Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Haining Shi (China)”

A new material on the Eugryllacris from China is considered. One new synonym and two new species are proposed based on the specimens from Yunnan and Hainan provinces viz. Eugryllacris binotata Liu & Bian, 2021 syn. nov., Eugryllacris nigriabdominis Bin & Bian sp. nov. and Eugryllacris hainanensis Bin & Bian sp. nov.. Besides, a supplementary description of tegmen of Eugryllacris fanjingshanensis Bian & Shi, 2016 is made. All the materials are deposited in the Guangxi Normal University.

A new material on the Eugryllacris from China is considered. One new synonym and two new species are proposed based on the specimens from Yunnan and Hainan provinces viz. Eugryllacris binotata Liu & Bian, 2021 syn. nov., Eugryllacris nigriabdominis Bin & Bian sp. nov. and Eugryllacris hainanensis Bin & Bian sp. nov.. Besides, a supplementary description of tegmen of Eugryllacris fanjingshanensis Bian & Shi, 2016 is made. All the materials are deposited in the Guangxi Normal University.

We propose the genus Flospesgen. nov. for two new species, Flospes guangxiensissp. nov. and Flospes viridipennissp. nov., obtained from Guangxi and Hainan provinces, China, respectively, based on male genitalia traits. Three other species with similar genitalia are placed in the new genus: Flospes fujianensis (Wang et al., 1999), comb. nov., Flospes hainanensis (He et al., 2010), comb. nov., and Flospes denticulatus (Liu & Shi, 2011), comb. nov. The new species are described, illustrated, and their ranges are given.

Here, we describe, illustrate and compare a new natural hybrid, Sonneratia × zhongcairongii Y. S. Wang & S. H. Shi (Sonneratiaceae), with its possible parent species. Based on its morphological characteristics and habitat conditions, this taxon is considered to represent a sterile hybrid between S. alba and S. apetala. In China, the new hybrid is only reported in the mangrove forest in Dongzhai Harbour, Hainan Island. It has intermediate characteristics with its parents by elliptical leaf blades, peltate stigma, terminal or axillary inflorescence with 1–3 flower dichasia, cup – shaped calyx (4–6 calyx lobes) and no petals. We also provide a key for the identification of Sonneratia species.

A brief preliminary revision of the genus Scelimena Serville, 1838 (Tetrigidae: Scelimeninae: Scelimenini) from PR China is presented. Scelimena pyrroma Lao, Kasalo, Gao, Deng et Skejo sp. nov. is described from Hainan, Ding'an, based on a female holotype and a male paratype, and an additional photograph of a female in the natural habitat from Wuzhi National Nature Reserve (Wuzhi-shan Mountain). Specimens of this new species were hitherto reported from Hainan as S. dentiumeris (Hancock, 1907), a species endemic to Borneo. The new species is easily distinguished from its congeners by the presence of prominent yellow humeral tubercles and by the lateral pronotal spines directed forwards. The new species from Hainan and S. chinensis (Hancock, 1915) from Vietnam are assigned to Scelimena producta species group based on the similarity with S. producta (Serville, 1838), which is characterized by the humeral angles with tubercles, wide vertex, and toothed ventral margins of hind femora, while S. boettcheri Günther, 1938 from Palawan is assigned to Scelimena discalis species group, based on the tuberculated median carina. Scelimena dammermanni Günther, 1938, stat. nov., hitherto regarded as a subspecies of S. producta, is elevated to a species level because it lacks ventral spines on the hind legs, present in all S. producta individuals. New synonymy is established: Scelimena melli Günther, 1938, =Scelimena brevispina Cao et Zheng, 2011, syn. nov.; =Scelimena wulingshana Zheng, 1993, syn. nov.; =Eufalconoides guizhouensis Zheng et Shi, 2006, syn. nov. Scelimena melli, S. guangxiensis Zheng et Jiang, 1994 from southern China and S. kempi (Hancock, 1915) from NE India are assigned to S. bellula species group on the basis of similarity to S. bellula Storozhenko et Dawwrueng, 2015. Further research should determine whether S. spicupennis Zheng & Ou, 2003 represents a valid species or a synonym of another Scelimena species, as well as if S. nitidogranulosa Günther, 1938 and S. guangxiensis Zheng & Jiang, 1994 represent separate species or whether they are conspecific. Specimens of S. nitidogranulosa from Hainan reported by Liang & Zheng in 1998 are in fact Platygavialidium sinicum Günther, 1939. Scelimena songkrana Zha et Wen, 2017 is recorded from China for the first time. A key to Scelimena species found in PR China is also provided.

