Artykuły w czasopismach: „High altitude ecology”

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Moore, Lorna Grindlay. "An ecology of high-altitude infancy: A biocultural perspective". American Journal of Human Biology 17, nr 1 (2004): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20084.

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Tolotti, Monica, Laura Forsström, Guiseppe Morabito, Bertha Thaler, Maya Stoyneva, Marco Cantonati, Šiško M. i A. Lotter. "Biogeographical Characterisation of phytoplankton assemblages in high altitude, and high latitude European lakes". Advances in Limnology 62 (23.12.2009): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/advlim/62/2009/55.

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Trošt Sedej, Tadeja, i Tajda Turk. "Alchemilla monticola Opiz. Functional Traits Respond to Diverse Alpine Environmental Conditions in Karavanke, Slovenia". Plants 11, nr 19 (27.09.2022): 2527. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11192527.

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Alpine plants are exposed to demanding environmental conditions, such as high ultraviolet (UV) and photosynthetic radiation, extreme temperatures, drought, and nutrient deficiencies. Alpine plants adapt and acclimate to harsh conditions, developing several strategies, including biochemical, physiological, and optical responses. However, alpine plants’ survival strategies are hardly researched due to time-consuming and complex experimental conditions, which are supported by scarce studies. Our study focused on the functional traits of the alpine plant Alchemilla monticola Opiz (hairy lady’s mantle) growing at two different altitudes (1500, 2000 m a.s.l.) and two different UV exposures per altitude. Near-ambient (UV) and reduced (UV-) UV radiations were provided by using two sorts of UV absorbing filters; temperatures were monitored hourly. The experimental plots were located at Tegoška Gora, Karavanke, Slovenia. Functional traits: physiological, biochemical, and optical characteristics were recorded three times during the growing season. A. monticola showed high maximum photochemical efficiency at both altitudes throughout the season, which confirms good adaptation and acclimatization of the plant. Furthermore, significantly higher maximum photochemical efficiency at the subalpine altitude coincided with significantly higher UV absorbing compounds (UV AC) contents at the subalpine compared to the montane altitude in August. A. monticola manifested high UV AC contents throughout the season, with significantly increased synthesis of UV AC contents in the subalpine conditions in August and September. The stomatal conductance rate increased with altitude and was correlated mostly to a lower temperature. A. monticola leaves did not transmit any UV spectrum, which corresponded to high total UV AC contents. The leaf transmittance of the photosynthetic spectrum increased at the subalpine altitude, while the transmittance of the green and yellow spectra increased under the reduced UV radiation in the autumn. A. monticola’s high photosynthetic spectrum transmittance at the subalpine altitude in the autumn might therefore be due to subalpine harsh environmental conditions, as well as plant ontogenetical phase.

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Kernan, Martin, Anton Brancelj, Gina Clarke, A. Lami, Viera Straškrábová, Ezven Stuchlík, Gaute Velle i Marc Ventura. "Environmental and biological characteristics of high altitude lochs in Scotland". Advances in Limnology 62 (23.12.2009): 379–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/advlim/62/2009/379.

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Stecconi, Marina, Javier G. Puntieri i Daniel Barthélémy. "An architectural approach to the growth forms of Nothofagus pumilio (Nothofagaceae) along an altitudinal gradient". Botany 88, nr 8 (sierpień 2010): 699–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b10-040.

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Variations in the architecture and axis structure of different growth forms of Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. et Endl.) Krasser (Nothofagaceae) were studied along an altitudinal gradient. We evaluated the primary growth and branching pattern of annual shoots belonging to the main axis categories (trunk, main branches, and secondary (short) branches) of four growth forms developed at different altitudes (1200–1600 m a.s.l.) in northern Patagonia: (i) low shrubs at the high-altitude timberline, (ii) high shrubs at high altitude, (iii) low trees at mid-altitude slopes, and (iv) high trees at low-altitude single-species forests. Shoot structure and branch distribution along shoots were similar for all axis categories and growth forms. Significant differences between axis categories were found regarding the sizes of shoots, which decreased from trunk to secondary/short branches. For each axis category, shoots of similar size differed between growth forms in stem slenderness and internode length. The extent of differentiation between axis categories is key in the structural distinction between growth forms of N. pumilio.

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Hoiss, Bernhard, Jochen Krauss, Simon G. Potts, Stuart Roberts i Ingolf Steffan-Dewenter. "Altitude acts as an environmental filter on phylogenetic composition, traits and diversity in bee communities". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, nr 1746 (29.08.2012): 4447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.1581.

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Knowledge about the phylogeny and ecology of communities along environmental gradients helps to disentangle the role of competition-driven processes and environmental filtering for community assembly. In this study, we evaluated patterns in species richness, phylogenetic structure and life-history traits of bee communities along altitudinal gradients in the Alps, Germany. We found a linear decline in species richness and abundance but increasing phylogenetic clustering in communities with increasing altitude. The proportion of social- and ground-nesting species, as well as mean body size and altitudinal range of bee communities, increased with increasing altitude, whereas the mean geographical distribution decreased. Our results suggest that community assembly at high altitudes is dominated by environmental filtering effects, whereas the relative importance of competition increases at low altitudes. We conclude that inherent phylogenetic and ecological species attributes at high altitudes pose a threat for less competitive alpine specialists with ongoing climate change.

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Zhao, Qiaozhu, Miaoyin Dong, Mengfei Li, Ling Jin i Paul W. Paré. "Light-Induced Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Sinopodophyllum hexandrum with High-Altitude Adaptation". Plants 12, nr 3 (28.01.2023): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12030575.

