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Martin, Francis, i Sophien Kamoun. Effectors in plant-microbe interactions. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
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Puente, Edgar Omar Rueda. Bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal. Hermosillo, Sonora, México: Universidad de Sonora, 2009.
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González, M. Belén Rodelas, i Jesús Gonzalez-López. Beneficial plant-microbial interactions: Ecology and applications. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2013.
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International Workshop on Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (3rd 1994 Adelaide, S. Aust.). Improving plant productivity with rhizosphere bacteria: Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria : Adelaide, South Australia, March 7-11, 1994. Glen Osmond, S. Aust: CSIRO, 1994.
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Germida, J. J. Growth and nutrition of wheat as affected by interactions between VA mycorrhizae and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): Final report. [Regina, Sask.]: Saskatchewan Agriculture and Food, 1995.
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Bacteria in agrobiology: Stress management. Heidelberg: Springer, 2012.
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Bacteria in agrobiology: Plant nutrient management. Heidelberg: Springer, 2011.
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Rawlings, Douglas E. Microbes, mining and the growth of knowledge. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, 1989.
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Mohamed, Heba I., Hossam El-Din Saad El-Beltagi i Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam, red. Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes for Sustainable Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66587-6.
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Fougias, Evaggelos G. Growth kinetics of filamentous microbes in relation to stable foam formation in activated sludge. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1994.
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Panikov, N. S. Microbial growth kinetics. London: Chapman & Hall, 1995.
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Bacterial growth and division: Biochemistry and regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic division cycles. San Diego: Academic Press, 1991.
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Orehov, Vladimir, Tat'yana Orehova, Konstantin Baldin, Vladimir Busov i Nina Perekalina. Crisis management. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1085324.
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The textbook examines the anti-crisis management of the economy and security of the Russian Federation in the context of international economic and political sanctions, financial, information and computer attacks and challenges, attempts at military confrontation with Russia, as well as management in the context of reforming, transforming the economy by moving away from the liberal paradigm, taking into account trends at the macro and micro levels. The theoretical and practical foundations of the insolvency (bankruptcy) of enterprises, methods of forecasting the results of anti-crisis management of the organization are described. The role of investments as a source of anti-crisis management, as well as innovations and increasing the productivity of aggregate labor as the main factors ensuring the growth of the country's economy is analyzed. Attention is paid to the peculiarities of social partnership, ensuring economic security, and the methodology of the company's recovery from the crisis.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For undergraduate, graduate, postgraduate students and teachers of higher educational institutions with economic areas of training and specialties, as well as researchers, managers and managers of firms.
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(Khalid), Alhumaizi K., red. Dynamics of the chemostat: A bifurcation theory approach. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Chapman & Hall, 2012.
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Kawasaki, Guy. The Macintosh way. New York: HarperPerennial, 1990.
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The Macintosh way. Glenview, Ill: Scott, Foresman, 1990.
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Martin, Francis, i Sophien Kamoun. Effectors in Plant-Microbe Interactions. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2011.
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Martin, Francis, i Sophien Kamoun. Effectors in Plant-Microbe Interactions. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2011.
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Martin, Francis, i Sophien Kamoun. Effectors in Plant-Microbe Interactions. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2011.
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González, M. Belén Rodelas, i Jesús Gonzalez-Lopez. Beneficial Plant-Microbial Interactions: Ecology and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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González, M. Belén Rodelas, i Jesús Gonzalez-Lopez. Beneficial Plant-Microbial Interactions: Ecology and Applications. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.
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Selman A. (Selman Abraham) Waksman i Robert Lyman 1899 Starkey. Soil and the Microbe: An Introduction to the Study of the Microscopic Population of the Soil and Its Role in Soil Processes and Plant Growth. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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A, Waksman Selman. Soil and the Microbe: An Introduction to the Study of the Microscopic Population of the Soil and Its Role in Soil Processes and Plant Growth. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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A, Waksman Selman. The Soil and the Microbe: An Introduction to the Study of the Microscopic Population of the Soil and its Role in Soil Processes and Plant Growth. Franklin Classics, 2018.
