Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Grignon (France)”

Abstract. The stability of soil carbon is a major source of uncertainty for the prediction of atmospheric CO2 concentration during the 21st century. Isolating experimentally the stable soil carbon from other, more vulnerable, pools is of prime importance for calibrating soil C models, and gaining insights on the mechanisms leading to soil organic carbon (SOC) stability. Long-term bare fallow experiments, in which the decay of SOC is monitored for decades after inputs from plant material have stopped, represent a unique opportunity to assess the stable organic carbon. We synthesized data from 6 bare fallow experiments of long-duration, covering a range of soil types and climate conditions, at Askov (Denmark), Grignon and Versailles (France), Kursk (Russia), Rothamsted (UK), and Ultuna (Sweden). The conceptual model of SOC being divided into three pools with increasing turnover times, a labile pool (~ years), an intermediate pool (~ decades) and a stable pool (~ several centuries or more) fits well with the long term SOC decays observed in bare fallow soils. The modeled stable pool estimates ranged from 2.7 gC kg−1 at Rothamsted to 6.8 gC kg−1 at Grignon. The uncertainty over the identification of the stable pool is large due to the short length of the fallow records relative to the time scales involved in the decay of soil C. At Versailles, where there is least uncertainty associated with the determination of a stable pool, the soil contains predominantly stable C after 80 years of continuous bare fallow. Such a site represents a unique research platform for future experimentation addressing the characteristics of stable SOC and its vulnerability to global change.

L’influence des droites radicales françaises sur le Canada français a fait l’objet de nombreux travaux avec, en toile de fond, la question controversée de la réception et des usages du maurrassisme dans les milieux canadiens-français. Cependant, les historiens se sont surtout intéressés aux membres des réseaux intellectuels et des cercles littéraires, le plus souvent issus de la bourgeoisie urbaine, de la presse à grand tirage ou des professions libérales. Par conséquent, cet article se penche sur les liens privilégiés qu’entretenait Claude-Henri Grignon (1894-1976), décrocheur scolaire, ex-détenu de la Prison de Bordeaux et pamphlétaire autodidacte du nord des Laurentides, avec René Benjamin (1885-1948), écrivain prolifique, militant de l’Action française et proche collaborateur de Charles Maurras. Cette recherche nous apportera un éclairage inédit sur un cas particulier d’influences littéraires et idéologiques entre la France et le Canada français hormis les cercles montréalais près de l’abbé Lionel Groulx ou de L’Action française de Montréal.

Abstract. The stability of soil organic matter (SOM) is a major source of uncertainty in predicting atmospheric CO2 concentration during the 21st century. Isolating the stable soil carbon (C) from other, more labile, C fractions in soil is of prime importance for calibrating soil C simulation models, and gaining insights into the mechanisms that lead to soil C stability. Long-term experiments with continuous bare fallow (vegetation-free) treatments in which the decay of soil C is monitored for decades after all inputs of C have stopped, provide a unique opportunity to assess the quantity of stable soil C. We analyzed data from six bare fallow experiments of long-duration (>30 yrs), covering a range of soil types and climate conditions, and sited at Askov (Denmark), Grignon and Versailles (France), Kursk (Russia), Rothamsted (UK), and Ultuna (Sweden). A conceptual three pool model dividing soil C into a labile pool (turnover time of a several years), an intermediate pool (turnover time of a several decades) and a stable pool (turnover time of a several centuries or more) fits well with the long term C decline observed in the bare fallow soils. The estimate of stable C ranged from 2.7 g C kg−1 at Rothamsted to 6.8 g C kg−1 at Grignon. The uncertainty associated with estimates of the stable pool was large due to the short duration of the fallow treatments relative to the turnover time of stable soil C. At Versailles, where there is least uncertainty associated with the determination of a stable pool, the soil contains predominantly stable C after 80 years of continuous bare fallow. Such a site represents a unique research platform for characterization of the nature of stable SOM and its vulnerability to global change.

