Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / GREEN SYNTHESIZED

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „GREEN SYNTHESIZED”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "GREEN SYNTHESIZED"

Giun Tan, Woan, Wei Ming Ng, Jit Kang Lim i Hui Xin Che. "Plantain Peel Mediated Green Synthesis Iron Oxide Nanoparticles, Surface Functionalization, and Them Performance towards Methylene Blue and Methyl Orange Dye Removal". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 3.36 (6.05.2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.36.29087.

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Currently, green synthesis approach is used as the biocompatible, eco-friendly, and sustainable alternative of conventional approaches to synthesize iron oxide nanoparticles. In this work, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by using plantain peel extract via green and biogenic approach. The surface of green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles was functionalized to increase the stability of the nanoparticles and maintain the coexisting of both magnetic and catalytic property of the nanoparticles at the same time. Two kinds of surface functionalization structures were synthesized in this study, included silica core-iron oxide shell nanoparticles and silica core-PDDA polymerized iron oxide shell nanoparticles. The main concern of this study is the performance of bare and surface functionalized green synthesized nanoparticles. Methylene blue and methyl orange dyes were used as the model of dye removal test to indicate the feasibility of the synthesized nanocomposites. In summary, surface functionalized nanocomposites achieved higher dye removal efficiency than bare green synthesized iron oxide nanoparticles in both the methylene blue and methyl orange degradation test. Methylene blue dye was removed in higher rate than methyl orange dye due to the presence of negatively charged iron oxide nanoparticles with both the adsorptive and catalytic properties. At last, the components present in plantain peel extract were confirmed by using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.

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Jahangir, H. Syed, T. Tamil Kumar, M. Mary Concelia i R. Alamelu. "Green Synthesis, Characterization & Antibacterial Studies of Silver (Ag) and Zinc Oxide (Zno) Nanoparticles". Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 14, nr 3 (3.09.2020): 1999–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.14.3.39.

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Green synthesis nanoparticles were considered as an alternative effective resource instead of chemically engineered metal oxide nanoparticles. Using leaf extracts for green synthesis, essential for the reduction and oxidation process of the metals. Phyllanthus niruri (L.) and Aristolochia indica (L.) leaf extracts were used to synthesize yellowish brown coloured silver (Ag) and white coloured zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles. Synthesized green nanoparticles characterized by different spectroscopic analysis (XRD, XPS, FTIR, PL) and TEM. Characterization results confirmed the particles morphology, size, structure and also their optical and photonic properties. Three different concentrations of Ag and ZnO NPs were analysed against three (gram positive) and five (gram negative) bacteria. Increased levels of green synthesized Ag and ZnO NPs showed increased zone of inhibition than amoxicillin (positive control). Our study proved that the green synthesized Ag and ZnO NPs showed similar unique physical and chemical properties with metal oxide nanoparticles but less toxic while their discharge into the ecosystem.

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Joel T, Jesse, i Jesvin Shobini. "A Plausible Antibacterial Green Synthesized AgNPs from Tridax procumbens Leaf-flower Extract". Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 12, nr 4 (30.12.2018): 2135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.12.4.51.

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Kausar, Ayesha, Ishaq Ahmad, Tingkai Zhao, M. H. Eisa, O. Aldaghri, Meenal Gupta i Patrizia Bocchetta. "Green-Synthesized Graphene for Supercapacitors—Modern Perspectives". Journal of Composites Science 7, nr 3 (8.03.2023): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7030108.

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Graphene is a unique nanocarbon nanostructure, which has been frequently used to form nanocomposites. Green-synthesized graphene has been focused due to environmentally friendly requirements in recent technological sectors. A very important application of green-synthesized graphene-based nanocomposite has been observed in energy storage devices. This state-of-the-art review highlights design, features, and advanced functions of polymer/green-synthesized graphene nanocomposites and their utility in supercapacitor components. Green graphene-derived nanocomposites brought about numerous revolutions in high-performance supercapacitors. The structural diversity of conjugated polymer and green graphene-based nanocomposites has facilitated the charge transportation/storage capacity, specific capacitance, capacitance retention, cyclability, and durability of supercapacitor electrodes. Moreover, the green method, graphene functionality, dispersion, and matrix–nanofiller interactions have affected supercapacitance properties and performance. Future research on innovative polymer and green graphene-derived nanocomposites may overcome design/performance-related challenging factors for technical usages.

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Kothari, Richa, i Anjali Soni. "GREEN SYNTHESIS OF CHROMIUM OXIDE NANOPARTICLES USING CHROMIUM (III) COMPLEX AS A SINGLE ROUTE PRECURSOR: ANTI-OXIDANT ACTIVITY". RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, nr 02 (2022): 1325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1526700.

