Artykuły w czasopismach: „Hallucination predisposition”

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Badcock, Johanna C., Saruchi Chhabra, Murray T. Maybery i Georgie Paulik. "Context binding and hallucination predisposition". Personality and Individual Differences 45, nr 8 (grudzień 2008): 822–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.016.

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Wahyuni, Sri Eka, Mahnum Lailan Nst i Wardiyah Daulay. "The Patient Experiences Hallucinations with Schizophrenia". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 9, T3 (10.06.2021): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2021.6350.

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BACKGROUND: Hallucination is the psychosis symptom which mostly experienced by patients with schizophrenia. It is also the experience of false perception undergone by patients without any stimulus from the environment. That experience of perception is real to the patients but not for others who do not have similar perception of experience with the patients. AIM: This research is phenomenological and aims for describing experiences of patients with schizophrenia who had hallucination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This research took 15 patients. In this research, approaches and trust-building were accomplished before conducting deep interview process. This research was conducted at Prof. Ildrem Asylum – Medan. The data analysis was Colaizzi’s method. RESULT: This research resulted in six themes, namely hallucination content, predisposition factor that causes hallucination, patients’ subjective response when hallucinating, the distress facing by the patients with hallucination, actions taken when hallucinating and the obstacles experienced by the patients. CONCLUSION: This research provides description to all medical officers to prioritize giving therapy in order to overcome patients’ hallucination.

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Pinheiro, Ana P., António Farinha-Fernandes, Magda S. Roberto i Sonja A. Kotz. "Self-voice perception and its relationship with hallucination predisposition". Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 24, nr 4 (10.06.2019): 237–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2019.1621159.

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Levitan, Charlene, Philip B. Ward, Stanley V. Catts i David R. Hemsley. "Predisposition toward auditory hallucinations: the utility of the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale in psychiatric patients". Personality and Individual Differences 21, nr 2 (sierpień 1996): 287–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(96)00052-9.

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Jakes, S., i D. R. Hemsley. "Personality and Reports of Hallucination and Imagery in a Normal Population". Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, nr 3 (czerwiec 1987): 765–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.3.765.

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The present report is of the relationships between personality measures, hallucinatory experiences, and hypnogogic/hypnopompic imagery in the normal population. ‘Psychoticism’ was significantly related to reports of hallucinatory experiences, and a measure of hallucinatory predisposition was significantly associated with strong hypnogogic/hypnopompic imagery.

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de Leede-Smith, Saskia, Steven Roodenrys, Lauren Horsley, Shannen Matrini, Erin Mison i Emma Barkus. "Neurological soft signs: Effects of trait schizotypy, psychological distress and auditory hallucination predisposition". Schizophrenia Research: Cognition 7 (marzec 2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scog.2016.11.001.

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Aleman, André, Mark R. Nieuwenstein, Koen B. E. Böcker i Edward H. F. De Haan. "Temporal Stability of the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale for High- and Low-Scoring Normal Subjects". Psychological Reports 85, nr 3_suppl (grudzień 1999): 1101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.3f.1101.

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It has been documented that many normal people report hallucinatory experiences. The Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale is widely used to investigate differences between subjects who score high or low in hallucinatory predisposition. In this study we addressed the question of whether scores remain stable over time. We selected 19 high-scoring subjects and 17 low-scoring subjects (upper and lower quartile) from a group of 243 undergraduate students who completed the scale. These two groups retook the scale after a period of 3 to 6 weeks. 81% received the same classification, which supports the view of hallucinatory predisposition as a stable trait; however, for 30% of the subjects the mean rating at the second time differed more than 3 SDs from the mean rating at the first time. In addition, the mean rating of 19% of subjects changed enough so they did not receive the same classification, indicating that state characteristics may also affect these scores.

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Chhabra, Saruchi, Johanna C. Badcock, Murray T. Maybery i Doris Leung. "Context binding and hallucination predisposition: Evidence of intact intentional and automatic integration of external features". Personality and Individual Differences 50, nr 6 (kwiecień 2011): 834–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.005.