Croplands remain poorly studied ecosystems in terms of total hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity, especially when compared to forests. As part of the COV3ER project, total OH reactivity (ROH), defined as the total loss rate of OH due to its reaction with reactive species in the atmosphere, was characterized in a rapeseed field (Grignon, France) during the blooming season in April 2017. Measurements were performed in a dynamic chamber as well as in ambient air using the Comparative Reactivity Method (CRM). Complementary measurements of organic (including a proton transfer reaction quadrupole ion–time of flight mass spectrometry, PTRQi-ToFMS) and inorganic compounds were also performed in order to calculate the expected OH reactivity and evaluate the missing fraction. Measured ROH varied diurnally in the dynamic chamber (mROHchamber) with maxima around 20 to 30 s−1 at midday and minima during dark hours, following the variability of the enclosed branch VOCsrapeseed, which is light- and temperature-dependent. Oxygenated VOCs were the major compounds emitted by the rapeseed crop. However, in terms of contribution to OH reactivity, isoprene accounted for 40% during the daytime, followed by acetaldehyde (21%) and monoterpenes (18%). The comparison between mROHchamber and calculated ROH (cROHchamber) exhibited little or no difference during dark hours, whereas a maximum difference appeared around midday, highlighting a significant missing fraction (46% on average during daytime) mainly related to biogenic temperature- and/or light-dependent emissions.

AbstractThis work explores the uncertainty of the inferred maize pollen emission rate using measurements and simulations of pollen dispersion at Grignon in France. Measurements were obtained via deposition of pollen on the ground in a canopy gap; simulations were conducted using the two-dimensional Lagrangian Stochastic Mechanistic mOdel for Pollen dispersion and deposition (SMOP). First, a quantitative evaluation of the model's performance was conducted using a global sensitivity analysis to analyse the convergence behaviour of the results and scatter diagrams. Then, a qualitative study was conducted to infer the pollen emission rate and calibrate the methodology against experimental data for several sets of variable values. The analysis showed that predicted and observed values were in good agreement and the calculated statistical indices were mostly within the range of acceptable model performance. Furthermore, it was revealed that the mean settling velocity and vertical leaf area index are the main variables affecting pollen deposition in the canopy gap. Finally, an estimated pollen emission rate was obtained according to a restricted setting, where the model studied includes no deposition on leaves, no resuspension and with horizontal pollen fluctuations either taken into account or not. The estimated pollen emission rate obtained was nearly identical to the measured quantity. In conclusion, the findings of the current study show that the described methodology could be an interesting approach for accurate prediction of maize pollen deposition and emission rates and may be appropriate for other pollen types.

In France, the conservation of geological heritage has a complex history that dates back to the middle of the 19th century. Two regulatory tools, “Site Classé”, established in 1906, and Natural Reserves, created in 1976, have served to protect geological sites in the past. Nonetheless, these tools are long to implement vis-à-vis to the rapid destruction of geological objects in the French territory. Due to this juridical void, the state created in 2015 two prefectural decrees for the protection of geological sites of interest. These tools allow the Prefect to: (i) determine a departmental list of geological sites of importance; (ii) define appropriate regulations for their conservation through the Prefectural Decree of the Protection of the Geotope (APPG). Their decentralised legal proceedings appear to be easy to administer, as they only require the advice of regional and departmental commissions as well as some local stakeholders. Our article reports the first enactment of the APPG in France, in a peri-urban to urban area, the Yvelines department. By relying on the programmes of Strategy of Creation of Protected metropolitan Areas (SCAP) and the National Inventory of the Geological Heritage (INPG), two geological sites of international value threatened by anthropic activities were selected for the APPG: the Lutetian fossil sites of Grignon and the Ferme de l’Orme. If successfully enacted, the APPG could prove advantageous because it is a tool adapted to the protection of geological objects and to its socio-economic and environmental context. However, after almost two years, the proceedings of the APPG have not been finalised. Optional yet beneficial steps, as well as unforeseen requests, delayed the process considerably. Given that the APPG do not confer protection to the geological sites during this period, their efficacy must be questioned in a fast-evolving region where land pressure is high and geological sites disappear quickly. However, the French juridical system has improved in the recent years in that it encourages Earth Sciences specialists to form part of local consultative instances (CSRPN, CDNPS) and thereby influence the decisions concerning the protection of these highly threatened sites.