The Hainan Pygmy Toad Parapelophryne scalpta (Liu & Hu) is the single species of the genus Parapelophryne Fei, Ye & Jiang in the Family Bufonidae (Frost 2020) and is endemic to China’s Hainan Island, which lies within the tropics at 18°09′–20°10′N, 108°37′–111°03′E, with a land area of ca. 33,900 km2. The taxonomy status of this species has obtained much debates since its discovery: it was originally described by Liu et al. (1973) as a member of the genus Nectophryne Buchholz & Peters then allocated to Pelophryne Barbour by Ye & Fei (1978). On the basis of its unique morphological characters, Fei et al. (2003) erected a new genus Parapelophryne to discriminate P. scalpta from other bufonids. Some researchers, however, still listed the species under the genus Pelophryne (Stuart et al. 2008; Shi et al. 2011). Recently, the validity of the genus Parapelophryne is further confirmed by Matsui et al. (2015) on the basis of molecular analyses. Interestingly enough, Matsui et al. (2015)’s result showed that this extremely small-sized toad is a sister taxon of the large-sized toads of the genus Bufo Garsault, which is mainly distributed in temperate and subtropical regions of Eurasia (Frost 2020). Parapelophryne scalpta is a forest-dependent species and only inhabits in well-preserved evergreen broadleaf forests (Fei & Ye 2016). It is the smallest toad species in China with snout-vent length of 19–23 mm in adult males and 24–27 mm in females (Fei & Ye 2016). Due to their small size and elusive habits, little is known about the natural history of P. scalpta and its acoustic characteristics are still undocumented (Fei & Ye 2016). During a herpetological survey in Hainan in 2015, we luckily detected male calls of P. scalpta and obtained a short but clear record of the advertisement call of the species. Herein, we describe the acoustic characteristics and calling behavior of Parapelophryne scalpta.

Natural disaster response and assessment are key elements of natural hazard monitoring and risk management. Currently, the existing systems are not able to meet the specific needs of many regional stakeholders worldwide; traditional approaches with field surveys are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and expensive, especially for severe disasters that affect a large geographic area. Recent studies have demonstrated that Earth observation (EO) data and technologies provide powerful support for the natural disaster emergency response. However, challenges still exist in support of the entire disaster lifecycle—preparedness, response, and recovery—which build the gaps between the disaster Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) already-in-place requirements and the EO capabilities. In order to tackle some of the above challenges, this paper demonstrates how to facilitate typhoon-triggered flood disaster-ready information delivery using an SDI services approach, and proposes a web-based remote sensing disaster decision support system to facilitate natural disaster response and impact assessment, which implements on-demand disaster resource acquisition, on-the-fly analysis, automatic thematic mapping, and decision report release. The system has been implemented with open specifications to facilitate interoperability. The typhoons and floods in Hainan Province, China, are used as typical scenarios to verify the system’s applicability and effectiveness. The system improves the automation level of the natural disaster emergency response service, and provides technical support for regional remote-sensing-based disaster mitigation in China.

The phylogenetic tree of Chinese Nemobiinae species was reconstructed based on one mitochondrial COI fragment and two nuclear ribosomal loci (18S and 28S). According to both of concatenated and coalescent trees, Dianemobius, Polionemobius and Pteronemobius (except P. jianfenglingensis Liu & Shi) were shown to be monophyletic with highly nodal supports. As to P. jianfenglingensis, it should be moved into a newly established genus, Giganemobius Shen & He gen. nov. In addition, a new mute species named as Qionemobius hsterus Shen & He gen. nov. & sp. nov. was reported. It differs from other genera by having six apical spurs on hind tibia, but lacking forewings. The type specimens are deposited in Museum of Biology, East China Normal University (ECNU).

