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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Great Britain Work providing"
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Palekha, O. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FUTURE FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHERS’ INDEPENDENT LEARNING ORGANIZATION IN UKRAINE AND GREAT BRITAIN". Ukrainian professional education, nr 12 (29.12.2022): 136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2519-8254.2022.12.279052.
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The article provides a comparative analysis of the experience of organizing independent extracurricular work of future foreign language teachers in higher education institutions of Ukraine and Great Britain. The analysis of educational and methodological support of the disciplines of the cycle of professional training of foreign language teachers of domestic higher education institutions gives reasons to assert that independent extracurricular work has a significant share in relation to classroom educational activities of students. There is a tendency to increase the hours of independent extracurricular work.Independent extracurricular work of future foreign language teachers in domestic higher education institutions, unlike British ones, has only a practical focus and is aimed at the formation of foreign language competence of future teachers. It was determined that in the organization of independent extracurricular work, Ukrainian scientists and practitioners adhere to didactic (individualization activities, a combination of individual, paired and group forms of the specified work, creativity, visuality) and methodical (autonomy, communicativeness, interconnected learning of speech activities and aspects of language, interrelated learning of language and culture, the dominant role of exercises, the authenticity of educational materials) principles.It was found out that Great Britain has developed quite a powerful experience of organizing independent extracurricular work of future foreign language teachers. Some features in this field are common to both countries, but in higher education institutions of Great Britain there is a much greater amount of work related to the formation of student independence, capable of consciously and responsibly performing various tasks outside the classroom. Changing the authoritarian model of professional education, characteristic of Soviet times, to a person-oriented one involves the maximum individualization of independent extracurricular work of future foreign language teachers, the creation of conditions for self-development and self-improvement, meaningful and independent determination of one's own educational needs, one's capabilities, and individual educational goals. In this aspect, work in higher educational institutions of Ukraine has begun and needs further improvement. In the higher educational institutions of Great Britain, a modern model of higher education has already been created, designed to provide the student with systematized, solid and at the same time operational knowledge, capable of providing conditions that contribute to the realization of a necessary and urgent requirement: to teach the student to learn independently. These processes have a certain tradition and are actively implemented.
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Lagneau-Ymonet, Paul, i Bénédicte Reynaud. "The making of a category of economic understanding in Great Britain (1880–1931): ‘the unemployed’". Cambridge Journal of Economics 44, nr 6 (13.07.2020): 1181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cje/beaa018.
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Abstract Evidence-based policy relies on measurement to trigger actions and to manage and evaluate programmes. Yet measurement requires classification: the making of categories of understanding that approximate or represent collective phenomena. In 1931, two decades after implementing the first compulsory unemployment benefits in 1911, the British Government began to carry out a census of out-of-work individuals. Why such an inversion, at odds with the exercise of rational-legal authority, and unlike to its French or German counterparts? To solve this puzzle, we document the making of ‘the unemployed’ as a category of scientific analysis and of public policy in nineteenth-century Great Britain. Our circumscribed contribution to the history of economic thought and methodology informs today’s controversies on the future of work, the weakening of wage labour through the rise in the number of part-time contracts and self-employed workers, as well as the rivalry between the welfare state and private charities with regard to providing impoverished people with some kind of relief.
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Androshchuk, Iryna, i Ihor Androshchuk. "Specificity of Students’ Technological Training in Finland and Great Britain". Comparative Professional Pedagogy 8, nr 3 (1.09.2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rpp-2018-0036.
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Abstract The specificity of students’ technological training in Finland and Great Britain has been considered. It has been found that the state policy of foreign countries is aimed at providing students with professional knowledge, work skills and combining comprehensive and professional training. Specific attention has been paid to the subjects and courses in foreign countries, which are equivalent to the course on technological training. It has been indicated that establishing connections between school, industry and production is one of the important conditions for improving technological training. The specificity of students’ technological training in Finnish schools at different levels of education has been characterized. Indeed, the level of education defines the character of technological operations differentiation based on the materials of manufactured products; gradual introduction of professional and polytechnical optional and specialized courses, whose volume corresponds to regional conditions; organization of visits to production, agricultural and forestry enterprises; active participation of students in professional production, which contributes to acquiring practical experience in the chosen production area. It has been revealed that Finnish schools pay particular attention to the importance of proper facilities and resources and fully equipped workshops, namely joiner’s shops, locksmith shops, tailor’s shops, fully equipped teaching kitchens and canteens. It has been revealed that technological training of students in Great Britain is characterized by their active involvement into field experience; establishment of mini-enterprises based on comprehensive schools; centralization in solving the main objectives in the field of students’ technological training. It has been stated that the mini-enterprises in schools contribute to strengthening the relations between school and the labour market. The common form of students’ technological training is industrial placement and the main method is project-based learning.