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Sinopodophyllum hexandrum is a perennial alpine herb producing the anti-cancer metabolite podophyllotoxin (PPT). Although the adaptation of S. hexandrum to high altitudes has been demonstrated and the effects of temperature, precipitation, and UV-B light on plant growth and metabolite accumulation have been studied, knowledge on the role of flavonoid biosynthesis in adapting to high altitudes is limited. In this study, light intensity, amount and type of flavonoids, and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and genes (DEGs) at 2300 and 3300 m were analyzed by HPLC, proteomic, transcriptomic, and qRT-PCR analysis. We found that higher light intensity correlated with greater flavonoid, flavonol, and anthocyanin content as well as higher anthocyanin to total flavonoid and flavonol ratios observed at the higher altitude. Based on proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, nine DEPs and 41 DEGs were identified to be involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and light response at 3300 m. The relative expression of nine genes (PAL, CHS1, IFRL, ANS, MYB4, BHLH137, CYP6, PPO1, and ABCB19) involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and seven genes (HSP18.1, HSP70, UBC4, ERF5, ERF9, APX3, and EX2) involved in light stress were observed to be up-regulated at 3300 m compared with 2300 m. These findings indicate that light intensity may play a regulatory role in enhancing flavonoid accumulation that allows S. hexandrum to adapt to elevated-altitude coupled with high light intensity.

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Hornbein, Thomas F. "The high-altitude brain". Journal of Experimental Biology 204, nr 18 (15.09.2001): 3129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.18.3129.

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SUMMARY The highest place on our planet, Mount Everest (8850m), appears to be close to the limit of how high an acclimatized human can go, albeit slowly. In this paper, I will explore the possibility that what limits human performance at such extreme degrees of hypoxia is the availability of oxygen to the brain. Also, one of the known costs of such extreme exposure is residual mild impairment of performance on neuropsychometric tests after return to sea level, implying injury to brain cells. That such injury could occur in the absence of any overt impairment of function, much less without loss of consciousness, is unexpected. I will speculate about physiological mechanisms that might cause or contribute to both decrements in real-time performance while at altitude and residual deficits for a time after return to low elevations; the effects of hypoxia on brain cells are an even greater puzzle at the present time.

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Smith, Geoffrey R., Royce E. Ballinger i Justin D. Congdon. "Thermal ecology of the high-altitude bunch grass lizard, Sceloporus scalaris". Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, nr 11 (1.11.1993): 2152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-302.

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The thermal ecology of a high-altitude lizard, Sceloporus scalaris, was investigated in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona, where the lizards are active on sunny days throughout the year. Mean body temperature was 32.6 °C (range 12.6–39 °C) and mean air temperature was 20.2 °C (range 5.2–36.4 °C). The slope of the body temperature versus air temperature regression was 0.23. Monthly differences in body temperature were observed, with the highest body temperatures observed in early summer. Lizards at three study sites with differing slope and vegetative cover had different mean body temperatures. Males had higher body temperatures than both nongravid and gravid females. Maintenance of elevated body temperatures even during winter lengthens the activity and growing season, permitting early maturity with potentially important life-history consequences.

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Lu, Xin. "Breeding ecology of an Old World high-altitude warbler, Phylloscopus affinis". Journal of Ornithology 149, nr 1 (19.09.2007): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-007-0210-9.

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Lemos-Espinal, Julio A., i Royce E. Ballinger. "Comparative thermal ecology of the high-altitude lizard Sceloporus grammicus on the eastern slope of the Iztaccihuatl Volcano, Puebla, Mexico". Canadian Journal of Zoology 73, nr 12 (1.12.1995): 2184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z95-258.

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We studied the thermal ecology of Sceloporus grammicus occurring in very different thermal environments at 3700 and 4400 m elevation on the Iztaccihuatl Volcano, Mexico. Despite differences in the thermal environment between study sites, individual lizards maintained similar active body temperatures (around 31.5 °C). Similar body temperatures at the two study sites probably result in differences in the cost of the thermoregulatory behavior. Lizards at the high-altitude site, an open area with few predators or competitors, presumably incur a lower thermoregulatory cost than those at the low-altitude site, which has a considerable number of shaded spots and more predators and competitors. Lizards at the low-elevation site showed a greater resistance to high temperatures than those at the high-elevation site. Physiological acclimatization to higher environmental temperatures at low elevation is likely to explain the greater heat tolerance. Freezing tolerance, thermoregulatory behavior, and low energy requirements permit S. grammicus to survive at high altitudes.

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Rull, Valenti. "A high mountain pollen-altitude calibration set for palaeoclimatic use in the tropical Andes". Holocene 16, nr 1 (styczeń 2006): 105–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0959683606hl909rp.

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The numerical relationship between modem pollen assemblages and altitude in high mountain environments from the northern Andes is analysed, in order to found inference models that allow estimating palaeoaltitudes and palaeotemperatures from past pollen records. The calibration set (DM) consists of a 50-sample altitudinal transect between-2300 and-4600 m altitude. The overall and individual pollen responses to altitude were tested by correspondence analysis (CA), generalized linear regression (HOF) and weighted averaging (WA). Transfer functions were derived by weighted averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS) regression. Overall, altitude is the main controlling factor for the composition of pollen assemblages, as shown by the high correlation between altitude and the first CA component (r =-0.88). Individually, around 35% of the 82 pollen taxa show a significant response to altitude through monotonic or unimodal functions. The best transfer function obtained has a good statistical performance, as shown by the determination coefficient (r2tck =0.78). The prediction power, as measured by the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), is of 256 m (12% of the total altitudinal gradient), which is equivalent to-1.5C. These parameters fall within the performance range of the inference models developed elsewhere using pollen and other biological proxies. It is concluded that the DM training set is useful to reconstruct Pleistocene and major Holocene palaeoclimatic trends. This study demonstrates the suitability of establishing reliable transfer functions for palaeoclimatic estimation in the highest altitudes of the tropical Andes, and encourages their continued improvement.