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Green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant sources has become an excellent substitute for conventional chemical synthetic methods. Nowadays, nano biotechnology is growing at a very fast rate due to its various possible application in the pharmaceutical biomedical, textile, paper industries. In our study, we have reported the green synthesis of chalcogenide nanostructure pharmacologically active chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles using synthesized chromium (III) complex as a single route precursor. The synthesized chromium (III) complex was reacted with an aqueous extract of cinnamon bark for the green synthesis of Cr2O3 nanoparticles. In the present study, we aimed to synthesize chromium oxide nanoparticles (Cr2O3 NPs) through a facile low-cost, eco-friendly route. In this method, we use the aqueous environment for green synthesize of Cr2O3 NPs because the use of an aqueous medium plays a very important role in reducing time, reducing minimum possibilities of side reactions and proper execution of conversions of synthesized Cr(III) complex into a good quality of Cr2O3 NPs in a very less time. The synthesized chromium (III) complex and green synthesized Cr2O3 NPs were thoroughly analyzed through various structural, morphological, electronic, vibrational and pharmacological characterization techniques. Powdered X-ray diffraction studies confirm the formation of well-defined equip spaced crystalline nanoparticles of chromium oxide. Transmission electron microscopy exhibits oval-shaped structure of Cr2O3 NPs with an average particle size of 48 nm. Sharp electronic absorptions ends at 345nm for Cr(III) complex and at 429nm indicates the synthesis of good quality of chromium(III) complex and Cr2O3 NPs. The FT-IR spectral studies confirmed the presence of Cr-O stretching, N-H bonding and C=O stretching vibrations in synthesized Cr(III) complex was performed to investigate the thermal stability of the complex. The Cr(III) complex is stable up to 350ºC. The effective pharmacological activities like in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities explained the presence of strong electron-withdrawing and electronwithdrawing groups in synthesized chromium (III) complex. The green synthesis of Cr2O3 NPs via aqueous extract of cinnamon back in proper stoichiometric ratio is a good method for synthesizing highly effective bioactive agents which will be considered as a good drug candidate for various biological applications in future for various biomedical applications

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Roy, Arpita, Vishwajeet Singh, Sukriti Sharma, Daoud Ali, Abul Kalam Azad, Gokhlesh Kumar i Talha Bin Emran. "Antibacterial and Dye Degradation Activity of Green Synthesized Iron Nanoparticles". Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (17.01.2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3636481.

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Nanoparticles have a wide range of applications in various fields such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. Synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extract is a very efficient, cost-effective, useful, and environmentally friendly method. A plant extract acts as a reducing agent in the formation of nanoparticles. Catharanthus roseus is one of the potential plants for biosynthesis of nanoparticles due to its easy availability. In the present study, the Catharanthus roseus plant extract was used to synthesize iron nanoparticles. UV-vis spectroscopy, DLS, and FTIR were performed for characterization of synthesized nanoparticles. Further antibacterial and dye degrading properties of synthesized iron nanoparticles have been investigated. It was found that Catharanthus roseus-synthesized iron nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity against E. coli and dye degradation activity against methyl orange dye.

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Sivanesan, Iyyakkannu, Judy Gopal, Manikandan Muthu, Juhyun Shin, Selvaraj Mari i Jaewook Oh. "Green Synthesized Chitosan/Chitosan Nanoforms/Nanocomposites for Drug Delivery Applications". Polymers 13, nr 14 (9.07.2021): 2256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142256.

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Chitosan has become a highlighted polymer, gaining paramount importance and research attention. The fact that this valuable polymer can be extracted from food industry-generated shell waste gives it immense value. Chitosan, owing to its biological and physicochemical properties, has become an attractive option for biomedical applications. This review briefly runs through the various methods involved in the preparation of chitosan and chitosan nanoforms. For the first time, we consolidate the available scattered reports on the various attempts towards greens synthesis of chitosan, chitosan nanomaterials, and chitosan nanocomposites. The drug delivery applications of chitosan and its nanoforms have been reviewed. This review points to the lack of systematic research in the area of green synthesis of chitosan. Researchers have been concentrating more on recovering chitosan from marine shell waste through chemical and synthetic processes that generate toxic wastes, rather than working on eco-friendly green processes—this is projected in this review. This review draws the attention of researchers to turn to novel and innovative green processes. More so, there are scarce reports on the application of green synthesized chitosan nanoforms and nanocomposites towards drug delivery applications. This is another area that deserves research focus. These have been speculated and highlighted as future perspectives in this review.

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Alsaiari, Norah Salem, Fatimah Mohammed Alzahrani, Abdelfattah Amari, Haitham Osman, Hamed N. Harharah, Noureddine Elboughdiri i Mohamed A. Tahoon. "Plant and Microbial Approaches as Green Methods for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Perspectives". Molecules 28, nr 1 (3.01.2023): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010463.

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The unique biological and physicochemical characteristics of biogenic (green-synthesized) nanomaterials (NMs) have attracted significant interest in different fields, with applications in the agrochemical, food, medication delivery, cosmetics, cellular imaging, and biomedical industries. To synthesize biogenic nanomaterials, green synthesis techniques use microorganisms, plant extracts, or proteins as bio-capping and bio-reducing agents and their role as bio-nanofactories for material synthesis at the nanoscale size. Green chemistry is environmentally benign, biocompatible, nontoxic, and economically effective. By taking into account the findings from recent investigations, we shed light on the most recent developments in the green synthesis of nanomaterials using different types of microbes and plants. Additionally, we cover different applications of green-synthesized nanomaterials in the food and textile industries, water treatment, and biomedical applications. Furthermore, we discuss the future perspectives of the green synthesis of nanomaterials to advance their production and applications.

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Anbarasu, A., P. Karnan, N. Deepa i R. Usha. "CARICA PAPAYA MEDIATED GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES". International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 10, nr 3 (17.05.2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2018v10i3.27221.

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Objective: The present study was designed to biosynthesize NPs from leaves to study the reducing Ag+ions and stabilizing the particles and confirm AgNP synthesis by using various spectroscopy and microscopic methods.Methods: Bio-inspired AgNPs were rapidly synthesized at room temperature using fresh aqueous leaf extract of Carica papaya. A green and low-cost synthesis was effective in the formation of stable crystalline NPs in the solution. Amine, alkene and alkyl halides groups present in the Carica papaya leaf extract functioned as reducing as well as a stabilizing agent to produce shape controlled AgNPs.Results: SPR confirmed the formation of AgNPs in UV-Visible spectra at 445.7 nm. The XRD result also showed the presence of elemental Ag+as a crystalline nature. Study the functional groups responsible for the bio reduction of Ag+. HE-TEM and FE-SEM with EDX image showed spherical crystalline AgNPs.Conclusion: Hence, the plant-based bio AgNPs could be used in biomedical applications.