Abstract Compatibility of a volume-taper equation system is generally defined to mean that volumes determined by integrating the taper curve from groundline to total tree height are algebraically identical to those obtained from the total volume or appropriate volume ratio equations. This constraint was applied to a previously published model as a boundary condition using the constant of integration resulting from the solution of the differential equation. Four cases are discussed that apply to different solutions of the differential equation. This set of models, all based on the same geometric assumption, makes a very flexible system for modeling stem taper. We fitted the resulting taper models and corresponding tip volume equations simultaneously to stem-measurement data for 23 tropical species growing on Hainan Island in southern China. The simplest case among the four (case I-a) was acceptable for some species, but for some others, a more general case (case II-b) was needed. We compared the results for the simplest and the most general cases of this system with a published geometric model having only a point constraint at dbh and with a published variable exponent taper equation. We examined how well each one predicted upper-stem diameters, merchantable height for a given upper-stem diameter, and total stem volume. Our taper models always had the smallest bias and standard error of estimates for total volume estimation. The variable exponent taper equation was the best for predicting upper-stem diameter and merchantable height. The advantages of a taper system with a geometric rationale are discussed, and two examples of easy extensions of our taper model are shown in the appendix. For. Sci. 45(1):85-100.

During the spring of 2008, a chrysanthemum plant showing mild mottle on young leaves was observed in a garden in Beijing, China. After the plant was moved into a greenhouse, symptoms became severe with obvious yellowing and complete chlorosis on new leaves. In addition, when a survey was conducted for chrysanthemum diseases in 2010, plants with mild chlorotic spots on leaves were also found occasionally in a commercial field in Hainan, China. These symptoms resembled symptoms induced by Chrysanthemum chlorotic mottle viroid (CChMVd). Therefore, total RNA of 13 samples collected from Beijing (cultivar unknown) and Hainan (cv. Golden) was extracted according to Li et al. (2) and tested for CChMVd by northern blot hybridization using DIG-labeled CChMVd cRNA probe (1). All samples were CChMVd positive, and the healthy control was negative. The viroid was further confirmed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using CChMVd specific primers (forward: 5′-AGGTCGTA(T)AAACTTCCCCTCTAAA(G)CG-3′, homologous to nucleotides 134 to 159; and reverse: 5′-TCCAGTCGAGACCTGAAGTGGGTTTC-3′, complementary to nucleotides 133 to 108) (1). Two amplified products of approximately 400 bp were cloned into the pGEM-T vector (Promega, Madison, WI) and transformed into E. coli DH5α competent cells. Two positive clones were obtained from each isolate and sequenced. Four sequences obtained have been submitted to GenBank (Accession Nos. HQ891014 to HQ891017). Sequence analysis revealed that the obtained sequences shared 96.49 to 96.99% similarity with the reference sequence CChMVd (GenBank Accession No. NC003540). All the clones are 399 nucleotides long and are thought to be the symptomatic type based on their UUUC sequence at positions 82 to 85 in the CChMVd tetraloop (1). In addition, both isolates were mechanically inoculated to three healthy chrysanthemum plants of the unknown cultivar from Beijing. All inoculated plants developed chlorosis after 5 weeks and CChMVd infections were confirmed by northern blot hybridization and RT-PCR. CChMVd is an important pathogen that may potentially cause losses to the chrysanthemum industry. It is necessary to survey for CChMVd infection in various chrysanthemums cultivated in China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CChMVd in chrysanthemum in China. References: (1) P. M. De la Pena et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96:9960, 1999. (2) S. F. Li et al. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 61:381, 1995.