Changing agricultural practices from conventional to conservation tillage generally leads to increased weed populations and herbicide use. To gain information about the possible use of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) cover crop as an alternative and sustainable weed-control strategy for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), an experiment was performed at Thiverval-Grignon, France, from 2008 to 2010. We compared conventional and reduced tillage as well as the presence and absence of living mulch (i.e. lucerne) on weeds and wheat production. Percentage soil coverage and aboveground biomass of wheat, lucerne and weeds were measured at the end of grain filling. Weed communities were analysed in terms of composition and diversity. During both seasons, wheat biomass did not significantly decrease in reduced-till trials compared with conventional ones (7.0 and 7.2 t ha–1, respectively, in 2008–09; 6.9 and 7.1 t ha–1 in 2009–10). Regardless of soil management, the percentage soil coverage by wheat significantly decreased when it was intercropped, although wheat biomass was not significantly reduced compared with the sole crop. To minimise cash-crop losses, we studied the competition between wheat, lucerne and weeds, testing various herbicide strategies. Early control of lucerne allowed better balance between weed control and wheat development. In addition, weed communities varied among treatments in terms of abundance and composition, being reduced but more varied in plots associated with lucerne. A functional group analysis showed that grasses benefited from reduced-till conditions, whereas problematic weeds such as annuals with creeping and climbing morphologies were substantially reduced. In addition, annual and perennial broad-leaf species with rosette morphology were also significantly decreased when lucerne was used as living mulch. Wheat production in reduced-till conditions intercropped with lucerne living mulch may be useful for integrated weed management, reducing the need for herbicides.

Abstract. Ammonia concentration and fluxes were measured above a growing triticale field for two months during May and June 2010 at the NitroEurope crop site in Grignon (Fr-Gri) near Paris, France. The measurement campaign started 15 days following a 40 kg N ha−1 application of an ammonium nitrate solution. A new mini-WEDD (Wet Effluent Denuder) flow injection analyser with three channels (ROSAA, RObust and Sensitive Ammonia Analyser) was used to measure NH3 fluxes using the aerodynamic gradient method. The measured ammonia concentrations varied from 0.01 to 39 μg NH3 m−3 and were largely influenced by advection from the nearby farm. The ammonia fluxes ranged from −560 to 220 ng NH3 m−2 s−1 and averaged −29 ng NH3 m−2 s−1. During some periods the large deposition fluxes could only be explained by a very small surface resistance, which may be due to the high concentrations in certain acid gases (HNO3 and SO2) observed in this suburban area. Ammonia emissions were also measured occasionally. The canopy compensation point Cc was around 1.5 μg NH3 m−3 on average. The canopy emission potential Γc (Cc normalised for the temperature response of the Henry equilibrium) decreased over the course of the measurement campaign from Γc = 2200 to Γc = 450, the latter value being close to the median stomatal emission potential (Γs) for managed ecosystems reported in the literature. The temporal dynamics of the measured NH3 flux compared well with the Surfatm- NH3 model using fitted parameters. The subjectivity of the model fitting is discussed based on a sensitivity analysis.

Abstract. Ammonia concentration and fluxes were measured above a growing triticale field for two months during May and June 2010 at the NitroEurope crop site in Grignon (Fr-Gri) near Paris, France. The measurement campaign started 15 days following a 40 kg N ha−1 application of an ammonium nitrate solution. A new mini-wedd (Wet Effluent Denuder) flow injection analyser with three channels (ROSAA, RObust and Sensitive Ammonia Analyser) was used to measure NH3 fluxes using the aerodynamic gradient method. The measured ammonia concentrations varied from 0.01 to 39 μg NH3 m−3 and were largely influenced by advection from the nearby farm. The ammonia fluxes ranged from –560 to 220 ng NH3 m−2 s−1 and averaged –29 ng NH3 m−2 s−1. During some periods the large deposition fluxes could only be explained by a very small surface resistance, which may be partly due to the high concentrations of certain acid gases (HNO3 and SO2) observed in this suburban area. Ammonia emissions were also observed. The canopy compensation point Cc was around 1.5 μg NH3 m−3 on average. The canopy emission potential Γc (Cc normalised for the temperature response of the Henry equilibrium) decreased over the course of the measurement campaign from Γc = 2200 to Γc = 450, the latter value being close to the median stomatal emission potential (Γs) and lower than the median ground emission potential (Γg) for managed ecosystems reported in the literature. The temporal dynamics of the measured NH3 flux compared well with the Surfatm-NH3 model using fitted parameters. The subjectivity of the model fitting is discussed based on a sensitivity analysis.

