Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Heritage”

Observing visitors' behaviour in places presenting heritage and reviewing the tourism literature dealing with 'heritage tourism', led to this research that aimed to clarify the core of heritage tourism. In this research the common approach that tourists visiting heritage sites is called "heritage tourism", was challenged. The relationship between four groups of variables (1- the tourists' personal characteristics, 2- the tourists' awareness of the history of the site, 3- the tourists' perception of the site in relation to their own heritage and, 4 - the site attributes) and the tourists' visitation patterns (before the visit, during the visit, and after the visit) as the outcome variables was investigated. The actual study was conducted in Israel, due to its attributes as an area containing a variety of heritage sites in a relatively short distance, which relate to different tourists on different grounds, mainly looking at two sites: the Wailing Wall and Massada. The results indicate that the relationship between the tourists and the heritage site attributes is at the core of this social phenomenon. Specifically it was revealed that the tourists' perception of the site as part of their own heritage is associated with the tourists' visitations patterns at the site. The understanding of this relationship is useful for the study of heritage related behaviour including heritage tourism and has also potential contribution for the management of sites presenting historic and heritage artefacts. The approach used in this research could also be useful for challenging the existence of other sub-groups of tourism, and for the understanding of tourism as a general phenomenon. The study also suggests new approaches for the understanding of social behaviour in the context of heritage-related behaviour, which could be useful for other social research disciplines.

This thesis examines the British travelling fairground as a unique tradition and ongoing practice of the past, present and future, to create a wider dialogue with our understanding of heritage practices. The fairground is approached as a complex assemblage of objects and affects that has a sinuous historical trail, making its relationship to heritage practices a valuable insight in the wider environment of embracing our past. A key aspect of my work looks at, listens to, and explores the fairground and develops a detailed ontology of objects that set off a network of affects, making a major contribution to how the fairground is understood. This is then set out in a diachronic arrangement as the essence of change is investigated, understood as overlapping cycles connected to the content of the fairground, the space of the fairground, the music of the fairground, and the close synergy between accelerated popular culture and the visual presentation of the fairground. Central to this is the audience demographic, and the issue of when we most appreciate the fairground, and when we no longer feel a part of the fairground. This provides an understanding of our heritage seeking behaviour and expectations. Heritage of the fairground is identified in five key contexts: the static museum collection, the steam rally movement, the specialist vintage travelling fair, the living museum (examples that incorporate a period fairground), and the specific re-creation of a seaside amusement park. These heritage efforts are investigated with site reports analysed using a wide toolbox: spatial practice, situational aesthetics, textual analysis, and audience granularity (including the protagonist who sets up and controls the collection). Drawing on and synthesising the fieldwork from the fairground heritage sectors, I present case studies around notions of authenticity, vernacular flows, space and building, and future planning considerations. The thesis concludes by illuminating points of dialogue to the wider heritage field, addressing the growing uncertainty around the convergence of the museum and the theme park.

It is a common phenomenon in many developments that the old cannot coexist with the new especially when our city is under rapidly development pressure for elevating the city competitiveness. Many decayed urban districts have neglected the importance of urban redevelopment. As a result, many featured streetscapes are disappearing. There are many discussions and a huge public noise on protecting some commemorative old districts because those unique streets are our local identities and living cultures. There are two well known urban renewal projects recently - Lee Tung Street and Wing Lee Street. The first one is completely demolished while the second one has escaped from bulldozer thanks for an award-wining film. These two cases exactly indicate that the fate of all decayed districts are either completely demolished or completely preserved. Frankly, it is sad to witness our local identities losing bit by bit, but the decayed urban districts are definitely needed to be regenerated to enhance better living qualities. This thesis aims to examine a landscape approach to reimage a streetscape for Lee Tung Street renewal project, exploring in a new way to sustain the unique street culture. Intangible value is significant in streetscape. It is an image of a city and a section of a city development history. The demolition of Lee Tung Street has destroyed part of the development history and has erased a section of the city memory. The proposed model aims to reframe the missing link in urban content and to sustain the intangible heritage of Lee Tung Street.
published_or_final_version
Architecture
Master
Master of Landscape Architecture

The awareness of marginality, oppression, and hierarchy at an early age directly influences the creation of work specific to my identity as a woman of color. Born and raised on an island in the Pacific Ocean, I was aware of my sense of location and space relative to the world. The vast ocean separating me from the ‘mainland’ created a specific understanding of marginality, of what is “main” and what is “minor,” and how these categorical placements continued from my youth to ongoing perpetuation. The work I create has a subtle and persistent investigation into my identity as a socio-economic and ethnic minority woman. I attempt to translate and address my identity and cultural significance by creating works that bring about question and dialogue dealing with cultural normative values. My work subtly addresses theories of alienation, burden, heritage, and identity. I use materials and/or focus on importance of materiality to imply an inherent meaning through historical root, core, and/or initial function. Often this function has fixed placement in certain cultures and society. Although the work is visually and conceptually dark in nature, the desired feeling includes a very physical response while coexisting within the installation’s environment. Oppositional Gaze is a video based on my personal experience. I approach making from a lived and ongoing experience that is constant. On an ordinary day, I often witness acts of repression, acts of injustice, and absurd occurrences that are either directed at me or observed toward others. I impose inner turmoil upon myself of whether or not I shall respond or absorb what I have witnessed. These experiences have emerged at a time in my life, in a place I considered to be a dislocation of my physical presence in relation to my constant neighbor, with a metaphysical questioning of placement. The video is a visual and auditory whisper that reflects my internalized struggle. These true encounters of questions, statements, and name-calling were specifically chosen to address this reality on a large screen, symbolic to the hovering subjection of prejudices and stereotypes that resonate within me. These encounters are unexpected, yet not surprising when they happen due to the frequency of their occurrence.

The relationship between cultural heritage and identity has long been acknowledged. Due to this relevance, utilizing past and its material remains for political purposes has been a common practice for the states; a phenomenon that has its roots in antiquity and is still actively used. Modern states have been active agents in this process by defining what constitutes their ‘national identity’ and ‘national heritage’. This selection brings together the exclusion of the pasts and their remains that are ’dissonant’ with the national historiography, thus resulting in the deliberate and non-deliberate destruction of ‘the Other’s’ heritage. Due to their attachment to public memory, historical monuments are the most affected subjects of this process. This study investigates the historical and contemporary effects of ‘exclusion’ of cultural heritage from the national narratives by focusing on the Ottoman heritage in Greece and the Byzantine heritage in Turkey. The research focuses on the two particular aspects of ‘public’: the state and the people. It critically analyses cultural heritage laws in Greece and Turkey and the states’ contemporary cultural policies with regards to ‘the Other’s’ heritage. People’s perceptions of heritage are investigated through public opinion surveys conducted in two case studies from the two countries. The research deals with a topical subject, ‘heritage and identity’, which is of high relevance to contemporary societies and the heritage literature. Its originality lies in its scope, ‘the Other’s’ heritages in Greece and Turkey, and the novel results it produces. In summary, the research shows that people’s and states' perceptions of ‘the Other’s’ heritage are interrelated and mostly governed by the states’ policies. The inclusion of the Ottoman heritage in the cultural heritage management in Greece has positively influenced the people’s perceptions. In Turkey, the ‘otherness’ of the Byzantine heritage is still felt by the people, but the potential benefits of their utilization enhance their protection by the public.

Intangible heritage is a growing concept of emphasis in international communities. This study will define intangible heritage and focus on the performing arts in Taiwan. Inasmuch as Taiwanese Opera and Hand Puppetry are two of the most significant manifestations among others, research methods of qualitative interviews and non-participant observations will be used to gain an insight into their practices through investigating certain practitioners. This study will in particular explore organisational management and training approaches that ensure their artistry and skills are transmitted, contributing to the dissemination of intangible heritage. Furthermore, this study will inspect how the competent authorities determine the designation and registration of intangible heritage. Governmental schemes and their implementation for the safeguarding intangible heritage will be thoroughly examined, revealing the integrity and effectiveness of administrative systems, especially as the competent authorities are confronted by certain problems in the interpretation of intangible heritage, interaction with practitioners and controversy. These are inter-related, inter-influencing, and restrictive. In responding to these existing predicaments, coping strategies will be proposed as research outcomes.

