Artykuły w czasopismach: „Habitat loss”

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Ntshane i Gambiza. "Habitat assessment for ecosystem services in South Africa". International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management 12, nr 4 (1.10.2016): 242–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2016.1217935.

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Biodiversity is the foundation of life-support systems on earth and underpins the delivery of ecosystem services (ES) important for human well-being. The loss of biodiversity worldwide, however, remains one of the most daunting challenges. Among the major causes of biodiversity loss is habitat loss due to transformation of land to agricultural, mining and urban areas. We applied the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs (InVEST) biodiversity modelling tool to assess the condition of habitats to support the delivery of ES in a biosphere reserve (BR) in South Africa. Results indicated that 72% of the surveyed habitats were of high quality to provide the necessary services. However, some of the habitats were found to be affected by threats as follows: low (0–20%) to moderate (20–32%) habitat loss was recorded in habitats adjacent to mining and plantation areas, and high (32–56%) to severe (56–95%) habitat loss was recorded in habitats in close proximity to urban and cultivated areas. At least 56% of the vegetation types found in the study area were threatened by transformation to agriculture, mining and urban areas. We strongly recommend that existing biodiversity policies and legislation should be enforced to avoid habitat loss and degradation.

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Park, Yonghwan, Chang-Jun Kim, Moon-Bo Choi i Yuno Do. "A Comparative Study of Carabid Beetles in Green Spaces and Former Natural Habitats". Diversity 12, nr 12 (15.12.2020): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12120479.

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Urban expansion threatens ecosystems through direct habitat conversion. To secure urban biodiversity and enhance ecosystem services, a common focus of planning and growth management efforts is to establish green spaces. This study aimed to understand the formation process of newly created green spaces after urban development. We investigated the carabid beetle assemblages in its current habitat in a new city and in its former habitats for assessing the loss of species diversity by urban development and to identify the initial status of species assemblages in the current urban habitats, including green spaces. The diversity and composition of the carabid beetle assemblages significantly changed in the new city. The former habitat loss by urban development leaves large numbers of carabid species to dramatically decline. Carabid assemblages in current habitats may show a critical response to habitat loss, although former habitats were converted to green spaces. Some carabid species were only present in current habitats, including the green space from former habitats. In addition, the current habitat, including green spaces and other habitats, have similar carabid assemblages. Our results indicated that the loss of former habitat has a much greater effect on species diversity persistence than changes in habitat configuration and the creation of green spaces. Consequently, most carabid beetles were already lost during development. Urban habitats in new cities, including green spaces, represent simple and homogeneous habitats, although the development was designed and planned to enhance biodiversity. The present design and planning practice for green spaces that destroyed all former habitats to prepare the ground of urban areas and thereby created urban habitats, including green space, may need to be changed to secure biodiversity. Designing and planning the green spaces should consider the species’ former habitats, for instance, creating a similar type of green space to agricultural land, forest, and wetland, and thereby the former habitat remains intact to enhance biodiversity and function.

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Minns, C. K. "Quantifying “no net loss” of productivity of fish habitats". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 54, nr 10 (1.10.1997): 2463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f97-149.

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A net change equation is derived for assessing no net loss of productivity of fish habitat (NNL). NNL is the guiding principle of the Canadian policy for the management of fish habitat. The equation provides a middle ground between the extremes of no conservation and no development. Projects affecting fish habitat are accountable for the productive capacity in loss areas and the difference between current and future productivities in modified areas. The equation implies quantitative conservation targets overall and loss-offsetting equivalencies in modified habitat areas. Generalization of the net change equation to heterogeneous habitats is illustrated with a development in a coastal wetland on the Great Lakes. The net change framework has implications for linkages between suitable habitat supply and fish population dynamics. Area fish habitat management plans envisioned in the policy and site-level net change assessments are connected. Quantitative ways are proposed for simultaneous assessment of NNL and ``harmful alteration, disruption, or destruction'' of fish habitat, as required in the Canadian Fisheries Act. Defensible methods for applying the net change equation are superior to earlier nonquantitative approaches. If the available science is insufficient, the precautionary principle is recommended. Future development steps for the quantitative net change framework are suggested.

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Benítez-Malvido, Julieta, Andrés Giménez, Eva Graciá, Roberto Carlos Rodríguez-Caro, Rocío Ruiz De Ybáñez, Héctor Hugo Siliceo-Cantero i Anna Traveset. "Impact of habitat loss on the diversity and structure of ecological networks between oxyurid nematodes and spur-thighed tortoises (Testudo graeca L.)". PeerJ 7 (2.12.2019): e8076. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8076.

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Habitat loss and fragmentation are recognized as affecting the nature of biotic interactions, although we still know little about such changes for reptilian herbivores and their hindgut nematodes, in which endosymbiont interactions could range from mutualistic to commensal and parasitic. We investigated the potential cost and benefit of endosymbiont interactions between the spur-thighed tortoise (Testudo graeca L.) and adult oxyurid nematodes (Pharyngodonidae order Oxyurida) in scrublands of southern Spain. For this, we assessed the association between richness and abundance of oxyurid species with tortoises’ growth rates and body traits (weight and carapace length) across levels of habitat loss (low, intermediate and high). Furthermore, by using an intrapopulation ecological network approach, we evaluated the structure and diversity of tortoise–oxyurid interactions by focusing on oxyurid species infesting individual tortoises with different body traits and growth rates across habitats. Overall, tortoise body traits were not related to oxyurid infestation across habitats. Oxyurid richness and abundance however, showed contrasting relationships with growth rates across levels of habitat loss. At low habitat loss, oxyurid infestation was positively associated with growth rates (suggesting a mutualistic oxyurid–tortoise relationship), but the association became negative at high habitat loss (suggesting a parasitic relationship). Furthermore, no relationship was observed when habitat loss was intermediate (suggesting a commensal relationship). The network analysis showed that the oxyurid community was not randomly assembled but significantly nested, revealing a structured pattern for all levels of habitat loss. The diversity of interactions was lowest at low habitat loss. The intermediate level, however, showed the greatest specialization, which indicates that individuals were infested by fewer oxyurids in this landscape, whereas at high habitat loss individuals were the most generalized hosts. Related to the latter, connectance was greatest at high habitat loss, reflecting a more uniform spread of interactions among oxyurid species. At an individual level, heavier and larger tortoises tended to show a greater number of oxyurid species interactions. We conclude that there is an association between habitat loss and the tortoise–oxyurid interaction. Although we cannot infer causality in their association, we hypothesize that such oxyurids could have negative, neutral and positive consequences for tortoise growth rates. Ecological network analysis can help in the understanding of the nature of such changes in tortoise–oxyurid interactions by showing how generalized or specialized such interactions are under different environmental conditions and how vulnerable endosymbiont interactions might be to further habitat loss.