Purpose: To investigate the clinical efficacy of the combination of minocycline and periodontal basic treatment on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with chronic periodontitis (CP) and its impact on inflammatory factors. Methods: A total of 90 T2DM patients with CP admitted to the Department of Stomatology in Hainan Medical College Second Affiliated Hospital, China from January 2020 to October 2022, were enrolled in this study and randomly assigned to two equal groups, viz, study and control group. Study group received minocycline in addition to routine hypoglycemic control and basic periodontal treatment, while control group received only routine hypoglycemic control and basic periodontal treatment. Treatment lasted for 8 weeks. Efficacy of the combination of minocycline and periodontal basic treatment of T2DM patients with CP in the two groups, as well as the periodontal probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (sulcus bleeding index, SBI), interleukin-36 (IL-36), interleukin-1β (IL1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, chewing function score, Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) score, and incidence of adverse reactions before and after treatment were determined. Results: The effectiveness/efficacy of treatment in study group (91.11 %) was significantly higher than in control group (75.56 %, p < 0.05). After treatment, study group had reduced PD, PLI, and SBI scores than control group (p < 0.05). Study group also showed lower levels of IL-1β, IL-36, and TNF-α as well as reduced OHIP-14 score and a higher chewing function score than control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The combination of minocycline with periodontal basic treatment improves the efficacy in T2DM patients with CP, and reduces the level of inflammatory factors with a good margin of safety.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food crop in tropical regions of China. Seventy percent of the cassava output is used for starch and ethanol production and it has become the base of food and bioenergy industries. In July 2009, a new leaf spot disease was found on cv. HuaNan205 from a cassava plantation in Danzhou, Hainan Province. Disease occurred on 50% or less of the plants. Initial symptoms were elliptical, chlorotic, and water-immersion lesions of 2 to 4 mm in diameter. These lesions became dry and yellow due to the progress of the disease. A brown halo was around the lesions, and in wet conditions, a dark gray mildew often appeared in the middle of the lesion. Diseased leaves turned yellow and the plants eventually became defoliated. The pathogen was isolated and pathogenicity was established by following Koch's postulates. Young, healthy, and fully expanded green leaves of Cassava cv. HuaNan205 were surface sterilized and then inoculated by spraying them with a suspension of conidia (1 × 105 conidia per ml) of the isolate. Sterile water was used as a control. The leaves were kept in a humid chamber at 28°C for 4 days, at which time similar symptoms to those described above were observed on the leaves. The pathogen was reisolated from inoculated leaves. Microscopic examination showed the conidiophores were fasciculate and brown, septate and straight, and the basal cell was enlarged and hemispherical. Well-developed conidia were long-obclavate, obtuse at both ends, straight, brown, with five to eight transverse septa, and measured 49.7 to 117.1 × 13.3 to 17.2 μm. Genomic DNA of this isolate was extracted with a cetyltrimethylammoniumbromide protocol, and amplification and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was performed with procedures outlined by Cooke et al. (2). The sequence of the region was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. GU290228). Comparison of the sequences available in the GenBank database revealed that the current ITS sequence differs by three base pairs from two Bipolaris setariae isolates (EF452444 and FJ606786). Morphological identification and sequence analysis of ITS rDNA showed that the pathogen was B. setariae. B. setariae is one of the most important pathogens of lawn grass, gramineous crops, and other plants (1,3). However, no leaf spot disease caused by B. setariae has been recorded previously on cassava in China or elsewhere. References: (1) P. Busey. Crop Sci. 43:1899, 2003. (2) D. E. L. Cooke et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 30:17, 2000. (3) H. D. Wells and W. W. Hanna. Phytopathology 78:1179, 1988.

Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is an important vegetable crop worldwide. Some Fusarium species can cause pepper fruit rot, leading to significant yield losses of pepper production and, for some Fusarium species, potential risk of mycotoxin contamination. A total of 106 diseased pepper fruit samples were collected from various pepper cultivars from seven provinces (Gansu, Hainan, Heilongjiang, Hunan, Shandong, Shanghai, and Zhejiang) in China during the 2012 growing season, where pepper production occurs on approximately 25,000 ha. Pepper fruit rot symptom incidence ranged from 5 to 20% in individual fields. Symptomatic fruit tissue was surface-sterilized in 0.1% HgCl2 for 1 min, dipped in 70% ethanol for 30 s, then rinsed in sterilized distilled water three times, dried, and plated in 90 mm diameter petri dishes containing potato dextrose agar (PDA). After incubation for 5 days at 28°C in the dark, putative Fusarium colonies were purified by single-sporing. Forty-three Fusarium strains were isolated and identified to species as described previously (1,2). Morphological characteristics of one strain were identical to those of F. concentricum. Aerial mycelium was reddish-white with an average growth rate of 4.2 to 4.3 mm/day at 25°C in the dark on PDA. Pigments in the agar were formed in alternating red and orange concentric rings. Microconidia were 0- to 1-septate, mostly 0-septate, and oval, obovoid to allantoid. Macroconidia were relatively slender with no significant curvature, 3- to 5-septate, with a beaked apical cell and a foot-shaped basal cell. To confirm the species identity, the partial TEF gene sequence (646 bp) was amplified and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. KC816735). A BLASTn search with TEF gene sequences in NCBI and the Fusarium ID databases revealed 99.7 and 100% sequence identity, respectively, to known TEF sequences of F. concentricum. Thus, both morphological and molecular criteria supported identification of the strain as F. concentricum. This strain was deposited as Accession MUCL 54697 (http://bccm.belspo.be/about/mucl.php). Pathogenicity of the strain was confirmed by inoculating 10 wounded, mature pepper fruits that had been harvested 70 days after planting the cultivar Zhongjiao-5 with a conidial suspension (1 × 106 spores/ml), as described previously (3). A control treatment consisted of inoculating 10 pepper fruits of the same cultivar with sterilized distilled water. The fruit were incubated at 25°C in a moist chamber, and the experiment was repeated independently in triplicate. Initially, green to dark brown lesions were observed on the outer surface of inoculated fruit. Typical soft-rot symptoms and lesions were observed on the inner wall when the fruit were cut open 10 days post-inoculation. Some infected seeds in the fruits were grayish-black and covered by mycelium, similar to the original fruit symptoms observed at the sampling sites. The control fruit remained healthy after 10 days of incubation. The same fungus was isolated from the inoculated infected fruit using the method described above, but no fungal growth was observed from the control fruit. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. concentricum causing a pepper fruit rot. References: (1) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2006. (2) K. O'Donnell et al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 95:2044, 1998. (3) Y. Yang et al. 2011. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 151:150, 2011.