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Aleman, André, Mark R. Nieuwenstein, Koen B. E. Böcker i Edward H. F. De Haan. "Multi-dimensionality of hallucinatory predisposition: factor structure of the Launay–Slade Hallucination Scale in a normal sample". Personality and Individual Differences 30, nr 2 (styczeń 2001): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00045-3.

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McGuire, P. K., D. A. Silbersweig, I. Wright, R. M. Murray, R. S. J. Frackowiak i C. D. Frith. "The Neural Correlates of Inner Speech and Auditory Verbal Imagery in Schizophrenia: Relationship to Auditory Verbal Hallucinations". British Journal of Psychiatry 169, nr 2 (sierpień 1996): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.169.2.148.

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BackgroundAuditory verbal hallucinations are thought to arise from the disordered monitoring of inner speech (thinking in words). We tested the hypothesis that a predisposition to verbal auditory hallucinations would be associated with an abnormal pattern of brain activation during tasks which involved the generation and monitoring of inner speech.MethodThe neural correlates of tasks which engaged inner speech and auditory verbal imagery were examined using positron emission tomography in (a) schizophrenic patients with a strong predisposition to auditory verbal hallucinations (hallucinators), (b) schizophrenic patients with no history of hallucinations (nonhallucinators), and (c) normal controls.ResultsThere were few between-group differences in activation during the inner speech task. However, when imagining sentences spoken in another person's voice, which entails the monitoring of inner speech, hallucinators showed reduced activation in the left middle temporal gyrus and the rostral supplementary motor area, regions which were strongly activated by both normal subjects and nonhallucinators (P<0.001). Conversely, when nonhallucinators imagined speech, they differed from both hallucinators and controls in showing reduced activation in the right parietal operculum.ConclusionsA predisposition to verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia is associated with a failure to activate areas implicated in the normal monitoring of inner speech, whereas the absence of a history of hallucinations may be linked to reduced activation in an area concerned with verbal prosody.

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Morrison, Anthony P., i Tanya Petersen. "Trauma, Metacognition And Predisposition To Hallucinations In Non-Patients". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 31, nr 3 (lipiec 2003): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465803003011.

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Morrison, Anthony P., Adrian Wells i Sarah Nothard. "Cognitive factors in predisposition to auditory and visual hallucinations". British Journal of Clinical Psychology 39, nr 1 (marzec 2000): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466500163112.

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Cangas, Adolfo J., José M. Errasti, José M. García-Montes, Roberto Álvarez i Rosario Ruiz. "Metacognitive factors and alterations of attention related to predisposition to hallucinations". Personality and Individual Differences 40, nr 3 (luty 2006): 487–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.005.

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Paulik, Georgie, Johanna C. Badcock i Murray T. Maybery. "Dissociating the components of inhibitory control involved in predisposition to hallucinations". Cognitive Neuropsychiatry 13, nr 1 (styczeń 2008): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13546800701775683.

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Morrison, Anthony P., Adrian Wells i Sarah Nothard. "Cognitive and emotional predictors of predisposition to hallucinations in non-patients". British Journal of Clinical Psychology 41, nr 3 (wrzesień 2002): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466502760379127.

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JOHNS, LOUISE C., LYNSEY GREGG, PAUL ALLEN i PHILIP K. McGUIRE. "Impaired verbal self-monitoring in psychosis: effects of state, trait and diagnosis". Psychological Medicine 36, nr 4 (10.01.2006): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705006628.

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Background. Cognitive models propose that auditory verbal hallucinations arise through defective self-monitoring and external attribution of inner speech. We used a paradigm that engages verbal self-monitoring to examine how deficits in this process are related to symptoms and diagnosis in patients with psychosis.Method. We tested 45 patients with schizophrenia. Fifteen had current auditory hallucinations, 15 had a history of (but no current) auditory hallucinations, and 15 had delusions but neither current nor previous hallucinations. We also tested 10 patients with affective psychosis and current auditory hallucinations, and 20 healthy volunteers. Participants read single adjectives aloud while the source and the pitch of the on-line auditory verbal feedback was manipulated, then immediately identified the source of the speech they heard (‘self’/‘other’/‘unsure’).Results. When reading aloud with distorted feedback of their own voice, patients with schizophrenia who had auditory hallucinations were more likely than controls to misidentify its source as ‘other’. Patients with delusions but no current hallucinations displayed a similar deficit, although there was a trend for this to be less marked. Patients with a history of hallucinations did not differ from controls. Patients with hallucinations in the context of an affective disorder made more unsure responses rather than misattributions.Conclusions. Difficulty with source monitoring was related to the acute psychotic state rather than a predisposition to hallucinations, and was evident in patients with affective psychosis as well as schizophrenia. External misattribution of source may reflect an impairment in verbal self-monitoring and/or the appraisal of ambiguous sensory material.

