Rozprawy doktorskie: „Hierarchy Theory”

1

Galloway, Alasdair. "Maintenance of hierarchy". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1990. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1972/.

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This work considers how it is that company structures, based on hierarchy, are able to persist over time. This question, though simple, is basic to industrial society, since although business organizations do in general operate with sufficient cohesion to produce their goods/services for sale, the traditional hierarchical structure has on occasions come under attack. Our aim will be to establish and understand the conditions under which hierarchy is able to persist - or conversely, under what conditions we might expect it to come apart. Our consideration does not however, preclude the possibility that the attack on hierarchy is more apparent than real - that any attack is at the level of limited ideology rather than social praxis. Hence it will be our position that we shall suspend belief in the persistence of the hierarchical structure and in this way be able to consider the conditions both for its persistence, and also for any challenge to be made to it. By pursuing the initial problem in this way we do not preclude the possibility of either 1) the permanence of hierarchy, or 2) the inevitability of its replacement with more/less democratic structures. Our aim is to understand the conditions for the persistence of hierarchical structures, and by implication the conditions under which they may be challenged by more democratic structures. There are two important features to our theoretical perspective: A) the process of knowledge selection to produce and structure expectations, B) a theory of power to structure the situation in which these expectations are made. In respect of the former we shall rely heavily on the work of Schutz, Habermas, and of Laing and Esterson, while for the latter we shall consider Lukes' three dimensional theory of power, developed from the perspective of Habermas, and in particular his Ideal Speech Thesis. This will result in a theory of the Lifeworld, which while substantially consistent with Schutz continues to establish in what respects the Lifeworld creates but conceals the possibility of the exercise of power. The importance of Schutz for us is that he provides a theoretical basis for knowledge creation for the individual social actor, and the structuring of knowledge into categories, which is consistent with our own view. We shall argue, however, that the view presented by Schutz does not take adequate account of the `restricting' or `limiting' aspects of the Lifeworld and the taken-for-grantedness (or uncritical attitude) which it sets up - that as Morgan's `Images' suggests the Lifeworld (as our `subjective stock of knowledge') can be a `Psychic Prison'. This argument in turn leads on to possible exercises of power of which the participants (ie power holder and subject) are not conscious. This will be developed by reference to Habermas's work. The importance of Lukes is his provision of an analytical framework for power, which recognises that power is a concept of greater variation than has been realised. Lukes, however, does not make sufficiently clear the meaning - particularly at the empirical level - of his third ('radical') dimension of power. For this reason we shall introduce the thesis of ideal speech, put forward by Habermas, to clarify and extend Lukes' work in a manner which is theoretically and empirically stronger, and methodologically more practical. We shall use a synthesis of Lukes and Habermas as a basis for our analysis of the social situation in which expectations are a) structured b) developed as a project in a social situation. By bringing together these two elements (ie the Habermasian adaption of Schutz and Lukes) we shall argue that individuals make expectations on their company which they develop from their Lifeworld and its subjective stock of knowledge. This process of knowledge selection and development of expectations, analytically sets a number of issues which shall be important to us in considering whether there is the social asymmetry we suggested exists as a support to existing organizational structures: 1) the knowledge selected may be so structured as to forestall the development of particular expectations, or so constrain behaviour that, in either situation, the structure of the organization goes unchallenged. 2) expectations can only be satisfied in competition with others - hence interaction with other employees will be important and particularly the Lifeworld definition of these employees (for instance competition between Management and Hourly paid may be influenced by the definition which the latter make of the former). 3) expectations shall be arbitrated upon by the company decision-making system (ie by the individual/group who have the authority to make the decision in question). At a relatively superficial level we must consider the values of this individual/group - but we have to go still deeper to understand the conditions under which this authority is regarded as legitimate or conversely regarded as illegitimate. These issues are closely connected since the legitimacy and illegitimacy or the decision-making system are largely determined - in our model - by the selection of knowledge, part of which is constituted by one's experience and/or interaction with other employees, as well as wider social knowledge which is employed by defining and interpreting the behaviour of others to develop expectations. Our perspective on this process is composed of two parts: 1) Employees make expectations of their company. 2) These expectations are generated in a process of experience and learning. We see no causal implications in this, but instead take the view that employees select from the knowledge available to them, in order to structure, guide and justify their behaviour. For instance this may be to A) justify the expectation of having more influence in their company's decision-making, and to indicate what would be appropriate behaviour to this end. Or alternatively B) indicate that this is not a reasonable expectation, and not a reasonable form of behaviour. Similarly the knowledge which is accessible can be employed to define and interpret the behaviour of relevant others in their own group and throughout the work situation -to account for, and explain what is happening, to foretell how to behave/not behave in the future. The process can, in other words, encourage or discourage the taking up of particular projects. Our particular interest is the dominance of hierarchy is maintained, restraining the development of more democratic organizational forms.

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2

Vellacott, Oliver R. "A framework of hierarchy for neural theory". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14597.

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There is currently no generally-accepted theory explaining how neural systems realise complex function. Indeed, it is believed by some that neural systems are fundamentally opaque. A framework of hierarchy is proposed as the basis of neural theory. By the application of hierarchy to neural systems it is possible to explain how complex function is computed. At the primitive (hardware) level it is only possible to understand the computation of primitive functions. To understand the computation of higher level function it is necessary to abstract primitive function, via an arbitrary number of intermediate levels of complexity, to the appropriate level of abstraction. Application of the framework is facilitated by a software tool which implements a specification as a neural system, to which training can then be applied. This specification is hierarchical, and is described in a fully distributed, object-oriented style. Networks constructed by this method are not restricted to any of the traditional neural models. The class of topologies which may be implemented is unrestricted. The framework is applied to the recognition of numberplates. This practical demonstration shows that (a) hierarchy enables neural computation of complex function to be understood; (b) the application of hierarchy allows the integration of specification and learning as methods of implementation; and (c) the framework facilitates the scaling-up of neural systems.

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3

Wilby, Jennifer Margaret. "Hierarchy theory and epidemiology : a narrative critique". Thesis, University of Hull, 2007. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:13819.

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Integrating approaches from systems thinking with the methods and tools from the discipline of epidemiology, at the level of the management of international health policy and emerging (and reemerging) infectious disease (EID), the subject of this thesis, is a novel approach. The aim of integrating these approaches in this thesis was to provide additional insights into the management of EID, alongside the aims of enriching the practice of both systems and epidemiology. This thesis proposed that applying a systemic approach using systems thinking (and specifically the systems approach that addresses problematical situations from a hierarchical perspective) in combination with existing epidemiological knowledge, could provide an enriched description for the modelling, planning, intervention, and response in an analysis of international guidance in public health policy-making. This research was undertaken using a multi-disciplinary multi-paradigm approach of combining the systematic review process with critical systems thinking to explore a functionalist and interpretive approach to hierarchical systems thinking. There are several outcomes from this research: 1) The compilation of a comprehensive narrative of published work on hierarchy theory and those areas of epidemiology relevant to this study; 2) a process for critical systematic review; 3) a narrative review and critical systems thinking analysis of functionalist and interpretive hierarchical approaches in complex systems; and 4) a critical reflection on the usefulness of combining these hierarchical systems approaches with methods and data from other disciplines; in this case, epidemiology and the study of EID. This research has shown that there are contributing risk factors in the emergence of infectious disease not addressed in current policy making procedures for EID. The implications of this are important in reviewing current EID policies. Further work in this area is suggested to investigate whether the functionalist and interpretive hierarchical analysis is feasible in other complex systems, and in further investigating the philosophy, principles and practice of this multi-disciplinary approach.

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4

Voigt, Birgit. "Feminism and the critique of hierarchy: theory and practice". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42205.

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The feminist movement of the last two decades decried the dominance of hierarchical structures in public and private organizations. This thesis scrutinizes the differences and overlappings of three major feminist "schools" in regard to their advocacy of non-hierarchical forms of organization. The three strands examined are 'radical feminism', ‘cultural feminism' and ‘difference feminism'. The theoretical positions of two of them (radical and difference feminism) are evaluated through the example of two feminist, egalitarian organizations. The discussion focuses on the problem of maintaining egalitarian structures and achieving a certain level of efficiency and effectiveness in such groups.
Master of Arts

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5

Bohnenberger-Rich, Simone. "China and Kazakhstan : economic hierarchy, dependency and political power?" Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2015. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3126/.