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A, Waksman Selman. The Soil and the Microbe: An Introduction to the Study of the Microscopic Population of the Soil and Its Role in Soil Processes and Plant Growth. Franklin Classics Trade Press, 2018.
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Kirchman, David L. Genomes and meta-omics for microbes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0005.
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The sequencing of entire genomes of microbes grown in pure cultures is now routine. The sequence data from cultivated microbes have provided insights into these microbes and their uncultivated relatives. Sequencing studies have found that bacterial genomes range from 0.18 Mb (intracellular symbiont) to 13 Mb (a soil bacterium), whereas genomes of eukaryotes are much bigger. Genomes from eukaryotes and prokaryotes are organized quite differently. While bacteria and their small genomes often grow faster than eukaryotes, there is no correlation between genome size and growth rates among the bacteria examined so far. Genomic studies have also highlighted the importance of genes exchanged (“horizontal gene transfer”) between organisms, seemingly unrelated, as defined by rRNA gene sequences. Microbial ecologists use metagenomics to sequence all microbes in a community. This approach has revealed unsuspected physiological processes in microbes, such as the occurrence of a light-driven proton pump, rhodopsin, in bacteria (dubbed proteorhodopsin). Genomes from single cells isolated by flow cytometry have also provided insights about the ecophysiology of both bacteria and protists. Oligotrophic bacteria have streamlined genomes, which are usually small but with a high fraction of genomic material devoted to protein-encoding genes, and few transcriptional control mechanisms. The study of all transcripts from a natural community, metatranscriptomics, has been informative about the response of eukaryotes as well as bacteria to changing environmental conditions.
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Kirchman, David L. Symbioses and microbes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0014.
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The book ends with a chapter devoted to discussing interactions between microbes and higher plants and animals. Symbiosis is sometimes used to describe all interactions, even negative ones, between organisms in persistent, close contact. This chapter focuses on interactions that benefit both partners (mutualism), or one partner while being neutral to the other (commensalism). Microbes are essential to the health and ecology of vertebrates, including Homo sapiens. Microbial cells outnumber human cells on our bodies, aiding in digestion and warding off pathogens. In consortia similar to the anaerobic food chain of anoxic sediments, microbes are essential in the digestion of plant material by deer, cattle, and sheep. Different types of microbes form symbiotic relationships with insects and help to explain their huge success in the biosphere. Protozoa are crucial for wood-boring insects, symbiotic bacteria in the genus Buchnera provide sugars to host aphids while obtaining essential amino acids in exchange, and fungi thrive in subterranean gardens before being harvested for food by ants. Symbiotic dinoflagellates directly provide organic material to support coral growth in exchange for ammonium and other nutrients. Corals are now threatened worldwide by rising oceanic temperatures, decreasing pH, and other human-caused environmental changes. At hydrothermal vents in some deep oceans, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria fuel an entire ecosystem and endosymbiotic bacteria support the growth of giant tube worms. Higher plants also have many symbiotic relationships with bacteria and fungi. Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legumes and other plants fix more nitrogen than free-living bacteria. Fungi associated with plant roots (“mycorrhizal”) are even more common and potentially provide plants with phosphorus as well as nitrogen. Symbiotic microbes can provide other services to their hosts, such as producing bioluminescence, needed for camouflage against predators. In the case of the bobtail squid, bioluminescence is only turned on when populations of the symbiotic bacteria reach critical levels, determined by a quorum sensing mechanism.
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El-Beltagi, Hossam El-Din Saad, Heba I. Mohamed i Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam. Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes for Sustainable Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.
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Plant Growth-Promoting Microbes for Sustainable Biotic and Abiotic Stress Management. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.
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Doyle, Ron J. Microbal Growth in Biofilms, Part B (Methods in Enzymology). Academic Press, 2001.
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Pirt, S. John. Product Formation in Cultures of Microbes & the Microbial Growth Process (Greenwich Readers). Hyperion Books, 1994.
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Kirchman, David L. Elements, biochemicals, and structures of microbes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0002.