Study of petrological and geochemical characteristics of mantle peridotite xenoliths in Pliocene alkaline basalt in Nghia Dan (West Nghe An) was carried out. Rock-forming clinopyroxenes, the major trace element containers, were separated from the xenoliths to analyze for major, trace element and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions. The data were interpreted for source geochemical characteristics and geodynamic processes of the lithospheric mantle beneath the region. The peridotite xenoliths being mostly spinel-lherzolites in composition, are residual entities having been produced following partial melting events of ultramafic rocks in the asthenosphere. They are depleted in trace element abundance and Sr-Nd isotopic composition. Some are even more depleted as compared to mid-ocean ridge mantle xenoliths. Modelled calculation based on trace element abundances and their corresponding solid/liquid distribution coefficients showed that the Nghia Dan mantle xenoliths may be produced of melting degrees from 8 to 12%. Applying various methods for two-pyroxene temperature- pressure estimates, the Nghia Dan mantle xenoliths show ranges of crystallization temperature and pressure, respectively, of 1010-1044°C and 13-14.2 kbar, roughly about 43km. A geotherm constructed for the mantle xenoliths showed a higher geothermal gradient as compared to that of in the western Highlands (Vietnam) and a conductive model, implying a thermal perturbation under the region. The calculated Sm-Nd model ages for the clinopyroxenes yielded 127 and 122 Ma. 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Four species of the spider genus Mallinella are reported from Hainan Island, China, including one already described species: M. hainan Song & Kim, 1997, and three new species: M. digitata sp. nov. (male, female), M. rectangulata sp. nov. (male, female) and M. obtusa sp. nov. (male).