À la suite de la succession d’Espagne, l’empereur avait formé avec la plupart des princes allemands, l’Angleterre et la Hollande une « Grande Alliance » contre la France. En juillet 1707, une armée de 40 000 hommes conduite par le duc de Savoie et le prince Eugène, soutenue par les flottes anglaise et hollandaise, avait passé le Var dans l’espoir de surprendre la place de Toulon dégarnie de troupes et de détruire la puissance de la France en Méditerranée. On rappelle en quelques pages la glorieuse défense de Toulon : l’appel à la résistance du comte de Grignan, la participation de la population au rétablissement des fortifications, la marche extraordinaire de l’armée des Alpes pour entrer dans la ville avant les ennemis, la défense héroïque des forts, la bataille de Faron, le bombardement de Toulon, la levée du siège, le retour précipité de l’armée d’invasion en Italie.

Recently, Business English (BE) has become an integral part of teaching English due to its growing demand in the employment market and its power to facilitate cross-cultural communication and dialogue between speakers of all languages. Since BE serves as a Lingua Franca globally, a good mastery of the so-called Business English as Lingua Franca (BELF) is getting more and more attention among practitioners and researchers of Business English, who attempt to update their curriculum by cutting-edge developments for better occupational purposes. With this in mind, the presented paper will attempt to showcase the merits of Virtual Collaborative Learning (VCL) as one of the effective strategic tools for raising cross-cultural communication in the Business English classroom which indeed fosters the development of a culturally intelligent generation through support and guidance. To assess effectiveness, a survey was conducted among students enrolled in the Business English course offered through virtual learning at Grigol Robakidze University and Azerbaijan Pedagogical University during the Spring 2021 semester. The survey included seven closed prompts using the Likert scale, ranging from "Strongly Agree" to "Strongly Disagree" and "Always" to "Never," and one open-ended question requiring a written response based on personal opinions. The responses verified the positive influence of VCL activities in promoting interaction among students from different cultures and heightened awareness of cultural understanding. The discovered insights will be integrated into the current curriculum at Grigol Robakidze University, which is scheduled for the upcoming academic year.

In 1776 the russian merchant grigor ivanovich shelikhov outfitted a ship bound from the siberian peninsula of kamchatka to the Aleutian Islands, which dot the sea at the westernmost reach of the North American continent. The expedition would hunt sea otters for trade in China, where the pelts fetched a high price. The same year nearly two hundred Spanish colonists arrived at the presidio in Monterey after a six-month journey from present-day southern Arizona. The expedition, led by Juan Bautista de Anza, aimed to populate northern California as part of Spain's efforts to resist encroachment from the north by Russian merchants like Shelikhov. Meanwhile, also in 1776, the explorer James Cook left England for the South Pacific in Britain's continuing attempt to rival France's scientific discoveries and access to potential trade goods in Asia. Throughout the European Atlantic, publications and translations of Cook's final travel narrative circulated details of the profitable trans-Pacific fur trade that until this point had largely been enjoyed by the Russians. Together, the Shelikhov, Anza, and Cook expeditions illustrate inter-European competition for resources and trade in the eighteenth-century Pacific while also suggesting the extraordinary transcultural, intercontinental, and multilingual reach of those encounters—including exchanges between several European nations (such as Russia, Spain, England, France), a variety of indigenous peoples (including Aleuts, Tlingits, Haidas, Ohlones, Tahitians, Hawaiians), and the inhabitants of and visitors to Canton (among them Chinese merchants and laborers, foreign traders from many European nations, and sailors and slaves from the Philippines, India, and other regions of Asia).