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The thesis uses a neoclassical realist framework to investigate the link between economic influence and political power in China’s foreign policy, taking Kazakhstan as a case study. Over the last decades, China developed formidable relative economic capabilities that it increasingly projects externally. An in-depth look at Chinese trade, finance and investment elucidates the drivers of China’s economic influence in Kazakhstan. The analysis shows that Beijing created strong economic dependencies, which in turn introduced a steep hierarchy in the bilateral relationship that leaves Astana in a subordinate and Beijing in a dominant position. This dependency is driven by the legitimacy and revenue needs of the Kazakhstani elite, on the one hand, and China’s relative economic capabilities, guided by Beijing’s “Go Global” and “Go West” initiatives, on the other. The thesis discusses the complex array of economic institutions that project Chinese economic power into Kazakhstan and their relationship with Beijing to determine whether Kazakhstan’s economic dependence is the outcome of a deliberate policy directed by Beijing. After establishing the extent of the hierarchy and dependency of the relationship, the thesis addresses China’s ability to translate the dependency into meeting its foreign policy interests. Beijing does indeed successfully leverage this dependency to meet its political objectives, most notably in gaining access to Kazakhstani resources. Furthermore, an in-depth cases study of the Sino-Kazakhstani transboundary water dispute illustrates that Beijing can maximise its foreign policy objective of maintaining absolute sovereignty over its rivers on the back Kazakhstan’s economic dependence. However, this outcome is driven largely by Kazakhstan itself, particularly by its elite. This turns China into a hydro-hegemon, undermining its foreign policy principles of “win-win” and “mutually beneficial” cooperation.

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6

Gibbons, Ben John. "The Veblen hierarchy explained via Mahlo hierarchies in constructive set theory". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250920.

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7

Barimany, Mina Elena. "The Hierarchy of Preferences in Jungian Psychological Type| Comparing Theory to Evidence". Thesis, The George Washington University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10264427.

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Jungian Psychological Type is the foundation of many modern theories of personality. Many aspects of the theory have yet to be explored with empirical research, one area in particular being the theory behind the hierarchy of preferences, which is important because the Types are classified by the order of their preferred functions. A latent class analysis technique was applied to the eight ranked function-attitude scores of 5,247 participants who took the Majors Personality Type IndicatorTM (PTI) and Majors Personality Type Elements™ (PTE) assessments. The superior, auxiliary, and tertiary preferences of the latent classes were examined so that the nature of the relationships amongst the three preferences could be observed. Results show that the superior/auxiliary preferences were consistently opposite in process (one rational and one irrational)—but not consistently in attitude. Not only did the superior/auxiliary/tertiary preferences exhibit complementary relationships to one another, the tertiary function was never antagonistic to the auxiliary or superior preference. Remarkably, the superior and inferior functions were antagonistic to one another in 46 out of the 47 classes that resulted from the analysis. Thus, the outcomes support Jung’s theory but also present evidence against other popular Type theories. The resulting profiles support the hypothesis that there may be more than 8 or 16 Types, which holds implications for the practical application of the Type theory as well as the classification and assessment of Psychological Type. A model for a systemic conceptualization of the hierarchy is presented and suggestions for future research are proposed.

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8

Donaldson, Ian Linton. "The role of philosophy and hierarchy in Friedrich Nietzsche's political thought". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1560/.

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I argue that Friedrich Nietzsche provides us with a political philosophy that deserves serious consideration as a uniquely anti-democratic position within the canon of modern political theory. Beyond recent attempts to democratise Nietzsche's thoughts on power and self-creation, I provide an analysis of Nietzsche's anti-democratic impulse that demonstrates how the elements of hierarchy and philosophy form the core of an antidemocratic and anti-universalist political project in Nietzsche's mature thought. Hitherto, many of Nietzsche's interpreters have assumed that his thought yields no unambiguous political philosophy because he fails to present his ideas in a systematic way. Yet it may be argued that Nietzsche's political thought does reveal a significant, if skeletal, structure that is built upon consistent ideas, however unsystematically presented. The overall aim of this thesis is to determine the best way to characterize what is uniquely political in Nietzsche. I claim that the political in Nietzsche has to do with the relationship between politics as hierarchy and philosophy as independent value creation. I present my thesis in three parts. Firstly, I develop my argument within a critique of recent democratic interpretations of Nietzsche. Secondly, I illustrate the relationship between hierarchy and philosophy through an original exegesis of Nietzsche's texts. And finally, by engaging in a comparative analysis of Hannah Arendt's political theory, I offer an example of how Nietzsche's anti-democratic project may be employed as a tool in the ongoing consideration of important issues in political theory.

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9

Wilson, Hugh David Economics Australian School of Business UNSW. "The Firm Size Effect: An Application of Hierarchy Theories". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Economics, 2000. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/32642.

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In this thesis the positive relationship between firm size and wages is investigated through the application of hierarchy theories. Many different explanations have been proposed for this relationship, but have met only limited success at best. The strongest finding to date is that unobserved ability is a significant factor. The question of interest here is ???why do wages increase as the size firm increases???? Hierarchy theories take a different approach towards the analysis of firms in comparison to the alternate theories which have dominated previous investigations. As a result of their focus on the organisational relationships within a firm???s internal structure, hierarchy theories offer certain insights to the size-wage relationship which to date have been unnoticed. An empirical investigation into the size-wage differential incorporating structural considerations into an augmented wage equation offers strong support for the propositions of hierarchy theories. I find that half of the firm size effect for workers can be explained by controlling for some aspects of management structure, and that span of control has a discontinuous effect on wages. These results are completely consistent with the existing findings on unobserved ability and have the added attraction of providing economic as well as statistical explanatory power.

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10

Cotton, Michael R. "Determinacy in the Low Levels of the Projective Hierarchy". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1343245802.

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11

McGrory, Sarah. "Non-parametric item response theory applications in the assessment of dementia". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/16173.

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This thesis sought to address the application of non-parametric item response theory (NIRT) to cognitive and functional assessment in dementia. Performance on psychometric tests is key to diagnosis and monitoring of dementia. NIRT can be used to improve the psychometric properties of tests used in dementia assessment in multiple ways: confirming an underlying unidimensional structure, establishing formal item hierarchical patterns of decline, increasing insight by examining item parameters such as difficulty and discrimination, and creating shorter tests. From a NIRT approach item difficulty refers to the ease with which an item is endorsed. Discrimination is an index of how well an item can differentiate between patients of varying levels of severity. Firstly I carried out a systematic review to identify applications of both parametric and non-parametric IRT to measures assessing global cognitive functioning in people with dementia. This review demonstrated that IRT can increase the interpretive power of cognitive assessment scales and confirmed the limited number of IRT analyses of cognitive scales in dementia populations. This thesis extended this approach by applying Mokken scaling analysis to commonly used measures of current cognitive ability (Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised (ACE-R)) and of premorbid cognitive ability (National Adult Reading Test (NART)). Differential item functioning (DIF) by diagnosis identified slight variations in the patterns of hierarchical decline in the ACE-R. These disease-specific sequences of decline could serve as an adjunct to diagnosis, for example where learning a name and address is a more difficult task than being orientated in time, late onset Alzheimer’s disease is a more probable diagnosis than mixed Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia. These analyses also allowed key items to be identified which can be used to create briefer scales (mini-ACE and Mini-NART) which have good psychometric properties. These scales are clinically relevant, comprising highly discriminatory, invariantly ordered items. They also allow sensitive measurement and adaptive testing and can reduce test administration time and patient stress. Impairment of functional abilities represents a crucial component of dementia diagnosis with performance on these functional tasks predictive of overall disease. A second aspect of this thesis, therefore, was the application of Mokken scaling analyses to measures of functional decline in dementia, specifically the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale and Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS). While gender DIF was observed for several items, implying the likelihood of equal responses from men and women is not equal a generally consistent pattern of impairment in functional ability was observed across different types of dementia.

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Karlsson, Dennie. "A Cost-Benefit Approach to Risk Analysis : Merging Analytical Hierarchy Process with Game Theory". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för system- och rymdteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-67796.

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In this study cost-benefits problems concerning the knapsack problem of limited resources is studied and how this relates to an attacker perspective when choosing defense strategies. This is accomplished by adopting a cost-benefit method and merging it with game theory. The cost-benefit method chosen for this study is the Analytical Hierarchy Process and from the field of game theory the Bayesian Nash Equilibrium is used. The Analytical Hierarchy Process allows the user to determine internally comparable weights between elements, and to bring in a security dimension to the Analytical Hierarchy Process a sub category consisting of confidentiality, integrity and availability is used. To determine the attacker strategy and, in effect, determine the best defense strategy the Bayesian Nash Equilibrium is used.

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de, lechtenf@itp uni-hannover. "N=(2$|$2) Supersymmetric Toda Lattice Hierarchy in N=(2$|$2) Superspace". J. Nonlinear Math. Phys. 8 (2001) 183-195, 2000. ftp://ftp.esi.ac.at/pub/Preprints/esi913.ps.

