Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Hammer energy”

The generation of electricity from fossil fuels is a major contributor to climate change and cannot be sustained indefinitely. Renewables can provide electricity in a more sustainable manner, however supplies from sources such as wind and solar can be variable and unpredictable. Hydropower and tidal energy offer more predictable generation capacity, making them appealing for a resilient transmission system. This is particularly true in the context of decentralised power grids, which harness smaller amounts of energy from a wide range of sources to improve transmission efficiency and reliability. Yet for tidal power in particular, little work has been done thus far on developing small scale technology capable of working efficiently in low flow speed (< 2 m/s) conditions. This research was conducted to identify, design and develop a device capable of generating pico scale power (< 1 kW) in shallow water, low input tidal and river conditions. The result is the Water Hammer Energy System (WHES), a novel design that makes use of water hammer pressure surges to generate vertical oscillations from a horizontal flow of water. The hydrodynamics of the system are investigated through a combination of experimental and theoretical work, with studies conducted into the e↵ect of input head, flow rate, and device size on performance. A 16 mm diameter experimental device was found to provide a piston with a mean power of 8 mW. Data from this study was used to validate a mathematical model, which predicted a maximum hydrodynamic efficiency of 23.1 % for a 1 m2 device operating at a 0.50 Hz valve closure frequency in 0.4 m/s flow. Assuming a 30 % generator efficiency, such a device operating in the mouth of Poole Harbour (where the peak flow speeds reach 1.69 m/s) could supply an average of 1.14 kW of power. Over the course of a year, this would provide enough electrical energy to supply 2 typical UK houses and o↵set 5.55 tonnes of CO2. 5.85 kW would be generated in a constant flow of 1.69 m/s, sufficient to supply the annual electricity requirements of 11 typical UK households and o↵set nearly 30 tonnes of CO2. With further development, the system may therefore be a viable method of generating pico scale hydropower from shallow water, low input sites.

Fluid hammer is a problem, which may lead to catastrophic consequences and many engineers have a deficiency in competence when it comes to its prediction. This study´s objective is to assess various fluid hammer prediction models, to evaluate how substantial pressure thrusts would affect a system and to verify the analytical results toward experimental data. The experimental data are collected from a novel experimental rig constituted of tubes, valves and data acquisition (DAQ) equipment. The literature review reveals several algorithms, analytical calculations and items of transient numerical analysis software (simulation software) for this purpose. In this study, the fluid hammer prediction is performed by analytical and numerical analyses using the commercial mathematic software suite Maple 2017. Assessments reveal that the results differed between analytical calculation, simulation and experimental data. The experimental activities yield the lowest pressure thrust magnitude and transient analysis predicted the highest. For the sake of conservative prediction, use of simulation software is recommended.
Vätskeslag är ett problem som kan ge katastrofala följder och många ingenjörer saknar kompetens när det handlar om att förutspå det. Målet med denna studie är att utvärdera olika metoder för att utvärdera hur betydande tryckstötarna blir i ett system samt att verifiera analytiska data gentemot ett experiment. Datan för experimentet fås från en testrigg som består av tuber, ventiler och instrumentering. Av litteraturstudien framgår att det finns flertalet algoritmer, analytiska beräkningar och transienta numeriska mjukvaror (simuleringsprogram) till detta syfte. I den här studien värderas och jämförs vätskeslag genom analytiska och numeriska analyser med hjälp av mjukvarupaketet Maple. 2017 Utvärdering av resultaten visar att de varierar med de olika metoderna. Experimentet gav de lägsta tryckstötarna och simuleringarna gav de högsta. Därför rekommenderar jag att för säkerhets skull använda simuleringsprogram.