Canna edulis Ker has been an important economic plant in southern China. The tuberous stems are the most valued plant part and in the past were routinely used as animal feeds. In June 2019, leaf spot disease were detected on C. edulis plants in Chengmai, Hainan Province. Symptoms of the disease were characterized by oval-shaped, initially pale to yellow lesions that become necrotic (brown) with yellow borders, As the lesions expanded, the disease could encompass the entire leaves. which were seen as concentric rings typical of anthracnose disease (FigS1-A). A survey of C. edulis plants revealed that the disease caused serious damage during the summer in Hainan Province, with 50 to 60% incidence in plants. To isolate the pathogen, ten pieces of diseased leaf samples were plated and seven pieces yielded fungal colonies after 5 to 6 days of incubation at 25 °C. The Colonies were single-spored to obtain pure cultures. Pure cultures on potato dextrose agar (PDA) appear white to gray, with white margins and aerial hyphae, and the reverse of the colonies was gray to brown (FigS1-B). Conidia were single-celled, hyaline, cylindrical to slightly curved with a rounded apex and truncated base that measured 13.3 to 18.1(length) × 3.7 to 5.5 (width) μm (n=50) (FigS1-C). The morphological characteristics and measurements of this fungal pathogen matched the previous descriptions of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Prihastuti et al. 2012). Isolate JO-3 was identicated by molecular analysis, sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), actin (ACT) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) regions were obtained. These loci were amplified from isolates using the primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 (Mills et al. 1992), ACT-512F/ ACT-783R (Weir et al. 2012) and GDF/GDR (Templeton et al. 1992) respectively. A BLAST search of GenBank showed that the ITS (MN913584), ACT(MN919196) and GAPDH (MN919195) sequences of the isolate were 99% , 100% and 100% homologous with C. gloeosporioides (GenBank accession nos. MH930419, JX009931 and KX885158). Maximum likelihood trees based on concatenated sequences of the three genes were constructed using MEGA7.0. The results showed the strains isolated from C. edulis were closely related to C. gloeosporioides, as supported by high bootstrap values (FigS1-D). Pathogenicity test was performed with isolate JO-3 by depositing 10-µl droplets of a suspension (1 × 106 conidia/ml) on the surfaces of five artificially wounded leaves (a small hole made with a pushpin) of ten healthy 1-year-old C. edulis plants. An equal number of control leaves were inoculated with sterile water to serve as a negative control. The test was conducted three times. Plants were kept at 25°C with 80% humidity and observed for symptom every day. One weeks after inoculation, all the inoculated plants showed symptoms of yellow sunken spots similar to those observed in the field. No symptoms were observed on the controls. The fungus re-isolated from the infected tissues showed the same cultural and morphological characteristics of the strain inoculated, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. C. gloeosporioides was previously reported as the causal agent of anthracnose on Hymenocallis littoralis (Zhao et al. 2019), Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (Shi et al. 2019) and Sorbaria sorbifolia (Li et al. 2019) in China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose on C. edulis caused by C. gloeosporioides in China. This disease can seriously affect the yield and quality of C. edulis in China. Given its wide host range, C. gloeosporioides has great potential to become an economically important plant pathogen. The project was partially funded by Hainan Provincial Research Institute of technology development projects (Collection, Evaluation and Domestication Cultivation of Wild Vegetable Germplasm Resources in Hainan), Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Vegetables and Biology，Hainan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Melon and Vegetable Breeding, Major scientific and technological projects in Hainan Province(ZDKJ2017001)，Key R & D projects in Hainan Province (ZDYF2019066), The third Survey and Collection of Crop Germplasm Resources in China. References: Mills, P. R., et al. 1992. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 98:137-144 Weir, B. S., et al. 2012. Stud. Mycol. 73:115. Templeton, M.D. et al. 1992. Gene. 122:225. Prihastuti, H., et al. 2009. Fungal Divers. 39:89 C. D. Zhao, et al. 2019. Plant Dis.103:3286 Y. X. Shi, et al. 2019. Plant Dis.103:303 X. Y. Li, et al. 2019. Plant Dis.103:242