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Larøi, Frank, Philippe Marczewski i Martial Van der Linden. "Further evidence of the multi-dimensionality of hallucinatory predisposition: factor structure of a modified version of the Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale in a normal sample". European Psychiatry 19, nr 1 (styczeń 2004): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(03)00028-2.

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AbstractRecent years has seen an increasing interest in the hallucinatory experience, including investigations of its phenomenological prevalence and character both in pathological and normal (predisposed) populations. We investigated the multi-dimensionality of hallucinatory experiences in 265 subjects from the normal population, who completed a modified version of the Launay-Slade Hallucinations Scale. Principal components analysis was performed on the data. Four factors were obtained loading on items reflecting (1) sleep-related hallucinatory experiences (2) vivid daydreams (3) intrusive thoughts or realness of thought and (4) auditory hallucinations. The results offer further evidence of the multi-dimensionality of hallucinatory disposition in the normal population. Directions for future research in hallucinatory predisposition are discussed.

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Lopes, Bárbara, i José Pinto-Gouveia. "The Role of Predisposition to Hallucinations on Non-Clinical Paranoid vs. Socially Anxious Individuals after Hearing Negative Affective-Laden Sounds: An Experimental Investigation". Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 41, nr 2 (13.09.2012): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465812000483.

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Background:Research suggested that negative affective-laden sounds act as environmental stressors that elicit negative affect (Bradley and Lang, 2000a).Aims:We tried to test for the role of an interaction between predisposition to hallucinatory experiences and exposure to negative affective laden sounds for the presence of paranoid ideation.Method:We used an experimental design that followed the vulnerability × stress model. We defined three groups from a sample of students: paranoia group vs. social anxiety group vs. control group. Their psychological characteristics were measured through self-reports of paranoia, anxiety, predisposition to hallucinations and depressive symptoms at Time 1 (before the experiment). Participants had to listen to either negative affective laden sounds (e.g. screaming) or positive affective laden sounds (e.g. sound of ocean waves). Their paranoid ideation and positive vs. negative emotional reactions to sounds were measured through self-reports at Time 2 (after the experiment).Results:Data showed that the paranoia group presented more serious psychological vulnerabilities than the social anxiety group. A MANCOVA also showed that the independent variables (“group” and “experimental sound conditions”) had statistically significant main effects on general paranoia ideation at Time 2. Furthermore, there was a significant three-way interaction between group x predisposition to hallucinatory experiences × experimental condition of sounds for the presence of general paranoid ideation at Time 2. Limitations included the small sample size and the effects of parasite variables, e.g. noise.Conclusions:Individuals’ predisposition for hallucinatory experiences increases the probability of possessing paranoid ideation. This tendency is a characteristic of paranoid non-clinical individuals.

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Knöchel, Christian, Viola Oertel-Knöchel, Ralf Schönmeyer, Anna Rotarska-Jagiela, Vincent van de Ven, Corinna Haenschel, Peter Uhlhaas, Johannes Pantel i David E. J. Linden. "CONNECTION BETWEEN THE CORPUS CALLOSUM AND PREDISPOSITION TOWARDS HALLUCINATIONS – EVIDENCE FROM SCHIZOPHRENIA PATIENTS AND UNAFFECTED RELATIVES". Schizophrenia Research 117, nr 2-3 (kwiecień 2010): 228–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2010.02.336.

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García-Montes, José M., Adolfo Cangas, M. Pérez-Álvarez, Ángel M. Fidalgo i Olga Gutiérrez. "The role of meta-cognitions and thought control techniques in predisposition to auditory and visual hallucinations". British Journal of Clinical Psychology 45, nr 3 (wrzesień 2006): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1348/014466505x66755.