This study consists of the development of a ram pump, which will allow the pumping of water without the need of external energy sources. It is considered an analysis of interest since, once it is finished; it can be applied in reality improving and facilitating different activities related to agriculture and health. Previous studies have been made related to the ram pump; however, in this case, it is intended to understand the system that has been built in the laboratory in order to find the best combination of parameters that will lead to obtain the highest possible efficiency.  The study will be carried out by studying scientific literature and by experimenting in the laboratory. Encompassing the experimental and literary field, it is expected to understand perfectly the advantages and disadvantages of the ram pump in order to determine if it is worth it to install in certain places. After the study, the most favourable parameters for the operation of the Bruzaholms Bruk pump have been obtained. It has been found that the use of a longer drive pipe favours the operation of the system, as it is possible to obtain a higher efficiency, although it must be taken into account that the mentioned length needs to be controlled, as it could reduce the working rhythm of the pump. It has also been seen that the pump gives better results if the impulse valve is completely opened. Finally, it has been proven that, as long as the height difference between the two tanks is enough, increasing the height of the water source will favour the operation of the system.

L’enjeu du forgeage est la maîtrise des dimensions finales et des qualités métallurgiques du produit fini. Plusieurs phénomènes influencent le procédé dont le comportement de la machine. Les efforts importants mis en œuvre et les fortes décélérations des éléments en mouvement lors de la déformation de la pièce provoquent des phénomènes dynamiques à l’origine de pertes énergétiques. Sur les machines pilotées en énergie, dont font partie les presses à vis et les pilons, la mesure des efforts de forgeage et du déplacement des éléments en mouvement peut être complexe, du fait des conditions extrêmes en termes de température, de vitesse de frappe et d’énergie développée. C’est la raison pour laquelle, seuls des modèles théoriques sans liens directs avec la réalité ont été proposés pour représenter le comportement de ces machines. L’objectif de ces travaux est de développer une nouvelle méthodologie pour modéliser le comportement de la machine et de ses outillages, dans le but de rendre les simulations du procédé de forgeage plus prédictives. Le modèle et ses paramètres sont obtenus à partir de mesures expérimentales, ce qui fournit une solution sur-mesure, spécifiquement adaptée au système {machine + outillages} et applicable à une machine pilotée en énergie quelconque. Les méthodes numériques et les protocoles de mesure, nécessaires à la mise en œuvre de la méthodologie, sont développés pour trois technologies de machines. Le caractère prédictif du modèle est alors validé, étape par étape dans différentes configurations, jusqu’à la modélisation du comportement d’un pilon contre-frappe. En parallèle, le modèle est exploité pour quantifier l’efficacité du procédé et mieux comprendre les processus de consommation de l’énergie durant le forgeage
The issue in forging operations is to obtain final product with controlled geometries and microstructure. Several phenomena influence the process, of which one is the machine behavior. The high forging load and the important deceleration of moving parts during billet deformation cause dynamical phenomena which imply energy losses. For energy driven machines, as screw presses and hammers, the measurement of forging load and moving parts displacements can be complex, because of the extreme conditions concerning temperature, impact velocity and developed energy. Therefore, only theoretical models without direct links with reality have been proposed to represent machine behavior. The purpose of this work is to develop a new methodology to model the machine and tools behavior, in order to improve the predictivity of forging process simulations. The model and its parameters are obtained from experimental measurements, which provides a tailored solution, specifically adapted to the {machine + tools} system and applicable to any energy driven machines. The numerical methods and measurement protocols needed to apply the methodology are developed for three machine technologies. The predictive capacity of the model is then validated, step-by-step for different configurations, until reaching the modelling of a counterblow hammer. Simultaneously, the model is exploited to quantify process efficiency and better understand the energy consumption during forging operations

Demand for information and educational programming on the topic of renewable energy continues to grow within Extension. In this study, evidence showed that Extension was not addressing educational demands on the subject. Using the Concerns-Based Adoption Model as a theoretical framework, this study sought to identify concerns of Extension educators in Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado that influence programmatic efforts in renewable energy. The objectives of the study were to: 1) measure the levels of faculty engagement in renewable energy education 2) describe the concerns (as defined by the Concerns-Based Adoption Model) of Extension educators regarding renewable energy education, 3) determine whether field faculty concerns differ by the primary job function, and 4) identify concerns of subgroups that may influence program involvement with renewable energy education. The study was conducted using a census of Extension educators (n=307) in Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado in October 2011. Using an electronic, web-based Stages of Concern Questionnaire (SoCQ) survey, the study had a response rate of 41% (n=126). Quantitative methods of analysis included SoCQ profile comparisons, High Stage Score and Second High Stage Score analysis, analysis-of-variance (ANOVA), and Tukeys post hoc t-test analysis for significant results in the ANOVA analysis. Across all job functions and subgroups analyzed, faculty indicated a 99% Unconcerned, or Stage 0 Concern, and profiled as "non-users" of the innovation "renewable energy programming". Results reflected a general lack of knowledge and awareness about renewable energy programming, followed by strong personal concerns about adopting this change. While three subgroups indicated potential negative dispositions to renewable energy programming, the majority of faculty were positively disposed but indicated a "nonuse" state. Therefore, Extension educators had little or no knowledge of or involvement with the innovation, and were doing little to become more involved. Based on these results, recommended change management strategies for the Extension organization were generated. These strategies focus on the need for clear definition of "renewable energy programming" and the determination of acceptable levels of field faculty engagement.