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Nishitani, Atsuko. "A Hierarchy of Grammatical Difficulty for Japanese EFL Learners: Multiple-Choice Items and Processability Theory". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/176422.

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CITE/Language Arts
Ed.D.
This study investigated the difficulty order of 38 grammar structures obtained from an analysis of multiple-choice items using a Rasch analysis. The order was compared with the order predicted by processability theory and the order in which the structures appear in junior and senior high school textbooks in Japan. Because processability theory is based on natural speech data, a sentence repetition test was also conducted in order to compare the result with the order obtained from the multiple-choice tests and the order predicted by processability theory. The participants were 872 Japanese university students, whose TOEIC scores ranged from 200 to 875. The difficulty order of the 38 structures was displayed according to their Rasch difficulty estimates: The most difficult structure was subjunctive and the easiest one was present perfect with since in the sentence. The order was not in accord with the order predicted by processability theory, and the difficulty order derived from the sentence repetition test was not accounted for by processability theory either. In other words, the results suggest that processability theory only accounts for natural speech data, and not elicited data. Although the order derived from the repetition test differed from the order derived from the written tests, they correlated strongly when the repetition test used ungrammatical sentences. This study tentatively concluded that the students could have used their implicit knowledge when answering the written tests, but it is also possible that students used their explicit knowledge when correcting ungrammatical sentences in the repetition test. The difficulty order of grammatical structures derived from this study was not in accord with the order in which the structures appear in junior and senior high school textbooks in Japan. Their correlation was extremely low, which suggests that there is no empirical basis for textbook makers'/writers' policy regarding the ordering of grammar items. This study also demonstrated the difficulty of writing items testing the knowledge of the same grammar point that show similar Rasch difficulty estimates. Even though the vocabulary and the sentence positions were carefully controlled and the two items looked parallel to teachers, they often displayed very different difficulty estimates. A questionnaire was administered concerning such items, and the students' responses suggested that they seemed to look at the items differently than teachers and what they notice and how they interpret what they notice strongly influences item difficulty. Teachers or test-writers should be aware that it is difficult to write items that produce similar difficulty estimates and their own intuition or experience might not be the best guide for writing effective grammar test items. It is recommended to pilot test items to get statistical information about item functioning and qualitative data from students using a think-aloud protocol, interviews, or a questionnaire.
Temple University--Theses

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15

Andersson, Emil. "Family in crisis : A narrative analysis of gender roles and family hierarchy in the movie Turist". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medier och journalistik (MJ), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-103939.

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This study conducts a narrative analysis of the film Turist, in order to explore how its portrayal of a contemporary Scandinavian family could provide insight into how gender roles are constructed. Drawing on classical feminist theory, film theory and giving special focus to explore how masculinity and the father’s role is portrayed in relation to femininity this essay uses a theoretical angle that is less explored than others. In the methodology, this study examines both the film’s characters and the many technical aspects that a film is constructed from. When relevant to the analysis in its entirety the study will consider parameters such as dialogue, editing, camera movement, framing of scenes and music. The results of the research show that the film is self-aware when constructing stereotypical gender roles that aligns itself with classical feminist theories. In the end the film implies that the family is comfortable to return to the traditional family hierarchy, because this is something they believe is expected from them.

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Mayua, Jim Nzonguma. "Human rights and jus Cogens: Questioning the use of normative hierarchy theory in human rights law". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4718.

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A Jus cogens is a hierarchically superior norm 'from which no derogation is permitted'. This peremptory norm suggests that there is a hierarchy among rules relating to international law. As such the recent trend of placing human rights norms in the catalogue of jus cogens has had a significant impact on both domestic and international law. For instance, in Barcelona Traction, Light and power Co, Ltd (Belgium v Spain), the International Court of Justice (ICJ), when making a distinction between the obligation of states towards the international community as whole and those arising vis-Ñ -vis another state, held that the former are obligation erga omnes in view of their importance

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Sobczyk, Inez. "Innovation och kreativitet i en hierarkisk miljö – Malmö högskola - Medieteknik". Thesis, Malmö högskola, Teknik och samhälle, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20749.

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Medieteknik är en avdelning på Malmö högskola som dagligen handskas med att vara en innovativ och utvecklande del i en större organisation. Något som skapar möjligheter, men även begränsningar. Högskolans krav, resulterar tillsammans med omvärldens föränderlighet i att avdelningen måste växla mellan struktur, planering, genomförande – och – utveckling, innovation av innehåll, utbud, pedagogik.Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka hur en innovativ och kreativ utvecklingsmiljö skapas och bevaras i en organisation/myndighet. Genom en enkätundersökning skapas det empiriska material som, tillsammans med studiet av högskolans villkor, samt förankring i den teoretiska referensramen besvarar den aktuella frågeställningen: Vilka förutsättningar kan påverka en avdelning att arbeta och agera innovativt inom ramen för den större organisationens styrning och krav?Slutsatsen är att Malmö högskola ställs inför en rad motstridiga krav som kräver jämvikt inom organisationen, för att arbetet på avdelningsnivå ska fungera. Detta då den stora organisationen skapar förutsättningar för medieteknik, som i dagsläget inte når hela vägen fram, och det existerar ett glapp som verkar hämmande inom en rad olika områden. Det krävs bland annat bättresamhörighet mellan medieteknik och den övergripande organisationen. Högskolan uppmuntras även att skapa tydligare riktlinjer för dess anställda, samt ge bättre stöd för växelverkan mellan deidentifierade kraven på struktur och innovation. Utveckling av forskningsverksamheten, samt avdelningens inblandning i denna rekommenderas, likaså strategisk diskussion.
Medieteknik is a department at Malmo University that on a daily basis struggles with being an innovative and developing part of a bigger organization. This creates possibilities, as well as limitations. The universities demands, together with the ever-changing world, forces the department to vary between structure, planning, implementation – and – development, innovation of content, range and pedagogy.The purpose of this essay is to examine how to create an innovative and creative environmental development within an organization/public authority. The use of a questionnaire creates the essays empirical material, which, together with the study of the universities conditions, as well as with the support of the theoretical reference, answers the question at issue: Which conditions can affect a department to work and act in an innovative way, within the boundaries of the bigger organizationsrule and demands?The conclusion is that Malmo University is constantly faced with a number of contradictory demands that require balance within the organisation, so that work on department level is to function efficiently. This because the bigger organization creates conditions for medieteknik, which currently do not function in an effective way, and hence create a weak link within different fields.Amongst other things there should exist better participation between the department and Malmo University, as well as more specific guidelines for the employees. Better support for the interactionbetween the identified demands of structure and innovation should be given. The development of research would benefit of the departments involvement, and is a recommendation, alongside with strategic discussion.

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Pepperday, Michael Edward, i mike pepperday@gmail com. "Way of life theory: the underlying structure of worldviews, social relations and lifestyles". The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 2009. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20090906.142757.

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What is the structure of society? Many thinkers have pondered the regularities. Way of life theory (WOLT) shows the relationship of every rational, social issue to every other rational, social issue. ¶ From two dichotomised, theoretical dimensions called grid and group, Mary Douglas deduced four ways of life usually called individualism, hierarchy, egalitarianism, and fatalism. WOLT shows the same four ideal types may be deduced from any significant pair of social issues, including competition, cooperation, coercion, freedom, justice, self-identity, nature, human nature, and more. Since four types may be divided pair-wise in three ways, there are three, not two, dimensions or axes. ¶ WOLT also deduces Douglass fifth type (the hermit) and resolves the long-standing logical anomalies of grid-group theory. ¶ In all, seven social theorists have independently deduced four types from various dimension pairs. Mistakes aside, they find the same four theoretical types. Evidently, the four types are natural kinds. Between them these theorists use three axes. ¶ Numerous intuitive theorists from across social science have developed types without dimensions, and dimensions without types. Though incomplete, they show no significant disagreement. ¶ It appears that every issue that must be taken into account to live socially fits the three axes. There is no flexibility: each issue fits the axes one way. Geometrically, three dichot¬omised dimensions yield eight types, however four of them are not viable and do not arise. Given just four valid points, the number of dimensions is necessarily limited to three. The axes generate thousands of predictions. ¶ Since deduction yields the same four types whatever issues are placed on the dimensions, the four types are, like objects of natural science, independent of any theorist. In turn, these four types control which issues fit and how they fit, delimiting the scope and refining the meaning of the issueswhich places the issues, too, beyond any theorists determination. ¶ As in natural science, the sphere of application is set by the deductive theory, not by a theorists pronouncement: what fits, fits. The domain appears to cover matters which people must take a position on to live socially. Emotional and internal personal issues will not fit. ¶ WOLT sharpens meaning, formalises structure and extends connections in areas as diverse as equality, liberalism, game theory, corporate culture, national culture, political right and left, religion, and working-class health. ¶ Like a natural science theory, WOLT is relational, not only taxonomic. As in natural science, no person, organisation, or social situation will conform exactly to its ideal types. It is falsifiable by deducing, or finding empirically, rival social types or a social phenomenon that will not fit. Empirical testing of the theory as a whole is awkward owing to its structure and to parochial effects. Three data sets failed to refute it. ¶ WOLT reveals how every social issue relates to every other social issue, providing a tool for analysing worldview, social structure, and social behaviour.