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Microbiologists focus on the basic biochemical make-up of microbes, such as relative amounts of protein, RNA, and DNA in cells, while ecologists and biogeochemists use elemental ratios, most notably, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen (C:N), to explore biogeochemical processes and to connect up the carbon cycle with the cycle of other elements. Microbial ecologists make use of both types of data and approaches. This chapter combines both and reviews all things, from elements to macromolecular structures, that make up bacteria and other microbes. The most commonly used elemental ratio was discovered by Alfred Redfield who concluded that microbes have a huge impact on the chemistry of the oceans because of the similarity in nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios for organisms and nitrate-to-phosphate ratios in the deep oceans. Although statistically different, the C:N ratios in soil microbes are remarkably similar to the ratios of aquatic microbes. The chapter moves on to discussing the macromolecular composition of bacteria and other microbes. This composition gives insights into the growth state of microbes in nature. Geochemists use specific compounds, “biomarkers”, to trace sources of organic material in ecosystems. The last section of the chapter is a review of extracellular polymers, pili, and flagella, which serve a variety of functions, from propelling microbes around to keeping them stuck in one place.
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Kirchman, David L. Community structure of microbes in natural environments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0004.
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Community structure refers to the taxonomic types of microbes and their relative abundance in an environment. This chapter focuses on bacteria with a few words about fungi; protists and viruses are discussed in Chapters 9 and 10. Traditional methods for identifying microbes rely on biochemical testing of phenotype observable in the laboratory. Even for cultivated microbes and larger organisms, the traditional, phenotype approach has been replaced by comparing sequences of specific genes, those for 16S rRNA (archaea and bacteria) or 18S rRNA (microbial eukaryotes). Cultivation-independent approaches based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing have revealed that natural microbial communities have a few abundant types and many rare ones. These organisms differ substantially from those that can be grown in the laboratory using cultivation-dependent approaches. The abundant types of microbes found in soils, freshwater lakes, and oceans all differ. Once thought to be confined to extreme habitats, Archaea are now known to occur everywhere, but are particularly abundant in the deep ocean, where they make up as much as 50% of the total microbial abundance. Dispersal of bacteria and other small microbes is thought to be easy, leading to the Bass Becking hypothesis that “everything is everywhere, but the environment selects.” Among several factors known to affect community structure, salinity and temperature are very important, as is pH especially in soils. In addition to bottom-up factors, both top-down factors, grazing and viral lysis, also shape community structure. According to the Kill the Winner hypothesis, viruses select for fast-growing types, allowing slower growing defensive specialists to survive. Cultivation-independent approaches indicate that fungi are more diverse than previously appreciated, but they are less diverse than bacteria, especially in aquatic habitats. The community structure of fungi is affected by many of the same factors shaping bacterial community structure, but the dispersal of fungi is more limited than that of bacteria. The chapter ends with a discussion about the relationship between community structure and biogeochemical processes. The value of community structure information varies with the process and the degree of metabolic redundancy among the community members for the process.
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Kirchman, David L. Microbial growth, biomass production, and controls. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0008.
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Soon after the discovery that bacteria are abundant in natural environments, the question arose as to whether or not they were active. Although the plate count method suggested that they were dormant if not dead, other methods indicated that a large fraction of bacteria and fungi are active, as discussed in this chapter. It goes on to discuss fundamental equations for exponential growth and logistic growth, and it describes phases of growth in batch cultures, continuous cultures, and chemostats. In contrast with measuring growth in laboratory cultures, it is difficult to measure in natural environments for complex communities with co-occurring mortality. Among many methods that have been suggested over the years, the most common one for bacteria is the leucine approach, while for fungi it is the acetate-in ergosterol method. These methods indicate that the growth rate of the bulk community is on the order of days for bacteria in their natural environment. It is faster in aquatic habitats than in soils, and bacteria grow faster than fungi in soils. But bulk rates for bacteria appear to be slower than those for phytoplankton. All of these rates for natural communities are much slower than rates measured for most microbes in the laboratory. Rates in subsurface environments hundreds of meters from light-driven primary production and high organic carbon conditions are even lower. Rates vary greatly among microbial taxa, according to data on 16S rRNA. Copiotrophic bacteria grow much faster than oligotrophic bacteria, but may have low growth rates when conditions turn unfavorable. Some of the factors limiting heterotrophic bacteria and fungi include temperature and inorganic nutrients, but the supply of organic compounds is perhaps most important in most environments.