Doutoramento em Turismo
With this work we propose to analyze the perception of the concept of quality by managers of museums and archaeological sites. To this end, we chose to analyze some heritage areas open to the public and certified by HERITY - World Organisation for the Certification of Quality Management of Cultural Heritage, the only international certification of this kind which has been officially recognized by UNESCO and the World Tourism Organization. The application of the principles of quality and Total Quality Management to cultural heritage management is part of the efforts towards a continuous improvement of the cultural tourism offer and - in our opinion – towards an increasing capacity to promote intercultural dialogue between local population and visitors. In this context, we have therefore investigated the perception of quality within the context of cultural heritage management, and how the culture of quality can provide a greater involvement of local communities, contributing to the strengthening of authenticity and destination personality, as well as the promotion of intercultural dialogue between tourists and residents. To answer these questions, we have defined a theoretical model and subsequently carried out an empirical work at European level on the perception of quality by managers of cultural heritage sites, namely archaeological heritage. An in-depth comprehension of areas such as Archeology, Tourism and Quality Management, as well as its role within the broader context of sustainable regional development, are the basis of this work. The latter is intended, in turn, to be a vehicle of reflection within the creation of public policies on territorial management and tourism development. We thus undertook a research line which is still almost unexplored, that is, the analysis of quality principles within the cultural heritage management, their potential and the measurement of their actual impact on the territory, through an integrated approach, by considering in a specular, complex way the two main beneficiaries: residents and tourists.
Com o presente trabalho nos propomos de analisar a perceção do conceito de qualidade por parte dos gestores dos museus e sítios arqueológicos. Para tal, escolhemos analisar algumas áreas patrimoniais abertas ao publico e certificadas por HERITY - World Organisation for the Certification of Quality Management of Cultural Heritage, única certificação internacional deste género e cuja importância já foi oficialmente reconhecida pela UNESCO e pela Organização Mundial do Turismo. A aplicação dos princípios da qualidade e do Total Quality Management à gestão do património cultural se insere nos esforços para uma melhoria contínua da oferta cultural e turística e – no nosso entender – no aumento da capacidade de promover o diálogo intercultural entre população residente e visitantes. Nos questionamos portanto sobre a percepção do significado de Qualidade no âmbito da gestão do património cultural, e de que forma a cultura da qualidade pode proporcionar um maior envolvimento das comunidades locais, contribuindo assim para o reforço da autenticidade e do caracter do destino, bem como do diálogo intercultural entre turistas e residentes. Para responder a estas perguntas, procuramos definir um modelo teórico que, a seguir, confrontamos com os resultados de um trabalho empírico de âmbito europeu sobre a perceção da qualidade por parte dos gestores do património cultural, nomeadamente arqueológico. O estudo aprofundado do que é a Arqueologia, o Turismo e a Qualidade e a reflexão do papel destes três domínios no âmbito mais abrangente do desenvolvimento territorial sustentável representam a base deste trabalho, que se propõe por sua vez de ser um veículo de reflexão no âmbito da criação das políticas públicas de gestão do território e de desenvolvimento turístico. Empreendemos assim uma linha de investigação ainda pouco explorada, dedicada à analise dos princípios da qualidade no âmbito da gestão do património, às suas potencialidades e à medição dos seus efetivos impactos no território, através de uma abordagem integrada e considerando duma forma não convencional, mas sim especular e complexa os dois principais beneficiários: população residente e turistas.

As defined by Wai Mun Lim and Mel Endean in 2009 in their article “Elucidating the aesthetic and operational characteristics of UK boutique hotels” in the International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Boutique hotels have less than 100 rooms, have an individualistic and unique design, are often in historic buildings, and have highly personalized service for guests. I found that a boutique hotel that focuses on historic preservation and heritage tourism does four things. First, it respects the history of the building it is housed in, preserving as much of the original structure as possible. It also takes advantage of the unique features the historical building offers, highlighting them with design choices. Third, it educates guests on the history of the building and the surrounding area with both information and design. Lastly, it encourages guests to visit and engage with other heritage tourism sites in the area, offering concierge services and ticket packages.

This study seeks to examine and trace the notion of state prioritisation of heritage in relation to state intervention through political, policy and governance regimes in heritage management in South Africa. The study covers key highlights in the evolution of heritage management and developments through specific epochs and contexts such as the colonial, apartheid and post-colonial South Africa. Drawing on theories such as 'governmentality' and 'authorised heritage discourse' the study provides a perspective on the extent of state influence and dominance in the formalisation of heritage management through policy, legal instruments and governance processes. Using the National Liberation Heritage Route project in South Africa as a case study, the research illustrates the notion of state prioritisation of heritage in relation to the deployment and mobilisation of state resources (policy, legal instruments and material resources) in heritage management to support a select past as 'official' heritage of the nation state. The politics of transforming the heritage landscape in post-1994 South Africa witnessed the emergence of the idea of state prioritisation of the liberation heritage as a site for restorative justice particularly to honour and recognize the legacy of the political struggles for freedom against colonialism and apartheid. Conversely, the framing of the liberation heritage also demonstrates political uses of heritage at expedient moments to achieve political goals by the regime in power and state control. While normative approaches to heritage management tend to emphasise the disjuncture between colonial and post-colonial periods, the results of this study confirm strong ties to colonial and European influences across these categories. The findings outline the complexity of state intervention and its inherent biases that inform the governance of heritage. In this light the study contributes to ongoing research on the discourse of evaluating the global, local, and transnational dimensions of heritage management and practices, in relation to the problematics of heritage as mainly a product of state authority and political power.

This year is the 110th Anniversary of Hong Kong Tramways. Serving Hong Kong Island for 110 years, Hong Kong Tramways has not only been a means of local transportation, but also an urban heritage contributing to our collective attachment and the identity of our city. The tramlines largely maintained its original alignment with minor adjustments mainly owing to the relocation of tram depots. However, the rapid urban development along the northern shore of Hong Kong Island had been constantly changing the context of the tramway. Hills were leveled and harbour was reclaimed. The tramway undoubtedly witnesses the changing urban landscape of Hong Kong Island. The tramway is a unique urban feature with great contribution to the legibility of our city. It not only takes us navigate through our city, but also provides a useful reference for us in finding our direction in the urban areas of Hong Kong Island. The moving tramcar is an iconic urban heritage of our city. Its fleet is the only one in the world that exclusively operates double-deckers without government subsidies. As a fully commercial tram system, it has to improve continuously to keep abreast of the society and compete with other means of transportation. Modernization of the fleet inevitably is imperative. However, how can the tramcars be rehabilitated and upgraded with modern technology yet maintain its heritage values? This dissertation aims to maintain the heritage significance of the tramcar by identifying its character-defining elements through the votes of Hong Kong people.
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation

Corporate heritage brands represent a valuable source of insight into brand longevity. The complexity and omnitemporality of these entities present a unique set of managerial challenges. Therefore corporate heritage brands require a specific brand management approach. However, corporate heritage brands and their management are surprisingly under-researched. Moreover, in a corporate branding context the practices that protect and renew corporate brand heritage are unclear. However, the work of a few pioneering academics has been a source of inspiration and a theoretical foundation for this research. These studies include but are not limited to Urde et al (2007), Balmer (2011a, 2011b, 2013), Hakala et al (2011) and Hudson (2011). The context of this research is corporate heritage brands and its positioning is corporate heritage brand management. The research was comprised of two discrete studies. The aim of Study 1 was to examine how luxury organisations manage corporate heritage to recover and enhance the corporate heritage brand. Study 1 presents a longitudinal, retrospective study of two corporate heritage brands, Tiffany & Co. and Burberry that experience structural corporate heritage brand decline followed by recovery. The analyses of the cases identified turning points that delineated three periods, specifically the foundational years; an interval of crisis; and subsequent ascendance. Three brand constructs are significant, they underpin the rise, fall and rise of Tiffany and Burberry; brand vision, brand values and core competencies. The study demonstrates how long-established corporate heritage brands can overcome structural brand crisis, by restoring corporate heritage.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
Full Text