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Paterson, George B., Gill Smart, Paul McKenzie i Sally Cook. "Prioritising sites for pollinators in a fragmented coastal nectar habitat network in Western Europe". Landscape Ecology 34, nr 12 (30.10.2019): 2791–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00884-x.

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Abstract Context Habitat loss and fragmentation contribute significantly to pollinator decline and biodiversity loss globally. Conserving high quality habitats whilst restoring and connecting remnant habitat is critical to halt such declines. Objectives We quantified the connectivity of pollinator habitats for a generic focal species (GFS) which represented three groups of pollinators in an existing coastal nectar habitat network. Subsequently, in partnership with a conservation agency, we modelled an improved landscape that identified priority habitat patches to increase connectivity for pollinators. Methods We selected 4260 pollinator habitats along an 80 km section of coastland in Scotland using Phase 1 habitat data. A GFS represented three vulnerable European pollinator groups while graph theory and spatial metrics were used to identify optimal sites that could enhance habitat connectivity. Results Higher dispersing species experienced greater habitat connectivity in the improved landscape and habitat availability increased substantially in response to small increases in habitat. The improved landscape revealed important habitat patches in the existing landscape that should be protected and developed. Conclusions Our findings highlight that optimal landscapes can be designed through the integration of habitat data with spatial metrics for a GFS. By adopting this novel approach, conservation strategies can be targeted in an efficient manner to conserve at-risk species and their associated habitats. Integrating these design principles with policy and practice could enhance biodiversity across Europe.

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Butti, Mariella, Luciana Pacca, Paloma Santos, André C. Alonso, Gerson Buss, Gabriela Ludwig, Leandro Jerusalinsky i Amely B. Martins. "Habitat loss estimation for assessing terrestrial mammalian species extinction risk: an open data framework". PeerJ 10 (12.12.2022): e14289. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14289.

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Terrestrial mammals face a severe crisis of habitat loss worldwide. Therefore, assessing information on habitat loss throughout different time periods is crucial for assessing species’ conservation statuses based on the IUCN Red List system. To support the national extinction risk assessment in Brazil (2016–2022), we developed a script that uses the MapBiomas Project 6.0 data source of land cover and land use (annual maps at 30 m scale) within the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to calculate habitat loss. We defined suitable habitats from the MapBiomas Project land cover classification for 190 mammalian taxa, according to each species range map and ecological characteristics. We considered a period of three generation lengths to assess habitat loss in accordance with the Red List assessment criteria. We used the script to estimate changes in available habitat throughout the analyzed period within the species’ known ranges. The results indicated that habitat loss occurred within 94.3% of the analyzed taxa range, with the Carnivora order suffering the greatest habitat loss, followed by the Cingulata order. These analyses may be decisive for applying criteria, defining categories during the assessment of at least 17 species (9%), enriching discussions, and raising new questions for several other species. We considered the outcome of estimating habitat loss for various taxa when applying criterion A, which refers to population reduction, thus supporting more accurate inferences about past population declines.

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Sassen, Saskia. "A Massive Loss of Habitat". Sociology of Development 2, nr 2 (2016): 204–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2016.2.2.204.

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The paper examines three emergent migration flows, each with specific features that can be described as extreme. The effort organizing the paper is to understand conditions at places of origin that lead people to risk their lives in dangerous trips to escape those places of origin. As is by now known, these migrants are not the poorest of the poor in their places of origins. The rapid surge in these flows combined with the conditions they leave behind raise a question that organizes much of the analysis: Are the categories we use to understand and describe migrations—that is, the notion of people in search of a better life, who leave behind a family and home that they want to support from afar and possibly return to–enough to capture the specificity of these emergent flows. My answer is: not quite. One big difference from the past is that part of the story is a massive loss of habitat due to a variety of extreme patterns, from massive land-grabs to poisoning of land and water due to mining. The paper examines how the development models implemented over the last 30 and more years have enabled some of these negative conditions. Further, another major factor reducing the habitat of these migrants is a proliferation of asymmetric wars. Both sets of factors reduce the habitat for more people. One outcome of this combination of elements is these new migrations.

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Huxel, Gary R., i Alan Hastings. "Habitat Loss, Fragmentation, and Restoration". Restoration Ecology 7, nr 3 (wrzesień 1999): 309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100x.1999.72024.x.

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Fischer, Markus. "Species loss after habitat fragmentation". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15, nr 10 (październik 2000): 396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)01977-7.

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Chase, Jonathan M., Shane A. Blowes, Tiffany M. Knight, Katharina Gerstner i Felix May. "Ecosystem decay exacerbates biodiversity loss with habitat loss". Nature 584, nr 7820 (29.07.2020): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2531-2.

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Larison, Brenda, Stephen A. Laymon, Pamela L. Williams i Thomas B. Smith. "Avian Responses to Restoration: Nest-Site Selection and Reproductive Success in Song Sparrows". Auk 118, nr 2 (1.04.2001): 432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/118.2.432.

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Abstract Riparian habitats typically support high diversity and density of both plants and animals. With the dramatic loss of riparian habitats, restoring them has become a priority among conservation practitioners. Diversity and density of avian species tend to increase following riparian restoration, but little is known about how restored habitats function to meet particular species' needs. Habitat structure is an important factor affecting species diversity and density and can influence nest-site selection and reproductive success. To evaluate habitat restoration, we examined interactions between habitat structure, nest-site selection, and nesting success in Song Sparrows (Melospiza melodia) nesting in restored, mature, and young naturally regenerating stands of riparian forest. We found that stand types differed markedly in structure, and that habitat structure influenced both nest-site selection and rates of nest loss to predation. Comparison of habitat structure among the three stand types indicated that restored stands offered fewer acceptable nest sites and poorer protection from nest predation. Concordant with those differences in habitat structure, Song Sparrows showed trends toward less density in restored stands than in mature forest, and had poorer nesting success as a result of predation.

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Kuma, Tolera. "Avifauna Loss Driven by Habitat Degradation in Ethiopia". International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology 6, nr 1 (2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000435.