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Soethe, Nathalie, Johannes Lehmann i Christof Engels. "Nutrient availability at different altitudes in a tropical montane forest in Ecuador". Journal of Tropical Ecology 24, nr 4 (lipiec 2008): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646740800504x.

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AbstractWe measured macronutrient concentrations in soils and leaves of trees, shrubs and herbs at 1900, 2400 and 3000 m in an Ecuadorian tropical montane forest. Foliar N, P, S and K concentrations in trees were highest at 1900 m (21.7, 2.2, 1.9 and 10.0 mg g−1). At 2400 and 3000 m, foliar concentrations of N, P, S and K were similar to nutrient concentrations in tropical trees with apparent nutrient deficiency, as presented in literature. Unlike foliar nutrient concentrations, the amounts of plant-available nutrients in mineral soil were not affected by altitude or increased significantly with increasing altitude. High C:N ratios (25:1 at 2400 m and 34:1 at 3000 m) and C:P ratios (605:1 at 2400 m and 620:1 at 3000 m) in the soil organic layer suggested slow mineralization of plant litter and thus, a low availability of N and P at high altitudes. Foliar N:P ratios were significantly higher at 2400 m (11.3:1) than at 3000 m (8.3:1), indicating that at high altitudes, N supply was more critical than P supply. In conclusion, the access of plants to several nutrients, most likely N, P, S and K, decreased markedly with increasing altitude in this tropical montane forest.

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Zamudio, Stacy, Susan K. Plamer, Judith G. Regensteiner i Lorna Grindlay Moore. "High altitude and hypertension during pregnancy". American Journal of Human Biology 7, nr 2 (1995): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.1310070206.

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Storz, Jay F., i Graham R. Scott. "Life Ascending: Mechanism and Process in Physiological Adaptation to High-Altitude Hypoxia". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 50, nr 1 (2.11.2019): 503–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-025014.

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To cope with the reduced availability of O2 at high altitude, air-breathing vertebrates have evolved myriad adjustments in the cardiorespiratory system to match tissue O2 delivery with metabolic O2 demand. We explain how changes at interacting steps of the O2 transport pathway contribute to plastic and evolved changes in whole-animal aerobic performance under hypoxia. In vertebrates native to high altitude, enhancements of aerobic performance under hypoxia are attributable to a combination of environmentally induced and evolved changes in multiple steps of the pathway. Additionally, evidence suggests that many high-altitude natives have evolved mechanisms for attenuating maladaptive acclimatization responses to hypoxia, resulting in counter-gradient patterns of altitudinal variation for key physiological phenotypes. For traits that exhibit counteracting environmental and genetic effects, evolved changes in phenotype may be cryptic under field conditions and can only be revealed by rearing representatives of high- and low-altitude populations under standardized environmental conditions to control for plasticity.

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Li, Yan, Dongmei Yang, Shuang Xiang i Guoyong Li. "Different responses in leaf pigments and leaf mass per area to altitude between evergreen and deciduous woody species". Australian Journal of Botany 61, nr 6 (2013): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt13022.

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Leaf chlorophyll content is positively associated with photosynthetic capacity and nutrient status, but its functional ecology has seldom been examined thus far. In the present study, we measured leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, determined chlorophyll a : chlorophyll b (Chl a : Chl b) and carotenoids : chlorophyll ratios and measured leaf mass per area (LMA) for 63 woody dicot species, including 24 evergreen species and 39 deciduous species, at two altitudes (1800–2400 and 2400–2800 m a.s.l.) of Gongga Mountain, south-west China. The aim of the present study was to determine whether evergreen and deciduous species differ in terms of leaf pigment concentrations and LMA in response to environmental differences associated with changes in elevation. In both life forms, the altitude effect was not significant for chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations. However, the Chl a : Chl b ratio was significantly higher in evergreen species, whereas LMA was significantly higher in deciduous species, at the high versus low altitude. These observations suggest that evergreen and deciduous species may have different strategies to protect leaf pigments. Mass-based leaf pigment concentrations were lower in evergreen compared with deciduous species, especially at high altitude. LMA was higher in evergreen than deciduous species at both altitudes. Pigment concentrations were negatively correlated with LMA in both life forms at both altitudes. The slope of LMA vs mass-based leaf pigment concentrations was significantly more negative for deciduous than evergreen species, and at low versus high altitude for deciduous species. The findings suggest that deciduous species may invest less photosynthate in leaf pigments but more in inactive components in stressful environments than do evergreens. Thus, the same magnitude of variation in LMA may have different consequences on leaf carbon balance between evergreen and deciduous species, which helps explain why evergreen species are often more likely to occupy more stressful environments than deciduous species.

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Balke, Michael, David T. Bilton, Mauricio García, Ángel L. Viloria, Adrián Villastrigo i Lars Hendrich. "Two new high Andean species of Liodessus diving beetles from Venezuela (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Bidessini)". Alpine Entomology 6 (10.05.2022): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/alpento.6.79598.

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Two new species of the diving beetle genus Liodessus Guignot, 1939 are described from high mountain regions in Venezuela: Liodessus meridensissp. nov. from Laguna de Mucabají, Mérida and L. venezuelensissp. nov. from Laguna de Mucabají and below Pico Bolívar, Mérida. We delineate the species using morphological characters such as male genital structure and beetle size, shape and color. Mitochondrial cox1 sequence data provided an additional character source. Both new species occur at altitudes above 3,500 m and were collected in shallow water at the edge of high-altitude ponds.