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Marshall, Simone Celine. "The 1807 edition of The Book of the Duchess". Textual Cultures 10, nr 1 (20.12.2016): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/13137.
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The 124-volume edition of The Poets of Great Britain, containing The Poetical Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, came into being when, in 1807, a group of thirty-three London booksellers began publication of a work that claims, from its title page, to be a reprint of John Bell’s 1782 series The Poets of Great Britain. The reality, however, is somewhat different. In fact the works of Chaucer have been markedly revised and re-edited, a feature that until now had not been noted by scholars.The following article is a textual analysis of some of the most striking features to have emerged from an analysis of the 1807 edition of The Book of the Duchess, as compared with its predecessors. The Book of the Duchess has been chosen as a sample text for this consideration, primarily because it is of sufficient scope to offer, on the one hand, a substantial enough sample from which to draw conclusions, and, on the other hand, limited enough to be manageable. In addition to these particular reasons, The Book of the Duchess is a poem the authority of which has never been questioned, and thus it has appeared in every printed edition of the works of Chaucer, providing this study with extensive points for comparison.
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Marques, Iuri, Sarah Caroline Willis, Ellen Ingrid Schafheutle i Karen Hassell. "Development of an instrument to measure organisational culture in community pharmacies in Great Britain". Journal of Health Organization and Management 32, nr 2 (9.04.2018): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhom-06-2017-0131.
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Purpose Organisational culture (OC) shapes individuals’ perceptions and experiences of work. However, no instrument capable of measuring specific aspects of OC in community pharmacy exists. The purpose of this paper is to report the development and validation of an instrument to measure OC in community pharmacy in Great Britain (GB), and conduct a preliminary analysis of data collected using it. Design/methodology/approach Instrument development comprised three stages: Stage I: 12 qualitative interviews and relevant literature informed instrument design; Stage II: 30 cognitive interviews assessed content validity; and Stage III: a cross-sectional survey mailed to 1,000 community pharmacists in GB, with factor analysis for instrument validation. Statistical analysis investigated how community pharmacists perceived OC in their place of work. Findings Factor analysis produced an instrument containing 60 items across five OC dimensions – business and work configuration, social relationships, personal and professional development, skills utilisation, and environment and structures. Internal reliability for the dimensions was high (0.84 to 0.95); item-total correlations were adequate (r=0.46 to r=0.76). Based on 209 responses, analysis suggests different OCs in community pharmacy, with some community pharmacists viewing the environment in which they worked as having a higher frequency of aspects related to patient contact and safety than others. Since these aspects are important for providing high healthcare standards, it is likely that differences in OC may be linked to different healthcare outcomes. Originality/value This newly developed and validated instrument to measure OC in community pharmacy can be used to benchmark existing OC across different pharmacies and design interventions for triggering change to improve outcomes for community pharmacists and patients.
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Hwang, C. Philip. "Scandinavian Experience in Providing Alternative Care". Pediatrics 91, nr 1 (1.01.1993): 264–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.1.264.
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What are Swedes like? Recently, this question received a great deal of attention in the Swedish media, because of an article published in the Daily Mail by an English journalist, Geoffrey Levy. He described Swedes as being lazy, sick, and totally unable to enjoy anything nice in life. In addition, Swedish cars are wrecks, Swedes dress sloppily, and, if you do not want to work, you do not need to—but you are still fully paid. Finally, he described family policy in Sweden: "Just imagine a country where mothers as well as fathers can stay at home 12 months, with almost full pay after a baby is born, or a country where the state pays almost 6000 pounds for every child that goes to a day-care center—this would be totally impossible in Britain." How did the Swedish public react to Geoffrey Levy's article? Surprisingly, most people agreed with his description of the Swedes. Yes, we are lazy, too many people are sick, and we are unable to enjoy the good things in life. There was only one major issue where most people disagreed with Geoffrey Levy. Very few were negative about family policy in Sweden. On the contrary, most people took parental leave, the possibility of staying at home with a sick child, and publicly funded day care for granted. In the first part of this presentation, I will describe family policy in Sweden and, in particular, how the society supports and provides care for children under school age (which in Sweden starts at 6-7).