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Kirchman, David L. Introduction to geomicrobiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0013.
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Geomicrobiology, the marriage of geology and microbiology, is about the impact of microbes on Earth materials in terrestrial systems and sediments. Many geomicrobiological processes occur over long timescales. Even the slow growth and low activity of microbes, however, have big effects when added up over millennia. After reviewing the basics of bacteria–surface interactions, the chapter moves on to discussing biomineralization, which is the microbially mediated formation of solid minerals from soluble ions. The role of microbes can vary from merely providing passive surfaces for mineral formation, to active control of the entire precipitation process. The formation of carbonate-containing minerals by coccolithophorids and other marine organisms is especially important because of the role of these minerals in the carbon cycle. Iron minerals can be formed by chemolithoautotrophic bacteria, which gain a small amount of energy from iron oxidation. Similarly, manganese-rich minerals are formed during manganese oxidation, although how this reaction benefits microbes is unclear. These minerals and others give geologists and geomicrobiologists clues about early life on Earth. In addition to forming minerals, microbes help to dissolve them, a process called weathering. Microbes contribute to weathering and mineral dissolution through several mechanisms: production of protons (acidity) or hydroxides that dissolve minerals; production of ligands that chelate metals in minerals thereby breaking up the solid phase; and direct reduction of mineral-bound metals to more soluble forms. The chapter ends with some comments about the role of microbes in degrading oil and other fossil fuels.
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Myer, Phillip, i Liesel Schneider, red. Tiny Microbes, Big Yields: The Future of Food and Agriculture. Frontiers Media SA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88974-951-5.
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Our world is made up of countless tiny living beings. There are so many of them, that they make up the largest number of living beings on the planet. These microscopic organisms, called microorganisms or microbes, cannot be seen with the naked eye. We encounter them daily and we interact with them through the air we breathe, the food we eat, and the natural processes within our own organ systems. Microbes have evolved with life on Earth to be important for its survival. They act as food for plants and animals, help humans and animals digest food, break down dead material, and even serve as guardians against bad microbes. Whether we realize it or not, humans rely on microbes to help make the food we eat every day, and understanding how they work helps us to improve our foods and agriculture. It is amazing to examine how well microorganisms are incorporated into the food we eat, the plants we grow, and the animals we raise. Microbes help ferment foods to make products like cheeses and breads. They work in the soil to provide nitrogen to plants which helps them grow better. Special microbes live in the stomachs of cattle and sheep that allow them to digest grasses that humans cannot eat. Additionally, the energy produced from the microbial digestion of these grasses helps produce meat and milk. However, as with everything, we must take the good with the bad. Although many microbes are helpful, some are harmful and can cause illness. These “bad bugs” must be monitored to ensure they do not enter our food supply. The challenge is to interpret the ways the microbes are positively and negatively impacting food and agriculture and to untangle their complex network to promote improved and more efficient approaches to feed the world. This collection of articles focuses on understanding more about microbial communities, biodiversity, and their relationships with food and agriculture. This includes, but is not limited to, food and animal production, animal health, food safety, crop safety and production, and agricultural sustainability through microbial-based approaches. What we can learn about these tiny living beings can help provide safe, nutritious, and sustainable food to a growing human global population.
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Kirchman, David L. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0001.