Abstract Non-pathological change in body weight and adiposity is one distinct adaptive feature that seasonal species undergo, and it can offer a novel way to study the mechanisms underlying body weight regulation and energy homeostasis. Changes in the expression and activity of metabolic enzymes are essential for the physiological adaptation seasonal species exhibit. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulatory enzyme that controls the energy homeostasis both on cellular and whole-body level. In this thesis, the main focus was to clarify how seasonal adaptation affects AMPK and its downstream target in lipid metabolism, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), in different metabolic tissues of two model species with diverse wintering strategies: the raccoon dog and the Djungarian hamster. In addition, the effect of periodic fasting on the raccoon dog skeletal muscle was studied. It was observed that seasonal differences in AMPK and ACC expression were evident mainly in adipose tissues of both species. AMPK was down-regulated in white adipose tissue (WAT) of the winter-adapted raccoon dog, whereas in the Djungarian hamster WAT, the abundance of AMPK increased in response to winter acclimatization. ACC expression was maintained or increased in winter in both species. The seasonal changes in AMPK and ACC expression observed, in particular, in adipose tissues reflects the wintering strategy of the species and presumably facilitates the lipid usage and/or preservation during wintertime scarcity. Raccoon dogs were quite resistant to the prolonged wintertime fast, as no changes were observed in AMPK and ACC expression levels in the WAT, liver or hypothalamus between the fasted and fed groups. Skeletal muscle function also appears to be well preserved, as there were no changes in the expression of proteins involved in insulin signaling, and the fiber type composition and muscle energy reserves were not affected. This thesis offers novel information on protein level changes in metabolic adaptation
Tiivistelmä Useat luonnonvaraiset eläinlajit ovat fysiologisesti sopeutuneet ravinnonsaannin vuodenaikaisiin vaihteluihin. Vuodenaikaisrytmiin kytketty rasvakudoksen määrän vaihtelu ja siihen liittyvät aineenvaihdunnalliset muutokset tarjoavat mielenkiintoisen tutkimuskohteen ruumiinpainon säätelyn ja energiatasapainon ylläpidon molekulaaristen mekanismien selvittämiseen. Oleellinen osa fysiologista sopeutumista ovat muutokset energia-aineenvaihduntaa säätelevien proteiinien ekspressio- ja aktiivisuustasoissa. Yksi keskeinen elimistön energiatasapainoa kontrolloiva entsyymi on AMP-aktivoituva proteiinikinaasi (AMPK). AMPK toimii solunsisäisenä energiasensorina ja säätelee energiametaboliaa koko kehon tasolla. Tässä väitöskirjatutkimuksessa selvitettiin talviadaptaation vaikutusta AMPK:n ja sen kohdemolekyylin, rasvahappojen biosynteesiä säätelevän asetyyli-CoA karboksylaasin (ACC), ilmenemiseen ja aktiivisuuteen eri kudoksissa. Mallieläiminä käytettiin kahta eri talvehtimisstrategian omaavaa ja eri lailla ruumiinpainoaan säätelevää lajia, kääpiöhamsteria ja supikoiraa. Lisäksi tutkittiin pitkäaikaisen talvipaaston vaikutusta supikoiran luustolihakseen. Tulokset osoittivat, että molemmilla lajeilla AMPK- ja ACC-pitoisuuksissa on vuodenaikaisia eroja erityisesti rasvakudoksessa. Supikoiralla AMPK:n määrä väheni talviadaptaation seurauksena, kun taas kääpiöhamstereilla talviakklimatisaatio johti korkeampaan AMPK-pitoisuuteen rasvakudoksissa. ACC-pitoisuus puolestaan säilyi samana tai oli korkeampi talviadaptoituneilla yksilöillä. Havaitut muutokset AMPK:n ja ACC:n ilmenemisessä kuvastavat supikoiran ja kääpiöhamsterin eroja talvehtimisessa ja havainnollistavat entsyymien oleellista osaa rasvavarastojen vuodenaikaisessa