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Robbins, Jane A., i John A. Matthews. "Use of ecological indicator values to investigate successional change in boreal to high-alpine glacier-foreland chronosequences, southern Norway". Holocene 24, nr 11 (8.08.2014): 1453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683614544067.

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Mean weighted Ellenberg indicator values were calculated for vegetation recorded from four successional stages on 39 glacier forelands in the Jostedalsbreen and Jotunheimen regions of southern Norway. The sites ranged in altitude from 80 to 1860 m a.s.l. Results revealed a trend of decreasing mean indicator values for light, reaction and nitrogen on successively older terrain. Mean indicator values for moisture did not show a consistent pattern of variation according to successional stage. When stratified according to altitude, sub-alpine and boreal sites showed the most rapid decrease in pH and productivity levels through time. Within this altitudinal zone, mean values after 70 years of succession were already indistinguishable from those for the mature vegetation. At higher altitudes, in the alpine zone, a more gradual decrease was detected but culminated in similar values. A significant trend in decreasing indicator values for light with succession was found at all except the high-alpine sites where the value for mature vegetation was not significantly different from that for earlier stages. Also evident was the greater decrease in mean value for light at the lowest altitudes, reflecting the establishment of a birch-woodland canopy. Use of snowmelt indicators improved interpretation of the differences between late-successional stages according to altitude. Variance partitioning revealed that differences between successional stages accounted for 29% of the variation in mean indicator values, whereas altitude accounted for an additional 12%. Indicator values have provided a useful comparison of rates of succession and associated vegetation development within different altitudinal zones, inferring possible mechanisms of change at a regional scale.

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Körner, Christian, i Jens Paulsen. "A world-wide study of high altitude treeline temperatures". Journal of Biogeography 31, nr 5 (14.04.2004): 713–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2003.01043.x.

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Netzer, Nikolaus C., Linda K. Rausch, Matthias Frieß, Kingman P. Strohl, Robert Schilz, Michael Decker i Stephan Pramsohler. "Expiratory Peak Flow and Minute Ventilation Are Significantly Increased at High Altitude versus Simulated Altitude in Normobaria". Life 12, nr 2 (17.02.2022): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12020306.

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Simulated altitude (normobaric hypoxia, NH) is used to study physiologic hypoxia responses of altitude. However, several publications show differences in physiological responses between NH and hypobaric conditions at altitude (hypobaric hypoxia, HH). The causality for these differences is controversially discussed. One theory is that the lower air density and environmental pressure in HH compared to NH lead to lower alveolar pressure and therefore lower oxygen diffusion in the lung. We hypothesized that, if this theory is correct, due to physical laws (Hagen-Poiseuille, Boyle), resistance respectively air compression (Boyle) at expiration should be lower, expiratory flow higher, and therefore peak flow and maximum expiratory flow (MEF) 75–50 increased in hypobaric hypoxia (HH) vs. normobaric hypoxia (NH). To prove the hypothesis of differences in respiratory flow as a result of lower alveolar pressure between HH and NH, we performed spirography in NH at different simulated altitudes and the corresponding altitudes in HH. In a cross over study, 6 healthy subjects (2 f/4 m, 28.3 ± 8.2 years, BMI: 23.2 ± 1.9) performed spirography as part of spiroergometry in a normobaric hypoxic room at a simulated altitude of 2800 m and after a seven-hour hike on a treadmill (average incline 14%, average walking speed 1.6 km/h) to the simulated summit of Mauna Kea at 4200 m. After a two-month washout, we repeated the spirometry in HH on the start and top of the Mauna Kea hiking trail, HI/USA. Comparison of NH (simulated 4200 m) and HH at 4200 m resulted in increased pulmonary ventilation during exercise (VE) (11.5%, p < 0.01), breathing-frequency (7.8%, p < 0.01), peak expiratory flow PEF (13.4%, p = 0.028), and MEF50 (15.9%, p = 0.028) in HH compared to NH, whereas VO2max decreased by 2%. At 2800 m, differences were only trendy, and at no altitude were differences in volume parameters. Spirography expresses higher mid expiratory flows and peak flows in HH vs. NH. This supports the theory of lower alveolar and small airway pressure due to a lower air density resulting in a lower resistance.

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Deng, Caijie, Zongsheng Huang, Xiaojing Zhang, Hua Zhao, Siyu Jiang i Yuxin Ren. "Correlation between Vegetation Structure and Species Diversity in Traditional Villages in Karst Topographic Regions of the Zunyi City, China". Plants 11, nr 22 (18.11.2022): 3161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11223161.

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Studying the relationship between vegetation structure and diversity is important in an area having karst topography and unique traditional customs. We selected a total of six traditional villages in Zunyi City, China, to collect vegetation data. Additionally, using one-way ANOVA and the Pearson correlation coefficient analytic method to analyze, the results showed that, overall, plant communities were mostly regularly distributed. The overall differentiation degree was low aggregation, intensity, and the extreme intensity mixed state. Overall, competitive pressure, growth vigor and stability were better than the natural forest. The community stability index at lower altitude was significantly higher than that at higher altitude. The recorded plant communities in the living space were typically aggregated, the plant communities were randomly distributed in the production space, and the plant communities were uniformly distributed in the ecological space. In general, the diversity indexes, except the Jh index, were the highest in the herb layer; the second was in the shrub layer and the lowest was in the tree layer. Species diversity at the middle altitude was higher than that at low and high altitudes (except for the shrub at a high altitude of 1100–1160 m). The overall plant species diversity was highest in the living space, second highest in the ecological space and lowest in the production space. On the whole, there was a significant correlation between the spatial structure of plant communities and the species diversity of plant communities at different altitudes, and in PLE spaces. The main objective of this study was to reveal the plant community structure, species diversity, and their relationship under the dual effects of national traditional culture and karst landform. Additionally, we sought to provide theoretical guidance for the construction of plant community protection and biodiversity conservation in traditional villages in karst areas.