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The goal of this chapter is to introduce the field of microbial ecology and some terms used in the rest of the book. Microbial ecology, which is the study of microbes in natural environments, is important for several reasons. Although most are beneficial, some microbes cause diseases of higher plants and animals in aquatic environments and on land. Microbes are also important because they are directly or indirectly responsible for the food we eat. They degrade pesticides and other pollutants contaminating natural environments. Finally, they are important in another “pollution” problem: the increase in greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere. Because microbes are crucial for many biogeochemical processes, the field of microbial ecology is crucial for understanding the effect of greenhouse gases on the biosphere and for predicting the impact of climate change on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Even if the problem of climate change were solved, microbes would be fascinating to study because of the weird and wonderful things they do. The chapter ends by pointing out the difficulties in isolating and cultivating microbes in the laboratory. In many environments, less than one percent of all bacteria and other microbes can be grown in the laboratory. The cultivation problem has many ramifications for identifying especially viruses, bacteria, and archaea in natural environments, and for connecting up taxonomic information with biogeochemical processes.
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Kirchman, David L. Microbial primary production and phototrophy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0006.
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This chapter is focused on the most important process in the biosphere, primary production, the turning of carbon dioxide into organic material by higher plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Photosynthetic microbes account for roughly 50% of global primary production while the other half is by large, terrestrial plants. After reviewing the basic physiology of photosynthesis, the chapter discusses approaches to measuring gross and net primary production and how these processes affect fluxes of oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of aquatic ecosystems. It then points out that terrestrial plants have high biomass but relatively low growth, while the opposite is the case for aquatic algae and cyanobacteria. Primary production varies greatly with the seasons in temperate ecosystems, punctuated by the spring bloom when the biomass of one algal type, diatoms, reaches a maximum. Other abundant algal types include coccolithophorids in the oceans and filamentous cyanobacteria in freshwaters. After the bloom, small algae take over and out-compete larger forms for limiting nutrients because of superior uptake kinetics. Abundant types of small algae include two coccoid cyanobacteria, Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, the latter said to be the most abundant photoautotroph on the planet because of its large numbers in oligotrophic oceans. Other algae, often dinoflagellates, are toxic. Many algae can also graze on other microbes, probably to obtain limiting nitrogen or phosphorus. Still other microbes are mainly heterotrophic but are capable of harvesting light energy. Primary production in oxic environments is carried out by oxygenic photosynthetic organisms, whereas in anoxic environments with sufficient light, it is anaerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis in which oxygen is not produced. Although its contribution to global primary production is small, anoxygenic photosynthesis helps us understand the biophysics and biochemistry of photosynthesis and its evolution on early Earth. These microbes as well as aerobic phototrophic and heterotrophic microbes make up microbial mats. These mats can provide insights into early life on the planet when a type of mat, “stromatolites,” covered vast areas of primordial seas in the Proterozoic.
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Carton, James. Infectious diseases. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199591633.003.0002.
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Microbes 16Antimicrobial agents 17Human immunodeficiency virus 18Tuberculosis 20Infectious mononucleosis 21Malaria 22Syphilis 24Lyme disease 25Leishmaniasis 26• Single-celled organisms with their double-stranded DNA lying free in cytoplasm surrounded by a cell membrane and cell wall.• Most grow in air (aerobes), but can grow without it (facultative anaerobes). Some only grow in the absence of oxygen (strict anaerobes)....
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Ferreira, Ines A., Rachel M. Gisselquist i Finn Tarp. On the impact of inequality on growth, human development, and governance. Wyd. 34. UNU-WIDER, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2021/972-3.
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Countering recent rises in many countries of inequality in income and wealth is widely recognized as a major development challenge. This is so from an ethical perspective and because greater inequality is perceived to be detrimental to key development aims. Still, an informed debate on the effects of inequality requires clear evidence. This review contributes to the literature by taking stock and providing an overview of current knowledge of the impact of income inequality on three important outcomes: economic growth, health and education as two dimensions of human development, and governance, with a focus on democracy. Drawing on the insights from different disciplines and considering recent work, it reveals that existing evidence provides somewhat mixed results and argues for a need for further in-depth empirical work. It also points to explanations for the lack of consensus embedded in data quality and availability, measurement issues, and the shortcomings of the different methods employed. Finally, we point to promising future research avenues relying on experimental work for micro level analysis, more region- and country-specific studies, and reiterate the need for improvements in the availability and reliability of data.