This thesis investigates tourism governance models for sustainable heritage tourism in Kandy, a world heritage city situated in central Sri Lanka. Additionally, it explains how the success of sustainable heritage tourism has underpinned sustainable livelihoods development from a socio-cultural perspective. The main objective is to find, identify and assess the influence of tourism governance on sustainable heritage tourism in Sri Lanka. Stemming from this approach is the development of a tourism governance model for sustainable heritage tourism in Kandy. This thesis is intended as a response to the challenges of adopting a sustainable livelihoods development approach. Accordingly, it investigates the role sustainable heritage tourism plays in host community development within the context of sociocultural, economic and environmental aspects in Kandy. Employing a qualitative methodological approach, this thesis is underpinned by an interpretive research philosophy. Research data was collected through field-based in-country interviews and open-ended questionnaires as this approach allowed respondents to offer more information and to include their feelings, attitudes and understanding of the subject. Research results from in-country fieldwork reveal that tourism governance models have a major influence on the viability of sustainable heritage tourism at Sri Lankan heritage destinations. Macro-scale and micro-scale factors were found to be influential in tourism governance models. Additionally, sustainable heritage tourism was found to be a persuasive factor in host community development. Research from this thesis provides policy recommendations and potential management frameworks for tourism practitioners and policy makers. These insights into Kandy and other Sri Lankan heritage localities enable improvement of tourism governance systems and sustainable heritage tourism.
Doctor of Philosophy

This thesis researches into the heritage tourism characteristics on Gotland. Many destinations see a great potential to develop new tourism products around their heritage and thus meet a rising demand for enriching and unique visitor experiences. However, different considerations and stakeholders need to be taken into account to foster a sustainable development. The Swedish island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea has a long history as a tourism destination and is rich in heritage resources of diverse origin. A qualitative approach has been taken to study which traits characterise heritage related tourism to Gotland, and which potentials and challenges are seen by major stakeholders in the tourism and heritage development. One protruding result has been the strong connection between natural and cultural elements at the heritage sites as well as in tourism demand. Also the tourism strategy for Gotland strives for a further development of nature and culture as thematic tourism areas. Hence, a closer look has been taken into the relation of these two heritage elements. With help of the concept and methodology of heritagescapes two heritage sites have been analysed in a case study approach. The result shows that the integration of natural and cultural heritage to create cohesive and immersive visitor experiences at one site is challenging. However, taking both heritage elements into account can create synergies and they enhance how the respective other heritage element is experienced. This can broaden which visitor groups are attracted and in which season. Furthermore, the heritagescape approach gives practical management implications for the sites.

Evidence has accumulated that learningChinese as a Foreign/Second Language (CFL/CSL) andas a Heritage Language (CHL) are not the same–it has been proposed, therefore, that different learning strategies and different pedagogy are needed for these two groups of learners. However, knowledge of CHL-specific learning strategies is incomplete, andTCHL-specific pedagogy is under development (Lynch, 2003a). The current comparative study investigates heritage and non-heritage Chinese students’ perceptions of language learning strategy use. It also explores correlations among learners’ individual variables, for example: their language proficiency level, motivations on learning Chinese, and language learning beliefs, together with other variables suchas gender, age, mother tongue, andtheir perceptions of learning strategy use. The study was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative methods. In the quantitative part, the variables of Chinese language learners and language learning strategy use were examined to explore the statistical relationship between the heritage and non-heritage Chinese language learners. Afterinformal pre-interviews and a pilot study, a sample of 278 Chinese language students (142 non-heritages students, 117 heritage students) from eighteen mainstream British universities, colleges, andsenior high schools weresurveyed. The survey was carried out through three structured pencil-and-paper questionnaires, including: a background questionnaire, Horwitz’s Beliefs about Language Learning Inventory (BALLI), and Oxford’s Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL). Statistical analyses wereperformed using SPSS version 17 for Windows, such as Descriptive Analyses, Independent T-Tests, Pearson Product-moment Correlations, Factor Analyses, ANOVAs, Post-hoc Multiple Comparisons,ANCOVA, and Multiple Regressions. In the qualitative phase, the variableswere examined further within a semi-structured interview paradigm. The study addresses questions of both theoreticaland pedagogical significance, and makes specific proposals regarding ways to improve pedagogy forUK heritage and non-heritage Chinesestudents.

Sustainability is one of the key challenges facing society in the twenty-first century. The adoption of sustainable practices in the heritage sector resonates with its long-established objectives to conserve and enhance the historic environment, although its implementation can also present significant dilemmas for the commodification, integrity, authenticity, accessibility and viability of these resources, particularly where sites are tourist attractions. The aim of this thesis was to investigate progress in the adoption of sustainable practices in heritage properties and sites in Devon and Cornwall. The findings were based on the compilation of an inventory of selected heritage resources; an extensive questionnaire survey of managers of historic houses and castles, historic churches, and museums and archives (416 responses), which investigated the extent of, and opinions about, sustainable management approaches; and semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with eight heritage managers, which probed key issues in much greater depth. The results of the research demonstrated some similarities with the adoption of sustainable practices in other sectors, such as the practical issues associated with costs and lack of knowledge. There were also some heritage-specific issues, such as perceived conflicts with protection duties, the consequences of being largely dependent upon volunteer staffing, and the institutional role of larger parent organisations, which have been overlooked in previous research. Most significantly, the results indicated that very few heritage sites produced sufficient surpluses to facilitate investment in sustainable practices that might ultimately enhance their financial viability and fund enhanced conservation activities. Future strategies for the sector as whole must therefore not only deal with capacity-building, such as access to information and training on sector-specific sustainable management, but also address the institutional factors governing heritage in the UK, such as strategic leadership, the most effective models for governance and funding mechanisms for sustainability, and the creation of local and regional heritage networks.

Scholarly work on the relationship between heritage and memory has largely neglected living memory (that is ‘everyday’ memories of lived experience). There is a common assumption that heritage fosters or maintains broader ‘collective’ memories (often referred to as social, public or cultural memories) in a linear sense, after living memory has lapsed. However, given the range of complex conceptualisations of ‘memory’ itself, there are inevitably multiple ways in which memory and heritage interact. This thesis argues that where heritage displays represent the recent past, the picture is more complex; that heritage narratives play a prominent role in the tussle between different layers of memory. Empirically, the research focuses on two prominent mining heritage sites; Big Pit coal mine in south Wales and Geevor tin mine in Cornwall. Industrial heritage sites are one of the few sorts of public historical representation where heritage narratives exist so closely alongside living memories of the social experiences they represent. The study more clearly models the relationship between heritage and memory by analysing three key components in relation to these sites; the process ‘heritagisation’, living memories and broader cultural memory. It is argued that heritagisation is a process in which dominant narratives of the past are socially constructed and reliant upon particular political, cultural and economic circumstances. In these cases, heritage discourses imposed particular senses of value in relation to the mining past, emphasising the more distant past and the inherent ‘historic’ value of the industry. Through oral history, the relationship between autobiographical memories and these dominant heritage narratives is then explored. The study finds that living memory provides a more complex, nuanced account of the past which both challenges and goes beyond fixed heritage representations. As such, the meeting of heritagisation and living memory creates a number of points of contest. However, heritagisation directly influences the construction of dominant cultural memory, suggesting that heritage narratives actively construct new ways of ‘remembering’ the past. In turn, while living memories are not ‘forgotten’, they are gradually bleached out, diluted or even subsumed by dominant cultural memory.