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Biodiversity refers to varieties of taxa in ecosystems. Futile land use could deteriorate environmental quality, and loss of prime agricultural lands, and this, in turn, cause loss of wildlife habitat. Anthropogenic impacts have been bringing a dramatic change to nature due to the growing trends of the human population of the present time which give rise to an increase in the use of natural resources. Ethiopia faces serious environmental challenges including climate change and aspects of ecosystem degradation such as deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and soil fertility decline. Land degradation costs Ethiopia about 4.3 billion dollars per year and deforestation is the main cause of biodiversity loss. Henceforth, this work aimed at reviewing on effects of human-induced factors on biodiversity and conservation challenges in selected National Parks of Ethiopia. The major causes of bird extinction are direct hunting for food and traditional uses and indirect using habitat destruction and climate changes. This work analyzed that there were anthropogenic-induced threats entailing the loss of species and environmental degradation and depletion occur mainly due to anthropogenic impacts as human numbers increase. In a conclusive, effectsdriven human involvement was seen as the major factor impairing the diversity of avifauna in Ethiopia. Research-driven policies fostering the lasting conservation of avifauna are highly needed. The attempts of conserving and maintaining a healthy bird population and their habitats would preserve diverse ecosystem services by benefiting many different living species and finally human well-being.

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Ward, Michelle, James E. M. Watson, Hugh P. Possingham, Stephen T. Garnett, Martine Maron, Jonathan R. Rhodes, Chris MacColl i in. "Creating past habitat maps to quantify local extirpation of Australian threatened birds". Environmental Research Letters 17, nr 2 (1.02.2022): 024032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac4f8b.

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Abstract Habitat loss is driving the extirpation of fauna across Earth. Many species are now absent from vast areas where they once occurred in inhabited continents, yet we do not have a good understanding of the extent to which different species have been locally extirpated, nor the degree to which range contractions and habitat loss has contributed to this local extirpation. Here, for the first time, we use a combination of scientific literature, historical sources, spatial data, and expert elicitation to map the past extent of potential habitats, and changes thereto, of 72 of Australia’s most imperiled terrestrial birds. By comparing the area of potential habitat within the past and current ranges of these taxa, we quantify the extent over which each of Australia’s threatened terrestrial birds have likely been extirpated and assess the amount and configuration of potential habitat that remains. Our results show that since 1750 (before European colonization), at least one extant taxon of threatened bird has disappeared from over 530 million hectares (69%) of Australia, through both range contractions and loss of potentially suitable habitat (noting these are not mutually exclusive phenomena). Ten taxa (14%) have likely been extirpated from >99% of their past potential habitat. For 56 taxa (78%), remaining habitat within their current potential habitats has become fragmented. This research paints a sobering picture of the extent of local extirpation of threatened birds from much of Australia over a 250 years time period. By mapping and quantifying this loss, these findings will help refine scientific understanding about the impact of habitat removal and other pervasive threats that are driving this observed extirpation.

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Mokany, Karel, Simon Ferrier, Thomas D. Harwood, Chris Ware, Moreno Di Marco, Hedley S. Grantham, Oscar Venter, Andrew J. Hoskins i James E. M. Watson. "Reconciling global priorities for conserving biodiversity habitat". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, nr 18 (21.04.2020): 9906–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918373117.

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Degradation and loss of natural habitat is the major driver of the current global biodiversity crisis. Most habitat conservation efforts to date have targeted small areas of highly threatened habitat, but emerging debate suggests that retaining large intact natural systems may be just as important. We reconcile these perspectives by integrating fine-resolution global data on habitat condition and species assemblage turnover to identify Earth’s high-value biodiversity habitat. These are areas in better condition than most other locations predicted to have once supported a similar assemblage of species and are found within both intact regions and human-dominated landscapes. However, only 18.6% of this high-value habitat is currently protected globally. Averting permanent biodiversity loss requires clear, spatially explicit targets for retaining these unprotected high-value habitats.

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Meynecke, J. O. "Coastal habitat connectivity ? implications for declared fish habitat networks in Queensland, Australia". Pacific Conservation Biology 15, nr 2 (2009): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc090096.

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Estuaries are widely recognized as key habitats supporting nearshore secondary production and catch of commercial fisheries. In Queensland, some of these coastal marine habitats are protected by the declared fish habitat programme run by the Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries. Expected environmental changes for Australian estuarine systems include reduced freshwater flow, increased sedimentation and with them, a loss of connectivity. At present, the relationship between the protected declared fish habitat and habitat connectivity remains unknown. By comparing long term coastal fish catch data with geomorphic characteristics of coastal habitats structural connectivity was previously identified as a potential driver of commercial fish catch in Queensland. An ecology landscape approach was used for this study to identify potential fish habitat hotspots along the coastline of Queensland thus allowing better defined networks of declared fish habitats. A comparison between this approach and the current declared fish habitats demonstrated potential deficits and provided important insights for fisheries management. Declared fish habitats should be placed in coastal habitats with high structural connectivity to ensure sustainability of fisheries in light of environmental changes.

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Warnell, Katie, Lydia Olander i Carolyn Currin. "Sea level rise drives carbon and habitat loss in the U.S. mid-Atlantic coastal zone". PLOS Climate 1, nr 6 (23.06.2022): e0000044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000044.

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Coastal marshes and seagrass beds store millions of tons of carbon in their sediments and sequester carbon at higher per-area rates than most terrestrial ecosystems. There is substantial interest in this “blue carbon” as a carbon mitigation strategy, despite the major threat that sea level rise (SLR) poses to these habitats. Many projections of habitat and carbon change with SLR emphasize the potential for inland marsh migration and increased rates of marsh carbon sequestration, but do not consider carbon fluxes associated with habitat conversion. We integrated existing data and models to develop a spatial model for predicting habitat and carbon changes due to SLR in six mid-Atlantic U.S. states likely to face coastal habitat loss over the next century due to low tidal ranges and sediment supply. Our primary model projection, using an intermediate SLR scenario (1.2 m SLR by 2104), predicts loss of 83% of existing coastal marshes and 26% of existing seagrasses in the study area. In addition, 270,000 hectares of forest and forested wetlands in low-lying coastal areas will convert to coastal marshes. These SLR-driven habitat changes cause the study area to shift from a carbon sink to a source in our primary model projection. Given the many uncertainties about the habitat and carbon changes represented in our model, we also identified the parameters and assumptions that most strongly affected the model results to inform future research needs. These included: land availability for inland marsh migration, the baseline extent and location of coastal marshes, proportion of stored carbon emitted from lost habitats (coastal marsh sediments or terrestrial biomass carbon), and methane emissions from freshwater habitats. The study area switched from a net carbon sink to a net carbon source under SLR for all but three model runs; in those runs, net carbon sequestration declined by 57–99%.