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Tonin, Rita, Renato Gerdol i Camilla Wellstein. "Intraspecific functional differences of subalpine plant species growing in low-altitude microrefugia and high-altitude habitats". Plant Ecology 221, nr 3 (17.01.2020): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11258-020-01001-8.

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Fernandez-Oto, Cristian, Daniel Escaff i Jaime Cisternas. "Spiral vegetation patterns in high-altitude wetlands". Ecological Complexity 37 (styczeń 2019): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2018.12.003.

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Sawhney, R. C., A. S. Malhotra, T. Singh, R. M. Rai i K. C. Sinha. "Insulin secretion at high altitude in man". International Journal of Biometeorology 30, nr 3 (wrzesień 1986): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02189466.

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Lu, Xin. "Reproductive ecology of blackbirds (Turdus merula maximus) in a high-altitude location, Tibet". Journal of Ornithology 146, nr 1 (18.12.2004): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10336-004-0058-1.

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Landmann, Armin, i Norbert Winding. "Niche segregation in high-altitude Himalayan chats (Aves, Turdidae): does morphology match ecology?" Oecologia 95, nr 4 (październik 1993): 506–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00317435.

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Frisancho, A. Roberto. "Developmental Functional Adaptation to High Altitude: Review". American Journal of Human Biology 25, nr 2 (22.02.2013): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22367.

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Zhu, Hongkang, Chang Liu i He Qian. "Pharmaceutical Potential of High-Altitude Plants for Fatigue-Related Disorders: A Review". Plants 11, nr 15 (31.07.2022): 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11152004.

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Natural plants from plateaus have been the richest source of secondary metabolites extensively used in traditional and modern health care systems. They were submitted to years of natural selection, co-evolved within that habitat, and show significant anti-fatigue-related pharmacological effects. However, currently, no review on high-altitude plants with anti-fatigue related properties has been published yet. This study summarized several Chinese traditional high-altitude plants, including Rhodiola rosea L., Crocus sativus L., Lepidium meyenii W., Hippophaerhamnoides L., which are widely used in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and surrounding mountains, as well as herbal markets in the plains. Based on phytopharmacology studies, deeper questions can be further revealed regarding how these plants regulate fatigue and related mental or physical disease conditions. Many active derivatives in high-altitude medical plants show therapeutic potential for the management of fatigue and related disorders. Therefore, high-altitude plants significantly relieve central or peripheral fatigue by acting as neuroprotective agents, energy supplements, metabolism regulators, antioxidant, and inflammatory response inhibitors. Their applications on the highland or flatland and prospects in natural medicine are further forecast, which may open treatments to reduce or prevent fatigue-related disorders in populations with sub-optimal health.

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Acharya, Dhruba, i Nav Raj Baral. "Neglected High Altitude Rangelands of Nepal: Need for Reform". Journal of Forest and Livelihood 15, nr 1 (4.09.2017): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v15i1.23093.

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High altitude (HA) rangelands (e.g., grasslands, pastures, and shrublands) are important resources for the livelihoods of transhumance pastoralists. Transhumance pastoralists have developed and used unique institutional practices of using and managing HA rangeland resources that better suit their local context. However, several issues have emerged regarding the use and management of such rangelands. Using secondary information and our own experiences, we analyse the resource tenure situation and the political ecology of the HA rangelands. We found that the current management of these resources is largely neglected from both legal and programmatic point of view. Legal instruments and programmatic interventions have not only failed to recognise historically held indigenous knowledge and long practiced resource conservation, use and management but have also limited the access of pastoralists to the resources, and thereby, inducing conflict among stakeholders. As a result, the livelihoods of the transhumance pastoralists have been threatened and several socio-cultural, economic and ecological consequences have also been experienced. We suggest developing a separate policy and management plan for HA rangeland resources considering the customary rights of transhumance pastoralists, resource conditions and appropriate management practices. We also suggest incorporating such perspectives in revising ongoing community forest and protected areas management.

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Gómez-Hernández, Marko, i Guadalupe Williams-Linera. "Diversity of macromycetes determined by tree species, vegetation structure, and microenvironment in tropical cloud forests in Veracruz, Mexico". Botany 89, nr 3 (marzec 2011): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b11-007.

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Tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) have high levels of plant and fungal diversity. We examined whether macromycete alpha and beta diversity were associated with woody plant diversity, forest structure, or microclimate, in four TMCFs at lower (1240–1440 m) and upper altitudes (1790–1900 m) in Veracruz, Mexico. Every 2 weeks during the growing season, macromycetes were collected from ten 10 m × 10 m permanent plots per site, and air and soil temperature and humidity were measured. In total, 2059 macromycetes (509 species) and 678 woody plants (63 species) were recorded. Macromycete diversity (Shannon Index) values of the two sites located in lower forests were higher than in upper sites. Beta diversity (Jaccard index) indicated high turnover among sites and sampling times. Macromycete richness was negatively correlated with overstorey tree richness, understorey vegetation structure, and air temperature, but was positively correlated with air humidity and soil water content and altitude. Ordinations separated lower from upper altitude forest sites. Changes in composition and abundance of macromycete species with altitude were explained by precipitation, temperature, and understorey vegetation structure, while soil water content effect changes within a growing season. Results imply that understorey vegetation structure is a more important aspect for macrofungal diversity management than for woody plant diversity.