säätelyssä ja käytössä, mikä on edellytys eläinten selviämiselle yli talven niukkuuden. Lisäksi havaittiin talviadaptoituneen supikoiran olevan melko resistentti 10 viikon paastolle tutkittujen parametrien suhteen. AMPK- ja ACC-pitoisuus tai aktiivisuus ei muuttunut aineenvaihdunnallisesti oleellisissa kudoksissa (rasvakudos, maksa, hypotalamus) paasto- ja kontrolliryhmän välillä. Supikoiran lihasten toimintakyky vaikuttaisi säilyvän, sillä insuliinisignalointiin liittyvien entsyymien pitoisuus, lihasten solutyyppikoostumus tai energiavarastot eivät muuttuneet paaston myötä. Tämä tutkimus tarjoaa uutta tietoa proteiinitason muutoksista osana fysiologista sopeutumista

Planeringsprocessen av två svenska stadsbyggnadsprojekt, Hammarby Sjöstad i Stockholm och Västra Hamnen i Malmö, med mål att nå hållbar energianvändning (förnybar energi och energisnåla hus), analyseras från vision till uppföljning. En ambition i bägge stadsdelarna var att bli internationella exempel på miljöanpassat byggande och boende, med ny teknik och förändring av de boendes beteende som strategier för att nå målen. Besluten om miljösatsningar togs av kommunpolitikerna. I Stockholm skedde styrningen genom att den kommunala förvaltningen tog fram mål och planer och i Malmö skulle en utomstående organisation styra planeringsprocessen i samverkan med kommunen. Såväl elmarknaden som bostadsmarknaden avreglerades under 1990-talet och merparten av de byggföretag och energibolag som engagerades i genomförandefasen var privata, eller privatiserades. Dessa hade delvis andra intressen än politikerna och ville främst använda beprövad teknik och ny teknik främst för ”showcase”. Styrningen från de formella styrorganisationerna hanterades olika. Projektet i Stockholm präglades av målstyrning och projektet i Malmö av samråd med målet att nå konsensus i frågor om mål och detaljutformning av områdets energilösning. Detta ledde exempelvis till att i Hammarby Sjöstad fick byggherrar och energibolag själva hitta partners för att testa nya energilösningar för exempelvis energiförsörjning. I Västra Hamnen bildade staden, energibolag och den utomstående styrorganisationen en koalition för val av lösning för energiförsörjning. I båda projekten bygger energiförsörjningen på storskaliga lösningar. Avhandlingen visar att planerings- och byggprocessens organisering, liksom byggherrarnas agerande, hade betydelse för resultatet. En slutsats är att när byggherrarna inte inbjudits att delta i framtagande av mål och planer och var missnöjda, exempelvis med förslagna mål för energiförbrukningen i Hammarby Sjöstad, bildade de hindrande koalitioner och tog makt i processerna. Oavsett om mål om begränsad energianvändning sätts i konsensus eller inte nedprioriterades livscykelperspektivet av byggherrarna av marknadsskäl, exempelvis valdes stora fönster medan installation av individuell elmätning i allmänhet valdes bort och lägenheterna utrustades för resursstarka kunder. Gestaltningsmässiga frågor prioriterades samt att bygga för resursstarka hushåll vilket innebar att byggherrarnas och kommunernas intressen delvis sammanföll. Resursstarka hushåll ger exempelvis ökade skatteintäkter för kommunerna. En slutsats är att kriteriedriven styrning, t ex tävlingar och ekonomiska bidrag, kan stimulera byggherrar att satsa extra, exempelvis på ny teknik, för att nå energimålen, men främst då i enstaka hus. De boende deltog inte i planeringsprocesserna och blev beroende av de lösningar som valts. I bägge stadsdelarna har en del hushåll haft problem med bristande värmekomfort vilket de kopplar ihop med slarv, korta byggtider och bristande kompetens i bygg- och bostadsbolagen. Uppföljning och utvärdering av projekten är framförallt kopplade till de bidrag som erhållits från svenska staten respektive från EU.