RESUMENLa historia del cristianismo no se entiende sin el complejo fenómeno mariano. El culto mariano ha afianzado la construcción de identidades colectivas, pero también individuales. La figura de la Virgen María estableció un modelo de conducta desde cada contexto histórico-cultural, remarcando especialmente los ideales de maternidad y virginidad. Dentro del imaginario católico, la Europa contemporánea ha estado marcada por la formación de una cultura aparicionista que se ha generadoa partir de diversas apariciones marianas que han establecido un canon y un marco de interpretación que ha alimentado las guerras culturales entre secularismo y catolicismo.PALABRAS CLAVE: catolicismo, Virgen María, cultura aparicionista, Lourdes, guerras culturales.ABSTRACTThe history of Christianity cannot be understood without the complex Marian phenomenon. Marian devotion has reinforced the construction of collective, but also of individual identities. The figure of the Virgin Mary established a model of conduct through each historical-cultural context, emphasizing in particular the ideals of maternity and virginity. Within the Catholic imaginary, contemporary Europe has been marked by the formation of an apparitionist culture generated by various Marian apparitions that have established a canon and a framework of interpretation that has fuelled the cultural wars between secularism and Catholicism.KEY WORDS: Catholicism, Virgin Mary, apparicionist culture, Lourdes, culture wars. BIBLIOGRAFÍAAlbert Llorca, M., “Les apparitions et leur histoire”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des religions, 116 (2001), pp. 53-66.Albert, J.-P. y Rozenberg G., “Des expériences du surnaturel”, Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions, 145 (2009), pp. 9-14.Amanat A. y Bernhardsson, M. T. (eds.), Imagining the End. Visions of Apocalypsis from the Ancient Middle East to Modern America, London and New York, I. B. Tauris, 2002.Angelier, F. y Langlois, C. 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Chantal Fiola, Rekindling the Sacred Fire: Métis Ancestry and Anishinaabe Spirituality. Reviewed by Jonathan AnuikPhillip McCann, Island in an Empire: Education, Religion, and Social Life in Newfoundland, 1800–1855. Reviewed by Jerry BannisterGeorge E. Boulter II and Barbara Grigor-Taylor comp., The Teacher and the Superintendent: Native Schooling in the Alaska Interior, 1904 –1918. Reviewed by Sean CarletonCecilia Morgan, Creating Colonial Pasts: History, Memory, and Commemoration in Southern Ontario, 1860 –1980. Reviewed by Ryan EyfordElsie Paul, Paige Raibmon, and Harmony Johnson, Written as I Remember It: Teachings (??ms ta?aw) from the Life of a Sliammon Elder. Reviewed by Alison NormanDavid Fraser, Honorary Protestants: The Jewish School Question in Montreal, 1867–1997. Reviewed by Mary Anne PoutanenAndrew Woolford, This Benevolent Experiment: Indigenous Boarding Schools, Genocide, and Redress in Canada and the United States. Reviewed by Brian RiceLinda M. Ambrose, A Great Rural Sisterhood: Madge Robertson Watt and the ACWW. Reviewed by R. W. SandwellFrançoise F. Laot et Rebecca Rogers (dir.), Les Sciences de l’éducation. Émergence d’un champ de recherche dans l’après-guerre. Reviewed by Normand BaillargeonMartine Ruchat, Édouard Claparède. À quoi sert l’éducation ? Reviewed by Alexandre KleinMathieu Ferrand et Nathaël Istasse (éd.), Nouveaux regards sur les « Apollons de collège ». Figures du professeur humaniste en France dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle. Reviewed by Lyse Roy