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Masters, Erin M. "Spillover Effects and Freedom: An Experimental Investigation of the Indirect Effects of Managerial Autonomy and Firms’ Rationale for the Implementation of Internal Controls Across the Organizational Hierarchy". VCU Scholars Compass, 2019. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5834.

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The creation of excessive budgetary slack can be costly, causing organizations to implement internal controls to motivate employees to report more honestly. Internal control research explores many control-related motivations; however, the behavioral effects of autonomy in expanded organizational hierarchies are not well understood in budgeting contexts. This paper examines managerial autonomy and firms’ rationales for the implementation of internal controls in a setting that extends the common participatory dyad utilized in prior literature to an organizational hierarchy that includes owners, mid-level managers, and employees. This setting is explored through the lens of self-determination theory and psychological reactance theory, which offer complementary yet opposite conceptualizations of autonomy. This paper posits that owner restrictions on mid-level manager autonomy can spillover and indirectly influence budgeting decisions. Additionally, the potential for this spillover to influence the relationship between a firm’s rationale for the implementation of internal controls and subsequent budgetary decisions is examined. Findings indicate that the autonomy of mid-level managers has a spillover effect that influences manager’s rejection rates between rounds, but not across rounds and does not interact with a firm’s control implementation rationale.

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Funaiole, Matthew. "History and hierarchy : the foreign policy evolution of modern Japan". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5843.

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This thesis examines the foreign policy evolution of Japan from the time of its modernization during the mid-nineteenth century though the present. It is argued that infringements upon Japanese sovereignty and geopolitical vulnerabilities have conditioned Japanese leaders towards power seeking policy objectives. The core variables of statehood, namely power and sovereignty, and the perception of state elites are traced over this broad time period to provide a historical foundation for framing contemporary analyses of Japanese foreign policy. To facilitate this research, a unique framework that accounts for both the foreign policy preferences of Japanese leaders and the external constraints of the international system is developed. Neoclassical realist understandings of self-help and relative power distributions form the basis of the presented analysis, while constructivism offers crucial insights into ideational factors that influence state elites. Social Identity Theory, a social psychology theory that examines group behavior, is integrated to conceptualize the available policy options. Surveying Japanese foreign policy through this framework clarifies the seemingly irreconcilable shifts in Japan's foreign policy history and clearly delineates between political groups that embody distinct policy strategies and norms. Consequently, the main contribution of this thesis lies in the development of a theoretical framework that is uniquely positioned to identify historical trends in foreign policy. Owing to the numerous shifts in modern Japan's foreign policy history, this research identifies and examines three distinguishable Japanese “states”: Meiji Japan (1868 - 1912), Imperial Japan (1912 - 1945), and postwar Japan (1945 - present).

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Holbrook, Geoffrey. "Sets and senses : a work for symphony orchestra accompanied by an analysis : a hierarchy of scienceart interactions". Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99174.

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Sets and the Senses is a work for symphony orchestra that bears the interaction between science and art as its overriding theme. Formalizations of compositional parameters that relate to this interaction are established, in particular those relating to the contrast between systematic and intuitively composed music, in order to provide a vehicle for musical communication on the theme. A summary of scientific and artistic elements of the compositional process reveals in the work an ingrained hierarchy of science/art interactions. Specific strategies for manipulating the science/art parameters are described. Genetic algorithms as applied to computer-assisted composition are discussed. The formal design of the work is described in terms of the relationship between science and art, accompanied by descriptions of systematic and intuitive musical procedures used.

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Zhang, Baiqing. "IDENTITY AND SOCIAL RELATIONS: A CASE OF CHINESE GRADUATE STUDENTS IN THE U.S". UKnowledge, 2014. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/sociology_etds/16.

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This dissertation research separates out the social relations implied in identity theory and empirically shows the interaction of identity and social relations. I conducted 60 interviews and one online survey with respondents at two public universities in two cities with distinctive sociocultural characteristics. The respondents were graduate students from mainland China pursuing their master’s or doctoral degrees in the U.S. The students’ lengths of stay in the U.S. varied, but all experienced a major life transition from China to the U.S. The qualitative interview data show that the adoption of a religious identity in the two places, defined as different social environments, impact the interaction of identity and networks. Where the community is small and homogeneous, the Chinese graduate students are quickly thrown into strong religious dyadic relationships and primary groups, and soon thereafter acquire a religious identity. Where the community is large and sparsely connected, the identity pool is large and the adoption of the religious identity becomes less constrained by dyadic relationships and primary groups. The interview data also show that within-person time spanning (the time span between prior to the respondents’ arrival in the U.S. and after the respondents’ coming to the U.S.), and between-person time spanning (the “newcomers” who have lived in the U.S. for less than one year versus the “old-timers” who have lived in the U.S. for over one year) are important in the identity network process. The transfer from China to the U.S. fosters the emergence of the Chinese ethnic identity. The Chinese network composition of the newcomers and the old-timers granted them a similar list of important identities. The quantitative findings confirm that place, time, and personal network function together to impact identity importance. Also, the classification of ties into “important people” and “time bound people” are effective predictors of identity importance. In conclusion, this dissertation research demonstrates empirically how social relations and identity impact each other. This research also provides a case study for the population – Chinese graduate students in the U.S.

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Renwick, Frank W. "Nodal body image : a socio-psychological theory, hierarchy and model applied to consumer behaviour and the marketing of female self-enhancement products". Thesis, Lancaster University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278376.

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Humeres, M. Francisco J. (Francisco Javier Humeres Marfan). "Power Centrality as a relational measure of urban hierarchy : testing the splintering urbanism theory with social media data from Santiago de Chile". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/87523.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2014.
Page 62 blank. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 60-61).
Power Centrality, a measure of node importance within a network, is borrowed from the field of Social Network Analysis and applied to the assessment of Urban Hierarchy. Based on the overlaps of human activity between places, Power Centrality is tried as a method for measuring a particular feedback property: How well connected are places to other well connected places. In this research Power Centrality is used to assess a recent model of Urban Structure: The Splintering Urbanism Theory of Graham and Marvin (2001). This theory posits that the contemporary city is a fragmented agglomeration of isolated urban pieces, where distant but valuable fragments are highly connected between them, bypassing their less valuable surroundings. The causal explanation provided by Graham and Marvin is centered on their concept of premium networks: Networks customized for valuable (users in terms of income or power). The reach of this theory is assessed by studying the case of a mass transit system in a developing country: The Metro or subway of Santiago de Chile. The spatial hypothesis of Graham and Marvin is tested empirically through the use of the Power Centrality Measure, applied to a dataset of 242.000 twitter statuses generated by Metro users, while the causal explanation is evaluated by comparing the results with an unbiased sample of 110,000 statuses. Power Centrality allowed the identification of central locations that by standard measures of spatial concentration would have remained undetected. Furthermore, the results evidenced how Metro could be acting as a mass public bypass that connects these emergent centralities, challenging the concept of premium networks posited by Graham and Marvin.
by Francisco J. Humeres M.
M.C.P.

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Ware, Joylene. "A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS TO IDENTIFY, MITIGATE, QUANTIFY, AND MEASURE RISK FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO FALLS IN NASA GROUND SUPPORT OPE". Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2426.