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Pestieau, Pierre, i Mathieu Lefebvre. Welfare State and Economic Efficiency. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817055.003.0007.
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The main purpose of this chapter is to tackle the issue of whether or not the welfare state is responsible for the decline in economic performance. At the micro level, social protection brings distortion in the choices of contributors and of beneficiaries. Yet, the empirical evidence indicates that the cost of these distortions is rather limited. At the macro level, one cannot infer much from a negative relation between the social burden and GDP growth. Given that, we reach three conclusions. First, the welfare state is likely to have modified the preferences of individuals. Second, the decline in economic growth and pressured public finance calls for its partial retrenchment. Finally, most of the work on the effect of the welfare state on growth and employment deals with a relatively short and recent period. A longer run view might be useful.
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Listhaug, Ola, i Tor Georg Jakobsen. Foundations of Political Trust. Redaktor Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.14.
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Research on political trust has been through a period of strong growth and now constitutes an important field within political behavior. The research growth is driven at least partly by access to new sources of data, which are relevant for testing many of the explanations of political trust discussed in the research literature. Research has moved in several directions. Overall, we observe that research on political trust is strongly integrated into mainstream research on political behavior with an emphasis of attitudes and other political psychology constructs. Complementing the micro-level approach, there is also a movement toward macro-level studies, with strong links to institutions. The institutional approach is primarily linked to electoral institutions and serves to test main hypotheses about differences between electoral systems.
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Fillieule, Olivier. The Study of Social Movements in France. Redaktorzy Robert Elgie, Emiliano Grossman i Amy G. Mazur. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199669691.013.20.
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This chapter deals with the emergence of social movement studies in the French social sciences in the 1990s and its development since then. We show how the exponential growth of this field largely relied on knowledge accumulated from the North American literature, but always with a critical appraisal of its concepts, methods, and results. We stress some theoretical and methodological specificities of the French contribution to the field: the greater recourse to qualitative and in-depth methodologies and the focus on the micro-level of individual activism and micro-level processes; the dissemination of its issues and concepts into a great number of academic domains, hence its trans-disciplinary framework; and finally its long-standing reluctance to engage in comparative studies. We conclude with some reflections on a possible agenda for future research.
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Keefer, Robert F. Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.001.0001.
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Written in a clear, accessible style, this book covers the fundamental aspects of soil science with an emphasis on topics useful to landscape architects and professionals in related fields. The book begins with a discussion of soil surveys developed in different countries, followed by a concise description of soil components and how the interactions between air, water, and nutrients affect plant growth. It examines methods for controlling erosion, particularly in light of modern irrigation techniques. It describes the chemistry of plant growth, devotes four chapters to macro- and micro-nutrients, and features a detailed discussion of ways to diagnose and correct plant disorders. It also looks at the engineering aspects of soils and includes a detailed list of references for further information. Written by an experienced teacher with an extensive background in landscape architecture, this volume will be an invaluable source for students and researchers in architecture, horticulture, and urban planning.
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Vail, Mark I. Economic Adjustment through Group Subsidization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683986.003.0004.
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This chapter analyzes how the German tradition of corporate liberalism has shaped policy outcomes in fiscal policy, labor-market policy, and financial regulation since the early 1990s. After German reunification and in the wake of the fiscal-policy strictures of the Maastricht Treaty, German authorities developed reform strategies designed to support economic growth, reduce unemployment, and modernize their financial systems. In so doing, they rejected neoliberal prescriptions in favor of policies that sheltered and subsidized core groups in their export-based growth model, in particular skilled workers and employers in export sectors, internationally competitive SMEs, and economically strategic financial institutions. In all three policy areas, reform trajectories of both Left and Right reflected corporate-liberal commitments to a supportive role for the state, the privileging of mesoeconomic policy instruments between macro and micro levels, and an emphasis on core groups as central political-economic constituencies, often at the expense of peripheral or unincorporated outsiders.
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Sana, Ashish Kumar, Bappaditya Biswas, Samyabrata Das i Sandeep Poddar. Sustainable Strategies for Economic Growth and Decent Work: New Normal. Lincoln University College, Malaysia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31674/book.2022sseg.