In this thesis I examine how issues regarding sustainable energy use are handled in the development of two city districts in two of Sweden’s largest cities: Hammarby Sjöstad in Stockholm and Västra Hamnen in Malmö. The political goal was to build apartments with renewable energy supply and restricted energy use. The planning processes are analyzed from plans and visions to the evaluation phase. Both areas were meant to be outstanding examples of ecological housing development. The documentation pertaining to the objectives in both projects states that, firstly, new technology will contribute to the realisation of the goals, and, secondly, that the residents’ way of living will be decisive for whether the energy objectives are reached or not. The planning of Hammarby Sjöstad village was executed by the public administration of Stockholm City, and the planning of Västra Hamnen was carried out in cooperation with the Bo01-organisation. Deregulations took place in many areas in Sweden in the 1990s, for example subsidies for housing development decreased and the market for electricity was deregulated. This led to the involvement of privately owned buildingproprietors and energy companies in the projects. These actors partly had other interests than the politicians in that the private companies wanted to use time tested technology with new technology mainly as a “showcase”. The planning in Stockholm was characterized by objective oriented steering while the project in Malmö was characterized by consultations with the goal of reaching consensus in questions concerning the goals and design of the project’s energy solutions. In both these areas the solutions for energy supply became large-scale. This thesis shows that the organization of the planning- and building processes and the extra subsidies from the government to environmentally friendly solutions affected the results. One conclusion is that when the building proprietors were not invited to partake in the planning process and was dissatisfied, for example with the goal for reduced energy use (Hammarby Sjöstad), they formed a hindering coalition and took over power in the process. Irrespective of if the energy goals were decided in consensus or not, the lifecycle perspective was not given priority from the building proprietors’ side, for example, large windows were chosen while installations for individual metering were, in general, not chosen and the apartments were well equipped with prosperous consumers in focus. Here the interests of the building proprietors and the interests of the municipalities partly coincided, as the buildings proprietors wanted to build for prosperous groups and the municipalities, in one way, saw that these households could increase the taxes for the municipality. One conclusion is that criteria-driven governing, for example trough competition, can stimulate building proprietors to contribute with an extra effort and test new technology in separate houses. No residents took part in the planning of either district. In both city districts some residents have problems with deficient warmth and comfort which they attribute to an excessively short time for construction, negligence and sometimes lack of competence. Follow-up of the projects is connected to the subsidies given to the projects from the government and the EU-level.

La première partie est une étude bibiographique. Nous étudions les conditions thermodynamiques de stabilité des hydrates dans un milieu bulk et la composition des phases solide et liquide. Nous décrivons ensuite les écoulements dans les milieux poreux. Enfin, nous fusionnons les deux approches en étudiant l'influence du confinement sur la stabilité des hydrates. Un champ offshore (Blake Ridge) et un champ on-shore (Mallik) sont décrits dans le détail. Ce dernier servira de base aux simulations numériques ultérieures.