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Pechanec, Vilém, Ondřej Cudlín, Miloš Zapletal, Jan Purkyt, Lenka Štěrbová, Karel Chobot, Elvis Tangwa, Renata Včeláková, Marcela Prokopová i Pavel Cudlín. "Assessing Habitat Vulnerability and Loss of Naturalness: Applying the GLOBIO3 Model in the Czech Republic". Sustainability 13, nr 10 (11.05.2021): 5355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105355.

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Global and regional biodiversity loss is caused by several drivers including urban development, land use intensification, overexploitation of natural resources, environmental pollution, and climate change. The main aim of our study was to adapt the GLOBIO3 model to the conditions of the Czech Republic (CR) to assess loss of naturalness and biodiversity vulnerability at the habitat level on a detailed scale across the entire CR. An additional aim was to assess the main drivers affecting the biodiversity of habitat types. The GLOBIO3 model was adapted to CZ-GLOBIO by adapting global to local scales and using habitat quality and naturalness data instead of species occurrence data. The total mean species abundance (MSA) index of habitat quality, calculated from the spatial overlay of the four MSA indicators by our new equation, reached the value 0.62. The total value of MSA for natural and near-natural habitats was found to be affected mainly by infrastructure development and fragmentation. Simultaneously, intensity of land use change and atmospheric nitrogen deposition contributed primarily to the low total value of MSA for distant natural habitats. The CZ-GLOBIO model can be an important tool in political decision making to reduce the impact of the main drivers on habitat biodiversity in the CR.

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Minns, Charles K., i James E. Moore. "Assessment of net change of productive capacity of fish habitats: the role of uncertainty and complexity in decision making". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, nr 1 (1.01.2003): 100–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f02-168.

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Canada's fish habitat management is guided by the principle of "no net loss of the productive capacity of fish habitat" (NNL). Many development proposals are assessed using habitat information alone, rather than fish data. Because fishhabitat linkages are often obscured by uncertainty, uncertainty must be factored into NNL assessments. Using a quantitative framework for assessing NNL and lake habitats as a context, the implications of uncertainty for decision making are examined. The overall behaviour of a net change equation given uncertainty is explored using Monte Carlo simulation. Case studies from Great Lakes development projects are examined using interval analysis. The results indicate that uncertainty, even when large, can be incorporated into assessments. This has important implications for the habitat management based on NNL. First, schemas to specify relative levels of uncertainty using simple habitat classifications can support robust decision making. Second, attaining NNL requires greater emphasis on minimizing habitat loss and creating new areas to compensate for losses elsewhere and less on detailing small incremental changes in modified habitats where the fish response is difficult to demonstrate. Third, the moderate to high levels of uncertainty in fishhabitat linkages require that created compensation is at least twice the losses to reasonably ensure NNL.

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Pratt, Thomas C., i Karen E. Smokorowski. "Fish habitat management implications of the summer habitat use by littoral fishes in a north temperate, mesotrophic lake". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, nr 3 (1.03.2003): 286–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-022.

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Compensation measures in response to Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) Policy for the Management of Fish Habitat includes provisions for habitat creation and enhancement. Thus, an assessment of nearshore habitat utilization patterns by fishes is needed to put DFO compensation measures in the context of the "no net loss of the productive capacity of fish habitat" directive. Measures of abundance, richness, and diversity of fishes were compared across nine habitat types in a lake using rapid visual underwater assessment. Multivariate analyses separated habitats into three groups and identified two distinct species assemblages. Most species were associated with macrophytes, but a few were primarily associated with rocky substrate. Shallow mud (open) habitats contained significantly fewer species and had lower mean scores and diversity than all other habitat types. Rocky habitats had lower mean scores and diversity than some vegetated habitat types containing similar fish assemblages. Surprisingly, within-site fish assemblage heterogeneity was similar to among-site heterogeneity, and among-habitat heterogeneity was lower than within-habitat heterogeneity, further supporting our inability to distinguish among vegetated habitat types. Our results suggest that habitat heterogeneity is critical in maintaining diverse communities and that compensation measures should account for differences in fishhabitat associations among varied habitats.

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Beechie, Timothy J., Caleb Fogel, Colin Nicol i Britta Timpane-Padgham. "A process-based assessment of landscape change and salmon habitat losses in the Chehalis River basin, USA". PLOS ONE 16, nr 11 (2.11.2021): e0258251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258251.

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Identifying necessary stream and watershed restoration actions requires quantifying natural potential habitat conditions to diagnose habitat change and evaluate restoration potential. We used three general methods of quantifying natural potential: historical maps and survey notes, contemporary reference sites, and models. Historical information was available only for the floodplain habitat analysis. We used contemporary reference sites to estimate natural potential habitat conditions for wood abundance, riparian shade, main channel length, and side channel length. For fine sediment, temperature, and beaver ponds we relied on models. We estimated a 90% loss of potential beaver pond area, 91% loss of side-channel length, and 92% loss or degradation of floodplain marshes and ponds. Spawning habitat area change due to wood loss ranged from -23% to -68% across subbasins. Other changes in habitat quantity or quality were smaller—either in magnitude or spatial extent—including rearing habitat areas, stream temperature, and accessible stream length. Historical floodplain habitat mapping provided the highest spatial resolution and certainty in locations and amounts of floodplain habitat lost or degraded, whereas use of the contemporary reference information provided less site specificity for wood abundance and side-channel length change. The models for fine sediment levels and beaver pond areas have the lowest reach-specific certainty, whereas the model of temperature change has higher certainty because it is based on a detailed riparian inventory. Despite uncertainties at the reach level, confidence in subbasin-level estimates of habitat change is moderate to high because accuracy increases as data are aggregated over multiple reaches. Our results show that the largest habitat losses were floodplain and beaver pond habitats, but use of these habitat change results in salmon life-cycle models can illustrate how the potential benefits of alternative habitat restoration actions varies among species with differing habitat preferences.

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Hill, Jane K., Clare L. Hughes, Calvin Dytham i Jeremy B. Searle. "Genetic diversity in butterflies: interactive effects of habitat fragmentation and climate-driven range expansion". Biology Letters 2, nr 1 (30.11.2005): 152–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0401.

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Some species are expanding their ranges polewards during current climate warming. However, anthropogenic fragmentation of suitable habitat is affecting expansion rates and here we investigate interactions between range expansion, habitat fragmentation and genetic diversity. We examined three closely related Satyrinae butterflies, which differ in their habitat associations, from six sites along a transect in England from distribution core to expanding range margin. There was a significant decline in allozyme variation towards an expanding range margin in Pararge aegeria , which has the most restricted habitat availability, but not in Pyronia tithonus whose habitat is more widely available, or in a non-expanding ‘control species’ ( Maniola jurtina ). Moreover, data from another transect in Scotland indicated that declines in genetic diversity in P. aegeria were evident only on the transect in England, which had greater habitat fragmentation. Our results indicate that fragmentation of breeding habitats leads to more severe founder events during colonization, resulting in reduced diversity in marginal populations in more specialist species. The continued widespread loss of suitable habitats in the future may increase the likelihood of loss of genetic diversity in expanding species, which may affect whether or not species can adapt to future environmental change.