[ES] Los proyectos de arquitectura patrimonial conllevan trabajo colaborativo entre diferentes agentes tales como arquitectos, ingenieros, arqueólogos, historiadores, restauradores, propietarios, etc. Tradicionalmente cada disciplina ha trabajado de manera independiente generando información dispersa. El flujo de trabajo en los proyectos patrimoniales presenta problemas relacionados con la desorganización de procesos, la dispersión de información y el uso de herramientas obsoletas. Diferentes organizaciones abogan por usar métodos innovadores para tratar de resolver estos problemas. BIM (Building Information Modelling) se ha postulado como una metodología adecuada para mejorar la gestión del patrimonio arquitectónico. La aplicación de BIM a construcciones históricas, denominada HBIM (Heritage BIM), ha probado tener múltiples ventajas para gestionar proyectos patrimoniales. Sin embargo, la literatura científica pone de manifiesto la necesidad de seguir investigando en los procesos de los proyectos patrimoniales, la implementación práctica de HBIM, la simplificación de la laboriosa tarea de modelado HBIM y la documentación de los proyectos HBIM. La finalidad de esta investigación es el desarrollo de un protocolo que ordene la gestión de proyectos patrimoniales usando HBIM y el diseño de una plataforma web que sincronice la información patrimonial. DSR (Design Science Research) es el método de investigación usado para desarrollar dicho protocolo que ayude a mejorar el flujo de trabajo en los proyectos patrimoniales. Las técnicas de investigación usadas han sido el análisis documental, casos de estudio, entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales. Se analizaron los procesos HBIM y se estudiaron los requerimientos de los agentes patrimoniales. Como resultado, se desarrolló el protocolo BIMlegacy, dividido en ocho pasos y contemplando a todos los agentes que participan en proyectos patrimoniales. Dicho protocolo se aplicó en el caso de estudio de Fixby Hall, en Huddersfield (Reino Unido), y sus resultados fueron expuestos en un workshop interdisciplinar para validar y mejorar el protocolo BIMlegacy. Basado en este protocolo, se desarrolló la plataforma BIMlegacy como herramienta para poder llevar a cabo este flujo de trabajo donde agentes interdisciplinares pueden unificar y sincronizar la información patrimonial. Este innovador sistema en la nube conecta la base de datos intrínseca de los programas HBIM con bases de datos patrimoniales usando un plug in para Revit de Autodesk, una web API, un servidor SQL y un portal web. La plataforma BIMlegacy se diseñó como una web de trabajo, pero también como una web de difusión cultural donde el público generalista puede acceder a cierta información de los monumentos. El protocolo y la plataforma BIMlegacy fueron usados para gestionar el proyecto de Registro de San Juan del Hospital. El protocolo, la plataforma y los resultados del proyecto de San Juan del Hospital fueron expuestos en un grupo focal en Valencia con profesionales para su evaluación científica. La contribución teórica de esta investigación ha sido el descubrimiento de problemas en el modelado HBIM que no habían sido especificados antes, beneficios del HBIM (por ejemplo, el uso de plataformas online o el filtrado de información en sistemas HBIM) y requerimientos para implementar HBIM en la práctica tales como la necesidad de un protocolo simple e intuitivo y de ofrecer entrenamiento específico a los agentes no técnicos. Las contribuciones prácticas al conocimiento han sido la creación del protocolo BIMlegacy con la lista de agentes patrimoniales y la integración de procesos tradicionales, el diseño de la plataforma BIMlegacy con la sincronización de la información en tiempo real que permite que los agentes no técnicos puedan participar activamente en los modelos HBIM, el uso de HBIM como una herramienta de gestión, y la aportación de información rigurosa volcada por profe
[CAT] Els projectes d`arquitectura patrimonial comporten treballs col·laboratius entre diferents agents tals com arquitectes , enginyers ,arqueòlegs , historiadors, restauradors , propietaris , etc. Tradicionalment cada disciplina ha treballat de manera independent generant informació dispersa. El flux de treball en els projectes patrimonials presenta problemes relacionats amb la desorganització de processos, la dispersió d'informació i l'ús d'eines obsoletes. Diferents organitzacions promouen fer servir mètodes innovadors per a tractar de resoldre aquests problemes i fer del patrimoni cultural un motor de desenvolupament socioeconòmic. BIM (Building Information Modelling) s'ha postulat com una metodologia adequada per millorar la gestió del patrimoni arquitectònic. L'aplicació de BIM a construccions històriques, anomenada HBIM (Heritage BIM), ha demostrat tenir múltiples avantatges per gestionar projectes patrimonials. No obstant això, la literatura científica posa de manifest la necessitat de seguir investigant en els processos dels projectes patrimonials, la implementació pràctica de HBIM, la simplificació de la laboriosa tasca de modelatge HBIM i la documentació dels projectes HBIM. L'objectiu d'aquesta investigació és el desenvolupament d'un protocol que ordeni la gestió de projectes patrimonials usant HBIM i el disseny d'una plataforma web que sincronitzi la informació patrimonial. DSR (Design Science Research) és el mètode d'investigació utilitzat per desenvolupar aquest protocol que ajudi a millorar el flux de treball en els projectes patrimonials. Les tècniques d'investigació utilitzades han estat l'anàlisi documental, entrevistes semi-estructurades i grups focals. També es van analitzar els processos HBIM i es van estudiar els requeriments dels agents patrimonials. HBIM es va proposar com el model virtual que acull la informació patrimonial i que articula els processos. Com a resultat, es va desenvolupar el protocol BIMlegacy, dividit en vuit fases, contemplant a tots els agents que participen en projectes patrimonials. Aquest protocol es va aplicar en el cas d'estudi real de Fixby Hall, a Huddersfield (Regne Unit), i els seus resultats van ser exposats en un workshop interdisciplinari per validar i millorar el protocol. Basat en aquest protocol, el grup de recerca va desenvolupar la plataforma BIMlegacy com a eina per poder dur a terme aquest flux de treball on agents interdisciplinaris poden unificar i sincronitzar la informació patrimonial. Aquest innovador sistema en el núvol connecta la base de dades intrínseca dels programes HBIM amb les bases de dades patrimonials fent servir un plug-in per Revit d'Autodesk, un web API, un servidor SQL i un portal web. La plataforma BIMlegacy es va dissenyar com un web de treball, però també com un web de difusió cultural on el públic generalista pot accedir a certa informació dels monuments. El protocol i la plataforma BIMlegacy van ser utilitzats per gestionar el projecte de Registre de Sant Joan de l'Hospital. El protocol i la plataforma i els resultats del projecte de Sant Joan van ser exposats en un grup focal amb professionals per a la seva avaluació científica a València. La contribució teòrica d'aquesta investigació ha estat el descobriment de problemes en el modelatge HBIM que mai havien estat especificats abans, beneficis del HBIM (per exemple l'ús de plataformes en línia, el filtrat d'informació en sistemes HBIM, la integració de la divulgació cultural amb HBIM) i requeriments per implementar HBIM en la pràctica, com ara la necessitat d'un protocol intuïtiu i simple on oferir entrenament específic als agents no tècnics. Les contribucions pràctiques al coneixement han estat la creació del protocol BIMlegacy amb els agents patrimonials i la integració de processos tradicionals,el disseny de la plataforma BIMlegacy amb la sincronització de la informació a temps real que permet que els agents que no son tècnics pugu
[EN] Heritage architectural projects involve collaborative work between different stakeholders, e.g. architects, engineers, archaeologists, historians, restorers, managers, etc. Traditionally, each discipline works independently, generating dispersed data. The workflow in historic architecture projects presents problems related to the lack of clarity of processes, dispersion of information, and the use of outdated tools. Different heritage organisations have showed interest in innovative methods to resolve those problems. Building Information Modelling (BIM) has emerged as a suitable computerised system to improve the management of heritage projects. BIM application to historic buildings, named Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM), has shown benefits in managing heritage projects. The HBIM literature highlights the need for further research in terms of the overall processes of heritage projects, its practical implementation, the need of simplifying the laborious modelling task, and need for better standards of cultural documentation. This investigation aims to develop a protocol for heritage project processes using HBIM and an online work platform prototype where interdisciplinary stakeholders can unify and synchronise heritage information. Design Science Research (DSR) is adopted to develop this protocol. Research techniques used include documentary analysis, case studies, semi-structured interviews, participative workshop, and focus groups. An analysis of HBIM processes and a study of heritage stakeholders' requirements were performed through documentary analysis and semi structured interviews with stakeholders involved with relevant monuments. HBIM is proposed as the virtual model which will hold heritage data and will articulate processes. As a result, a simple and visual HBIM protocol, BIMlegacy, was developed. It is divided in eight steps and it contemplates all the stakeholders involved. BIMlegacy was applied in the Fixby Hall case study and its results were evaluated in a workshop with interdisciplinary stakeholders. An online work platform prototype, also named BIMlegacy, was developed, where interdisciplinary stakeholders can unify and synchronise heritage information. This innovative in-cloud system connects the intrinsic HBIM software database with heritage documentary databases using a Revit Autodesk Plug-in, a web Application Program Interface, a Structured Query Language server, and a web portal. BIMlegacy is an online platform to facilitate working but also a cultural diffusion web where general visitors can access to the information of the monuments. The BIMlegacy protocol and platform were implemented in two case studies Fixby Hall in Huddersfield (United Kingdom) and San Juan del Hospital in Valencia (Spain). BIMlegacy and the results of San Juan project were revealed in a workshop and in a focus group with external professionals for its evaluation. This research contributes within the theoretical knowledge highlighting modelling issues that were unknown before, benefits of using HBIM (a.e. the use of online platforms, filtering the information in HBIM database systems, the integration of cultural divulgation with HBIM) and needs in terms of implementing HBIM in practice such as the importance to have a simple and intuitive protocol to be useful and that the non-designer stakeholders require specific HBIM training. The practical contributions are the creation of the BIMlegacy protocol with the list of stakeholders and processes, the design of the BIMlegacy platform with the synchronisation of information in real time allowing the non-technical stakeholders to actively participate in HBIM models, the use of HBIM as management system, and the benefit for society and local communities since the rigorous information uploaded by professionals will be accessible to the public.
Jordán Palomar, I. (2019). Protocol to manage heritage-building interventions using Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/128416
TESIS