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Buzzard, Paul J., Xueyou Li i William V. Bleisch. "High altitude ungulate communities in southwest China". Mammalia 82, nr 5 (25.09.2018): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mammalia-2017-0019.

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Abstract In southwest China, three major rivers, the Yangtze, Mekong and Salween, flow down from the Tibetan plateau, creating a complex topography with a diverse, little-known ungulate community. We used camera traps and multi-species occupancy modeling to determine presence/absence, habitat use and estimate species richness/occupancy. At Langdu, east of the Yangtze, we had 23 camera sites in four habitats from 4000 to 4815 m asl; at Gehuaqing in the south of Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve (BNR) between Mekong and Yangtze we had 14 sites in two habitats from 3050 to 3600 m asl. At Langdu, we photographed tufted deer Elaphodus cephalophus (Milne-Edwards 1872) most often followed by serow Capricornis milneedwardsii (David 1869) and alpine musk deer Moschus chrysogaster (Hodgson 1839). At Gehuaqing, we photographed serow most often followed by tufted deer and forest musk deer Moschus berezovskii (Flerov 1929). Tufted deer were in the most habitats, and alpine musk deer were at an elevation higher than previously reported (4815 m). The only large carnivore recorded was Asian black bear Ursus thibetanus (Cuvier 1823) leopard cats Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr 1792) were at 4579 m asl, higher than previously documented. Langdu had higher species richness than Gehuaqing, and tufted deer had the highest occupancy at both sites. We discuss differences with another site in the north of BNR.

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Oliveira-Silva, Williams, Arthur Siqueira de Paula, Hugo Fernando de Lima, Matheus Galindo Jácome de Carvalho, Renato Gaban-Lima, Rachel Maria de Lyra-Neves i Wallace Rodrigues Telino-Junior. "AVIFAUNA IN TWO REMNANTS OF BREJOS DE ALTITUDE IN THE STATE OF PERNAMBUCO, BRAZIL". Oecologia Australis 26, nr 01 (16.03.2022): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4257/oeco.2022.2601.05.

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The Brejos de Altitude are enclaves of high-altitude Atlantic Forest surrounded by the Caatinga, presenting high species richness and endemism. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the avifauna in forest remnants of the Brejos de Altitude in the state of Pernambuco: the Vale do Tabocas Farm and the RPPN Reserva Natural Brejo. Using mist-nets captures and direct observations, we recorded 211 species of birds, including 28% forest-dependent species. Four taxa endemic to the Pernambuco Center, two to the Atlantic Forest, six to the Caatinga, and 14 to the northeastern region were recorded. Eight threatened taxa were also recorded. Insectivores (44%) and omnivores (25%) were the most representative trophic guilds. Although the Vale do Tabocas fragment presented the lowest species richness, it holds more endangered and endemic species. These results indicate the importance of these forest fragments for local bird diversity maintenance and their conservation must be encouraged.

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Maia, Gabriela Farias, Roney Emanuel Costa de Paiva, Aline Barbosa dos Santos, Henrique Lazzarotto i Sergio Maia Queiroz Lima. "New distribution record for the threatened armoured suckermouth catfish Pareiorhaphis garbei (Ihering, 1911) (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) in São João river basin, Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil". Check List 9, nr 5 (1.10.2013): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/9.5.1113.

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The present study records the first occurrence of the threatened armoured suckermouth catfish Pareiorhaphis garbei (Ihering, 1911) in São João river basin and also its presence in four conservation units in the coastal basins of Serra dos Órgãos mountains, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. In São João river basin, P. garbei was only captured in a single locality at 111 m a.s.l., consisting in the lower registered altitude for the species, previously found in high altitudes, usually above 800m.

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Close, D. C., N. J. Davidson, C. B. Shields i R. Wiltshire. "Reflectance and phenolics of green and glaucous leaves of Eucalyptus urnigera". Australian Journal of Botany 55, nr 5 (2007): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt06037.

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On Mount Wellington, Tasmania, Australia, there is an altitudinal cline in the juvenile leaf form of Eucalyptus urnigera from a green phenotype at lower altitudes (from 610 m) to a glaucous phenotype at higher altitudes (up to 1050 m). The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify reflectance of ultraviolet (UV) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves of the glaucous and green phenotypes and (2) to investigate seasonal adjustment in photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and tannin and flavonol compounds that absorb in UV spectrum. The following two research sites were identified: one at low altitude (at 910 m, solely green phenotype) and one at high altitude (1004 m, solely glaucous phenotype) on the E. urnigera cline. During the experimental period, average summer temperatures were similar at the two sites but in winter, average temperatures were 5–6°C lower and minimum temperatures 0.4–0.7°C lower at the high-altitude site occupied by the glaucous phenotype. Incident PAR was similar at the two sites. Reflectance was higher for glaucous leaves than for green leaves across the light spectrum of UVC (190–280 nm), UVB (280–320 nm), UVA (320–400 nm) and PAR (400–700 nm). Reflectance was significantly higher from the abaxial than from the adaxial surface of leaves. Fv/Fm was similar for glaucous and green leaves in summer but significantly lower in green than glaucous leaves in winter. Fv/Fm was significantly lower in winter than in summer for both leaf types. Tannins were significantly higher in green than glaucous leaves but there was no effect of season. Flavonol concentrations were similar for leaves of both types and did not vary with season. We conclude that high reflectance of UV radiation and PAR may confer benefit at the cooler, high-altitude portion of the cline of E. urnigera and that low reflectance of PAR may confer benefit at the relatively warm and densely vegetated, low-altitude portion of the cline of E. urnigera where inter- and intra-specific competition for light is likely to be intense.