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Almost every country throughout the globe has been affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. The virus's propagation has a disastrous effect on both human health and the economy as a whole. The COVID-19 global recession is the worst since World War II ended. According to the IMF's April 2021 World Economic Outlook Report, the global economy declined by 3.5 percent in 2020, 7 percent drop from the 3.4 percent growth predicted in October 2019. While almost every IMF-covered nation saw negative growth in 2020, the decline was more extreme in the world's poorest regions. The global supply system and international trade of all countries, including India, were affected by the nationwide lockdown in India and around the world to stop the pandemic from spreading. Since the beginning of 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic has had a negative impact on the global business climate. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in significant public health and economic problems in South Asian countries and the worst impacted being India, Bangladesh and Pakistan in recent years. The nationwide lockdown adopted by the countries was effective in slowing down the spread of the coronavirus in South Asia, but it came at a substantial financial and social cost to society. Manufacturing activities in Japan, South Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines have shrunk sharply. Tourism, trade and remittances, and all major sources of foreign money for South Asian countries, have been substantially impacted. The COVID-19 spread has had a significant influence on global financial markets. The international financial and energy markets substantially dropped as the number of cases began to rise globally, primarily in the United States, Italy, Spain, Germany, France, Iran, and South Korea along with South Asian countries. Reduced travel has had a substantial impact on service businesses such as tourism, hospitality, and transportation. According to IMF, (space required after,) 2020 South Asian economies are likely to shrink for the first time in 4 decades. The pandemic has pushed millions into poverty and widened income and wealth disparities because of premature deaths, workplace absenteeism and productivity losses. A negative supply shock has occurred with manufacturing and productive activity decreasing due to global supply chain disruptions and factory closures. This resulted in a severe short-term challenge for policymakers, especially when food and commodity prices rise, exacerbating economic insecurity. Failure to achieve equitable recovery might result in social and political unrest, as well as harsh responses from governments that have been less tolerant of dissident voices in recent years. Almost every area of the Indian economy is being ravaged by the pandemic. But the scope and degree of the damage vary from sector to sector within each area. One of the worst-affected areas in India is the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector. Apart from MSMEs, Agriculture and Agro-based industries, Banking companies and NBFCs and Social Sectors are also in jeopardy. The pandemic creates turmoil in the Capital Market and Mutual Funds industry. India's auto manufacturing and its ancillary sectors were badly hit during the initial stages of the pandemic when lockdown measures were adopted and the situation continued to remain subdued for many quarters. It is still uncertain whether this recession will have long-term structural ramifications for the global economy or will have only short-term financial and economic consequences. Additionally, the speed and the strength of the healing may be crucially dependent on the capability of the governments to accumulate and roll out the COVID-19 vaccines. In the context of the pandemic and its devastating impact on the Indian economy, an edited volume is proposed which intends to identify and analyse the footfalls of the pandemic on various sectors and industries in India. The proposed edited volume endeavours to understand the status, impact, problems, policies and prospects of the agricultural and agro-based industries, Banking and NBFCs, MSMEs, Social Sector, Capital Market and Mutual Funds during the pandemic and beyond. The proposed volume will contain research papers/articles covering the overall impact of the pandemic on various sectors, measures to be adopted to combat the situation and suggestions for overcoming the hurdles. For this, research papers and articles will be called from academicians, research scholars and industrialists having common research interests to share their insights relating to this area. It is anticipated that the volume will include twenty to twenty-five chapters. An editorial committee will be constituted with three chief editors and another external editor to review the articles following a double-blind review process to assure the quality of the papers according to the global standards and publisher's guidelines. The expected time to complete the entire review process is one month, and the publication process will start thereafter. The proposed volume is believed to be having significant socio-economic implications and is intended to cater to a large audience which includes academicians, researchers, students, corporates, policymakers, investors and general readers at large.
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Bender, David A. 7. Vitamins and minerals. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681921.003.0007.