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The objective of the research was to develop and validate a multifaceted model such as a fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model that considers both qualitative and quantitative elements with relative significance in assessing the likelihood of falls and aid in the design of NASA Ground Support Operations in aerospace environments. The model represented linguistic variables that quantified significant risk factor levels. Multiple risk factors that contribute to falls in NASA Ground Support Operations are task related, human/personal, environmental, and organizational. Six subject matter experts were asked to participate in a voting system involving a survey where they judge risk factors using the fundamental pairwise comparison scale. The results were analyzed and synthesize using Expert Choice Software, which produced the relative weights for the risk factors. The following are relative weights for these risk factors: Task Related (0.314), Human/Personal (0.307), Environmental (0.248), and Organizational (0.130). The overall inconsistency ratio for all risk factors was 0.07, which indicates the model results were acceptable. The results show that task related risk factors are the highest cause for falls and the organizational risk are the lowest cause for falls in NASA Ground Support Operations. The multiple risk factors weights were validated by having two teams of subject matter experts create priority vectors separately and confirm the weights are valid. The fuzzy AHP model usability was utilizing fifteen subjects in a repeated measures analysis. The subjects were asked to evaluate three scenarios in NASA KSC Ground Support Operations regarding various case studies and historical data. The three scenarios were Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF), Launch Complex Payloads (LCP), and Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB). The Kendall Coefficient of Concordance for assessment agreement between and within the subjects was 1.00. Therefore, the appraisers are applying essentially the same standard when evaluating the scenarios. In addition, a NASA subject matter expert was requested to evaluate the three scenarios also. The predicted value was compared to accepted value. The results from the subject matter expert for the model usability confirmed that the predicted value and accepted value for the likelihood rating were similar. The percentage error for the three scenarios was 0%, 33%, 0% respectively. Multiple descriptive statistics for a 95% confidence interval and t-test are the following: coefficient of variation (21.36), variance (0.251), mean (2.34), and standard deviation (0.501). Model validation was the guarantee of agreement with the NASA standard. Model validation process was partitioned into three components: reliability, objectivity, and consistency. The model was validated by comparing the fuzzy AHP model to NASA accepted model. The results indicate there was minimal variability with fuzzy AHP modeling. As a result, the fuzzy AHP model is confirmed valid. Future research includes developing fall protection guidelines.
Ph.D.
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
Industrial Engineering PhD

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Cogar, Margaret. "Gatekeeping in Scholastic Journalism: Examining factors that predict student content decisions". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1627380228967214.

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Timossi, Alessandro. "Portfolio of compositions (Canti Sacri, Cantico, …ed erra l’armonia…, Pneuma) and dissertation (An exploration of the connections between music theory and cognition in composition)". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fdc32917-455a-4cae-a233-36fa92be23e4.

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This study is an exploration of the integration in composition of theoretical and psychoacoustic properties of pitch and duration; its aims are essentially practical in showing how cognitive research can inform composition, but it also addresses more broadly the value and role cognition can have in the current musical compositional climate. Various contexts for this exploration are discussed: the mediating role analysis has within theory and composition; constraints imposed by aesthetic positions and music theory/pedagogy templates; the role of cognitive psychology in connecting music templates and listening experiences; and the ultimately mythopoetic (Cook, 1992) rather than scientific nature of any such theory/psychology integration. Using Huovinen’s “pitch constellation” approach and Lerdahl’s theory of tonal pitch space, a hierarchical pitch-space is set up for the string piece ed erra l’armonia, developing from pc set 5-22 a non-standard octatonic scale (pc set 8-27) as the basic pitch collection of the piece. Similarly, using the works of Fraisse, Hasty and London, a hierarchical rhythm-space is set up for the orchestral piece Pneuma developing, from the indifference interval in duration, the temporal and metric envelops and the duple and triple subdivisions of the tactus, a three layered metrical structure as the generative rhythmic template of the piece. This is contextualised against the problematic notion of metre in modern art-music. General characteristic of both spaces are discussed: redundancy according to information theory, hierarchy in relation to cognitive opaqueness, salience and association; and elaborational and permutational processes. It is argued that composition needs to bridge, in practice, the gap between music theory and psychology of music, looking beyond their often absolutist positions; that cognitive constrains in music should be seen as opportunities to work compositionally along the mind’s cognitive grains in order to maximise structural and expressive communication; and that at a time of a ‘deregulated’ musical language it is necessary to re-develop cognitive heuristics to secure the connection between compositional choices and listening experiences. Three principles are given as guidelines for the alignment of theoretical and cognitive issues in composition. It is proposed that cognitive analysis should be developed as an independent discipline as well as a compositional tool, and that the connections style/cognition should be looked at more closely to gain a more unified perspective on diverse (and divisive) stylistic musical camps.

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Regéciová, Dominika. "Aplikace teorie formálních jazyků v oblasti počítačové bezpečnosti". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-386008.

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Computer security is and will always be a critical area that affects everyone. Despite all the efforts made to build safer systems and test them, however, new vulnerabilities and vulnerabilities are still emerging and creating the impression of tilting at windmills. Partial justification of the current state, but also possible solutions, brings in many respects an extraordinary view of security through formal language theory. Emphasis should be put on a more responsible approach to the recognition and processing of inputs, which are often the gateway to many attacks. In this paper, we will get acquainted with this trend and its recommendations for development and will then introduce a new method of detecting SQL injection attacks built on its foundations.

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Ardill, Allan. "Sociobiology and Law". Thesis, Griffith University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367727.

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The place of humans in nature and the nature of humans eludes us and yet there are those certain these issues can be reduced to biological explanations. Similarly, there are those rejecting the biological determinist hypothesis in favour of the equally unsubstantiated cultural construction hypothesis. This thesis draws on neo-Marxism and feminist intersectional post-positivist standpoint theory to posit biological and cultural determinism as privileged and flawed knowledge produced within relations of asymmetrical power. Instead “social construction” is preferred viewing knowledge of both nature and culture as partial and constructed within an historical, socioeconomic and political context according to asymmetrical power. Social constructionists prefer to question the role of power in the production of knowledge rather than asking questions about the place of humans in nature and the nature of humans; and trying to answer those questions through methods imbued with western, colonial, patriarchal, homophobic, and positivist ideals. As a starting point the postmodern view that knowledge is incomplete and has no ultimate authority is accepted. However, this thesis departs from postmodernism on the premise that knowledge is not all relative and can be critiqued by drawing on neo-Marxist and feminist intersectional post-positivist standpoint theory. Standpoint theory presumes a knowledge power nexus and contends accountable, ethical and responsible knowledge can be produced provided an “upwards perspective” is applied commencing with the standpoint of the most marginalised group within a given context. This approach to knowledge is applied to critically assess the role played by law in reproducing hierarchy and oppression in the categories of socioeconomic class, gender, sexuality and race to show that the law is sociobiological. My thesis is that human hierarchy and oppression are not natural or inevitable and are instead socially constructed through human action and institutions, including law. As social constructions, hierarchy and oppression must continually be justified as natural and inevitable otherwise they are vulnerable to change and destabilisation. It is argued here that a dominant justification for hierarchy and oppression is sociobiology because it naturalises and reifies human action and institutions as being determined by biology. As a legal justification sociobiology is defined as any discourse purporting to be based on “nature”, biological or evolutionary theories and “facts” to justify or reify hierarchy and domination. Unlike other ideologies, sociobiology is a dominant ideology because it is used to justify hierarchy and oppression in all the usual categories - class, gender, sexuality and race – and there is evidence of this in law. The argument is novel to the extent that sociobiology is not a dominant ideology in a conventional sense - as a cause of stratification - but in the sense that it is a dominant thematic excuse; whether or not those excuses are actually accepted. Nor is it posited as a dominant ideology in the sense that it is a top-down ideology imposed on, or duping subalterns. Rather, sociobiology is dominant because it can supply excuses for the naturalisation of human action in general and because it is more amenable to application by the powerful than the disempowered by virtue of that power. In western societies ideologies were once grounded in theology according to Christian decrees and beliefs. Since the Renaissance and the shift from feudalism to capitalism, ideologies have become more secular. A leading secular ideology is sociobiology being a collection of ideas closely linked to the antecedents of capitalism and continuing alongside it to the present day. Sociobiology is understood in this thesis in three overlapping ways. It includes modern sciences clustered around E.O. Wilson'’s famous 1975 essay Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. It is also a long historical tradition of scholarly theories about human nature and the place of humans in nature sharing the idea that human hierarchies on the basis of race, gender, sexuality and class are attributable variously to the work of God, nature, biology, and genes. Lastly it is an ideology. As an ideology, sociobiology is taken to be part of a long tradition of using the authority of privileged “knowledge” about nature to justify action and institutions that have the effect of creating and retaining hierarchy and oppression. This includes law.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Law School
Full Text

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Lindgren, Moa, i Aya Sheikhmoussa. ""Don’t let the bastards grind you down" : En multimodal kritisk diskursanalys av hierarkier i TV-serien The Handmaid’s Tale". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för medier och journalistik (MJ), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-103897.