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UNGURU, Elena, i Antonio SANDU. "Normative and Institutional Frameworks for the Functioning of Supervision in Social Work". Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala 10, nr 2 (4.07.2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/rrem/47.
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Supervision is understood as a professional, formative, administrative and managerial practice provided by an experimented professional to a professional in the same field, with the purpose of transfering knowledge and training specific competences, useful in his practice with the purpose of providing as qualitative as possible services to its own beneficiaries. The article reviews a series of normative frameworks based on which the process of supervision of social services in countries such as Singapore, New Zeeland, Australia, Canada, USA, Great Britain and Romania. By comparatively analyzing these frameworks, we noticed that generally, there are two models formulated – the first one which regards the supervisor as a professional with experiece in social work, and the other model sees supervision as a distinct profession with transdisciplinary nature, but with access limited by the need for an initial training and previous experience in the field of social work. We notice that, in general, the national frameworks identify three functions of supervision: administrative, formative and managerial, and place a special emphasis on the role of the supervisor as trainer in the field of professional ethics.
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Tkachuk, T. "The United States Position on the Military Assistance to Great Britain at the Beginning of the World War II (1939 – 1941)". Problems of World History, nr 17 (27.01.2022): 110–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2022-17-5.
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The article examines the problem of relations between the two leading countries of the world – Great Britain and the United States, which had a significant impact on the international political situation in the world in 1939–1941, and still have nowadays. As a vector of research, the author used the factor of American military aid to the British governments of N. Chamberlain and W. Churchill to fight against Nazi Germany. According to this, the author aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis and his own assessment of the United States’ position on providing Britain with the necessary weapons and ammunition at the beginning of World War II.
During the research the author used a comparative-historical method to analyze various factors influencing the US position on military assistance to London, a problem-chronological method to present the material in chronological order, and a statistical – to analyze the attitude of ordinary Americans on important decisions of the Roosevelt administration. That allowed the author to analyze and rethink the evolution of the United States’ position on Britain in the problem of providing military aid regarding the current geopolitical situation.
The author works out that under the necessity of supporting London with various types of weapons, armament and ammunition to fight against Hitler’s regime the United States significantly changed the principles of its foreign policy – from “isolationism” in 1939 to its cancellation in the late 1941. At the same time, according to the author, this process was caused by a number of factors, including both the “isolationist” opposition in Congress and the Roosevelt administration’s gradual understanding of the Nazi regime threat to the security of the United States.
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Taylor, Kieran D. "The relief of Belgian refugees in the archdiocese of Glasgow during the First World War: ‘A Crusade of Christianity’". Innes Review 69, nr 2 (listopad 2018): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/inr.2018.0173.
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The relief of Belgian refugees in Britain is an emerging area of study in the history of the First World War. About 250,000 Belgian refugees came to Great Britain, and at least 19,000 refugees came to Scotland, with the majority hosted in Glasgow. While relief efforts in Scotland were co-ordinated and led by the Glasgow Corporation, the Catholic Church also played a significant role in the day-to-day lives of refugees who lived in the city. This article examines the Archdiocese of Glasgow's assistance of Belgian refugees during the war. It considers first the Catholic Church's stance towards the War and the relief of Belgian refugees. The article then outlines the important role the Church played in providing accommodation, education and religious ministry to Belgian refugees in Glasgow. It does this by tracing the work of the clergy and by examining popular opinion in Catholic media. The article establishes that the Church and the Catholic community regarded the relief and reception of Belgian refugees as an act of religious solidarity.
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Drach, Iryna. "Philosophical analysis of the practice of research governance in the universities of the Great Britain". International Scientific Journal of Universities and Leadership, nr 2(6) (30.12.2018): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31874/2520-6702-2018-6-2-45-57.