This is an ethnographic study that explores notions of identity and meaning at two museums of industrial heritage in Canada (Cape Breton Miners’ Museum) and South Wales (the Big Pit National Mining Museum of Wales). This thesis seeks to unpack how identity is constructed and meaning is made from representations of the industrial past.

This research contributes to the fields of heritage and museum studies with a threefold objective: conceptualise heritage as a process, using an appropriate research method, with implications for museums. The work correspondingly helps to redress the undertheorisation of heritage, the inadequacy of methods for grasping heritage as an ethnographic object of study, and the disconnection between communities and their museums - and, underlying and linking these issues, the widespread incorrect and damaging presumption that individuals, or the communities they constitute, are heritage deficient. In doing so, the presumption of public heritage deficiency underlying and linking these theoretical, methodological and museological 'problems' is challenged and countered. Drawing on my heritage ethnography of maritime Bermuda, I examine how and why people of this mid-Atlantic island use maritimity to formulate identity and community, and thereby generate maritime heritage. This contextualised case study engages with current thinking and key debates about heritage and museums to conceptualise heritage cross-culturally. Introductory chapters review heritage and museums across the relevant scholarly, maritime, and Bermuda scales and reflect upon my methodological choices during the research design, fieldwork and analysis. Five chapters of ethnographic analysis subsequently interpret community uses of heritage in terms of Bermudian relationships with the sea. Specifically, this analysis identifies and explores maritime heritage as: relationships with past and present maritimes; negotiations of 'race' and its legacies; beliefs in authenticity; curatorial practices of community museology; and aspirational remedies to social crisis. With this rich ethnographic yet analytic account of maritime heritage in Bermuda, I expand the framework for understanding heritage as a phenomena and concept, offer a heritage model to museums - and maritime and Bermuda's museums specifically - so they may better connect with their communities, and utilise and innovate heritage ethnography as a specialised method for heritage research, museum curation and wider community use.

Ever since the 1841 arrival of British troops in Hong Kong have people decided staying in the city with rugged contours been finding solutions to face the geographical reality of the scarcity of land, whether are they European merchants or Chinese settlers. Public spaces that serve as a buffer and an extension to the private domain are of fundamental importance to the well-being of the people and the city. However in recent decades there is a prevailing trend to worship Western concept of public spaces such as squares and piazzas that were tailor-made to suit the habitual behavior of Europeans who and whose ancestors possess a strong culture of public living. The Western public spaces do not suit the mode of living of Chinese who are not used to exhibit themselves publicly and would prefer to stay close to their dwellings. The key issue addressed by this dissertation is that public spaces suiting the needs of Hong Kong people should learn from traditional urban public spaces for Chinese settlers who share if not identical, similar cultural background to us. Hong Kong Terraces that were formed by the British government to practically address the difficult circumstances of geographical, political and social factors are a valid example that has helped to solve the overcrowding problem and contributed to the history of the city. In other words, these are Hong Kong’s heritage public spaces that shall be treasured and learnt from. Given this, it is urgent to begin researching such spaces before they are erased from our sight. The dissertation will acknowledge Hong Kong Terraces as successful public spaces in Hong Kong, investigate the causes of formation, and identify their qualities with the illustration of several surviving cases. The research will provide alternative solutions and notes to the design of valid public spaces that shall help to improve Hong Kong urban life.
published_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation

Much recent debate surrounding the conservation of cultural built heritage (CBH) concerns its instrumental role in society. In Britain, the ascendance of openly contested identity politics and New Labour's orthodoxy of socially progressive reform draw attention to particular challenges facing heritage conservation activities in a pluralist, multicultural society. Here, it is argued, ethnic minorities face exclusion from state-defined heritages which they may not share. Yet despite its appropriation to pursue social objectives, the meaning of CBH, in terms of what it is and what it does at local community level, remains little understood. Accordingly, as heritage agencies strive to democratise their activities, the benefits of broadening access to national CBH, while taken as a matter of faith, remain untested and unexplored. This thesis tests the actuality and extent of post-modem notions of CBH in a culturally diverse local community setting. By building on a cross-disciplinary theoretical framework, and using qualitative methods within an in-depth spatially defined case study, the research explores how CBH is defined, given meaning and how and why it is contested. Perceptual dysfunction between producer aims and consumer requirements is identified through critically analysing efforts to re-evaluate and revise existing definitions of national CBH. The research challenges the sustainability of reform directives stemming from the heritage sector and government, which are shown as incompliant with the values and meanings placed on heritage by participants. Reformist intervention in heritage policy must therefore acknowledge and accept the reality that such moves also have the potential to generate new forms of exclusion. The thesis concludes that we should focus less on efforts to (re)define CBH in a way that neutralises difference and more on developing understandings of the processes through which people define their experiences of heritage in their own social contexts. The work provides a platform for critical discourse and reflection on heritage encompassing the key fields of identity, democracy and ownership of the past.