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Ahmad, Razi, Nafeesa Khatoon i Meryam Sardar. "Antibacterial Effect of Green Synthesized TiO2 Nanoparticles". Advanced Science Letters 20, nr 7 (1.07.2014): 1616–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asl.2014.5563.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "GREEN SYNTHESIZED"

Ngungeni, Yonela. "Antimicrobial, anticancer and catalytic activities of green synthesized Avocado seed extract-gold nanoparticles". University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7809.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Nature through billions of years of trial and error has produced an immeasurable amount of natural systems like plants, birds and animals. The intelligence of nature is hidden in these natural systems and researchers are turning towards “Nature’s intelligence” to find inspiration and advance novelty in the development of nanomaterials. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have unique optical, electronic and physicochemical features which has gained them popularity and widespread exploitation in various applications. The conventional methods used for AuNPs synthesis employs toxic chemicals which makes these NPs unsafe for biomedical applications. Hence, there is a search for new, ‘green’ and more cost effective methods for AuNPs synthesis. Plant extracts are regarded as a highly desirable system for nanoparticle synthesis due to their tremendous capability to produce a wide range of phytochemicals that can act as reducing agents. The main goal of this study was to synthesize AuNPs in a cost effective manner without the use of toxic chemicals in the synthesis process. Avocado seeds which are an agricultural waste by-product were used for the biosynthesis of AuNPs. The study reports on the synthesis optimization, characterization and activities of the biogenic AuNPs. The avocado seed extract mediated - AuNPs (AvoSE-AuNPs) were optimized by varying reaction parameters and characterized by UV-visible, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Zetasizer and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The formation of AvoSE-AuNPs had an absorption maximum at 534 nm. HRTEM and DLS confirmed that the NPs were polydispersed and present in different shapes. The presence of phytochemical constituents on the AvoSE-AuNPs were confirmed by FTIR. Their potential antibacterial activity was tested on bacterial strains known to exhibit resistance to a number of current antibiotics. The catalytic activity of AvoSE-AuNPs was also assessed as a means to contribute to the development of new methods aimed at alleviating organic pollutants such as nitrophenols in the environment. The AvoSE-AuNPs demonstrated excellent catalytic activity in the reduction of 4-NP by NaBH4 as shown by the rapid decrease in the nitrophenolate absorption band at 400 nm and the appearance of new absorption band at 298 nm, revealing the formation of the 4-aminophenol. Furthermore, the rate constants calculated demonstrated that the reaction occurs faster in the presence AvoSEAuNPs. The AvoSE-AuNPs showed low significant cytotoxicity. Cell cycle analysis was conducted to further investigate the apparent exhibited toxicity of the AvoSE-AuNPs. The results showed that in both cell lines treated with AvoSE-AuNPs and AvoSE there was a ii | P a g e disruption in the regulation of cell cycle. Cell cycle analysis helped improve understanding of the low cytotoxicity observed by the MTT assay results. The results presented in this study clearly demonstrate the feasibility of using AvoSE for the synthesis of AuNPs. This study demonstrated that AvoSE mediated AuNPs synthesis is a greener alternative as it abides by the green chemistry principles. Furthermore, the study outcomes contributed to minimizing environmental pollution by finding use for agricultural waste and thus ultimately adding value to the field.

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Mokone, Mmola. "The assessment of the bactericidal effect of green synthesized silver nanoparticles against a panel of infectious microorganisms". University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5450.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
The emergence of multiple drug resistant microorganisms poses a major threat to human life. These microorganisms have made the currently used antibiotics ineffective and therefore continue to thrive. Therefore, there is a need for development of new, broad-secptrum antibiotics which is effective against almost every infectious microorganism. These antibiotics should ensure high effectiveness against the infectious pathogens while it is less detrimental to human health. Thus the search is channelled in nanoscience and nanotechnology in order to develop antibiotics that can kill infectious microorganisms effectively and hindering the development of drug resistance by these microorganisms. Nanoscience is the study of properties of a material when reduced to it smallest size (below 100 nm). It is a newly developing field of science which includes chemistry, physics and biology and has made it easy to synthesise nanomaterials for applications in many sectors of life including in medicine. The synthesis of nanoparticles can be achieved by physical and chemical methods. However, these methods are energy and capital intensive. Additionally, chemical method of synthesis uses chemicals that may be toxic which restrict the use of resultant nanoparticles in medicine. Therefore, there is a need for the use of eco-friendly methods of nanoparticle synthesis. The synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles in this study was carried out by a green synthesis method, at room temperature, using an aqueous extract from the endemic brown alga Sargassum incisifolium. For comparison, commercially available brown algal fucoidans were also used to synthesise these nanoparticle, in addition to conventional methods of synthesis. The formation of nanoparticles was followed by the use of UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The characterization of the nanoparticles was done by TEM, XRD, DLZ and FT-IR. The rate of nanoparticle formation varied with specific reducing agent used. The faster reaction rate was recorded with S. incisifolium aqueous extracts pretreated with organic solvents while extracts obtained without this pretreatment produced slightly slower reaction rates. However, the commercially available fucoidans were less effective and required elevated temperatures for nanoparticle formation. Sodium borohydride reduction of silver nitrate was faster than the biological methods while the reduction of auric chloride by the S. incisifolium extracts and sodium citrate proceeded at similar rates. The nanoparticles synthesised with the help of the untreated aqueous extract were bigger than those synthesised from pre-treated extracts with both giving irregular shaped of nanoparticles. Also the nanoparticles formed from commercially available fucoidans were not of the same size, with bigger sizes recorded with Macrocystis fucoidan and smaller sizes with Fucus fucoidan. The shapes of nanoparticles from these fucoidans were spherical. From the conventional method, the nanoparticle sizes were smaller compared to the green synthesised nanoparticles and were predominantly spherical. The silver nanoparticles synthesised from the Sargassum aqueous extracts showed excellent antimicrobial activity against five pathogenic microorganisms including A. baumannii, K. pneumoniae, E. faecalis, S. aureus, and C. albicans. The gold nanoparticles were much less effective. To adequately assess the antimicrobial activities of the nanoparticles, it is or paramount importance to also asses their cytotoxicity activity. Three cell lines were used in this study namely, MCF-7, HT-29 and MCF-12a. The silver nanoparticles were found to be toxic to HT-29 and MCF-7 cell lines, exhibiting sligtly less toxicity against MCF-12a cells. The gold nanoparticles showed lower toxicity but a similar trend was observed.