La deuxième partie est consacrée aux expériences. Leur but est de mesurer la perméabilité d'un sédiment contenant des cristaux. Pour nous rapprocher des conditions géologiques naturelles, les cristaux sont réalisés en l'absence de phase gazeuse. Il s'avère que les hydrates se forment de manière très hétérogène dans le milieu poreux et ceci rend les mesures non représentatives. Nous pensons que ce résultat est général et qu'à l'échelle de temps du laboratoire, la formation d'hydrates de gaz répartis uniformément dans un milieu poreux est très difficile. Pour contourner cette difficulté, nous montrons de manière théorique que les cristaux de glace ont un comportement analogue aux cristaux d'hydrate (du point de vue des forces de Van der Waals qui gouvernent l'agglomération). Ceci nous permet de calculer la constante de Hamaker des hydrates. La deuxième série d'expériences s'intéresse donc à la perméabilité d'un milieu poreux non consolidé et sous contrainte dont les pores sont occupés par des cristaux de glace. Deux populations de grains de silice sont utilisées pour former le milieu poreux : 3 mm et 200 microns. Avec les gros grains, les résultats font apparaître deux seuils : pour des saturations plus faibles que le seuil inférieur, la présence des cristaux n'affecte pas la perméabilité. Pour des saturations plus grandes que le seul supérieur, la perméabilité est quasiment nulle (phénomène de percolation). Entre les deux, la perméabilité décroît exponentiellement en fonction de la saturation. Avec les grains fins, la perméabilité décroît avec la même vitesse.

La dernière partie est une étude numérique sur le champ Mallik. Après avoir posé les équations décrivant les transferts massiques et de chaleur dans l'espace et au cours du temps, nous étudions un cas limite unidimensionnel. Ceci nous permet de voir l'influence de la courbe 'Perméabilité = f(saturation)' obtenue expérimentalement sur la quantité de gaz produite. Le code proposé permet également d'évaluer différents scénarios de production, dont la dépressurisation assistée par formation de glace.

Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is carried using different components and lifting mechanisms, which causes variation in energy efficiency and the inverse relationship between energy transferred to drill rod and N value was found. It was later accepted that N values should be normalised to a standard energy ratio of 60 %. Energy measurement has been a part of SPT procedure in countries like US, UK, and Japan since the standard guidelines in these countries recognises the importance of knowledge of energy transfer efficiency of SPT setup to use N values for important projects. Indian SPT practices show that energy measurement during SPT is still very uncommon, as IS 2131 does not recommend the same. Donut hammer with manual lifting is most commonly used in India, which is reported to have the highest operational variability. ASTM D1586 suggests that hammer lifting systems with spooling winch operated manually have very low energy ratios (Er), this is also one of the most common hammer setups used in India. To account for variation in energies development of indigenous energy measurement apparatus – SPT HEMA (Standard Penetration Test Hammer Energy Measurement Apparatus) was initiated in 2013 and updated in 2016, but this setup was not convenient for energy measurement on actual field SPT tests. Hence, this study was carried with the aim of modifying the existing version of equipment to be used effectively in the field testing and taking field energy measurements on SPT setups used widely in India. Energy measurement was carried on sixteen SPT setups, tested on 30 boreholes with 144 SPT tests at various depths and soil types. The energy was measured at all depths on some boreholes, and for few boreholes, it was measured only on selected depths. These two measurement methodologies were intended to study the effect of different rod lengths and different setups on Er values. Three distinct types of hammer setups were observed during this study, of which HRL(Hydraulic drill rig) and RRL (Rotary drill rig) consist of manually operated spooling winch system as a hammer release mechanism, and other