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Pyke, Christopher R. "Habitat loss confounds climate change impacts". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2, nr 4 (maj 2004): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2004)002[0178:hlccci]2.0.co;2.

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Rojas, C. "Does habitat loss affect tropical myxomycetes?" Mycosphere 5, nr 5 (2014): 692–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/5/5/11.

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Miller, Monique A. "The Ultimate Cause of Habitat Loss". Conservation Biology 8, nr 3 (wrzesień 1994): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08030617-5.x.

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Melian, Carlos J., i Jordi Bascompte. "Food web structure and habitat loss". Ecology Letters 5, nr 1 (styczeń 2002): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00280.x.

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Cabeza, Mar, i Atte Moilanen. "Site-Selection Algorithms and Habitat Loss". Conservation Biology 17, nr 5 (październik 2003): 1402–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01421.x.

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Nowakowski, A. Justin, Luke O. Frishkoff, Michelle E. Thompson, Tatiana M. Smith i Brian D. Todd. "Phylogenetic homogenization of amphibian assemblages in human-altered habitats across the globe". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, nr 15 (19.03.2018): E3454—E3462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714891115.

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Habitat conversion is driving biodiversity loss and restructuring species assemblages across the globe. Responses to habitat conversion vary widely, however, and little is known about the degree to which shared evolutionary history underlies changes in species richness and composition. We analyzed data from 48 studies, comprising 438 species on five continents, to understand how taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of amphibian assemblages shifts in response to habitat conversion. We found that evolutionary history explains the majority of variation in species’ responses to habitat conversion, with specific clades scattered across the amphibian tree of life being favored by human land uses. Habitat conversion led to an average loss of 139 million years of amphibian evolutionary history within assemblages, high species and lineage turnover at landscape scales, and phylogenetic homogenization at the global scale (despite minimal taxonomic homogenization). Lineage turnover across habitats was greatest in lowland tropical regions where large species pools and stable climates have perhaps given rise to many microclimatically specialized species. Together, our results indicate that strong phylogenetic clustering of species’ responses to habitat conversion mediates nonrandom structuring of local assemblages and loss of global phylogenetic diversity. In an age of rapid global change, identifying clades that are most sensitive to habitat conversion will help prioritize use of limited conservation resources.

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Melo, D. H. A., B. K. C. Filgueiras, C. A. Iserhard, L. Iannuzzi, A. V. L. Freitas i I. R. Leal. "Effect of habitat loss and fragmentation on fruit-feeding butterflies in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest". Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, nr 7 (lipiec 2019): 588–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0202.

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Habitat loss and fragmentation have drastically altered the availability and quality of tropical forest habitats, but information on how such changes influence local biodiversity is still insufficient. Here, we examine the effects of both patch and landscape metrics on fruit-feeding butterfly assemblages in a fragmented landscape of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Our study was carried out in three habitat types: eight fragments (ranging from 8 to 126 ha), eight areas of forest edge (50 m from forest border), and eight areas of forest interior (>200 m from forest border) of the largest remnant (3500 ha) of the Atlantic Forest of northeast Brazil. Our results demonstrated that fragment area is negatively correlated with observed and estimated richness and abundance of butterflies, whereas habitat type is correlated with estimated richness and abundance of butterflies. Species composition responded to habitat type, fragment area, and distance between sample units. These findings illustrated (i) fruit-feeding butterfly sensitivity to habitat loss and fragmentation, (ii) that species composition and abundance are adequate parameters to access the responses of fruit-feeding butterflies to habitat loss and fragmentation, and (iii) the relevance of a heterogeneous and connected landscape for conservation of butterflies, where small fragments are important for generalist or open-habitat specialists and large remnants are key for disturbance-sensitive and threatened taxa.

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Salles, Debora M., Flávio F. do Carmo i Claudia M. Jacobi. "Habitat Loss Challenges the Conservation of Endemic Plants in Mining-Targeted Brazilian Mountains". Environmental Conservation 46, nr 2 (26.11.2018): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892918000401.

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SummaryIronstone outcrop habitats harbour rare and endemic rupicolous plants. In southeast Brazil, they concentrate on mountaintops in the Iron Quadrangle (IQ), an intensively exploited iron ore reserve. To evaluate the current habitat availability of 32 plants endemic to canga (ironstone outcrops) and to support priority conservation areas and actions, we compared their functional connectivity in the IQ before (1960s) and after (2014) massive habitat loss to opencast mining. The Integral Index of Connectivity and associated metrics of habitat availability were used to evaluate present and past connectivity at a threshold distance of 500 m. The overall canga habitat loss up to 2014 was 50%. The historical configuration of 334 patches totalling 18 654 ha was already disconnected and the proportion of patches acting as relevant stepping stones was thus very low. Furthermore, in both the historical and current settings, the largest contribution to habitat availability came from ‘intrapatch connectivity’ (i.e., patch area), especially in the east sector. All the IQ canga endemics fall into the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Critically Endangered category and require protection. The recommended strategy for their conservation is to protect large, preferably well-preserved ironstone patches. This measure will require finding the middle ground between economic development and conservation of natural heritage.

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Hammond, D. S. "Post-dispersal seed and seedling mortality of tropical dry forest trees after shifting agriculture, Chiapas, Mexico". Journal of Tropical Ecology 11, nr 2 (maj 1995): 295–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400008762.

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ABSTRACTVertebrate attack accounted for 98.4% of all seed loss during the two months following dispersal. This accounted for, across all habitat types, 94% ofBursera, 76% ofSpondias, 37% ofSwieteniaand 25% ofErythrinaseeds artificially dispersed.Bursera, SpondiasandSwieteniaseeds in early successional habitat suffered significantly greater predation than in either older abandoned (30 y) or mature forest plots.Erythrinashowed generally low loss to predation in all plots. Seeds attacked were more often removed from, rather than buried or eaten at, the dispersal site. In young secondary habitats, however, seeds ofBurseraandSpondiaswere more frequently eaten at the site. Seeds dispersed individually rather than in larger aggregations (5, 10) were more likely to survive in mature forest and late secondary habitat. This advantage was lost inBurseraandSwieteniawhen they were dispersed to younger successional habitats.At the early seedling stage, recruitment ofBurseraandSwieteniawas highest in the older secondary habitats. Seedlings ofErythrinashowed the lowest overall losses to any of the mortality factors identified during the first two months of establishment. Seeds of forest tree species arriving in secondary habitat were more vulnerable to attack by non-flying vertebrates than in mature forest. Survival of seedlings of these species was most closely related to the moisture-conserving status of the habitat.