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Diederen, K. M. J., S. F. W. Neggers, A. D. de Weijer, R. van Lutterveld, K. Daalman, S. B. Eickhoff, M. Clos, R. S. Kahn i I. E. C. Sommer. "Aberrant resting-state connectivity in non-psychotic individuals with auditory hallucinations". Psychological Medicine 43, nr 8 (16.11.2012): 1685–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712002541.

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BackgroundAlthough auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a core symptom of schizophrenia, they also occur in non-psychotic individuals, in the absence of other psychotic, affective, cognitive and negative symptoms. AVH have been hypothesized to result from deviant integration of inferior frontal, parahippocampal and superior temporal brain areas. However, a direct link between dysfunctional connectivity and AVH has not yet been established. To determine whether hallucinations are indeed related to aberrant connectivity, AVH should be studied in isolation, for example in non-psychotic individuals with AVH.MethodResting-state connectivity was investigated in 25 non-psychotic subjects with AVH and 25 matched control subjects using seed regression analysis with the (1) left and (2) right inferior frontal, (3) left and (4) right superior temporal and (5) left parahippocampal areas as the seed regions. To correct for cardiorespiratory (CR) pulsatility rhythms in the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, heartbeat and respiration were monitored during scanning and the fMRI data were corrected for these rhythms using the image-based method for retrospective correction of physiological motion effects RETROICOR.ResultsIn comparison with the control group, non-psychotic individuals with AVH showed increased connectivity between the left and the right superior temporal regions and also between the left parahippocampal region and the left inferior frontal gyrus. Moreover, this group did not show a negative correlation between the left superior temporal region and the right inferior frontal region, as was observed in the healthy control group.ConclusionsAberrant connectivity of frontal, parahippocampal and superior temporal brain areas can be specifically related to the predisposition to hallucinate in the auditory domain.

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Katshu, Mohammad Zia Ul Haq. "Acute transient psychotic disorder precipitated by Brexit vote". BMJ Case Reports 12, nr 10 (październik 2019): e232363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2019-232363.

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A man in his 40s was brought to the accident and emergency department in an acute psychotic state, 3 weeks after the European Union referendum results in the UK were declared. His mental health had deteriorated rapidly following the announcement of the results, with significant concerns about Brexit. He presented as agitated, confused and thought disordered. He had auditory hallucinations, and paranoid, referential, misidentification and bizarre delusions. He recovered completely within 2 weeks after a brief admission and treatment with olanzapine. He had experienced a similar episode of much less severity 13 years previously after major work related stress which resolved completely within a few days. He was experiencing stress related to work and family prior to the current episode which could potentially have been a contributory factor. Political events can act as major psychological stressors and have a significant impact on the mental health of people, especially those with a predisposition to develop mental illness.

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Garcez, Michelle L., Ana Carolina B. Falchetti, Francielle Mina i Josiane Budni. "Alzheimer´s Disease associated with Psychiatric Comorbidities". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 87, nr 2 suppl (25.08.2015): 1461–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520140716.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and has become a severe public health issue. It is estimated that globally, 35.6% of people have some form of dementia. This number is expected to double by 2030, and possibly even triple by 2050. The disease is associated with deficits in cognition/memory and a reduced ability in coping with everyday life. Moreover, patients can experience behavioral alterations such as mood swings, depression and hallucinations. Therefore, it is common to find the presence of neuropsychiatric comorbidities such as depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder during the course or development of AD. These disorders can become severe enough to interfere with the patients daily functioning, and can worsen the course of the disease. However, little is known about the causal relationship between psychiatric comorbidities and AD, or the reasons for the predisposition of some individuals to such disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to clarify the causal relationship between depression, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with AD.

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Guerra, Almudena, Paul Fearon, Pak Sham, Peter Jones, Shon Lewis, Ignacio Mata i Robin Murray. "The relationship between predisposing factors, premorbid function and symptom dimensions in psychosis: an integrated approach". European Psychiatry 17, nr 6 (październik 2002): 311–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(02)00685-5.