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Molina, Zapata Jorge Eliécer. "Les agrochimiques dans le Quindio (Colombie) : analyse axiologique d'un cas de technoscience". Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H226/document.

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L’implantation de la Révolution verte a transformé les caféières, associant polyculture et élevage, en monocultures en fonction d’agrochimiques de synthèse. Pesticides, engrais et variétés hybrides à haut rendement et résistantes aux phytomaladies sont des dispositifs technoscientifiques au service du forçage des agroécosystèmes. Nous montrons comment le binôme monoculture/agrochimiques de synthèse a plongé les caféiculteurs dans une crise de valeurs, déterminée par un verrouillage technologique qui a emporté dans une spirale de dégradation la santé publique, la biodiversité des agroécosystèmes et la stabilité politique et économique des populations. Nous soulignons aussi comment les pratiques de pilotage des écosystèmes caféiers, proposées par l’agroécologie, favorisent un agencement pluraliste des valeurs et un déblocage du système technique. Cette thèse mène ainsi une analyse axiologique du sujet pluriel de la caféiculture technicisée dans le département colombien du Quindío
The Green Revolution has transformed the coffee culture, combining mixed farming and breeding, into single-crop farming depending on synthesized agrochemicals. Pesticides, fertilizers, and high yield hybrids varieties resistant to phyto-diseases are technoscientific devices aiming at forcing the agroecosystems. We show how the duo single-crop farming/synthesized agrochemicals has drowned the coffee producers into a value crisis determined by a technological lock down which took in a spiral of deterioration of public health, agroecosystem biodiversity, political and the economic stability of populations. We highlight as well how the steering practices of the coffee ecosystems, offered by agroecology, have favored a pluralist organization of values and unlocked the technical system. Thus, this PhD leads to an axiological analysis of the multi-agent technologized coffee culture in the Colombian department of Quindío

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Lyimo, Germana Vincent. "Green synthesised Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and their antifungal effect on Candida albicans Biofilms". University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7606.

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Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent)
Candida albicans is a clinical fungal isolate that is most frequently isolated from different host niches, and is implicated in the pathogenesis of several fungal infections, including oral candidiasis. The pathogenesis and antifungal resistance mechanisms of Candida species are complex and involve several pathways and genes. Oral candidiasis incidence rates are rapidly increasing, and the increase in resistance to conventional antifungals has led to the need to develop innocuous and more efficacious treatment modalities. The purpose of this study was to explore a single pot process for phytosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (GZnO NPs) and to assess their antifungal potential.

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Mbandezi, Yamkela. "Evaluation of cytotoxic activity of gold nanoparticles naturally synthesised from South African indigenous medicinal plant extracts". University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6786.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising field in the quest to address health conditions. Green nanotechnology is a fairly new branch of nanotechnology, which aims to produce and utilize nanomaterials in a way that is safe for living organisms and their environment. Plant extracts are increasingly used in the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which involves the reduction of sodium tetrachloroaurate (III) dehydrate by phytochemicals present in the plant extract. It is probable that the green synthesised AuNPs are more biocompatible than chemically synthesised AuNPs as biomolecules of plant origin are involved in the synthesis process. Therefore, this study aimed to explore various water extracts from indigenous South African plants, which included Perlagonium capitatum, Otholobium bracteolatum, Gerbera linnae, Morrella quercifolia, Searsia lucida, Phylica bubescens, Euclea racemosa, Tetragonia fruticosa, and Searsia glauca for their potential to synthesize AuNPs and to investigate their toxicity towards several microorganisms known to cause skin infections. These organisms play a significant role in delaying the healing of wounds. The antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles are increasing exploited in the production of wound treatments.

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Pytlik, Nathalie, i Eike Brunner. "Diatoms as potential “green” nanocomposite and nanoparticle synthesizers: challenges, prospects, and future materials applications". Cambridge University Press, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70668.

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Diatoms are unicellular, eukaryotic microalgae inhabiting nearly all aquatic habitats. They are famous for their micro- and nanopatterned silicabased cell walls, which are envisioned for various technologic purposes. Within this review article, we summarize recent in vivo modifications of diatom biosilica with respect to the following questions: (i) Which metals are taken up by diatoms and eventually processed into nanoparticles (NPs)? (ii) Are these NPs toxic for the diatoms and––if so––what factors influence toxicity? (iii) What is the mechanism underlying NP synthesis and subsequent metabolism? (iv) How can the obtained materials be useful for materials science?

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SHUKLA, SAMIKSHA. "GREEN SYNTHESIZED SILVER NANOPARTICLES: SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE ALLIED APPLICATIONS". Thesis, 2022. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/19554.