The Chinese Grand Canal, contrived in the late thirteenth century to provide a safe route to the capital Beijing from the south of China for the imperial grain tribute, during the sixteenth century became the main trade artery. This canal consisted of a linear network of linked rivers and lakes, often improved to enable barges to pass and interconnected with sections of canals. In order to pass the undulating topography the watercourses were adapted with sluices of various kinds, and over its existence the main challenge was to negotiate droughts and flooding that often required new courses to be adopted and/or innovative methods in order to preserve water or circumnavigate flood damaged areas. During the twentieth century it had gradually fallen in disuse and became neglected. Yet during the Mao era sections were revived for shipping coal and were re-made sometimes on the course of the old canal, sometimes elsewhere. Other sections were removed and materials quarried for other uses. Remarkably at the same time the concept of the Grand Canal was also celebrated. By the time the Canal was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage Register in June 2014 there was little left of the historic fabric. In the years running up to this nomination there had been efforts to re-create some of the heritage, with the government focussing on the canal as a tourist destination. When it was finally inscribed the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) expressed concerns about the state of the original fabric and the ‘modern’ heritage created. However, the state government still holds a rose-tinted view of the various issues relating to the condition of the canal, and the propaganda and economic initiatives by the government have made it very difficult to voice criticisms. As a result canal heritage continues to be treated inappropriately with little respect for the final fragments of original fabric that still survive. This thesis aims to identify the values of the Grand Canal through a critical assessment of its historical development, and surveys the various issues relating to the heritage using the Shandong section as a case study and then explores the appropriateness and effectiveness of the current methodologies and approaches, as to whether the canal meets the criteria as a World Heritage Site; whether perhaps other designations would be more suitable; and that perhaps the canal heritage should form the basis for an alternative development methodology, addressing a new agenda regarding sustainability, climate change and mounting health problems.

The Christian cultural heritage of north Africa is ancient and rich, but at risk after recent political events. Many Christian minority communities living in Islamic environments feel at risk of persecution. This is a topical and timely PhD. The Christian, Coptic heritage of Egypt remains poorly studied from the perspective of heritage management and is also at risk from a number of factors. Using first-hand study and analysis based upon original fieldwork, the thesis offers a state of the art assessment to risks facing Coptic monuments in Egypt today. It does this by situating Egyptian heritage policy within the English framework, and it establishes theoretical approaches to value, significance, meaning, and interpretation in Egyptian heritage within a wider global framework. It is based on the analysis of three markedly different Egyptian Christian Coptic sites, each with their own unique management issues and it offers a series of solutions and ideas to preserve, manage and interpret this unique material culture and to emphasise community solutions as being the most viable and sustainable approaches, whilst taking into account the varied levels of significance of these monuments.

Background and rationale: Collecting is a basic human activity, a cultural phenomenon establishing cultural values, defining authenticity and creating new identities for collected objects and collectors. For more than a decade, I have studied cultural heritage collections from three key interwoven perspectives. These approaches are evident in the six publications selected for this submission: • Architectural and organisational perspective: at the Vatican Gallery (Innocenti 2001a), Uffizi (Innocenti 2003a) and Biblioteca Laurenziana (Innocenti 2002a) I investigated institutional collector and key stakeholder strategies for designing collection space and displays. I then applied this analysis to‘knowledge architecture’ for industrial design artefacts and processes (Innocenti 2004c). • Procedural and functional perspective: from Palladio drawings (Innocenti 2005a) to industrial design knowledge bases (Innocenti 2004a), I investigated how to digitize, archive, render and make accessible cultural heritage as an accurate iconic representation, interwoven with documentary and cultural contexts. The work further led me to study the authenticity of born-digital artworks (Innocenti 2012c). • Artefact perspective: I explored how artists and institutional collectors address the preservation of artworks, from the Renaissance desks of the Biblioteca Laurenziana (Innocenti 2002a) to digital artworks (Innocenti 2012c), and the historical and theoretical implications of their choices. In each of these areas, I contextualized the interrelations between cultural heritage discourse and the history of collecting cultural artefacts within given historical, social and cultural periods. My work began in Italy, where cultural heritage is deeply rooted and widespread, and moved on to encompass Europe and North America in tracing the evolution of cultural heritage collectors’ strategies. I adopted an interdisciplinary approach, engaging perspectives, methods and theoretical frameworks from art history, art theory, museography, museology, library and information science, information technology, social anthropology and engineering. Starting from this multi-focal vantage point my research has resulted in contributions to knowledge, methods and theory. These publications on one hand demonstrate the continuum of key issues in cultural heritage creation, preservation and access as manifested in the strategies of institutional collectors and artists. On the other hand, they highlight the new paradigms and transformations introduced by digital and communication technologies, the shaping of cultural heritage informatics to address these transformations and the theoretical and methodological implications underlying them. Through my scholarly research, I contributed to progressing the canonical historicisation of cultural heritage, museography and museology, and to exploring the new paradigms and transformations introduced by digital and communication technologies to the disruptive and exciting world of cultural heritage informatics. The portfolio: The portfolio is a selection from Perla Innocenti’s more than forty publications of research carried out since 2001 on cultural heritage and informatics with the Universitá degli Studi di Roma ‘La Sapienza’, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Istituto Nazionale di Archeologia e Storia dell’Arte in Rome, Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna, Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Fondazione Andrea Palladio, Politecnico di Milano and EU-funded projects SHAMAN and MeLa. Six scientific publications are presented: two journal articles, a scholarly treatise, a published conference paper, key chapters from a monograph and one book chapter from an edited volume. The works have two key themes relevant to the critical analysis and understanding of heritage institutions’ evolution up to the digital age. The themes illustrate the contribution each publication has made to the literature and explain the relationship between the works submitted, including developments which have occurred between one piece and another. Theme I: Evolution of museography, museology and heritage studies Three publications are presented under this theme, each of these presenting the critical analysis of cultural heritage institutions and their artefacts within the historical evolution of museums and libraries. Publication I presents the critical analysis of the museographic principles applied by Luca Beltrami to the design of the Vatican Gallery, investigated and contextualised within its museographical and cultural history (Innocenti 2001a). Publication II presents the critical analysis and findings of the museological and museographical principles applied by Corrado Ricci to the Uffizi Gallery in the 19th Century, compared with the contemporary principles in the Uffizi applied by the former Superintendent and Italian Ministry Antonio Paolucci (Innocenti 2003a). Publication III presents the analysis and original findings of Michelangelo’s ergonomic design of the Biblioteca Laurenziana fittings, within the historical evolution of libraries (Innocenti 2002a). Theme II: Creating, managing, disseminating and preserving digital cultural heritage The publications presented in this theme relate to methodologies and processes characterising diverse typologies of analogue and digital cultural heritage and the emerging field of cultural informatics. Publication IV presents the novel methodological approach defined and applied within a relevant digitization project of Andrea Palladio manuscripts and maps (Innocenti 2005a). Publication V presents the outcomes of my investigation defining and implementing an online knowledge-based system supporting research and teaching of industrial design, which is formally considered part of Italian cultural heritage (Innocenti 2004a). Publication VI discusses the repositioning of traditional conservation concepts of historicity, authenticity and versioning in relation to born-digital artworks, based on findings from my research on preservation of computer-based artefacts by public collectors (Innocenti 2012a).

Authorised narratives of British popular music history have been deployed as representations of national identity by a range of institutions and individuals. The London 2012 Olympic Games opening ceremony, for example, presented a range of musical artists and songs that had been selected to represent aspects of British cultural identity to an international audience. The following year, a speech delivered by British Prime Minister David Cameron cited examples of British popular music in order to demonstrate British cultural successes in an international field. This thesis argues that authorised narratives such as these have failed to reflect the diversity of music cultures in the UK, drawing upon literature that highlights the concerns of ethnic minority groups who are frequently faced with exclusion from mainstream heritage narratives, and on a case study on British Bhangra music. British Bhangra is a musical genre closely associated with the BrAsian community, and in this thesis it is used to explore the relationship between popular music heritage and multiculturalism and address the following research questions: How have individuals involved with the British Bhangra music industry and audience groups responded to authorised narratives (Smith, 2006) of British popular music? How has British Bhangra been constructed as heritage – whether authorised, un-authorised or self-authorised – and where is this taking place and by whom? In order to address these questions, the thesis adopts two methodological approaches: qualitative research in the form of ethnographic fieldwork, and the analysis of particular musical works produced by British Bhangra artists and promoted as heritage – such as songs featuring in audience-constructed online charts attempting to define the ‘50 Best British Bhangra albums’. The ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in three areas in England: Bradford and Leeds in the North-East of England, Birmingham, and Tower Hamlets in East London, and enabled an exploration of British Bhangra heritage sites and practices in each location. Face-to-face and email interviews were also conducted with artists, music promoters and archivists involved with the British Bhangra music industry as well as with Bhangra audiences, and published interviews from print and online sources were consulted. This helped to examine British Bhangra heritage from the perspective of the artist, audience and music industry workers involved. At the same time specific British Bhangra songs were analysed in order to explore musical constructions of national identity and cultural memory and related concepts, such as ‘homeland’ or ‘authenticity’, both of which emerged as highly valued by British Bhangra audiences and artists. Attempts by artists and music journalists to construct a ‘canon’ of British Bhangra music frequently involve efforts to evaluate these musical works in terms of their perceived ability to express authenticity, or to evoke connections with a rural Punjab. The music is analysed in relation to such debates, and the way in which particular artists and songs have become enshrined within British Bhangra music heritage practices is explored.