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SummaryBackground.Increasing evidence suggests psychosis may be more meaningfully viewed in dimensional terms rather than as discrete categorical states and that specific symptom clusters may be identified. If so, particular risk factors and premorbid factors may predict these symptom clusters.Aims.(i) To explore, using principal component analysis, whether specific factors for psychotic symptoms can be isolated. (ii) To establish the predictors of the different symptom factors using multiple regression techniques.Method.One hundred and eighty-nine inpatients with psychotic illness were recruited and information on family history, premorbid factors and current symptoms obtained from them and their mothers.Results.Seven distinct symptom components were identified. Regression analysis failed to identify any developmental predictors of depression or mania. Delusions/hallucinations were predicted by a family history of schizophrenia and by poor school functioning in spite of normal premorbid IQ (F = 6.5; P < 0.001); negative symptoms by early onset of illness, developmental delay and a family history of psychosis (F = 4.1; P = 0.04). Interestingly disorganisation was predicted by the combination of family history of bipolar disorder and low premorbid IQ (F = 4.9; P = 0.003), and paranoia by obstetric complications (OCs) and poor school functioning (F = 4.2; P = 0.01).Conclusion.Delusions and hallucinations, negative symptoms and paranoia all appeared to have a developmental origin though they were associated with different childhood problems. On the other hand, neither mania nor depression was associated with childhood dysfunction. Our most striking finding was that disorganisation appeared to arise when a familial predisposition to mania was compounded by low premorbid IQ.

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Nelson, Kevin R., Michelle Mattingly, Sherman A. Lee i Frederick A. Schmitt. "Does the arousal system contribute to near death experience?" Neurology 66, nr 7 (10.04.2006): 1003–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000204296.15607.37.

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The neurophysiologic basis of near death experience (NDE) is unknown. Clinical observations suggest that REM state intrusion contributes to NDE. Support for the hypothesis follows five lines of evidence: REM intrusion during wakefulness is a frequent normal occurrence, REM intrusion underlies other clinical conditions, NDE elements can be explained by REM intrusion, cardiorespiratory afferents evoke REM intrusion, and persons with an NDE may have an arousal system predisposing to REM intrusion. To investigate a predisposition to REM intrusion, the life-time prevalence of REM intrusion was studied in 55 NDE subjects and compared with that in age/gender-matched control subjects. Sleep paralysis as well as sleep-related visual and auditory hallucinations were substantially more common in subjects with an NDE. These findings anticipate that under circumstances of peril, an NDE is more likely in those with previous REM intrusion. REM intrusion could promote subjective aspects of NDE and often associated syncope. Suppression of an activated locus ceruleus could be central to an arousal system predisposed to REM intrusion and NDE.

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SACHDEV, P., J. S. SMITH i S. CATHCART. "Schizophrenia-like psychosis following traumatic brain injury: a chart-based descriptive and case–control study". Psychological Medicine 31, nr 2 (luty 2001): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701003336.

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Background. Head injury has been reported to increase the likelihood of the development of schizophrenia-like psychosis (SLP), but its features and risk factors have been insufficiently investigated.Method. Between 1987 and 1997, we examined 45 referred patients with SLP following brain trauma. These subjects were matched with 45 head-injured subjects without SLP on age (current and at injury) and gender, and their case records reviewed systematically. The groups were compared and logistic regression analyses performed.Results.The psychoses had a mean age of onset of 26·3 years, a mean latency of 54·7 months after head injury, usually a gradual onset and a subacute or chronic course. Prodromal symptoms were common and depression often present at onset. Paranoid delusions and auditory hallucinations were the predominant features, with formal thought disorder, catatonic features and negative symptoms being uncommon. The SLP group had more widespread brain damage on neuroimaging, especially in the left temporal and right parietal regions, and were more impaired cognitively. Fewer (non-significantly) SLP subjects had epilepsy which was more likely to be well-controlled in this group. On regression analysis, a positive family history of psychosis and duration of loss of consciousness were the best predictors of SLP.Conclusions. Head injury-related psychosis is usually paranoid-hallucinatory and subacute or chronic in its presentation. A genetic predisposition to schizophrenia and severity of injury with significant brain damage and cognitive impairment may be vulnerability factors.

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Erb, Julia, Jens Kreitewolf, Ana P. Pinheiro i Jonas Obleser. "Aberrant Perceptual Judgments on Speech-Relevant Acoustic Features in Hallucination-Prone Individuals". Schizophrenia Bulletin Open 1, nr 1 (1.01.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schizbullopen/sgaa059.