RRH (Rotary drill rig with rope and pulley) comprised of rope and pulley operated manually. Field SPT energy measurements were made by recording force and acceleration time histories of hammer impact using SPT HEMA instrumented rod and data logger. Acceleration time history was integrated to get velocity time history by writing Matlab code and further integral of Force (F) and velocity (V) time histories, i.e. FV result gave energy (EFV) of each blow. Velocity was subjected to a linear baseline correction to remove minor noise in acceleration data. This procedure of energy calculation is as per FV method of energy calculation suggested in ASTM D4633. The ratio of EFV and theoretical potential energy of the hammer is expressed in percentage and called Energy ratio (Er). Er values from field SPTs show that setups with spooling winch have lower mean Er, for HRL setups it is 26.68 % and for RRL setups it is 31.84 %. whereas RRH setups work at an Er of 46.58 %. For one test Er was measured using SPT HEMA and PDI SPT Analyzer connected together in one drill rod assembly, where the SPT setup was HRL setup. SPT Analyzer reported mean Er of 27 % which matches with the result of SPT HEMA which is developed indigenously at a comparatively lower cost. Details of hammer setups such as hammer and anvil dimensions and weights, hammer blow rate, combinations of rod lengths, soil type, N etc. were noted during field tests, and their effect on energy ratio was studied. Although FV method considers the integration of F and V over full record time, energy transfer pattern is influenced by soil resistance for short rod lengths. It was found that Er values do not show any correlation with rod length. Furthermore, the effect of soil resistance is negligible for rod lengths >15 m. Effect of hammer-anvil impedance ratio on Er was found to be matching with the theoretical trend. Hammer blow rates were calculated based on videos recorded during field tests. Blow rates from all the field tests were found to be in the range of 10 to 25 blow/min, which is lower than the range 30 to 40 blows/min, specified in IS 1893 for liquefaction assessment, and other international literature. Recording of hammer blow rates is not a part of field SPT procedure, but blow rates are an important factor to be known in liquefaction assessment. Few Laboratory tests were also performed where SPT like condition was recreated and sampler was inserted in a cylinder filled with soil and hammer dropped from a loading frame. Lab tests show that larger and heavier anvils reduce the Er, this is in agreement with previous findings and also in more recent specifications by ASTM D1586.

Горобець І. В. Удосконалення конструкції вузлів та деталей однороторної молоткової дробарки : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 133 "Галузеве машинобудування" / наук. керівник Т. О. Васильченко. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 98 с.
UA : Виконаний аналіз існуючого обладнання для подрібнення крихких матеріалів, проаналізовані переваги та недоліки існуючих технічних рішень. Запропонований варіант модернізації однороторної молоткової дробарки. Проведене теоретичне дослідження залежності створюваної енергії руйнування пекового коксу від прийнятих конструктивних та технологічних параметрів дробарки. Виконане дослідження запропонованої конструкції молотка на міцність і деформацію в системі APM FEM.
EN : The analysis of existing equipment for grinding brittle materials is carried out, the advantages and disadvantages of existing technical solutions are analyzed. The proposed upgrade option for a single-rotor hammer crusher. A theoretical study of the dependence of the generated fracture energy of pitch coke on the accepted design and technological parameters of the crusher was carried out. A study of the proposed hammer design for strength and deformation in the APM FEM system was carried out.