Cherry tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme) is the main tomato variety planted in Hainan Province, China and is prized for its nutritional value and sweet taste (Zheng et al. 2020). During October 2020 to February 2021, a leaf spot disease was observed on cherry tomatoes (cultivar Qianxi) in Chengmai, Hainan Province. The disease incidence was approximately 40% in each of three fields in Yongfa (19°76′-21°08′N, 110°21′-110°51′E). Leaves were initially chlorotic before developing black, irregular-shaped lesions on the leaf margins or tips. After several days, lesions expanded along the mid-vein to encompass the entire leaf. Then, the affected leaves turned gray-brown, leading to defoliation. Severely affected leaves became dry and necrotic. Leaf tissues of 10 diseased plants samples collected from the fields were surface sterilized in 70% ethanol for 30 s, 0.1% HgCl2 for 30 s, rinsed thrice with sterile distilled water for 30 s, placed on a modified potato dextrose agar (PDA) with 30 mg/liter of kanamycin sulfate, and incubated at 28°C in the dark for 3 to 5 days. Three fungal isolates were obtained from the diseased leaves by single-sporing. The mycelia on PDA were white and later became gray or dark gray after 3 to 4 days. Conidia were rostrate, straight to slightly curved, ellipsoidal to narrowly obclavate, dark brown, protuberant with a darker and thicker wall at the basal end. Conidia were 4 to 12 distoseptate and measured 63.92 ± 5.77 × 13.47 ± 1.22 µm (n= 50) Conidiophores were single, cylindrical, dark brown, geniculate, with swollen conidiogenous cells containing a acircular conidial scar. Morphological characteristics of the isolates were similar to those of Exserohilum rostratum (Cardona et al. 2008). A representative isolate (FQY-7) was used for pathogenicity and genomic studies. Genomic DNA was extracted from the mycelium of a representative isolate (FQY-7). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, actin (act), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-α), glyceraldehydes 3-phos-phate dehydrogenase (gapdh) and β-tubulin (tub2) genes were amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1990), Act1/Act4 (Voigt and Wöstemeyer 2000), EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Carbone and Kohn 1999), Gpd-1/Gpd-2 (Berbee et al. 1999) and T1 (O’Donnell and Cigelnik 1997) + Bt2b (Glass and Donaldson 1995). The consensus sequences (GenBank Accession No. MW036279 for ITS, MW133266 for act, MW133268 for tef1-α, MW133267 for gapdh, and MW133269 for tub2) were aligned using BLAST in GenBank obtaining 100%, 100%, 99%, 100%, and 99% identity to E. rostratum strain CBS706 (LT837842, LT837674, LT896663, LT882546, LT899350). Maximum likelihood analysis based on the combined five gene sequences was conducted under 1,000 bootstrap replicates. The Phylogenetic tree showed that FQY-7 and E. rostratum were located in one clade supported with 99% bootstrap values. Pathogenicity test was performed by depositing 10-µl droplets of a conidial suspension (1 × 106 per ml) into 5 noninoculated leaves (using a sterile needle) of 10 healthy 5-month-old cherry tomato (cv. Qianxi) plants. An equal number of artificially control leaves were received only sterile water to serve as a negative control. The test was conducted three times. Plants were kept at 28°C with 80% humidity and observed for symptoms every day. Two weeks after inoculation, all the inoculated plants showed symptoms of black spots similar to those observed in the field. No symptoms were observed on the controls. FQY-7 was successfully re-isolated from the inoculated leaves and confirmed by morphological characterization and molecular assays as described herein. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot of cherry tomatoes caused by E. rostratum in China. Confirming the existence of this pathogen in this area will be useful to adopt effective field management measures to control this disease on cherry tomatoes. References: Berbee, M. L., et al. 1999. Mycologia 91:964. Cardona, R. et al. 2008. Bioagro 20:141. Carbone, I. and Kohn, L. M. 1999. Mycologia 91:553. Glass, N. L., and Donaldson, G. C. 1995. Appl. Environl. Microb. 61:1323. White, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. O’Donnell K., and Cigelnik, E. 1997. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 7:103. Voigt, K., and Wöstemeyer, J. 2000. Microbiol. Res. J. 155:179. Zheng J., et al. 2020. Guangdong Agr. Sci. 47:212. The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is the most important species producing commercially viable natural rubber latex, which is an important raw material for many industrial uses. Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum is one of the most severe diseases of rubber tree, especially in China. However, the diversity of Colletotrichum from rubber trees is complex and needs further identification (Liu et al. 2018). In January 2021, anthracnose-like lesions were observed on the leaves of rubber seedlings at a plantation in Qiongzhong City (19.08 N, 109.54E), Hainan Province, China. The lesions initially produced dark brown spots on the leaves of rubber trees, and then gradually evolved into larger necrotic spots. The diseased leaves shrank and died until they fell off. Small pieces of symptomatic leaf tissues were soaked in 0.5% mercuric chloride for 40 s, washed with sterile water for three times, and plated on potato dextrose ager (PDA). The plates were incubated at 28°C with 12-h light/dark regime for 10 days. Two isolate HN16 and HN18 from different leaves were subcultured on PDA using the single-spore method. The center of the colony is brown or grayish brown with the leading edge of growth in culture being white. Conidia were hyaline, septate, and cylindrical, with obtuse ends (14-20 μm × 4-6 μm).These morphological features confirmed the identity of the two isolated fungi as Colletotrichum cliviae (Yang et al. 2009). To confirm the morphological identification, five loci informative for identification of Colletotrichum spp. were amplified and sequenced, including the 5.8S nuclear ribosomal gene with the two flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS), beta-tubulin (TUB), actin (ACT), an intron of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and chitin synthase (CHS-1), using the primer pairs ITS-1F/ITS4,T1/Bt-2b, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, GDF/GDR and CHS-79F/CHS-345R, respectively (Weir et al 2012). Sequences were deposited in NCBIs GenBank database (MW971911-MW971920). A multilocus phylogenetic analysis revealed that the sequences of the two isolates and published sequences of C. cliviae S37 clustered into one clade with a 100% confidence level. The two isolates were determined as C. cliviae by combining morphological and molecular characteristics. To verify pathogenicity, six leaves of rubber plants at the light green phase were sprayed with drop of spore suspension (106 conidia/ml) and sterile distilled water as control. After inoculation, all leaves were maintained in a climate box at 28°C with 100% relative humidity. After 3 days, lesions similar to those observed with dark brown spots in the field appeared on the inoculated leaves, while the controls remained symptomless. The fungus was reisolated from inoculated leaves and confirmed as C. cliviae by morphological and molecular identification, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. The pathogen has been mainly reported on soybean in Brazil and China. To our knowledge, this is the first report of anthracnose on rubber tree caused by C. cliviae in China. However, Colletorrichum gloeosporioides and Colletorrichum acutatum are the two major causatives agent of anthracnose of rubber trees in China (Cai et al. 2016; Shi et al. 2019). The disease caused by C. cliviae was observed only at one rubber plantation with its distribution needing further investigation.