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Wang, Min, i David E. Lincoln. "Effects of light intensity and artificial wounding on monoterpene production in Myrica cerifera from two different ecological habitats". Canadian Journal of Botany 82, nr 10 (1.10.2004): 1501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-107.

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The contributions of multiple factors to plant defense and herbivory in different habitats has received limited study. This study examines the contributions of genotypic differentiation and modification by physical factors to chemical defense and herbivory of Myrica cerifera L. in contrasting habitats. The constitutive leaf monoterpene content of M. cerifera was higher in a sunny habitat than in an adjacent shady habitat at a southeastern USA coastal site. Leaf area loss was higher in the shady habitat than in the sunny habitat. A significant negative correlation of monoterpene content and leaf area loss suggests that monoterpenes may play toxic or deterrent roles in these plants. When plants from the two habitats were grown under uniform greenhouse conditions, the contents and compositions of leaf monoterpenes were not significantly different, implying that two ecotypes were not involved. The plants treated in high light intensity had significantly higher monoterpene content, higher growth rate, and denser glandular trichomes than the plants treated in low light intensity. Artificial wounding induced a significant increase of monoterpene production. However, the wounding responses of the plants from the two habitats were not different, nor did irradiance modify the response.Key words: ecotype, herbivory, light intensity, monoterpenes, wounding induction, Myrica cerifera.

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Ridding, Lucy E., Stephen C. L. Watson, Adrian C. Newton, Clare S. Rowland i James M. Bullock. "Ongoing, but slowing, habitat loss in a rural landscape over 85 years". Landscape Ecology 35, nr 2 (4.12.2019): 257–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-019-00944-2.

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Abstract Context Studies evaluating biodiversity loss and altered ecosystem services have tended to examine changes over the last few decades, despite the fact that land use change and its negative impacts have been occurring over a much longer period. Examining past land use change, particularly over the long-term and multiple time periods, is essential for understanding how rates and drivers of change have varied historically. Objectives To quantify and assess patterns of change in semi-natural habitats across a rural landscape at five time points between 1930 and 2015. Methods We determined the habitat cover at over 3700 sites across the county of Dorset, southern England in 1930, 1950, 1980, 1990 and 2015, using historical vegetation surveys, re-surveys, historical maps and other contemporary spatial data. Results Considerable declines in semi-natural habitats occurred across the Dorset landscape between 1930 and 2015. This trend was non-linear for the majority of semi-natural habitats, with the greatest losses occurring between 1950 and 1980. This period coincides with the largest gains to arable and improved grassland, reflecting agricultural expansion after the Second World War. Although the loss of semi-natural habitats declined after this period, largely because there were very few sites left to convert, there were still a number of habitats lost within the last 25 years. Conclusions The findings illustrate a long history of habitat loss in the UK, and are important for planning landscape management and ameliorative actions, such as restoration. Our analysis also highlights the role of statutory protection in retaining semi-natural habitats, suggesting the need for continued protection of important habitats.

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Firbank, Les G., Sandrine Petit, Simon Smart, Alasdair Blain i Robert J. Fuller. "Assessing the impacts of agricultural intensification on biodiversity: a British perspective". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, nr 1492 (4.09.2007): 777–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2183.

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Agricultural intensification is best considered as the level of human appropriation of terrestrial net primary production. The global value is set to increase from 30%, increasing pressures on biodiversity. The pressures can be classified in terms of spatial scale, i.e. land cover, landscape management and crop management. Different lowland agricultural landscapes in Great Britain show differences among these pressures when habitat diversity and nutrient surplus are used as indicators. Eutrophication of plants was correlated to N surplus, and species richness of plants correlated with broad habitat diversity. Bird species diversity only correlated with habitat diversity when the diversity of different agricultural habitats was taken into account. The pressures of agricultural change may be reduced by minimizing loss of large habitats, minimizing permanent loss of agricultural land, maintaining habitat diversity in agricultural landscapes in order to provide ecosystem services, and minimizing pollution from nutrients and pesticides from the crops themselves. While these pressures could potentially be quantified using an internationally consistent set of indicators, their impacts would need to be assessed using a much larger number of locally applicable biodiversity indicators.

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Visconti, Piero, Robert L. Pressey, Daniele Giorgini, Luigi Maiorano, Michel Bakkenes, Luigi Boitani, Rob Alkemade, Alessandra Falcucci, Federica Chiozza i Carlo Rondinini. "Future hotspots of terrestrial mammal loss". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, nr 1578 (27.09.2011): 2693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0105.

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Current levels of endangerment and historical trends of species and habitats are the main criteria used to direct conservation efforts globally. Estimates of future declines, which might indicate different priorities than past declines, have been limited by the lack of appropriate data and models. Given that much of conservation is about anticipating and responding to future threats, our inability to look forward at a global scale has been a major constraint on effective action. Here, we assess the geography and extent of projected future changes in suitable habitat for terrestrial mammals within their present ranges. We used a global earth-system model, IMAGE, coupled with fine-scale habitat suitability models and parametrized according to four global scenarios of human development. We identified the most affected countries by 2050 for each scenario, assuming that no additional conservation actions other than those described in the scenarios take place. We found that, with some exceptions, most of the countries with the largest predicted losses of suitable habitat for mammals are in Africa and the Americas. African and North American countries were also predicted to host the most species with large proportional global declines. Most of the countries we identified as future hotspots of terrestrial mammal loss have little or no overlap with the present global conservation priorities, thus confirming the need for forward-looking analyses in conservation priority setting. The expected growth in human populations and consumption in hotspots of future mammal loss mean that local conservation actions such as protected areas might not be sufficient to mitigate losses. Other policies, directed towards the root causes of biodiversity loss, are required, both in Africa and other parts of the world.

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Casoli, Edoardo, Gianluca Mancini, Daniele Ventura, Andrea Belluscio i Giandomenico Ardizzone. "Double Trouble: Synergy between Habitat Loss and the Spread of the Alien Species Caulerpa cylindracea (Sonder) in Three Mediterranean Habitats". Water 13, nr 10 (12.05.2021): 1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13101342.