Մեծանուն հայ բանաստեղծ, գրող և հասարակական գործիչ Հովհաննես Թումանյանը (1869–1923) պատմության մեջ է մտել որպես հայ-վրացական բարեկամության խորհրդանիշ: Նա պահում և պաշտպանում էր հայերի և վրացիների միջև ավանդաբար գոյություն ունեցող դրացիական հարաբերություններն ու բարեկամությունը: Վրաստանի թեման կարևոր տեղ է զբաղեցնում Հովհաննես Թումանյանի հարուստ և բազմազան արվեստում: Նրա ստեղծագործություններից ամենահայտնիներն ամենահայտնիներն են «Հաշտություն» (1893), «Վրաստանի համար» (1916), «Նվեր վրաց բանաստեղծներին» (1919), «Վրաստանի ոգին» (1919), «Գրիգոր Ռոբակիձեին» և այլ բանաստեղծությունները: Նա Վրաստանն անվանում էր «Կովկասյան Ֆրանսիա», իսկ վրացիներին՝ «ազնվական բանաստեղծների և հեղափոխականների ազգ»: Վրաստանի նկատմամբ նրա անկեղծ հարգանքն արտահայտվում էր նաև Հովհաննես Թումանյանի գործունեության մեջ. նա աջակցում էր Վրաստանի առաջընթացին: Հովհաննես Թումանյանի արվեստը դրական և բարձր է գնահատվել վրաց քաղաքական և պետական գործիչների, մշակույթի և գրականության բնագավառի ներկայացուցիչների կողմից: Իմ կարծիքով, իր կյանքի ու գործունեության շնորհիվ Հ. Թումանյանն արժանի է իր՝ «հայ ժողովրդի լուսավորիչ Հովհաննես» հորջորջմանը: The prominent Armenian poet, writer and public figure Hovhannes Tumanyan (1869–1923) entered history as the symbol of the Armenian-Georgian friendship. He defended the neighborhood relationship and friendship that had traditionally existed between the Armenian and Georgian people. The theme of Georgia occupies an important part in Hovhannes Tumanyan’s rich and diverse literary art. Most outstanding from his works are the poetic pieces: “Reconciliation” (1893); “About Georgia” (1916); “To the Georgian Poets” (1919); “Georgia’s soul” (1919); “To Grigor Robakidze” and others. In his terms Georgia was “Caucasian France” and the Georgians were “a Nation of noble revolutionaries and poets”. Hovhannes Tumanyan’s sincere respect for Georgia was reflected in his actions as well. He was supporting Georgia’s progress. Hovhannes Tumanyan’s art was positively and highly evaluated by the Georgian political and official promoters and representatives of the sphere of culture and literature. In my opinion H. Tumanyan is worth being proclaimed as “Hovhannes, the Enlightener of Armenians” thanks to his lifetime activities.

Depuis plusieurs dizaines d’années, les matériaux composites à fibres de carbone ont grignoté une proportion de plus en plus importante dans les structures aéronautiques, grâce à leurs propriétés mécaniques et de leur faible densité. Les critères de sécurité associés à ce type de transport exigent un contrôle à 100% quasi-systématique en fabrication. Parmi les méthodes CND, les ultrasons restent la méthode la plus couramment utilisée, car ils permettent de détecter les défauts francs, estimer le taux de porosité et mesurer des épaisseurs (en réflexion). TESTIA & ACTEMIUM ont conjugué leurs expertises pour définir, assembler, mettre au point et livrer des machines robotisées d’inspection ultrasonore dédiées à ces matériaux. Quatre exemples différents illustrent nos réalisations conjointes. Le premier concerne le contrôle de demi-produits, à savoir des plaques monolithiques, destinées à la découpe et au formage de petits composants raidisseurs. Le deuxième se rapporte à celui des pièces élémentaires d’aéronefs, monolithiques et sandwich, de dimensions variées. Le troisième est lié à l’examen de pales de moteurs à hélices, dont la structure est particulièrement complexe. Enfin le quatrième a été défini pour balayer des panneaux de fuselage auto-raidis de plus de 10m². Si toutes ces machines ont été bâties sur des composants standards, leur intégration a bien évidemment été effectuée en tenant compte des exigences et des contraintes de nos clients, tels que les critères de détection, la cadence et les flux de production, la surface au sol disponible, etc. Bien souvent, des outillages spécifiques ont été développés. Les trajectoires ont été définies soit en apprentissage, soit en programmation hors ligne. Plusieurs effecteurs ont été conçus pour inspecter les pièces tantôt en immersion complète, tantôt en immersion locale, tantôt en transmission jets d’eau. Des logiciels de supervision et des séquenceurs calqués sur le ‘process’ ont toujours été élaborés pour gérer l’acquisition automatique de données 2D ou 3D, C-scan ou A-scan ou mulipics, et assister les opérateurs dans leurs analyses. Au gré des projets passés, TESTIA & ACTEMIUM se sont forgés un savoir-faire permettant d’aborder de très nombreuses applications, grâce à la complémentarité de leurs compétences : TESTIA dans le CND et ACTEMIUM dans l’intégration de procédés robotisés. Ce savoir-faire pourrait se décliner également sur des pièces métalliques, en dehors de l’aéronautique.