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Abstract Hallucinations constitute an intriguing model of how percepts are generated and how perception can fail. Here, we investigate the hypothesis that an altered perceptual weighting of the spectro-temporal modulations that characterize speech contributes to the emergence of auditory verbal hallucinations. Healthy human adults (N = 168) varying in their predisposition to hallucinations had to choose the “more speech-like” of two presented ambiguous sound textures and give a confidence judgment. Using psychophysical reverse correlation, we quantified the contribution of different acoustic features to a listener’s perceptual decisions. Higher hallucination proneness covaried with perceptual down-weighting of speech-typical, low-frequency acoustic energy and prioritizing of high frequencies. Remarkably, higher confidence judgments in single trials depended not only on acoustic evidence but also on an individual’s hallucination proneness and schizotypy score. In line with an account of altered perceptual priors and differential weighting of sensory evidence, these results show that hallucination-prone individuals exhibit qualitative and quantitative changes in their perception of the modulations typical for speech.

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Castiajo, Paula, i Ana P. Pinheiro. "On “Hearing” Voices and “Seeing” Things: Probing Hallucination Predisposition in a Portuguese Nonclinical Sample with the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale-Revised". Frontiers in Psychology 8 (11.07.2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01138.

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Rollins, Colleen P. E., Jane R. Garrison, Maite Arribas, Aida Seyedsalehi, Zhi Li, Raymond C. K. Chan, Junwei Yang i in. "Evidence in cortical folding patterns for prenatal predispositions to hallucinations in schizophrenia". Translational Psychiatry 10, nr 1 (6.11.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-01075-y.

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Abstract All perception is a construction of the brain from sensory input. Our first perceptions begin during gestation, making fetal brain development fundamental to how we experience a diverse world. Hallucinations are percepts without origin in physical reality that occur in health and disease. Despite longstanding research on the brain structures supporting hallucinations and on perinatal contributions to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, what links these two distinct lines of research remains unclear. Sulcal patterns derived from structural magnetic resonance (MR) images can provide a proxy in adulthood for early brain development. We studied two independent datasets of patients with schizophrenia who underwent clinical assessment and 3T MR imaging from the United Kingdom and Shanghai, China (n = 181 combined) and 63 healthy controls from Shanghai. Participants were stratified into those with (n = 79 UK; n = 22 Shanghai) and without (n = 43 UK; n = 37 Shanghai) hallucinations from the PANSS P3 scores for hallucinatory behaviour. We quantified the length, depth, and asymmetry indices of the paracingulate and superior temporal sulci (PCS, STS), which have previously been associated with hallucinations in schizophrenia, and constructed cortical folding covariance matrices organized by large-scale functional networks. In both ethnic groups, we demonstrated a significantly shorter left PCS in patients with hallucinations compared to those without, and to healthy controls. Reduced PCS length and STS depth corresponded to focal deviations in their geometry and to significantly increased covariance within and between areas of the salience and auditory networks. The discovery of neurodevelopmental alterations contributing to hallucinations establishes testable models for these enigmatic, sometimes highly distressing, perceptions and provides mechanistic insight into the pathological consequences of prenatal origins.

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Doucet, Gaelle E., Maxwell J. Luber, Priti Balchandani, Iris E. Sommer i Sophia Frangou. "Abnormal auditory tonotopy in patients with schizophrenia". npj Schizophrenia 5, nr 1 (2.10.2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41537-019-0084-x.

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Abstract Auditory hallucinations are among the most prevalent and most distressing symptoms of schizophrenia. Despite significant progress, it is still unclear whether auditory hallucinations arise from abnormalities in primary sensory processing or whether they represent failures of higher-order functions. To address this knowledge gap, we capitalized on the increased spatial resolution afforded by ultra-high field imaging at 7 Tesla to investigate the tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex in patients with schizophrenia with a history of recurrent hallucinations. Tonotopy is a fundamental feature of the functional organization of the auditory cortex that is established very early in development and predates the onset of symptoms by decades. Compared to healthy participants, patients showed abnormally increased activation and altered tonotopic organization of the auditory cortex during a purely perceptual task, which involved passive listening to tones across a range of frequencies (88–8000 Hz). These findings suggest that the predisposition to auditory hallucinations is likely to be predicated on abnormalities in the functional organization of the auditory cortex and which may serve as a biomarker for the early identification of vulnerable individuals.