Calliandra haematocephala Hassk., commonly called red powder puff, is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in Taiwan, Hainan, Guangdong and Fujian in China (CAS, 1988). The flowers are dark crimson with conspicuous stamens, which give them the appearance of powder-puffs. Blossom blight on C. haematocephala was first observed in early January 2019 on plants grown on the university campus as well as in parks in Fuzhou city, with nearly 80% of flowers on individual plants infected. At various locations in the city, disease incidence was 100%. Symptoms appeared as grayish green fungal growth on the stamens with the entire flower eventually turning black and covered with masses of fungal spores. Fifteen single spore isolates obtained from nine necrotic stamen samples were purified and cultured on Potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates at 24 ℃.The resultant fungal colonies were olivaceous-green to olivaceous-brown and had a velvet-like appearance. Conidiophores were smooth-walled, solitary, non-nodulose, and measuring 40 to 340 × 3 to 4 µm (n=50). Ramoconidia were cylindrical-oblong or slightly curved with 0 to 3 septa, and measuring 10 to 25 × 3 to 4 µm (n=50). Conidia were smooth-walled and prolifically produced in long chains. Terminal conidia were aseptate, subglobose, ovoid to limoniform, measuring 3 to 6 × 2 to 2.5 µm (n=50). Intercalary conidia were elliptical to limoniform or subcylindrical, aseptate, measuring 5 to 12 × 2.5 to 3 µm (n=50). On the basis of its morphology, the causal organism was identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides (Bensch et al. 2010). For molecular identification, pure cultures of five single-spore isolates were used for DNA extraction. A fragment in the ITS regions of the fungal rDNA, the ACT and the TEF1-α, was amplified using the primers ITS1/ITS4, ACT-512F/ACT-783R, and EF1728 F/EF1-986R. The DNA sequences obtained from all five isolates were identical. The resulting ITS (MK720012) and ACT (MN013164), and TEFl-α (MK752020) sequences from a representative isolate MRCIM19 were 98-100% identical to the C. cladosporioides accessions (ITS: MH863979, MG228421; ACT: HM148509, JF499878, HM148532; TEFl-α: JF499872). To test pathogenicity, a spore suspension (1×105 conidia/mL) was prepared from a seven- day- old culture of isolate MRCIM19 and 10 mL of the suspension was sprayed onto six flowers on each of three C. haematocephala plants. Sterile distilled water was sprayed onto three flowers of two plants as control. The inoculated flowers were covered with plastic bags which were removed two days post inoculation. Disease symptoms were recorded on each flower at 10 days post inoculation. Based on the morpho-molecular characters, the re-isolated fungus from the inoculated flowers was C. cladosporioides. This fungus was previously reported to cause blossom blight in strawberry in the USA and Korea (Gubler et al. 1999; Nam et al. 2015). Although it has been reported from many plants (Zhang 2003) in China, this is the first report of C. cladosporioides on C. haematocephala worldwide. References Bensch, K. et al. 2010. Stud Mycol. 67:1-94. Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 1988. Flora Republicae Popularis Sinicae Editorial Committee, Beijing Sci. Press., 39: 38. Gubler, W. D. et al. 1999. Plant Dis. 83:400. Nam, M. H. et al. 2015. Microbiol. 43: 354–359. Zhang Z., Ed. 2003. Flora fungorum sinicorum, Vol. 14. Cladosporium, Fusicladium, Pyricularia. Beijing Science Press. 297.