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This study attempts to examine how gender roles appear in the adaption of Margaret Atwood’s published book, The Handmaid’s Tale TV series, which introduces the fictional and dystopian society Gilead, where the infertility rates decreased as the result of climate change. This study focuses on the first, second and third seasons of the TV series from 2017-19. A qualitative method was used to study how groups of males and females are portrayed in a hierarchy. This study examines how males and females are represented in The Handmaid’s Tale through a content analysis with multimodal critical discourse analysis as a method, completed with gender system theory and feminist standpoint theory. In the study, we focused on four groups of females and two groups of males that were included in an obvious ranking in the hierarchy of Gilead. All of the groups were analyzed separately to observe how their gender roles were represented in the TV series. Consequently, we compared the male groups to the female groups to examine the differences between their representation and ranking in the hierarchy in Gilead. The results of this study shows that males are dominant and females are submissive in Gilead, which confirms the gender theory used in this study. The low-ranking groups of females, such as the handmaids or the marthas also confirmed the existence of the feminist standpoint theory. It shows that the groups of males were placed in the highest ranking in the hierarchy in Gilead, even though some of the women seemed to be powerful, it was not enough to dominate all of the male groups in the hierarchy.

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Djeordjic, Tijana. ""Jag har bara sagt det så, för att andra inte ska skratta åt mig" : En kvalitativ ämnesdidaktisk studie om traditionella könsroller ur ett elevperspektiv". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32586.

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The purpose of this study is to find out from a didactic perspective, how traditional gender roles emerge in the classroom and the conceptions of traditional gender roles. This is explored from a student’s perspective. The theoretical frame of this study is gender system, which consists of the principles of separation and hierarchy. The survey is conducted in two classes in third grade. This study answers following questions: How do traditional gender roles appear in the classroom from a student´s perspective? Which conception exist about traditional gender roles from a student's perspective? The study is based on observations and interviews, which is analysed of the gender system theory and the theoretical concept traditional gender roles. The results of this study show that the students' behavior in the classroom and their thinking are mostly based on the traditional gender roles, which is characterized mostly by the principles of separation and hierarchy. However, some situations and statements show a change, in which the principles of separation and hierarchy are questioned. The individual situations reflect that the transfer of the gender contract is minimized from one generation to another.

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Stone, Brian Edward. "Species landscape relations at multiple scales: case studies with two owl species, powerful owl (Ninox strenua) and Southern Boobook (Ninox novaeseelandiae)". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12805.

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Models of complex natural systems often demonstrate significant limitations in addressing issues such as the distribution of animal species, particularly in relation to long recognised “problems of scale”. One of the more important theories of scale is Hierarchy Theory (HT). Not surprisingly this theory provides an important framework for surveying and modelling a range of complex, multi-scale natural systems. In this thesis a range of models are developed that focus on contrasting sized Hawk Owls, the larger Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua) and the smaller Southern Boobook (Ninox novaeseelandiae). The models are used to investigate owl distributions from the micro scale (sampling sites) through the meso scale (250 km2 study area) in forests east of Bathurst NSW, to the macro scale (Bioregion). Two different types of modelling were used. The first is Regression (i.e. Generalised Additive Models (GAMs)). The second type is Spatial Point Process (SPP) modelling. Whilst HT has a valuable role as a conceptual construct for multi scale ecological studies, the results from this study challenge some of the presumptions of HT and its relevance to cost effective, practical management. In this thesis I demonstrate that both regression models and spatial point process models have a role to play in predictive modelling. However, they require an adequate number of data points derived from rigorous spatial sampling design and survey methodology. Furthermore, the results of such models utilised within a specific landscape may lack the capacity to be extrapolated to other landscapes, as well as other locations in a species’ range. Important questions have been addressed relating to the value and role of multi scale spatial species distribution and species environment modelling. For some key species and for some broad scale landscapes, management and species conservation practices may require modelling studies, appropriate spatial sampling design and consequently, costly data requirements.

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Welch, Brett. "A phenomenological-enactive theory of the minimal self". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6043.

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The purpose of this project is to argue that we possess a minimal self. It will demonstrate that minimal selfhood arrives early in our development and continues to remain and influence us throughout our entire life. There are two areas of research which shape my understanding of the minimal self: phenomenology and enactivism. Phenomenology emphasizes the sense of givenness, ownership, or mineness that accompanies all of our experiences. Enactivism says there is a sensorimotor coupling that occurs between us and the environment in a way which modulates the dynamic patterns of our self development; the laying down of these basic patterns helps make us who we are and gives rise to the phenomenological, experiential mineness. Drawing on these two core ideas, I will be arguing for a Phenomenological-Enactive Minimal Self (abbreviated PEMS). I will be emphasizing the role of the body and the role of affects (moods, feelings, and emotions) as the most important components relevant to understanding minimal selfhood. Put more concretely, the set of conditions which constitute the PEMS view are: (i) The minimal self is the experiential subject; the minimal sense of self is present whenever there is awareness. It is the subjectivity of experience, the sense of mineness, or givenness which our experiences contain. (ii) The phenomenological part of the PEMS view turns on the idea of a bodily and dynamic integration of sensorimotor coupling and affective experience. It is, ontologically speaking, the lived body in enactive engagement with the environment. It is this embodied subject which anchors and forms the foundation for the later ‘narrative' self, which emerges from it and which is continually influenced by it. It is the subject enactively engaged with others, dependent on sensorimotor processes and affects. We have an identity, but it emerges from relational and dynamic processes.

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Hlaváček, Radek. "Návrh způsobu přidělování benefitů". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221774.

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Diploma thesis analyzes the current way of benefit distribution in Motorola company. First part of the thesis describes general motivation and stimulation factors. Second part describes the company's internal background. Third part analyzes the motivation factors within the company and consideres implementation of the cafeteria system.

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Neves, Mujica Javier. "An excuse to think in the General Theory of Labour Law: The necessity to demand payment of profits". IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123144.

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This article addresses the antinomy concerning to profit sharing to the workers. Through an analysis of the classic criteria of antinomy solutions and particulars of the Labour Law, the author recognize the prevalence of the classic criteria.
El presente artículo aborda la antinomia referente al pago de utilidades a los trabajadores. Realizando un análisis sobre los criterios de solución de antinomias clásicas y particulares del Derecho del Trabajo, el autor reconoce la prevalencia de los criterios clásicos.

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Freire, Lucas Grassi. "On the role of metatheory in the academic discipline of international relations". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/8321.

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This thesis investigates in three parts the role played by metatheory in the discipline of International Relations (IR). Part one defines metatheory as 'systematic discourse about theory' and classifies it in a typology combining elements internal or external to the discipline with intellectual or contextual aspects of theorising. Each combination has particular functions. They also add to the roles played by several modes of metatheoretical inquiry (hermeneutical, evaluative, corrective, critical and historical). The typology offered in part one clarifies the general roles of metatheory as a constraining and enabling discursive mechanism. This is also discussed in part two, addressing how IR scholars portray metatheory's role in the discipline. Arguments against and in favour of metatheory are scrutinised, leading to a qualified defence of metatheoretical research in IR. Some of the negative impact of metatheorising in IR is acknowledged, but ultimately a stronger case attempting to eliminate it from the field cannot be sustained for analytical reasons. The merits of metatheory, therefore, will depend on how it operates in particular instances. A selection of illustration cases in part three further develops the argument. The first case stresses how metatheoretical directives shaped 17th century views of the Holy Roman Empire. It indicates that metatheory can frame theoretical claims even in a weak disciplinary context. A stronger disciplinary environment frames the second case, analysing a number of IR theories on the impact of the Peace of Westphalia in the European states-system. This discussion often alludes to the notion of hierarchy. The third case examines the interaction between metatheoretical directives and theories of hierarchy. These arguments are not necessarily compatible with the metatheoretical principles argued by their authors. As a mechanism, therefore, metatheory does not relate to theory in a deterministic way. Part three itself is, of course, a metatheoretical study that further illustrates the thesis.

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Berger, Ulrich, Silva Hannelore De i Gerlinde Fellner-Röhling. "Cognitive Hierarchies in the Minimizer Game". WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2016. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4805/1/wp211.pdf.

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Experimental tests of choice predictions in one-shot games show only little support for Nash equilibrium (NE). Poisson Cognitive Hierarchy (PCH) and level-k (LK) are behavioral models of the thinking-steps variety where subjects differ in the number of levels of iterated reasoning they perform. Camerer et al. (2004) claim that substituting the Poisson parameter tau = 1.5 yields a parameter-free PCH model (pfPCH) which predicts experimental data considerably better than NE. We design a new multi-person game, the Minimizer Game, as a testbed to compare initial choice predictions of NE, pfPCH and LK. Data obtained from two large-scale online experiments strongly reject NE and LK, but are well in line with the point prediction of pfPCH.
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

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Ordyan, Gevorg. "Social status and economic behavior". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/119884/1/Gevorg_Ordyan_Thesis.pdf.

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This research investigated how social status impacts economic behavior. First experiment inspired by Range-Frequency Theory tests whether the position between top and bottom members of a comparison group affects social risk-attitudes. The study found no such impact. Second experiment examined the role of internal status hierarchy within small groups during collective risky decisions. Hierarchy does not lead to faster collective decisions as we hypothesise. On the contrary, low-status males resist more during collective decisions. Third experiment investigated the impact of two-dimensional social status on ultimatum bargaining. The study found no evidence of conflict when subjects hold opposite set of statuses on two different hierarchies.