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Wainberg, Michael, Grace R. Jacobs, Marta di Forti i Shreejoy J. Tripathy. "Cannabis, schizophrenia genetic risk, and psychotic experiences: a cross-sectional study of 109,308 participants from the UK Biobank". Translational Psychiatry 11, nr 1 (9.04.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01330-w.

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AbstractCannabis is known to produce acute, transient psychotic-like experiences. However, it is unclear whether cannabis disproportionately increases the risk of specific types of psychotic experiences and whether genetic predisposition influences the relationship between cannabis use and psychotic experiences. In this cross-sectional study of 109,308 UK Biobank participants, we examined how schizophrenia polygenic risk modulates the association between self-reported cannabis use and four types of self-reported psychotic experiences (auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations, persecutory delusions, and delusions of reference). Cohort-wide, we found a strong, dose-dependent relationship between cannabis use and all four types of psychotic experiences, especially persecutory delusions. Cannabis users’ psychotic experiences tended to be earlier-onset and cause greater distress than non-users’, but were not more likely to lead to help-seeking. Participants with high schizophrenia polygenic risk scores showed stronger associations between cannabis use and auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations, and delusions of reference, as well as psychotic experiences overall. For instance, cannabis ever-use was associated with 67% greater adjusted odds of delusions of reference among individuals in the top fifth of polygenic risk, but only 7% greater adjusted odds among the bottom fifth. Our results suggest that cannabis use is a predictive risk factor for psychotic experiences, including early-onset and distressing experiences. Individuals genetically predisposed to schizophrenia may be especially vulnerable to psychotic experiences as a result of using cannabis, supporting a long-postulated hypothesis. This study exemplifies the utility of population-scale biobanks for elucidating gene-by-environment interactions relating substance use to neuropsychiatric outcomes and points to the translational potential of using polygenic risk scores to inform personalized harm reduction interventions.

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García-González, Judit, Julia Ramírez, David M. Howard, Caroline H. Brennan, Patricia B. Munroe i Robert Keers. "The effects of polygenic risk for psychiatric disorders and smoking behaviour on psychotic experiences in UK Biobank". Translational Psychiatry 10, nr 1 (28.09.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-01009-8.

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Abstract While psychotic experiences are core symptoms of mental health disorders like schizophrenia, they are also reported by 5–10% of the population. Both smoking behaviour and genetic risk for psychiatric disorders have been associated with psychotic experiences, but the interplay between these factors remains poorly understood. We tested whether smoking status, maternal smoking around birth, and number of packs smoked/year were associated with lifetime occurrence of three psychotic experiences phenotypes: delusions (n = 2067), hallucinations (n = 6689), and any psychotic experience (delusions or hallucinations; n = 7803) in 157,366 UK Biobank participants. We next calculated polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia (PRSSCZ), bipolar disorder (PRSBP), major depression (PRSDEP) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (PRSADHD) in 144,818 UK Biobank participants of European ancestry to assess whether association between smoking and psychotic experiences was attenuated after adjustment of diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and the PRSs. Finally, we investigated whether smoking exacerbates the effects of genetic predisposition on the psychotic phenotypes in gene-environment interaction models. Smoking status, maternal smoking, and number of packs smoked/year were associated with psychotic experiences (p < 1.77 × 10−5). Except for packs smoked/year, effects were attenuated but remained significant after adjustment for diagnosis of psychiatric disorders and PRSs (p < 1.99 × 10−3). Gene-environment interaction models showed the effects of PRSDEP and PRSADHD (but not PRSSCZ or PRSBP) on delusions (but not hallucinations) were significantly greater in current smokers compared to never smokers (p < 0.002). There were no significant gene-environment interactions for maternal smoking nor for number of packs smoked/year. Our results suggest that both genetic risk of psychiatric disorders and smoking status may have independent and synergistic effects on specific types of psychotic experiences.

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