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The role of habitat degradation on the spread of the alien green alga Caulerpa cylindracea is reported here by comparing observations achieved through a multi-year assessment on three Mediterraneans habitats, namely Posidonia oceanica meadows, Phyllophora crispa turf, and coralligenous reefs. Due to the peculiarity of the study site, both natural-reference and impacted conditions were investigated. C. cylindracea occurred in all the studied habitats under impacted conditions. High susceptibility to the invasion characterized impacted P. oceanica, where Caulerpa cover reached 70.0% in summer months. C. cylindracea cover did not differ significantly among conditions in P. crispa turf, where values never exceeded 5.0%. Conversely, the invasive green algae was low in abundance and patchily distributed in coralligenous reefs. Our results confirmed that habitat loss enhances the spread of C. cylindracea, although with different magnitudes among habitats. Dead matte areas of P. oceanica represented the most vulnerable habitat among those analyzed, whereas coralligenous reefs were less susceptible to the invasion under both the studied conditions.

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Figiel Jr., Chester R., i Raymond D. Semlitsch. "Effects of nonlethal injury and habitat complexity on predation in tadpole populations". Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, nr 4 (1.04.1991): 830–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-125.

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Our purpose was to determine how nonlethal prey injury and habitat complexity mediate the dynamics of a predator–prey system. We assessed rates of predation by the crayfish Procambarus acutus acutus on Hyla chrysoscelis tadpoles with four levels of tail loss (0, 25, 50, and 75% total tail length removed), and in habitats of three levels of complexity (zero, low, and high density of screen) in a 4 × 3 factorial design. We also examined the effects of tail loss on tadpole sprint velocity and distance traveled. Tadpoles with 75% tail loss were preyed upon significantly more often than tadpoles in the other tail-loss treatments. Habitat complexity did not affect tadpole survival. In addition, there was no interaction between tail loss and habitat complexity. Tail loss significantly affected both tadpole swimming velocity and sprint distance traveled. Tadpoles with 75% tail loss had slower sprint speed and swam a shorter distance than tadpoles with 0 and 25% tail loss, and tadpoles with 50% tail loss had slower sprint speed and swam a shorter distance than tadpoles in the 0% tail loss treatment. Although tadpoles generally rely on short bursts of speed, generated by the tail, to escape predators, tail injury and apparently reduced swimming performance did not increase vulnerability to predation in a simple linear fashion.

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Mitra, Sayantani, Anand K. Patel, Nabarun Nandy i Jagat Kumar Roy. "Habitat loss: Potential threat for biodiversity loss and future pandemics". Climate Change and Environmental Sustainability 8, nr 2 (2020): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-642x.2020.00029.0.

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Wei, Zhenhua, Meng Zheng, Lizhi Zhou i Wenbin Xu. "Flexible Foraging Response of Wintering Hooded Cranes (Grus monacha) to Food Availability in the Lakes of the Yangtze River Floodplain, China". Animals 10, nr 4 (27.03.2020): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040568.

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Wetlands are disappearing or degrading at an unprecedented rate due to the increase in human encroachment and disturbance, eventually leading to habitat loss for waterbirds, which is the primary cause of the decline in the Hooded Crane (Grus monacha) population. The Hooded Cranes have to constantly adjust their foraging strategies to survive to cope with this situation. In order to study how cranes respond to food resources in mosaic habitat, we surveyed a total of 420 food quadrats and 736 behavioral samples from three habitats during three wintering periods in Shengjin Lake and Caizi Lake. We measured temporal and between-habitat differences in foraging time budget, foraging frequency, and foraging success rate. Akaike’s information criterion was selected between the models of food abundance and availability. The results indicated that the wintering cranes spent the majority of their time (66.55%) foraging and shifted their foraging behaviors based upon food abundance and availability in different habitats. Our analyses also indicated that cranes were willing to forage more food with poor sediment penetrability in sub-optimal habitats. Foraging time budget was based on the food depth, and the foraging frequency and foraging success rate were based on food abundance. Cranes adopted flexible foraging strategies in response to the alternative food resources in mosaic wetland habitats, as it could mitigate the negative impacts of habitat loss and facilitate survival.

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Fritsche, Beat, Kurt Bollmann, Roland F. Graf i Harald Bugmann. "Die Entwicklung der Wälder auf der Schwägalp im 20. Jahrhundert und ihre Bedeutung für den Lebensraum des Auerhuhns (Tetrao urogallus L.) | Forest development on the Schwägalp in the 20th century and its significance for the habitat of capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus L.) (reviewed paper)". Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 157, nr 5 (1.05.2006): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2006.0135.

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Capercaillie populations in Switzerland declined significantly during the 20th century. The loss of suitable habitats is considered to be the main reason for this decline. For the Pre-Alpine region of the Schwägalp, aerial photographs and a statistic model were used to quantify changes in the availability and distribution of capercaillie habitat. We detected a loss of suitable habitats. However, this loss alone can not explain the extensive decline in the population of this endangered species.

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Rusdi, Muhammad, Tatag Muttaqin i Nirmala Ayu Aryanti. "ESTIMASI POPULASI DAN KARAKTERISTIK HABITAT LUTUNG JAWA(Trachypithecus auratus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1812) DI RESORT BANDEALIT TAMAN NASIONAL MERU BETIRI". Journal of Forest Science Avicennia 1, nr 2 (13.02.2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22219/avicennia.v1i2.7678.

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Changes in forest areas into agricultural areas and settlements cause the loss of some natural habitats, thus threatening the sustainability of the Javanese Lutung population. One of the Javanese Lutung habitats, Meru Betiri National Park. The purpose of this study was to determine the estimated population of Javanese Lutung and Javanese Lutung habitat characteristics in the Bandealit Resort of Meru Betiri National Park. Habitat characteristics were obtained through analysis of vegetation data, environmental data, and data on feed types by calculating the Important Value Index (INP) and its relation to environmental conditions in each habitat type. Population differences and habitat characteristics in each habitat type are obtained through Analysis of Variance (Anova) using SPSS (Statictical Program for Social Science) software. The results showed that the estimated population of Javanese Lutung in Meru Betiri National Park was 104 individuals found in 11 groups in all habitat types where each group consisted of 6-18 individuals. Components that have a real influence on each habitat type are temperature and humidity.

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Liang, Jianchao, Zhifeng Ding, Zhigang Jiang, Xiaojun Yang, Rongbo Xiao, Paras Bikram Singh, Yiming Hu, Keji Guo, Zhixiang Zhang i Huijian Hu. "Climate change, habitat connectivity, and conservation gaps: a case study of four ungulate species endemic to the Tibetan Plateau". Landscape Ecology 36, nr 4 (4.02.2021): 1071–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10980-021-01202-0.