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Along with energy and protein, the body needs two further groups of nutrients in the diet, in relatively small amounts: mineral salts and vitamins. ‘Vitamins and minerals’ explains how these micro-nutrients are essential for maintenance of normal health, growth, and metabolic integrity. Vitamin D and niacin are the only vitamins that can be synthesized by the body; all other vitamins must be provided in the diet. The most important minerals are iron and calcium, but other trace elements are required in small amounts. Iron is needed for synthesis of the protein haemoglobin, which transports oxygen in red blood cells, and calcium is required for bone formation and regulating the activity of muscle.
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Kirchman, David L. The ecology of viruses. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789406.003.0010.
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In addition to grazing, another form of top-down control of microbes is lysis by viruses. Every organism in the biosphere is probably infected by at least one virus, but the most common viruses are thought to be those that infect bacteria. Viruses come in many varieties, but the simplest is a form of nucleic acid wrapped in a protein coat. The form of nucleic acid can be virtually any type of RNA or DNA, single or double stranded. Few viruses in nature can be identified by traditional methods because their hosts cannot be grown in the laboratory. Direct count methods have found that viruses are very abundant, being about ten-fold more abundant than bacteria, but the ratio of viruses to bacteria varies greatly. Viruses are thought to account for about 50% of bacterial mortality but the percentage varies from zero to 100%, depending on the environment and time. In addition to viruses of bacteria and cyanobacteria, microbial ecologists have examined viruses of algae and the possibility that viral lysis ends phytoplankton blooms. Viruses infecting fungi do not appear to lyse their host and are transmitted from one fungus to another without being released into the external environment. While viral lysis and grazing are both top-down controls on microbial growth, they differ in several crucial respects. Unlike grazers, which often completely oxidize prey organic material to carbon dioxide and inorganic nutrients, viral lysis releases the organic material from hosts more or less without modification. Perhaps even more important, viruses may facilitate the exchange of genetic material from one host to another. Metagenomic approaches have been used to explore viral diversity and the dynamics of virus communities in natural environments.
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Rickard, David. Framboids. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190080112.001.0001.
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Framboids may be the most astonishing and abundant natural features you have never heard of. These microscopic spherules of golden pyrite consist of thousands of even smaller microcrystals, often arranged in stunning geometric arrays. There are probably 1030 on Earth, and they are forming at a rate of 1020 every second. This means that there are a billion times more framboids than sand grains on Earth, and a million times more framboids than stars in the observable universe. They are all around us: they can be found in rocks of all ages and in present-day sediments, soils, and natural waters. The sulfur in the pyrite is mainly produced by bacteria, and many framboids contain organic matter. They are formed through burst nucleation of supersaturated solutions of iron and sulfide, followed by limited crystal growth in diffusion-dominated stagnant sediments. The framboids self-assemble as surface free energy is minimized and the microcrystals are attracted to each other by surface forces. Self-organization occurs through entropy maximization, and the microcrystals rotate into their final positions through Brownian motion. The final shape of the framboids is often actually polygonal or partially facetted rather than spherical, as icosahedral microcrystal packing develops. Their average diameter is around 6 microns and the average microcrystal size is about 0.1 microns. There is no significant change in these dimensions with time: the framboid is an exceptionally stable structure, and the oldest may be 2.9 billion years old. This means that they provide samples of the chemistry of ancient environments.
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Wild, Andrea. AmAZed! CSIRO Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486313983.
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Prepare to be AmAZed! on this wild ride through Australia’s biodiversity from A to Z!
Go on an amazing scientific journey through 100 topics inspired by the specimens and stories from CSIRO’s National Research Collections Australia. This book is filled with fabulous facts about plants, animals, microbes and the scientists who study them.
Find out how new species get their names and discover an orchid that grows underground, identify a fly that looks like a bee, and explore strange fish that live in the deep sea.
AmAZed! CSIRO’s A to Z of Biodiversity covers Australia’s natural wonders and impressive discoveries for each letter of the alphabet, accompanied by engaging photos and illustrations. Get ready to encounter the Lost Shark, the phenomena of sea sparkle and zombie worms!