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Xing, Peng, Martin W. Hahn i Qinglong L. Wu. "Low Taxon Richness of Bacterioplankton in High-Altitude Lakes of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, with a Predominance of Bacteroidetes and Synechococcus spp." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, nr 22 (18.09.2009): 7017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01544-09.

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ABSTRACT Plankton samples were collected from six remote freshwater and saline lakes located at altitudes of 3,204 to 4,718 m and 1,000 km apart within an area of ca. 1 million km2 on the eastern Tibetan Plateau to comparatively assess how environmental factors influence the diversity of bacterial communities in high-altitude lakes. The composition of the bacterioplankton was investigated by analysis of large clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes. Comparison of bacterioplankton diversities estimated for the six Tibetan lakes with reference data previously published for lakes located at lower altitudes indicated relatively low taxon richness in the Tibetan lakes. The estimated average taxon richness in the four Tibetan freshwater lakes was only one-fifth of the average taxon richness estimated for seven low-altitude reference lakes. This cannot be explained by low coverage of communities in the Tibetan lakes by the established libraries or by differences in habitat size. Furthermore, a comparison of the taxonomic compositions of bacterioplankton across the six Tibetan lakes revealed low overlap between their community compositions. About 70.9% of the operational taxonomic units (99% similarity) were specific to single lakes, and a relatively high percentage (11%) of sequences were <95% similar to publicly deposited sequences of cultured or uncultured bacteria. This beta diversity was explained by differences in salinity between lakes rather than by distance effects. Another characteristic of the investigated lakes was the predominance of Cyanobacteria (Synechococcus) and Bacteroidetes. These features of bacterioplankton diversity may reflect specific adaptation of various lineages to the environmental conditions in these high-altitude lakes.

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Mathew, Lazar, S. S. Purkayastha, A. Jayashankar, U. Radhakrishnan, J. Sen Gupta i H. S. Nayar. "Responses of the autonomic nervous system in altitude adapted and high altitude pulmonary oedema subjects". International Journal of Biometeorology 29, nr 2 (czerwiec 1985): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02189033.

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Greenslade, Alexander F. C., Jason W. Chapman i Don R. Reynolds. "High-altitude migration of Psylloidea (Hemiptera) over England". Entomologist's Gazette 72, nr 3 (13.08.2021): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31184/g00138894.723.1817.

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Some species of psyllid (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) are known to make high-altitude windborne migrations, but compared with their sister superfamily, the Aphidoidea, our knowledge of these movements is rudimentary and unsystematised. Here we have extracted psyllid capture data from day and night aerial sampling carried out at a height of 200 m above ground at Cardington, Bedfordshire, UK, during summers between 1999 and 2007. These records were consolidated with high-altitude psyllid catches made over England during the 1930s and with some other trapping results from northwest Europe which were indicative of migration. Information on aerial densities, diel flight periodicity, and the sex-ratio of the aerial psyllid populations is presented. We also compared our results with those of a recent study which used the Rothamsted Insect Survey network of suction traps (sampling at a height of 12.2 m); this provided confirmative evidence that the suction-traps were indeed detecting migrating psyllids. Finally, both aerial netting and suction trap data were used to tentatively interpret the seasonal timing of migrations in terms of the breeding/overwintering cycles of some common psyllid species.

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Selvamurthy, W., i C. K. Basu. "High altitude maladies: recent trends in medical management". International Journal of Biometeorology 42, nr 2 (11.12.1998): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004840050085.

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Sharma, Subhash C. "Platelet count on slow induction to high altitude". International Journal of Biometeorology 30, nr 1 (marzec 1986): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02192055.

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Díaz de la Vega-Pérez, A. H., R. Barrios-Montiel, V. H. Jiménez-Arcos, A. Bautista i E. Bastiaans. "High-mountain altitudinal gradient influences thermal ecology of the Mesquite Lizard (Sceloporus grammicus)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, nr 8 (sierpień 2019): 659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0263.

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The thermal requirements of ectotherms may vary among species due to adaptation to different thermal environments. Nevertheless, some of these requirements are evolutionarily conserved, leading organisms to compensate behaviorally for harsh environmental conditions. High-mountain systems provide temperature gradients that allow for studies of evolutionary and plastic variation in thermal ecology under natural conditions. We evaluated the thermoregulation strategies of Sceloporus grammicus Wiegmann, 1828 at three points (2600, 3100, and 4150 m above sea level) along an altitudinal gradient. We found that the thermal quality of the site and the body temperatures of lizards are influenced by altitude and decrease with increasing elevation. However, lizards from the three different elevations have similar thermal requirements. High-altitude lizards have lower thermal accuracy and efficiency indices compared with those from the lower sites, owing to the low thermal quality of their environment. Nevertheless, they are efficient in thermoregulation, increasing their body temperature above the ambient temperature. We found that pregnant females from all three elevations had similar preferred body temperatures. Compared with nonpregnant females and males, they exhibited lower preferred temperatures and more accurate thermoregulation. The wide altitudinal distribution of S. grammicus is thus not caused by variable thermal requirements. Instead, the wide repertoire of physiological and behavioral strategies of these lizards allows this species to successfully inhabit contrasting environments.

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Ornellas, Thales, Gustavo Heiden, Bruna Nunes de Luna i Claudia Franca Barros. "Comparative leaf anatomy of Baccharis (Asteraceae) from high-altitude grasslands in Brazil: taxonomic and ecological implications". Botany 97, nr 11 (listopad 2019): 615–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2019-0035.