In mehrfaktoriellen 2 x 2 x 4 Untersuchungen im Zeitraum vom 7. - 28. Lebenstag und in Bilanzversuchen vom 15. - 20. Lebenstag mit männlichen Broilerküken (Cobb 500) wurden die Effekte der Versuchsfaktoren Zerkleinerung (Hammermühle vs. Walzenstuhl), thermische Behandlung (Konditionierung bei 70°C vs. Konditionierung/Expandierung 100°C) und Zusätze von Zink-Bacitracin bzw. Roxazym G2 (ohne Zusatz, mit Zink-Bacitracin 50 mg, mit Roxayzm G2 150 ppm und deren Zusatzkombination A+E) sowie die Interaktionen untersucht. Als Kriterien dienten die Parameter Futterverzehr, Lebendmassezunahme, Futteraufwand, Nährstoffansatz und -verwertung, ileale Verdaulichkeit von ausgewählten Aminosäuren, Proteinverwertung/Proteinqualität und Umsetzbarkeit der Energie. Die Versuchstiere erhielten ab dem 7. Lebenstag die entsprechenden Versuchsmischungen. Der Gehalt an XP und MEn aller Versuchsmischungen war einheitlich (XP 21,7% und MEn 12,3 MJ/kg Futter). Die Lysinversorgung wurde auf 90 % unter der optimalen Bedarfsdeckung in allen Futtermischungen limitiert. Die Auswirkungen der Versuchsfaktoren lassen sich wie folgt zusammenfassen: - Zerkleinerung : Die Zerkleinerungstechnologie mit dem Walzenstuhl übte einen signifikanten Einfluss auf den Futterverzehr (-3,5 %) und Futteraufwand (-2,8 %) gegenüber der Zerkleinerung mit der Hammermühle aus. Die Nährstoffverwertung (XP und Energie) zeigten durch Walzenstuhl-Zerkleinerung tendenzielle Verbesserungen. Die ileale Lysinverdaulichkeit blieb unverändert, die ileale Verdaulichkeit von Threonin und Met+Cys wurde signifikant erhöht. Die Walzenstuhl-Zerkleinerung führte zu einer besseren Futterstruktur und zu einer höheren Nährstoffdichte in den Pellets. Das wird deutlich durch die höhere N-Aufnahme bzw. N-Bilanz sowie durch gesteigerte N-Verwertungsparameter und einen erhöhten Gehalt an N-korrigierter umsetzbarer Energie (MEn). - Thermische Behandlung : Durch erhöhte Hitzeapplikation mit dem Expander konnten in der vorliegenden Arbeit hinsichtlich der Leistungsparameter, Nährstoffansatz und -verwertung keine Unterschiede gegenüber der Konditionierung festgestellt werden. Die Expandierung führte zu einer signifikant erhöhten ilealen Lysinverdaulichkeit, die durch die gemessene Lysinwirksamkeit im Bilanzversuch jedoch nicht widergespiegelt wurde. Auch signifikant niedrigere N-Bilanz und physiologische Proteinnutzwerte (PNu) sowie die tendenzielle Verringerung der N-Verdaulichkeit und des Gehaltes an umsetzbarer Energie deuten auf eine negative Wirkung der intensiveren thermischen Behandlung durch Expandieren hin. Hierzu sind weitere klärende Untersuchungen notwendig. - Futterzusätze: Durch die alleinige Supplementierung mit dem Antibiotikum Zink-Bacitracin oder NSP-spaltenden Enzym Roxazym G2 bzw. deren Kombination reagierten Mastleistung und Futterverwertung signifikant positiv. Während der Effekt der Enzymzulagen bei Nährstoffverwertung und ilealer Verdaulichkeit ausgewählter Aminosäure signifikant höher gegenüber der unsupplementierten Gruppe war, blieb ein Effekt von Zink-Bacitracin hinsichtlich dieser Parameter aus. Der Effekt der Zusatzkombination war bei Mastleistung, Nährstoffansatz und -verwertung und bei der ilealen Verdaulichkeit der ausgewählten Aminosäuren gegenüber der Kontrolle oder dem alleinigen Zusatz signifikant höher. Das deutet auf einen synergistischen Effekt der gleichzeitigen Applikation der beiden Additive hin. Die N-Verwertung einschließlich des Gehalts an N-korrigierter scheinbar umsetzbarer Energie lag nach alleiniger Applikation von Zink-Bacitracin unerwartet signifikant niedriger gegenüber den anderen Zusätzen bzw. tendenziell gegenüber der Kontrolle. Die Gehalte an scheinbar umsetzbarer Energie (AMEn) waren deutlich durch den Enzymzusatz allein oder in Kombination mit Zink-Bacitracin erhöht. -Interaktionen: Die Abhängigkeit der Versuchsfaktoren voneinander im Mastversuch war nicht stark ausgeprägt. Die Zerkleinerung in Verbindung mit anschließender thermischer Behandlung führte zur Beeinflussung der Futterverzehrsdaten. Danach verbesserten die Verfahrenskombinationen Hammermühle x Konditionierung oder Walzenstuhl x Expandierung bedingt durch einen erhöhten Futterverzehr die Lebendmassezunahme und den Nährstoffansatz signifikant. Hinsichtlich der ilealen Aminosäurenverdaulichkeit zeigten die Futterzusätze eine Abhängigkeit von der Behandlung bzw. Zerkleinerung und Behandlung. Die Enzymzulage allein oder in Kombination mit Zink-Bacitracin zeigte stärkere Effektivität in Verbindung mit der thermischen Behandlung durch Expandieren.