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For this study, biocompatible silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were successfully synthesized via employing an environment friendly green approach by usage of flower extract of Plumeria obtusa. For studying the attributes of synthesized Ag-NPs, techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy, X-Ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis were used. The characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of Ag-NPs was observed around 430 nm. This peak was found to be dependent on different physicochemical parameters like amount of flower extract, reaction time, temperature and pH value. The crystal structure was studied from XRD pattern which confirmed the formation of FCC lattice with a crystallite size of 20 nm and particle size of 14 nm. TEM analysis also showed that spherical Ag-NPs of mean diameter 13 nm were formed. The stability of colloidal Ag-NPs was studied using zeta potential analysis, whose value came out to be 13 nm. The synthesized Ag-NPs were used in developing a sensing mechanism for a very harmful carcinogen, hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) and the same was tested in three different aqueous mediums. The limit of detection (LoD) came out to be 95 ± 2 pM, which is lowest reported value of LoD for a biosynthesized nanomaterials and thus, can be efficiently applied in diagnosing any contamination by cancer-causing Cr6+, in drinking water or food. Further, the enhancement in anti-bacterial action of Ag-NPs over AgNO3 was also investigated, against a gram-positive bacterium, S. Aureus. The inhibition zone came out to be much wider (10.8 mm) than that of AgNO3 (7.7 mm) or plant extract (6.7 mm). Thus, the Ag NPs synthesized in this project are non-toxic, cost-efficient and can be utilized in a variety of applications like biosensing and biomedicine.

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WANG, WEI-CHEN, i 王瑋晨. "Characterizations and Applications of Green Synthesized Palladium Coated Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/u6d72t.

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碩士
東海大學
環境科學與工程學系
105
In this study, titanium dioxide nanotube arrays (TNAs) electrode was successfully synthesized by anodic oxidation etching method. As well as the use of green synthetic technology to add reducing agent tea or coffee to reduce metal palladium from palladium chloride. Synthesis of Palladium Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays (Pd/TNAs) was conducted by Microwave Hydrothermal Method after the metal palladium was reduced。 In order to identify the surface structure, the light absorption and elemental composition, TNAs and Pd/TNAs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). On the other hand, test the photocurrent density, electron resistance, and hydroxyl radicals by I-t plot, Electrochemistry Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was investigated. Four methods, Photoelectrochemical (PEC), Photocatalytic (PC), Electrochemical (EC), and Photolysis (P) were employed to test the methyl orange degradation efficiency, the total organic carbon (TOC) removal efficiency and hydrogen production efficiency. The results show that the Pd /TNAs-C performed the best efficiency. The photocurrent (4.0 mA / cm2) of Pd /TNAs-C at 1 V (vs. Ag / AgCl) was higher than that of the uncoated TNAs (1.4 mA / cm2), indicating that Pd /TNAs-C can effectively separate photogenerated electrons and holes. Pd/TNAs is a material for promising for PEC degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater.

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LIN, YI-CHING, i 林易靜. "Photoelectrochemical Degradation of Ibuprofen and Hydrogen Generation via Green Synthesized Cu2O/ TiO2 nanotube arrays". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cwpt29.

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碩士
東海大學
環境科學與工程學系
106
A green method was developed to synthesize Cu2O/TNAs for the applications of ibuprofen oxidation and hydrogen generation. Cu2O/TNAs heterojunction was synthesized through square wave voltammetry electrochemical (SWVE) deposition method by using coffee and tea as reducing agent. SEM results illustrated that the highly ordered TNAs with an average inner diameter of 100 nm. Compared with pure TNAs and Cu2O nanoparticles were successfully depositing on the interface of TNAs, the structure of sample with no significant change after Cu2O doping. XRD analyses indicated samples were dominated by anatase phase after sintering at 450°C. In addition, the characteristic peak of Cu2O was observed at 2θ = 36.52°. XPS showed that the spectra consist of two clear peaks at 932.5 eV, 952.3 eV attributing to characteristic peaks of Cu2O. Moreover, results of UV-vis diffusion reflection spectra indicated that the absorbance edge of Cu2O/TNAs extended to the visible spectrum at approximately 600 nm examined by. The bandgap reduced to 2.1 eV after Cu2O depositing, which is lower than that of TNAs. The photocurrent of Cu2O/TNAs was 2.4 times higher than that of TNAs under irradiation. The Cu2O/TNAs was applied as a working electrode in photoelectrochemical (PEC) system for ibuprofen degradation. After 60min under 100 W Hg light irradiation, ibuprofen was complete removed in the anodic chamber and the yield amount of hydrogen was 2132 μM/cm2 in the cathodic chamber after 4 h reaction time.

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Patil, S. S., N. Desai, K. R. Mahadik i Anant R. Paradkar. "Can green synthesized propolis loaded silver nanoparticulate gel enhance wound healing caused by burns?" 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9392.

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No
Nanotechnology can offer new opportunities in the fight against infection. The aim of current work was to investigate an eco-friendly method for synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) which have the ability to load lipophilic compounds onto their surface. Pharmaceutically acceptable hydrophilic lipid (Gelucire® 50/13) has been used as a reducing agent for in situ reduction of silver nitrate so as to obtain silver nanoparticles. Propolis is used as model molecule for loading onto surface of AgNP owing to its well reported broad range of pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Propolis loaded silver nanoparticles (PLSN) were prepared and characterized for silver content, surface plasmon resonance, particle size, XRD, FTIR, TEM, antibacterial activity and burn wound healing in wistar rats. Propolis constituents were successfully loaded onto surface of AgNP using the proposed conceptual method. The formation of PLSN having size 24.3 ± 2.5 nm was confirmed using surface plasmon resonance, FTIR, XRD and TEM. The combination of propolis with AgNP significantly reduced minimum inhibitory concentration of AgNP alone when tested against Staphylococcus aureus. PLSN gel showed comparable burn wound healing in wistar rats when tested against marketed silver sulfadiazine gel. The use of Gelucire® as solubilizing agent for lipophillic drugs was effectively utilized for loading lipophillic constituents of propolis onto the AgNP. This potentially provides an effective method for the green synthesis of AgNP which can be used to load lipophillic molecules onto their surface whenever such combination is required.