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Baccharis L. is an important genus in the high-altitude environments of South America. In the State of Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil, the greatest richness is found at montane and high-montane ecological refuges, known as high-altitude grasslands. The high altitude provides several environmental factors that turn the high-altitude grasslands into singular tropical habitats. In this article we describe the leaf anatomy of six shrubby species of Baccharis, pointing out ecological aspects of the structures, and testing the use of statistical analyses to compare the species. Using light and scanning electron microscopy, we compared the anatomical features of the leaves and performed a cluster and principal component analyses. The results show novel features in the leaf anatomy for the genus, such as an undulated cuticle, three secretory ducts in the midrib, secretory ducts associated with the xylem, and biseriate glandular trichomes with an irregular organization of the cells. Our statistical analyses indicate that the anatomical features of the leaves, especially trichomes, are useful for distinguishing the different species, whereas others, such as isobilateral mesophyll, amphistomatic leaves, and an epidermis with thick cell walls correlate with their high-elevation habitat.

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Benedict, James B. "Footprints in the Snow: High-Altitude Cultural Ecology of the Colorado Front Range, U.S.A." Arctic and Alpine Research 24, nr 1 (luty 1992): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1551315.

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Niu, Yonggang, Qiang Chen, Kenneth B. Storey, Linhong Teng, Xiangyong Li, Tisen Xu i Haiying Zhang. "Physiological Ecology of Winter Hibernation by the High-Altitude Frog Nanorana parkeri". Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 95, nr 3 (1.05.2022): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/718764.

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Jersabek, Christian D. "Distribution and ecology of rotifer communities in high-altitude alpine sites ? a multivariate approach". Hydrobiologia 313-314, nr 1 (listopad 1995): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00025934.

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Borghesio, Luca, i Claudia Palestrini. "Ecology and reproductive behaviour of Aphodius pyrenaeus, a dung beetle of high altitude habitats". Revue d'Écologie (La Terre et La Vie) 57, nr 2 (2002): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/revec.2002.2387.

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Rios-Touma, Blanca, A. C. Encalada i N. Prat. "Oviposition of Aquatic Insects in a Tropical High Altitude Stream". Environmental Entomology 41, nr 6 (1.12.2012): 1322–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/en12037.

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Zhang, Xu, Yanxia Sun, Jacob B. Landis, Jun Shen, Huajie Zhang, Tianhui Kuang, Wenguang Sun i in. "Transcriptomes of Saussurea (Asteraceae) Provide Insights into High-Altitude Adaptation". Plants 10, nr 8 (20.08.2021): 1715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081715.

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Understanding how species adapt to extreme environments is an extension of the main goals of evolutionary biology. While alpine plants are an ideal system for investigating the genetic basis of high-altitude adaptation, genomic resources in these species are still limited. In the present study, we generated reference-level transcriptomic data of five Saussurea species through high-throughput sequencing and de novo assembly. Three of them are located in the highland of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP), and the other two are close relatives distributed in the lowland. A series of comparative and evolutionary genomics analyses were conducted to explore the genetic signatures of adaptive evolution to high-altitude environments. Estimation of divergence time using single-copy orthologs revealed that Saussurea species diversified during the Miocene, a period with extensive tectonic movement and climatic fluctuation on the QTP. We characterized gene families specific to the alpine species, including genes involved in oxidoreductase activity, pectin catabolic process, lipid transport, and polysaccharide metabolic process, which may play important roles in defense of hypoxia and freezing temperatures of the QTP. Furthermore, in a phylogenetic context with the branch model, we identified hundreds of genes with signatures of positive selection. These genes are involved in DNA repair, membrane transport, response to UV-B and hypoxia, and reproductive processes, as well as some metabolic processes associated with nutrient intake, potentially responsible for Saussurea adaptation to the harsh environments of high altitude. Overall, our study provides valuable genomic resources for alpine species and gained helpful insights into the genomic basis of plants adapting to extreme environments.

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Sarma, S. S. S., i M. Elias-Gutierrez. "Rotifers from Mexico: New Records in High Altitude Ponds". Southwestern Naturalist 45, nr 3 (wrzesień 2000): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3672847.

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Vitzthum, V. J. "The home team advantage: reproduction in women indigenous to high altitude". Journal of Experimental Biology 204, nr 18 (15.09.2001): 3141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.18.3141.

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SUMMARY Although there is substantial evidence that environmental conditions disrupt reproductive function among newcomers to hypoxic settings, it is not certain that low oxygen pressure reduces fertility among those indigenous to high altitude. Even when fertility does appear to be relatively lower, numerous behavioral and sociocultural factors may be responsible. These are best examined within demographic frameworks that delineate a finite list of the proximate determinants of fertility. The findings presented here are based on several studies of indigenous Andean populations (Peruvian Quechua at 4000m, Bolivian Quechua at 3100m, Bolivian Aymara at 4000m). Data on ovarian function suggest that neither progesterone levels nor menstrual cycle length or regularity are significantly different from those of women at lower altitudes. Data on two behavioral factors that determine fertility levels, coital frequency and infant feeding practices, suggest that the former is not likely to be of significance in co-habitating couples, but that variation in breastfeeding patterns has probably made a substantial contribution to differences in fertility among at least some populations at high altitude.

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Fa, J. E., F. J. Romero i J. Lopez-Paniagua. "Habitat use by Parapatric Rabbits in a Mexican High-Altitude Grassland System". Journal of Applied Ecology 29, nr 2 (1992): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2404505.

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