Through the case study of Lalibela (Ethiopia) and with a long time perspective, this master thesis aims at questioning heritage management and the mismatches induced by the encounters of several scales of actors and powers. In the first chapter I trace how Lalibela’s churches became internationally known. None of the early Lalibela’s foreign discoverers intended to achieve a heritage study but they directly contributed to build up the internationalization of Lalibela. I also demonstrate that Lalibela occupies a very special place in Ethiopia, being a historical place of pilgrimage for ordinary Christians but also for numerous kings and governors. In the second chapter I mainly focus on the monuments. I argue about the techniques of restoration used on these monuments. Before the onslaught of modern conservation techniques, the community used to conserve the churches with their own masons and artisans’ skills. These kinds of conservation practices are nowadays idealized in the elders’ memories. The churches’ structural fragility combined to their internationalization attracted several and international actors. Most of the times kept out of the recent conservation program, the local community systematically criticizes any intervention on the monuments. Here, the controversy seems to revolve around a lack of intermediate body between the heritage institutional actors and the local community. In the last chapter, I addressed the question of the modern management of the site. Lalibela has become a political and economic tool for the country, especially through tourism. This shift has pitted heritage valorization and local community against each other, as the Ethiopian Sustainable Tourism Development Project shows. The local community is endengandered by such programs, which often question the necessity of moving people far away from the churches. Not only conservation and valorization programs bring some kind of disregard towards local people’s, but they also disseminate the perception that the very existence of the local people is a threat to their own heritage – the churches in the case of Lalibela; Résumé : À travers l’étude de cas de Lalibela (Éthiopie) et dans une perspective historique, ce mémoire ambitionne de questionner la gestion du patrimoine culturel et les problèmes induits par divers jeux d’acteurs et de pouvoir. Dans le premier chapitre, je reviens sur les étapes de l’internationalisation des églises de Lalibela. Aucun des premiers visiteurs de Lalibela n’ambitionnait de produire une étude scientifique mais ils ont en revanche tous contribué à faire connaître Lalibela. Je montre aussi que Lalibela occupe une place très particulière en Éthiopie, à la fois en tant que haut-lieu de pèlerinage pour tous les Chrétiens mais aussi pour de nombreux rois et gouverneurs. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je me concentre principalement sur les monuments. Avant l’arrivée des techniques de conservation dites modernes, les populations locales restauraient les églises grâce aux compétences de leurs maçons et artisans. Ces pratiques sont aujourd’hui idéalisées dans les mémoires des anciens. La fragilité structurelle des églises combinée à leur internationalisation précoce a attiré de nombreux acteurs nationaux et internationaux du patrimoine. Généralement tenus à l’écart des récents programmes de conservation, la communauté locale critique systématiquement ces interventions sur les monuments. Le problème semble se nouer autour d’un manque d’acteurs intermédiaires entre les acteurs institutionnels du patrimoine et la communauté locale. Dans le dernier chapitre, je questionne la gestion contemporaine du site. Lalibela est devenue un outil politique et économique pour le pays, tout particulièrement à travers le tourisme. Valorisation patrimoniale et habitants sont désormais incompatibles, comme le montre l’ Ethiopian Sustainable Tourism Development Project. Les habitants sont fragilisés par de tels programmes qui établissent la nécessité d’éloigner les populations des églises. Les programmes de conservation et de valorisation n’apportent pas seulement un certain mépris envers les populations locales, mais ils répandent aussi l’idée que l’existence même de ces populations est une menace pour leur propre patrimoine, les églises dans le cas de Lalibela.

In this thesis, I examine the ways in which the local identity as "the Plague Village" that has been built up in Eyam over the centuries intersects with heritage tourism and the local heritage museum in telling the story of Eyam's history with bubonic plague. The key areas of investigation are: 1) tourism in Eyam and the interactions between visitors and village residents, 2) the role of the local museum and other heritage projects in defining and constructing Eyam's public identity, 3) the secondary function of the museum as a memorial site, 4) the strategies employed by the museum in the design, display, and presentation of its exhibits, 5) the specific ways in which the museum describes and displays "the Plague", and 6) the issues surrounding a specific aspect of the Plague discourse addressed in the museum, the CCR5-Delta32 genetic mutation, which was the subject of genetic testing in Eyam to study its possible connection to surviving bubonic plague. Drawing on tourism research and heritage tourism studies, museum anthropology, anthropology of science, and medical anthropology, I show the interconnectedness and the complexity of heritage tourism in Eyam and the ways in which Eyam Museum contributes to this. Key Findings: 1) Heritage tourism is far more complex than can existing theories regarding "the gaze" suggest, and in Eyam, we see that the gaze is part of the picture, but the work of the imagination and the attempt by visitors to physically place themselves within the history they seek to learn about by walking particular routes and visiting particular spots are equally important in understanding the driving force behind the type of heritage tourism found in Eyam. 2) The museum is a very powerful driving force in Eyam's tourism, and it is the museum which determines what story is told to visitors and in what ways. It tells a history, but it also serves as a memorial to the people who died in Eyam's Plague outbreak, acting in some ways as a sacred site rather than as simply a museum. 3) Eyam Museum uses a variety of display formats, including dioramas, artefacts in glass cases, charts and graphs, drawings, and text panels. Its heavy use of text panels and its distinct lack of interactive displays differentiate Eyam Museum from other museums in Britain and in museum studies literature, but the museum's memorial function combined with lack of space and low budget mean that interactive displays are not being considered as an option at this time. 4) The Plague and "the gene" are seen as biomedical concepts in some ways, illustrated through a variety of methods, but at the same time, they are seen in social terms, as the Plague is the story of great suffering and loss for the village that is associated with specific names and individuals' life stories, while "the gene" is considered as an object of hope and amazement for its relationship not to bubonic plague, but to HIV, a "modern-day plague", making this part of the story told in the museum relevant and exciting to visitors to Eyam today.

Since the UNESCO constitution was established in 1945, and since the global convention for the protection of the World’s Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1972, a variety of challenges and issues have emerged in relation to providing UNESCO world heritage nomination files (WHNF). The UNESCO World Heritage have published a resource manual to help with the preparation of the nomination files. This manual is intended to provide basic principles and guidance to assist state parties as they begin the working process. However, the resource manual states that, “there are many different ways to prepare a nomination file” and there is no recommended method defined. This could provide validity to the task of improving and creating other methods to aid with preparing the nomination file. In the last decade, a number of traditional surveying methods have been used for several heritage sites in the world in order to provide the nomination files. However, these methods have proved unreliable as they have always missed out critical and comprehensive details, as well as taking a long time to process. As such, these issues can affect the UNESCO world heritage nomination and the world heritage community decisions. The concept of using terrestrial laser scanning and Photogrammetry has been utilised in many heritage sites around the world. Besides, the integration of the laser scanning output data and the Building Information Modelling (BIM) has also been introduced as a new method for documenting and managing these heritage sites and is known as Heritage BIM (HBIM). This research will focus on developing an interactive approach to the documentation, sharing, digitising, and management of the heritage buildings. This will be through collecting data from various sources, including geometrical, dimensional, historical, thematic, and constructive information, to be used as a new model for meeting the requirements of UNESCO’s WHNF. The HBIM method has been adopted for a case study of Historic Jeddah, which is described as Jeddah Heritage BIM (JHBIM) that focuses on Nasif Historical House, which is considered to be one of the most important historical houses in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The main reason for choosing this case study is due to the huge gap in the research in relation to heritage buildings, with almost no official architectural database or accurate records existing with regard to the buildings in Historic Jeddah.