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Książki na temat "GREEN SYNTHESIZED"

Purkait, Mihir Kumar, i Piyal Mondal. Green Synthesized Iron-Based Nanomaterials: Applications and Potential Risks. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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Purkait, Mihir Kumar, i Piyal Mondal. Green Synthesized Iron-Based Nanomaterials: Applications and Potential Risks. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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Mondal, Piyal, i Mihir K. Purkait. Green Synthesized Iron-Based Nanomaterials: Applications and Potential Risks. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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Purkait, Mihir Kumar, i Piyal Mondal. Green Synthesized Iron-Based Nanomaterials: Applications and Potential Risks. Taylor & Francis Group, 2022.

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Helos, Emily. Greek Stories for All Learners! for Newbies, Intermediates, and Experienced: Practice Greek Through Five Short Exciting Tales to Synthesize Your Knowledge. Learn Greek from Beginners to Advanced. Independently Published, 2022.

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Iversen, Les. 1. History. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198745792.003.0001.

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‘History’ outlines the knowledge and use of drugs through the ages. Early written records of medicinal drugs are known to have existed in a range of ancient cultures, including the Greek, Egyptian, Indian, and Chinese civilizations. In the medieval world, both Arabic and European countries studied drugs. Scientific investigation came about with the Renaissance, but medicine did not become truly scientific until the 19th century, when antiseptics, vaccines, and anaesthetics were discovered and produced. Drugs have also been used recreationally and ceremonially for millennia, whether naturally occurring (cannabis or opium), or artificially synthesized (LSD or ecstasy). Both medicinal and recreational drugs have become major, worldwide industries.

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Das, Nirmalendu, Alok Roy, Bimal Bhushan Chakraborty, Debasish Borah i Anuradha Roy Choudhury. Recent Advances in Material Synthesis. Redaktor Sudip Choudhury. Glasstree, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20850/9781716589263.

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The area of material synthesis is a rapidly developing field of research which enables scientists not only to discover the high yield, cost effective or environment friendly methods , but also providing them some new opportunities to work in the world of nano science. The green approaches in one hand are the alternative way to synthesize the material by minimizing the wastes as well as toxic substances, on the other hand the synthesis of nanoparticles has gained tremendous attention owing to their many fold applications in various fields. This book is designed to give the readers an outline of some of the very special topics from current prospective of different approaches for material synthesis.

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Franks, Benjamin. Anarchism. Redaktorzy Michael Freeden i Marc Stears. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001.

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This chapter identifies some of the conceptual problems in providing a stable, inclusive interpretation of anarchism. It rejects accounts of anarchism constructed on the supposed universal minimum of ‘anti-statism’, as these synthesize radically antipathetic movements, in particular free-market individualisms along with the main socialist variants of anarchist communism and syndicalism. These purportedly comprehensive versions overlook the distinctive conceptual arrangements of social and individualist anarchisms. These separate ideological forms support radically different practices and generate conflicting interpretations of ‘anti-statism’. Instead, a conceptual analytical approach is best suited to identifying stable, intersecting families of anarchism (such as Green anarchism, anarcha-feminism and post-anarchism), as this method is sensitive to the malleable and variable conception of the political agent, which is a feature of the main constellations of social anarchism.

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Baum, Susan, i Robin Schader. Using a Positive Lens. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190645472.003.0003.

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Getting to know students through their positive attributes, along with any obstacles to their success, can lead to academic, social, and behavioral growth. Defining twice exceptional (2e) as those whose high abilities are coupled with learning and/or behavioral challenges, this chapter illustrates 2e using the metaphor of green. This provides a fresh representation what being 2e means and also highlights why conventional educational plans may not be as effective as desired. To engage 2e students, the chapter introduces a practical, dynamic process––The Suite of Tools™—which allows educators to collect information about students’ strengths, talents, and interests and synthesize the information into a strength-based framework. Such information results in the development of personalized options to leverage strengths and interests for skill development, integrate strengths into the curriculum, and develop a personalized menu of talent development opportunities.

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Little, Peter C. Burning Matters. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190934545.001.0001.

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This book explores the complex cultural, economic, and environmental health politics of electronic waste (e-waste) in Ghana. Global trade in e-waste has led to various global e-waste management challenges, and many regions of the Global South, like Ghana, have suffered the consequences. Based on ethnographic research, the book exposes the lived experience of Ghana’s e-waste workers as they navigate the health, social, and economic challenges of e-waste labor, especially e-waste workers burning electrical wires to extract copper, a valuable and ubiquitous tech metal. With a particular focus on e-waste workers working in an urban scrap metal market known as Agbogbloshie, the book examines the ways in which this labor practice has raised concerns about toxic exposures and urban environmental contamination and has drawn the attention of international organizations seeking to find “green” solutions to severe environmental and health risks posed by e-waste burning. Addressing the practices and risks of e-waste burning and the politics and optimism of environmental health interventions, the book explores the theoretical import of the “pyropolitical ecology of e-waste,” an approach developed to augment and synthesize the emerging anthropology and political ecology of e-waste ruination, environmental justice, and uncertainty in the Global South.

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Części książek na temat "GREEN SYNTHESIZED"

Mondal, Piyal, i Mihir Kumar Purkait. "Other Modes of Green Synthesis". W Green Synthesized Iron-based Nanomaterials, 59–68. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003243632-6.

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Mondal, Piyal, i Mihir Kumar Purkait. "Biocompatible Reagents-based Green Synthesis". W Green Synthesized Iron-based Nanomaterials, 11–21. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003243632-2.

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Mondal, Piyal, i Mihir Kumar Purkait. "Iron-based Catalysis toward Biomass Processing". W Green Synthesized Iron-based Nanomaterials, 103–14. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003243632-9.

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Mondal, Piyal, i Mihir Kumar Purkait. "Biomedical and Diagnostic Applications of Iron-based Nanomaterials". W Green Synthesized Iron-based Nanomaterials, 87–101. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003243632-8.

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Mondal, Piyal, i Mihir Kumar Purkait. "Plant Source Mediated Synthesis". W Green Synthesized Iron-based Nanomaterials, 33–49. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003243632-4.

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Mondal, Piyal, i Mihir Kumar Purkait. "Green Synthesis of Iron Nanomaterials and its Mechanism". W Green Synthesized Iron-based Nanomaterials, 1–10. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003243632-1.

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Mondal, Piyal, i Mihir Kumar Purkait. "Critical Analysis and Future Scope of Green Synthesis Routes". W Green Synthesized Iron-based Nanomaterials, 123–26. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003243632-11.

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Mondal, Piyal, i Mihir Kumar Purkait. "Microorganism-based Synthesis". W Green Synthesized Iron-based Nanomaterials, 23–31. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003243632-3.

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Mondal, Piyal, i Mihir Kumar Purkait. "Synthesis Utilizing Plant Wastes". W Green Synthesized Iron-based Nanomaterials, 51–57. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003243632-5.

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Mondal, Piyal, i Mihir Kumar Purkait. "Environmental Hazard and Toxicity Study of Iron-based Nanomaterials". W Green Synthesized Iron-based Nanomaterials, 115–22. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003243632-10.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "GREEN SYNTHESIZED"

Sharma, Chandra, Monika Sharma i Ambika Panwar. "Biomedical applications of green synthesized nanoparticles". W The International Conference on Communication and Computing Systems (ICCCS-2016). Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315364094-192.

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Mozafari, Masoud, Fathollah Moztarzadeh, Daryoosh Vashaee i Lobat Tayebi. "Thermal Stability of Lead Sulfide Nanocrystals Synthesized through Green Chemical Route". W 2012 IEEE Green Technologies Conference. IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/green.2012.6200958.

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Gummaluri, Venkata Siva, Somesh Sabat i C. Vijayan. "Broadband fluorescence from green-synthesized carbon dots". W Optics and Photonics for Energy and the Environment. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ee.2018.em2a.2.

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Paul, Somnath, i A. Sarkar. "Electrical and optical characterization of green synthesized Gd2S3". W INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICC 2015): Proceeding of International Conference on Condensed Matter and Applied Physics. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4946421.

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Khandelwal, R., S. K. Arora, D. M. Phase, Arun Pareek i Ravikant. "Anti cancer potential of green synthesized silver nanoparticles". W 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICC-2019). AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0001134.

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Suresh, Y., S. Annapurna, G. Bhikshamaiah i A. K. Singh. "Characterization of green synthesized copper nanoparticles: A novel approach". W 2013 International Conference on Advanced Nanomaterials and Emerging Engineering Technologies (ICANMEET). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icanmeet.2013.6609236.

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Patel, S., M. Saleem i Dinesh Varshney. "Structural and optical properties of NiFe2O4 synthesized via green technology". W 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICC 2017). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5032429.

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Kumar, S. Arun, K. Ashok Kumar, M. Gunaseelan, K. Asokan i J. Senthilselvan. "Green and red luminescence in co-precipitation synthesized Pr:LuAG nanophosphor". W INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CONDENSED MATTER AND APPLIED PHYSICS (ICC 2015): Proceeding of International Conference on Condensed Matter and Applied Physics. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4946413.

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"Catalytic degradation Methylene blue dye by green synthesized silver nanoparticles". W April 18-19, 2017 Kyoto (Japan). DiRPUB, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/dirpub.dir0417270.

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Sorescu, Ana-Alexandra, Ioana-Raluca Suica-Bunghez i Mariana Calin. "Functional green synthesized noble metallic nanoparticles with potential antimicrobial activity". W MOL2NET'21, Conference on Molecular, Biomedical & Computational Sciences and Engineering, 7th ed. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mol2net-07-12062.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "GREEN SYNTHESIZED"

Brandt, Leslie A., Cait Rottler, Wendy S. Gordon, Stacey L. Clark, Lisa O'Donnell, April Rose, Annamarie Rutledge i Emily King. Vulnerability of Austin’s urban forest and natural areas: A report from the Urban Forestry Climate Change Response Framework. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Northern Forests Climate Hub, październik 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2020.7204069.ch.

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The trees, developed green spaces, and natural areas within the City of Austin’s 400,882 acres will face direct and indirect impacts from a changing climate over the 21st century. This assessment evaluates the vulnerability of urban trees and natural and developed landscapes within the City Austin to a range of future climates. We synthesized and summarized information on the contemporary landscape, provided information on past climate trends, and illustrated a range of projected future climates. We used this information to inform models of habitat suitability for trees native to the area. Projected shifts in plant hardiness and heat zones were used to understand how less common native species, nonnative species, and cultivars may tolerate future conditions. We also assessed the adaptability of planted and naturally occurring trees to stressors that may not be accounted for in habitat suitability models such as drought, flooding, wind damage, and air pollution. The summary of the contemporary landscape identifies major stressors currently threatening trees and forests in Austin. Major current threats to the region’s urban forest include invasive species, pests and disease, and development. Austin has been warming at a rate of about 0.4°F per decade since measurements began in 1938 and temperature is expected to increase by 5 to 10°F by the end of this century compared to the most recent 30-year average. Both increases in heavy rain events and severe droughts are projected for the future, and the overall balance of precipitation and temperature may shift Austin’s climate to be more similar to the arid Southwest. Species distribution modeling of native trees suggests that suitable habitat may decrease for 14 primarily northern species, and increase for four more southern species. An analysis of tree species vulnerability that combines model projections, shifts in hardiness and heat zones, and adaptive capacity showed that only 3% of the trees estimated to be present in Austin based on the most recent Urban FIA estimate were considered to have low vulnerability in developed areas. Using a panel of local experts, we also assessed the vulnerability of developed and natural areas. All areas were rated as having moderate to moderate-high vulnerability, but the underlying factors driving that vulnerability differed by natural community and between East and West Austin. These projected changes in climate and their associated impacts and vulnerabilities will have important implications for urban forest management, including the planting and maintenance of street and park trees, management of natural areas, and long-term planning.

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Altstein, Miriam, i Ronald Nachman. Rationally designed insect neuropeptide agonists and antagonists: application for the characterization of the pyrokinin/Pban mechanisms of action in insects. United States Department of Agriculture, październik 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587235.bard.

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The general objective of this BARD project focused on rationally designed insect neuropeptide (NP) agonists and antagonists, their application for the characterization of the mechanisms of action of the pyrokinin/PBAN (PK-PBAN) family and the development of biostable, bioavailable versions that can provide the basis for development of novel, environmentally-friendly pest insect control agents. The specific objectives of the study, as originally proposed, were to: (i) Test stimulatory potencies of rationally designed backbone cyclic (BBC) peptides on pheromonotropic, melanotropic, myotropic and pupariation activities; (ii) Test the inhibitory potencies of the BBC compounds on the above activities evoked either by synthetic peptides (PBAN, LPK, myotropin and pheromonotropin) or by the natural endogenous mechanism; (iii) Determine the bioavailability of the most potent BBC compounds that will be found in (ii); (iv) Design, synthesize and examine novel PK/PBAN analogs with enhanced bioavailability and receptor binding; (v) Design and synthesize ‘magic bullet’ analogs and examine their ability to selectively kill cells expressing the PK/PBAN receptor. To achieve these goals the agonistic and antagonistic activities/properties of rationally designed linear and BBC neuropeptide (NP) were thoroughly studied and the information obtained was further used for the design and synthesis of improved compounds toward the design of an insecticide prototype. The study revealed important information on the structure activity relationship (SAR) of agonistic/antagonistic peptides, including definitive identification of the orientation of the Pro residue as trans for agonist activity in 4 PK/PBANbioassays (pheromonotropic, pupariation, melanotropic, & hindgut contractile) and a PK-related CAP₂b bioassay (diuretic); indications that led to the identification of a novel scaffold to develop biostbiostable, bioavailable peptidomimetic PK/PBANagonists/antagonists. The work led to the development of an arsenal of PK/PBAN antagonists with a variety of selectivity profiles; whether between different PKbioassays, or within the same bioassay between different natural elicitors. Examples include selective and non-selective BBC and novel amphiphilic PK pheromonotropic and melanotropic antagonists some of which are capable of penetrating the moth cuticle in efficacious quantities. One of the latter analog group demonstrated unprecedented versatility in its ability to antagonize a broad spectrum of pheromonotropic elicitors. A novel, transPro mimetic motif was proposed & used to develop a strong, selective PK agonist of the melanotropic bioassay in moths. The first antagonist (pure) of PK-related CAP₂b diuresis in flies was developed using a cisPro mimetic motif; an indication that while a transPro orientation is associated with receptor agonism, a cisPro orientation is linked with an antagonist interaction. A novel, biostablePK analog, incorporating β-amino acids at key peptidase-susceptible sites, exhibited in vivo pheromonotropic activity that by far exceeded that of PBAN when applied topically. Direct analysis of neural tissue by state-of-the-art MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry was used to identify specific PK/PK-related peptides native to eight arthropod pest species [house (M. domestica), stable (S. calcitrans), horn (H. irritans) & flesh (N. bullata) flies; Southern cattle fever tick (B. microplus), European tick (I. ricinus), yellow fever mosquito (A. aegypti), & Southern Green Stink Bug (N. viridula)]; including the unprecedented identification of mass-identical Leu/Ile residues and the first identification of NPs from a tick or the CNS of Hemiptera. Evidence was obtained for the selection of Neb-PK-2 as the primary pupariation factor of the flesh fly (N. bullata) among native PK/PK-related candidates. The peptidomic techniques were also used to map the location of PK/PK-related NP in the nervous system of the model fly D. melanogaster. Knowledge of specific PK sequences can aid in the future design of species specific (or non-specific) NP agonists/antagonists. In addition, the study led to the first cloning of a PK/PBAN receptor from insect larvae (S. littoralis), providing the basis for SAR analysis for the future design of 2ⁿᵈgeneration selective and/or nonselective agonists/antagonists. Development of a microplate ligand binding assay using the PK/PBAN pheromone gland receptor was also carried out. The assay will enable screening, including high throughput, of various libraries (chemical, molecular & natural product) for the discovery of receptor specific agonists/antagonists. In summary, the body of work achieves several key milestones and brings us significantly closer to the development of novel, environmentally friendly pest insect management agents based on insect PK/PBANNPs capable of disrupting critical NP-regulated functions.

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