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Aarden, Bret J. "Dynamic melodic expectancy". The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1060969388.

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Meyers, Reagan, i Libby Weaver. "Philanthropic Motivation : A Study of CSR in the Workplace". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-151387.

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In the present study, the topic under scrutiny is how Philanthropic Corporate Social Responsibility plays a role within the workplace. This study is being presented due to the fact that CSR is often researched with the frame of reference of marketing, whereas the managerial perspective is not often considered. The research question addressed will take a managerial perspective on CSR and examine if implementing Philanthropic CSR only affects extrinsic factors, or if it also has an intrinsic effect on employee motivation. In this research, the questions undergoing discussion to support the study are 1) To what extent does CSR motivate employees? 2) What involvement level of CSR is required for employee motivation? 3) What level does CSR fit into on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs? This thesis focuses mainly on connecting Philanthropic CSR to Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Other supporting theories that will be used include: Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory, McGregor’s X and Y Theory, Self-Determination Theory, and Motivational Crowding Theory. To conduct the research needed, the authors have conducted a deductive study through a comparative design, obtaining qualitative data by the means of semi structured skype interviews. These interviews focus on American for-profit companies that have CSR in their strategy but focus on profit. The data collected has then been analyzed through a thematic approach. The information obtained suggests that Philanthropic CSR plays a role within the workplace, however, it is not seen as an incentive by employees. Moreover, an employee must be personally involved within the company’s CSR program to fully feel the effects that the program has to offer. This is due to the emotional investments made while participating in the said philanthropy. The conclusion found from this study is that Philanthropic CSR does have an intrinsic effect on employees because of the ‘feel good feeling’ they benefit from when they do participate in the Philanthropic CSR. However, to fully understand the effects of the motivational aspects, further research must be conducted.

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41

Nunes, Celso Luís Pereira. "Poverty measurement : a theoretical contribution and application to Portugal 2007". Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10724.

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Doutoramento em Economia.
Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma história do pensamento económico na medição de pobreza - desde o que pode ser considerado o inicio da economia da pobreza ate a era de redescoberta da pobreza durante a década de 1960 - bern como uma revisão da literatura sobre as principais ferramentas de medição da pobreza apresentadas pela Ciência Económica. E ainda apresentado, no âmbito da abordagem multidimensional, uma proposta de um índice de medição de pobreza, inovadora quanto a ponderação dos diferentes atributos considerados como elementos de privação. 0 propósito do indice proposto e o de medir a pobreza na sua multidimensionalidade, sendo que cada dimensão de privação e ponderada no indice de acordo com a Hierarquia de Necessidades de Maslow. Esta forma de ponderação faz com que o indice proposto seja diferente dos ja existentes pelo facto de se incorporarem elementos de uma teoria psicológica consolidada na sua estrutura. Por fim, o indice apresentado e aplicado atraves de dados do European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) para Portugal em 2007 e comparado com dois outros metodos multidimensionais de medi9ao da pobreza.
This work presents a history of the economic thought on poverty measurement - from what can be considered the beginning of the Poverty Economics until the "Rediscovering Poverty" era during the 1960s - as well as a review of the literature on the main poverty measurement tools presented by the Economic Science. We also present, having the multidimensional approach as background, a proposal for a poverty measurement index, somehow innovative regarding the weighting of different attributes considered as elements of deprivation. The aim of the proposed index is to measure poverty as a multidimensional phenomenon, where each dimension of deprivation is weighted in the index according to the Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. This way of weighting makes the proposed index different from the existing indices given that it incorporates elements of a consolidated psychological theory in its structure. Finally, the index is applied using the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) microdata for Portugal in 2007, and compared with two other methods of measuring multidimensional poverty.

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Alonso, Hjärtström Livia, i Hedvig Jensmar. "Platt och jämlikt? : En fallstudie av Feministiskt Initiativ". Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Social Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-917.

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The aim of this work is to define the party structure of Feministic Initiative (FI). We want to examine the structure of an organization that doesn’t start out with a hierarchical order. We further intend to examine the party’s leadership; whether or not it is equal, between the three spokespersons.We find it interesting as a topic from a democratic point of view as well as to see if a flat structure could work in practice. We use several theories among them Michel’s “iron law of oligarchy” and Holmberg’s and Söderlind’s theory on flat organizations. There is modest research on leadership in Swedish political science; we therefore consider it important to highlight. Shared leadership is interesting to examine, for it might be an alternative to the traditional order.We use a mixed-methodology based upon qualitative interviews and text analysis. We have interviewed the three spokespersons and examined materials like official weekly letters written by the spokespersons and the party’s constitution.The result shows that a flat structure is hard to carry out in practise and it appears that some form of hierarchical order appears in the party structure. Despite efforts towards equality the shared leadership is not totally equal.

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Chang, Jin O. "A generalized decision model for naval weapon procurement multi-attribute decision making /". [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0001025.

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Zhang, Peng. "Multi-Agent Systems Supported Collaboration in Diabetic Healthcare". Doctoral thesis, Karlskrona : Department of Interaction and System Design, Blekinge Institute of Technology, 2008. http://www.bth.se/fou/Forskinfo.nsf/allfirst2/412a22709997af61c125745e003680a2?OpenDocument.

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Pereira, Beatriz da Silva, Viviane Theiss, Rogério João Lunkes, Darci Schnorrenberger i Valdirene Gasparetto. "Relación entre las características observables de los CEO y su salario". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/114831.

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The objective of this study is to verify the relationship between the observable characteristics of CEOs working for companies listed in Sao Paulo Stock Exchange and their salary. To achieve this goal, we collected and analyzed informationabout the CEOs: age, time on the job, training, previous position and duality, as well as CEOs’ salary in the companies trading on the BM & FBOVESPA between 2010- 2014. The results showed that the longer a person works as CEO, the higher the salary. They also showed that CEOs with a better academic background receive, on average, a higher salary than less-educated CEOs. Executives hired exclusively for that position and those who do not perform the functions of CEO and chairman of the board earn, on average, more than corporate executives in the company andmore than those who are CEOs and chairman of the board at the same time.
El objetivo de este estudio es constatar la relación que existe entre las características observables de los directores ejecutivos de las empresas que cotizan en la Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo y el sueldo que reciben. Para esto, se analizó la información y características de los directores ejecutivos como: edad, tiempo en el cargo, educación, cargo anterior y dualidad, así como su relación con el salario del ejecutivo principal de las empresas que cotizan en la BM&FBOVESPA, entre los años 2010-2014. Los resultados mostraron que cuanto mayor tiempo tenga en ese cargo, mayor es el salario del CEO. También muestra que los CEO con una mejor formación académica reciben, en promedio, un mayor salario que aquellos con menores niveles de estudio. Los ejecutivos contratados exclusivamente para el cargo y los que no desempeñan las funciones de director ejecutivo y presidente del consejo ganan, en promedio, más que los ejecutivos de carrera en la empresa y más que los que ejercen la presidencia de la empresa y del consejo administrativo al mismo tiempo.
O objetivo deste estudo é verificar a relação entre as características observáveis e remuneração do diretor presidente de empresas listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo. Para atingir este objetivo foram analisadas as informações referentes as características do executivo principal como, idade, tempo no cargo, formação, cargo anterior e dualidade e relacionada com a remuneração do executivo principal das empresas listadas na BM&FBOVESPA, entre os anos de 2010 a 2014. Os resultados mostram que quanto maior o tempo no cargo maior a remuneração do CEO. Mostram também, que CEOs com formação acadêmica melhor recebem, em média, mais do que aqueles com menores níveis estudo. Tanto executivos contratados exclusivamente para o cargo quanto os que não acumulam as funções de diretor presidente e presidente do conselho ganham em média mais do que os executivos de carreira na empresa e, os que exercem tanto a presidência da empresa quanto a do conselho de administração.

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PAN, TONGLU. "A field study of the Elderly’s Participation into Community Education –The case of Shuyuan Township, Shanghai, China". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-67883.

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China is facing severe aging problems. It is estimated that in 2050, people over 60 in China will cover more than 25 percent population. How to make the elderly people’s life more meaningful and more fruitful becomes an urgent issue. To obtain the goal of setting up a learning society, as well as to loosen the heavy burden aroused by aging problem, community education is applied as an effective way to the elderly people widely to enhance their living standard. A lot of researches have been done on community education and the elderly education respectively abroad. China started to do such topic study later than Western countries but the speed of aging has soared during last 20 years. The blank of study especially the elderly people who live in rural area should aroused the attention of this society. This field study is to find out the factors that may lead to the elderly people’s subjective factors of participation into community education. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and society support theory, with the help of questionnaire and interview, the author finds out the current situation of the elderly’s participation in community education in Shuyuan Township, and factors that may influence the frequency of participation. The author proposes several suggestions which can be used to improve current situation as policy adviser.

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Isaksson, Julia, i Ellen Bengtsson. "Konsten att charma generation Y : en studie om ekonomistudenters behov vid val av arbetsplats". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-24051.

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För att företag ska kunna attrahera men också bevara kompetenta medarbetare, krävs det att de har något att erbjuda sin anställda. Detta ställer krav på en medvetenhet kring de preferenser anställda besitter, både sett till deras behov och motivation. Just nu är det arbetstagarens marknad som råder och företag har i utmaning att attrahera kompetentpersonal till organisationer. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka, genomekonomistudenters preferenser, vad som motiverar dem till en arbetsplats samt vad de tror skulle få dem att stanna på en arbetsplats. Även studenternas behov kartläggs och ger en förståelse för arbetsgivarens ansvar för arbetstagares jobbsituation. Resultatet av vår studie är ämnat att hjälpa arbetsgivare i näringslivet att attrahera samt bevara kompetent personal eftersom de genom vår studie vet vad som motiverar studenterna samt vad deras behov på enarbetsplats är. Då syftet med uppsatsen fokuserar på berättelser och förståelse av individers upplevelser gjordes en kvalitativ studie med en deduktiv forskningsansats. Resultatet presenteras eftersemistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter av tio ekonomistudenter från generation Y och analyseras sedan med hjälp av teoretisk bakgrund. Teorierna som används för att tolka vårt resultat var Self-determination theory (SDT), Maslow behovshierarki och Herzbergs tvåfaktorteori för att undersöka ekonomistudenters motivation och behov i relation till arbetsplatser. Studien mynnar ut i att utvecklingsmöjligheter och trivsel på arbetsplatsen var det viktigaste för samtligarespondenter, men att det samtidigt fanns en spridning av attribut som individerna föredrog. Vi kunde bland annat se att de manliga studenterna var mer materialistiska än de kvinnliga studenterna. Resultatet av studien kan ge en förståelse av vad våra respondenter föredrar vid val av eller att stanna på en arbetsplats, vilket företag kan ta till sig samt ta hänsyn till och förhoppningsvis utvecklas och förbättras tack vare sin kompetenta personal.
In order for companies to be able to attract but also retain competent employees, they must have something to offer their employees. This calls for an awareness of the preferences that employees possess, both in terms of their needs and motivation. Nowadays it is the employee’s labor market and companies are challenged to attract competent staff to their organizations. The purpose of this study is therefore to examine, through economics students ‘preferences, what motivates them to start working and what they think would make them stay at a workplace. This study will also chart the needs of the students to create a comprehension for the employer’s responsibility to its employees’ work situation. The result of this study aims to help employers in the industry to attract and also keep competent staff since they, thanks to our study, will be aware of what motivates the economics students and what their needs at a workplace are. Since the purpose of this thesis is focusing on stories and understanding we have made a qualitative study with a deductive research approach. The result will be presented through semi structured interviews with ten economics students from generation Y who are studying at University of Borås. The result will later on be interpreted using our theoretical background. The theories that are used to interpret our results are Self-determination Theory (SDT),Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory to examine economics students’ motivation and needs in relation to a workplace. The study concludes that development and comfort in the workplace was the most important for all of the respondents, but there was also a spread of the attributes of what the different individuals prefered. For instance we could see that the male students were more into materialistic attributes than the female students. The result of this study can give organizations an understanding of what economics students prefer when applying for a job and to stay at a workplace, and by that they can then assimilate the results which hopefully can help them develop and improve thanks to their competent coworkers. This thesis will be given in Swedish.

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Gupta, Rakesh M. K. "Ranking Small Business Resistance Criteria Toward the Affordable Care Act". ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1344.

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Following the enactment of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010, politicians, media, and lobbyists rendered a number of conflicting and confusing interpretations of its merits and demerits. Such interpretations intensified the skepticism and concerns of small business enterprise (SBE) owners. The purpose of this study was to develop a representative, prioritized list of SBE owners' concerns or resistance factors. The goal was to create a useful guide for SBE owners who are seeking ways to reducing the adverse financial impact of the law. With social choice theory as the theoretical framework, 50 randomly selected SBE owners across 5 distinct industry groups from Richmond, Virginia, participated in an online, cross-sectional, pairwise comparison survey. The overall results of an analytic hierarchy process indicated that the top-ranked resistance factor of SBE owners was insurance premiums, followed by quality of care and the tax burden. However, these rankings were not uniform among industry groups. With a focus on these crucial concerns, SBE owners could benefit by seeking approaches to reduce the business costs of health care. The implications for positive social change include the potential for business organizations, researchers, and policymakers to channel SBE owners' voice for a socioeconomic growth by addressing their concerns in seeking improvements from the ACA.

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Li, Qing. "Game Theoretic and Analytical Approaches to International Cooperation and Investment Problems". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32406.

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International cooperation and foreign investment issues are two important components of an international economy. The various aspects of research related to such international cooperation and foreign investment decisions are fraught with various complex factors. In this thesis, we consider two specific issues in the arena of international technological cooperation and foreign investments, by using established Operations Research techniques of game theory and multiple criteria decision making. We first analyze regional technological cooperation mechanisms using classical game theory. A concept of regional technological cooperation is developed based on a cooperative game theoretic model, in which a plan of payoff distributions induces an agreement that is acceptable to each participant. Under certain conditions, the underlying game is shown to be convex, and hence to have a nonempty core with the Shapley value allocations belonging to the core. A compensation scheme is devised based on the Shapley value allocations, whereby participants who enjoy a greater payoff with respect to the technological cooperation compensate the participants who receive a relatively lesser payoff via cooperation. In this manner, regional technological cooperation can bring overall benefits to all the involved players in the game. Some insightful examples are provided to illustrate the methodological concept. Next, we discuss a model for analyzing foreign direct investment opportunities and for evaluating related projects based on the International Investment Attracting Force Theory and the technology of fuzzy evaluation. This model is applied to assess the industrial investment projects that were proposed in the â â 95 Chinaâ s Tumen River Area International Investment and Business Forumâ funded by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization. Accordingly, the projects are classified into groups based on their potential to attract foreign investors. Furthermore, we simulate the actual forming process whereby projects are sequenced and selected for funding by foreign investors based on a sequential update of their effect on the local economy. The results provide a scientific basis for formulating related decisions and policy recommendations regarding the various proposed projects.
Master of Science

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Kuan, Haoyu, i 管浩宇. "Cognitive Analysis In Hierarchy Of Needs Theory". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66238891848576280737.

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碩士
義守大學
企業管理學系
100
Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs pyramid that identifies five intrinsic needs in human: (1) physiological (2) Safety and security (3) Love and belonging (4) Esteem (5) Self-actualization. However, the theory is mainly observational and does not touch upon the cognitive levels. Needs theorists believe the attitudes toward monetary needs differ from person to person, and people accommodate their perspectives about the importance of money as their income grows and as their personalities develop. Based on the Social Judgment Theory and the Information Integration Theory, along with the attitudes toward money and leisure due to the decision factors, this study examines whether or not the hierarchy of needs should be acknowledged cognitively. By means of SJT and IIT, the work satisfaction will be obtained from the subjects, and how subjects use cues to access information will be evaluated. Furthermore, the subject’s cognitive changes in the hierarchy of needs will be investigated. The assessment of the cognitive changes of the subject will be ascertained through the responses collected and analyzed by the function form, information integration model, and weight. By SJT and IIT methods, subjects in this study will be grouped by respective income, residence, and gender. The results have indicated the imperatives of monetary rewards and recreations toward one's attitude in job satisfaction. Within the three groups of participants, the averaged weight of monetary rewards is higher than that of the recreation. Pecuniary is the dominant factor in ascertaining job satisfaction of individuals. In addition, the role of monetary rewards in Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs in cognitive changes is examined in the study. In a function form, job satisfaction is positively correlated with money-that is to say, the higher the monetary incentives a person receives, the more pleased one is; this positive association does not support Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs in cognitive changes. Testing with differential weight averaging model integrated with information is the highest across the three groups. However, there are individual differences when integrated with information. When assessing one's attitude towards money using equal and differential averaging weight models, about two-third of participants exhibit consistency with Maslow's theory of the hierarchy of needs in cognitive changes. Applying differential weight averaging model integrated with change in psychological values, more than half of the participants give less weight on money as one's level of psychological value increases. This can also explain the hierarchy of needs in cognitive changes.

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