Collation and assessment of forty-one historical polymer fragments using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy has been conducted. The polymer fragments included natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic plastics which varied in age, composition, function, provenance and previous environmental exposure. The forty-one fragments belonged to nine different polymer types which included: cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, PVC, polyurethane, rubber, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene and polycarbonate. As expected, the analysis of plastics by ATRFTIR for polymer classification was shown to be a suitable technique. It was possible to identify additives and potential degradation of some plastic fragments. In addition, the efficacy of the data interpretation tool principal component analysis (PCA) for potential applications in polymer characterisation and polymer degradation was also examined. Plastics in heritage collections were recently identified as an emissive source. As a result it was important to understand the chemical compounds they release and how they might affect the stability of other heritage objects. Therefore the usefulness of emission data as a noninvasive tool for the examination of forty-one historical polymer fragments was investigated. Tenax-TA sampling tubes were used to collect the volatile organic compounds emitted from forty-one historical polymer fragments which were previously characterised with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Thermal desorption-gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (TDGC/MS) was successfully used to separate and identify the emissions from the forty-one samples at 23°C, after heating to 70°C and after accelerated degradation. It was recognised from the laboratory based study that there was no benefit in heating plastic samples prior to the collection of VOCs. To determine the utility of the developed TDGC/MS method for plastic identification, or stability classification, a number of objects currently held in heritage collections were examined non-invasively and at room temperature using Tenax-TA sampling tubes. Examination of the VOC emission profiles (both in laboratory work and in case studies) identified acetic acid as an important pollutant emitted from some plastic materials (most notably cellulose acetate and rubber). These vapours can further promote deterioration of the source object or cause cross-contamination of susceptible objects stored or displayed in close proximity to the emission source. Therefore a small scale investigation of the acidic emissions from selected plastic objects in heritage collections was conducted.

For most of the second half of the 20th century the world's political map was divided by the Cold War, a name given to the 40-year long standoff between the superpowers - the Unites States and the USSR - and their allies. Due to its geographical location and alliance with the United States, Britain was at the 'frontline' of the Cold War. As a response to increasing tensions, the British Government made arrangements by building hundreds of military sites and structures, which were often dismantled or abandoned as the technology on which they relied became rapidly ineffective. Nowadays, there is a growing (academic) recognition of Cold War sites and their new or contemporary uses, including as heritage attractions within a tourism context. This study has brought forward a constructionist approach as to investigate how heritage works as a cultural and social practice that constructs and regulates a range of values and ideologies about what constitutes Cold War heritage (and) tourism in Britain. It has done this by, firstly, exploring the dominant and professional 'authorised heritage discourse', which aims to construct mutually, agreed and shared concepts about the phenomenon of 'Cold War heritage' within a tourism context. The study identified a network of actors, values, policies and discourses that centred on the concept of 'Cold War heritage' at selected sites through which a 'material reality' of the past is constructed. Although various opposing viewpoints were identified, the actors effectively seem to privilege and naturalise certain narratives of cultural and social meanings and values through tourism of what constitutes Cold War heritage and the ways it should be manifested through material and natural places, sites and objects within society. Differences were particularly noticeable in the values, uses and meanings of Cold iii Cold War heritage (and) tourism War heritage within the contemporary context of heritage management in Britain. For some, the sites were connected with a personal 'past', a place to commemorate, celebrate or learn from the past. For others, the sites were a source of income, a tourism asset, or contrary, a financial burden as the sites were not 'old enough' or 'aesthetically pleasing' to be regarded as a monument to be preserved as heritage. Subsequently, the study also explored the (disempowered) role of visitors to the sites as passive receivers, leaving little room for individual reflections on the wider social and cultural processes of Cold War heritage. Although, most visitors believed that the stewardship and professional view of the Cold War representations at the sites should not directly be contested, this study has illustrated the idea that what makes places valuable and gives them meaning as heritage sites is not solely based on contemporary practices by a dominant heritage discourse. Despite the visitors' support for the sole ownership by site managers, and the selective representations of the Cold War and events, they did question or negotiate the idea of 'heritage' as a physical and sole subject of management practices. Despite having little prior knowledge about the Cold War era or events, by pressing the borders of the authorised parameters of 'Cold War heritage', visitors actively constructed their experiences as being, or becoming, part of their personal and collective moments of 'heritage'. By inscribing (new) memories and meaning into their identity, and therefore also changing the nature of that identity, they reflected upon the past, present and future, (some more critically than others). To conclude, understanding these discursive meanings of Cold War heritage (and) tourism, and the ways in which ideas about Cold War heritage are constructed, negotiated and contested within and between discourses also contributes to understandings about the philosophical, historical, conceptual and political barriers that exist in identifying and engaging with different forms of heritage.

The New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Foundation is a non-profit 501 (c) (3) organization. The Foundation presents the famous New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival and utilizes the proceeds from the Festival for year-round community development programs in the areas of education, economic development and culture. The Foundation also owns the broadcast license of radio station WWOZ 90.7. The Foundation is constantly seeking to expand its involvement with the local community. Thus, Mr. Don Marshall, Executive Director of the Foundation, created the Jazz & Heritage Gallery. My internship position was as the first Gallery Director for the newly created Jazz & Heritage Gallery. Throughout the course of my internship I successfully curated three exhibitions: Inspiration Exhibition, Femme Fest 2009, and Outside the Tent. I also managed the various business affairs of the Jazz & Heritage Gallery, including communications with artists and the public, and collaboration with numerous local organizations and seeking grants. This report includes the Foundation and Festival's history, organizational structure, current programming and my contributions to the Foundation. It also includes detailed recommendations based on the SWOT analysis of the Foundation as well as best practices suggestions.

As a contribution to econometric research on the role of architectural heritage, this dissertation evaluates non-aggregate data for a total of 2142 designated National Priority Protected Sites (NPPS) in China using hedonic model and ordered probit model. Attempting to verify economic costs of conserving architectural heritage sites in China, the objectives of the dissertation are to find out the grading system of NPPS; to compare the monetary value and non-monetary value methods on architectural heritage conservation; to identify the current criteria of national heritage conservation maintenance funding (NHCMF) allocation for the NPPS; and to select and evaluate the key factors of NHCMF allocation for the NPPS. The research question of this dissertation is: “what are the decision criteria of NHCMF allocation in China?”. The dissertation conceives of one general hypothesis and 17 empirical hypotheses. The general hypothesis is based on the maintenance funding and grading system of each conservation project. The empirical hypotheses are generated from possible determined factors of NHCMF allocation, theories of sustainable development, economic value and heritage value. Based on the real market information, 7 factors have been identified as the determined factors of NHCMF allocation of NPPS. They are “average household income”, “annual economic benefit”, “average personal salary”, “population”, “ticket”, “types modern building” and “types revolutionary sites”. Of these 7 factors, on the one hand, “average household income”, “annual economic benefit”, “population”, “entry ticket fee” and “types (revolutionary sites)” have positive relationship with the maintenance cost. The positive relationship result implies that the revolutionary sites locate in economic developed area with more population and higher entry ticket fee are more likely to get more maintenance funding. On the other hand, “average personal salary” and “types (modern buildings)” have negative relationship with maintenance funding. The negative relationship result reflects that modern buildings of NPPS with higher average personal salary are less likely getting more maintenance funding. Based on the hypothetical market data, 4 factors have been identified as the determined factors of NHCMF allocation of NPPS. The factors of “population and “annual economic benefit” have the same relationship with monetary market data. The “maintenance funding” and “original usage” have negative relationship with grading system.
published_or_final_version
Real Estate and Construction
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy