
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Filzwieser, Roland, David Ruß, Matthias Kucera, Michael Doneus, Gerhard Hasenhündl, Geert J. Verhoeven, Georg Zotti i in. "History and Archaeology in Discourse on the Dernberg–Reconstructing the Historical Landscape of a Medieval Motte-and-Bailey Castle and Deserted Village". Heritage 5, nr 3 (8.08.2022): 2123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5030111.
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Investigating deserted medieval castles and villages in remote rural areas paired with a scarcity of meaningful written sources is a challenging task that can be significantly enhanced by the use of non-invasive archaeological prospection methods. Furthermore, the interpolation of stratigraphic relationships among maps by analysing paths and field boundaries, as performed by Klaus Schwarz in the 1980s, can also contribute significantly. Thus, in order to resolve numerous unanswered questions, a multidisciplinary approach is required. In this paper we present preliminary archaeological prospection data using magnetics and airborne laser scanning (ALS) as well as methodological considerations on the systematic analysis of historical maps on the site of Dernberg, a medieval motte-and-bailey castle with an adjoining deserted village. The magnetic data and corresponding aerial images, although not providing decisive information on internal structures, show several historical roads that allow for the localisation of the village at the foot of the castle hill, as well as other pathways and defensive structures. Data derived from laser scanning surveys carried out by uncrewed aerial vehicles, respectively, drone flights allow for a significant gain in information compared to publicly available ALS data. In a methodological discussion on the systematic analysis of historical maps, the site of Dernberg is used to illustrate not only how such an analysis can determine chronological sequences with respect to the pattern of former agricultural field systems and road networks, but that these assumptions can be confirmed in part by geophysical surveys.