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Abstract Context Habitat connectivity is essential for the long-term persistence of species, but is commonly disregarded in climate change impact studies. The Tibetan Plateau contains a biome rich in endemic ungulates, which are highly sensitive to climatic variations and deserve particular attention in conservation planning against climate change. Objectives We evaluated the response and vulnerability of habitat connectivity to climate change for four ungulate species endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, and examined the robustness of protected areas (PAs) for the conservation of these species under climate change. Methods For each focal species, we developed ecological niche models to predict the spatial variations in habitat under climate change and conducted a network-theoretical analysis to estimate the consequent changes in habitat connectivity. Moreover, we used the circuit theory to characterize dispersal patterns of these species and conducted gap analyses to estimate the contribution of existing PAs to the conservation of these species. Results The four focal species will experience a remarkable connectivity loss that outpaced their habitat loss in response to climate change. Currently, 53.39 and 46.64% of the areas that could contribute to the habitat suitability and connectivity, respectively, of these species are unprotected. These values could further increase under future climate conditions. Conclusions Climate-driven habitat variations may lead to the loss of key connectivity areas between the habitats of ungulates, causing disproportionate decrease in habitat connectivity. The existing PAs on the Tibetan Plateau are not robust for the conservation of the four ungulates. Adjustment of certain key PAs may help to address the conservation gaps.

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Timmermann, H. R., i J. G. McNicol. "Moose Habitat Needs". Forestry Chronicle 64, nr 3 (1.06.1988): 238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc64238-3.

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A review of the literature describing moose habitat needs is presented. The growing season is a period of positive energy balance when moose feed extensively on a variety of deciduous leaves, aquatic macrophytes and herbaceous vegetation which satisfy nutritional requirements for weight gain and development. In winter, a period of negative energy balance, food intake and metabolism are reduced to conserve energy and minimize weight loss. In addition, good moose winter habitat includes shelter from extreme temperatures, deep snow and access to secure areas to help avoid predators expecially during spring calving. Optimum habitats contain an interspersion of food and cover within traditionally used seasonal home ranges.

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Banks-Leite, Cristina, Robert Mark Ewers, Hollie Folkard-Tapp i Adam Fraser. "Countering the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation through habitat restoration". One Earth 3, nr 6 (grudzień 2020): 672–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.11.016.

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Amorim, Eva, Sandra Ramos, Michael Elliott, Anita Franco i Adriano A. Bordalo. "Habitat loss and gain: Influence on habitat attractiveness for estuarine fish communities". Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 197 (październik 2017): 244–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2017.08.043.

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Rambaldini, D. A., i R. M. Brigham. "Pallid bat (Antrozous pallidus) foraging over native and vineyard habitats in British Columbia, Canada". Canadian Journal of Zoology 89, nr 9 (wrzesień 2011): 816–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z11-053.

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Optimal foraging theory predicts organisms will forage in habitats providing the most profitable prey. Human alterations to ecosystems may affect predators’ foraging activity by changing landscape features, prey types, and prey availability. Assessing the selection of foraging habitats in a heterogeneous landscape can provide data to improve land management and conservation policies. In Canada, the pallid bat ( Antrozous pallidus (LeConte, 1856); Vespertilionidae) is listed as threatened partly because of loss or modification of shrub–steppe habitat. Our purpose was to determine if vineyards provide a suitable surrogate for foraging habitat relative to native habitat. We used pitfall traps to compare prey abundance in each habitat and analyzed faeces to assess diet composition. Over 24 nights, we surveyed both habitats for foraging bats. Bats foraged over vineyards, but we recorded significantly more foraging activity over native habitat. We collected over 2000 arthropods in pitfall traps and found significantly more in native habitat compared with vineyards. Species eaten by pallid bats were present in both habitats. Scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabidae) and Jerusalem crickets (Orthopthera: Stenopelmatidae) represented the principal prey. The use of vineyards by pallid bats for foraging suggests that while they are adapting to a changing landscape, reduced prey abundance in vineyards may negatively affect them over the long term.

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Joshi, Anup R., Eric Dinerstein, Eric Wikramanayake, Michael L. Anderson, David Olson, Benjamin S. Jones, John Seidensticker i in. "Tracking changes and preventing loss in critical tiger habitat". Science Advances 2, nr 4 (kwiecień 2016): e1501675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501675.

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The global population of wild tigers remains dangerously low at fewer than 3500 individuals. Habitat loss, along with poaching, can undermine the international target recovery of doubling the number of wild tigers by 2022. Using a new satellite-based monitoring system, we analyzed 14 years of forest loss data within the 76 landscapes (ranging from 278 to 269,983 km2) that have been prioritized for conservation of wild tigers. Our analysis provides an update of the status of tiger habitat and describes new applications of technology to detect precisely where forest loss is occurring in order to curb future habitat loss. Across the 76 landscapes, forest loss was far less than anticipated (79,597 ± 22,629 km2, 7.7% of remaining habitat) over the 14-year study period (2001–2014). Habitat loss was unevenly distributed within a subset of 29 landscapes deemed most critical for doubling wild tiger populations: 19 showed little change (1.5%), whereas 10 accounted for more than 98% (57,392 ± 16,316 km2) of habitat loss. Habitat loss in source population sites within 76 landscapes ranged from no loss to 435 ± 124 km2 (x¯=24km2, SD = 89, total = 1676 ± 476 km2). Doubling the tiger population by 2022 requires moving beyond tracking annual changes in habitat. We highlight near–real-time forest monitoring technologies that provide alerts of forest loss at relevant spatial and temporal scales to prevent further erosion.

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Negret, Pablo Jose, Martine Maron, Richard A. Fuller, Hugh P. Possingham, James E. M. Watson i Jeremy S. Simmonds. "Deforestation and bird habitat loss in Colombia". Biological Conservation 257 (maj 2021): 109044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109044.

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Pontee, N. I., J. R. Drummond i D. J. Morrisey. "Coastline change and implications for habitat loss". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Maritime Engineering 157, nr 3 (wrzesień 2004): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/maen.2004.157.3.133.

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Ochoa-Quintero, Jose, Charlotte Chang, Toby Gardner, Mariluce Rezende Messias, William Sutherland i Fernanda Delben. "Habitat Loss on Rondon’s Marmoset Potential Distribution". Land 6, nr 1 (23.01.2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land6010008.

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Gaston, K. J., T. M. Blackburn i K. K. Goldewijk. "Habitat conversion and global avian biodiversity loss". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 270, nr 1521 (22.06.2003): 1293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2303.

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