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One of the challenges faced by the domestic universities is to increase their competitiveness in the European and global space of higher education. In view of the fact that the results of scientific work are a key indicator for the entry of universities into the world rankings, the urgent task in the system of higher education in Ukraine is to create conditions for high-quality research in universities. The solution of the problem of improving the quality of research in domestic universities is actualizing the problem of developing and using new research management mechanisms, which includes, inter alia, an analysis of the best practices of leading European and world universities. Taking into consideration the sustained leadership of the UK universities in the European and world higher education spaces, it is worth noticing an analysis of the country's experience in implementing research governance in universities, in particular, the analysis of key documents used by universities for effective research management. The purpose of the article is to analyze the experience of research governance in universities in the UK for the implementation of best practices in the higher education system of Ukraine. To achieve the goal, methods of analyzing, synthesizing, comparing, systematizing scientific and Internet sources, which enabled them to consider key documents for the implementation of research governance in universities in the UK, were used. The application of the generalization method made it possible to draw conclusions about the results of the study. The article substantiates the relevance of the analysis of Britain's experience in providing research governance conditions conducive to perfect research. The key documents of the European and national levels used in the development of the University Research Framework Frameworks have been analyzed, and their main points are outlined: criteria for assessing the excellence of research, the principles and standards of research, and the requirements for researchers at the universities.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Great Britain Work providing"
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Hoel, Helge. "Bullying at work in Great Britain". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488169.
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Whitworth, Adam. "Work, care and social inclusion : lone motherhood under New Labour". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670080.
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Larkan, David Anthony. "Retirement and the evolution of work". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50082.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study seeks to re-conceptualise retirement in industrialised and post-industrialised countries, based on an empirical and theoretical exploration of the consequences of change in the 'working life' on retirement. The study found, within limitations, that work is transforming from a stable long-term form into a more flexible pattern, and retirement is tending to merge with work within a similar flexible framework. The hypothesis that people are engineering their own form of retirement was tested and found valid within the context of the study.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie herkonseptualiseer aftrede in industriële en post-industriële lande, gebaseer op empiriese en teoretiese ondersoek van die konsekwensies van verandering in die idee van 'werk' op aftrede. Die studie bevind dat die werksiewe tans getransformeer word van 'n oorwegend stabiele patroon na 'n meer plooibare patroon. Verder word bevind dat aftrede ewe eens geneig is om vervleg te raak met werksiewe in 'n meer plooibare patroon. Die hipotese dat mense hul eie vorms van aftrede ontwikkel, is getoets en binne die konteks van die studie, as geldig bevind.
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Campbell, James Dunbar. ""The army isn't all work" : physical culture in the evolution of the British army, 1860-1920 /". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/CampbellJD2003.pdf.
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Cox, David J. "A certain share of low cunning' an analysis of the work of Bow Street Principal Officers 1792-1839, with particular emphasis on their provincial duties /". [S.l.] : [S.n.], 2006. http://digitool.haifa.ac.il:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=551040&custom_att_2=simple_viewer.
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Bray, Thomas. "In the gaps and on the margins : social work in England, 1940-1970". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/77675/.
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This thesis examines the role of social work within post-war England, particularly its place within the welfare state and wider society. The thesis focuses on social work’s ambiguous position ‘in the gaps’ and ‘on the margins’, where it operated between a variety of spheres, including other professions in the medical and social services, policy-makers, individual clients and communities, and social researchers. Within this position, social workers were commonly tasked with mediating between these different groups, and helping to interpret the various languages and expectations present in post-war English welfare and society. This meant that social workers aimed to make the provision and consumption of welfare more effective, both through working closely with individuals, families, and communities, and through promoting efficient coordination and cooperation between the welfare services. The thesis discusses the problems which this approach sought to address, and the issues which resulted. The study of social workers offers an insight into the negotiations and compromises implicit in post-war society, and also allows us to consider how issues of social change and the problems which emerged or persisted in post-war England were navigated. The thesis also considers the relationship of social work with the psychological and social sciences, and seeks to reconsider how concepts from those disciplines were utilised within welfare practice. This includes an emphasis on pragmatic practice, on the discretion of the individual worker, and on the attempts of social workers to generate knowledge about the field of their work and the efficacy of their intervention. Overall, the thesis shows how closer attention to social work can illuminate some of the tensions which arose in the post-war provision of medical and social services, in the everyday practice of welfare, and as a result of social, cultural, and demographic change.
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Stark, Shona Wilson. "Law reform ... now? : the work of the British Law Commissions". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709320.
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Kimball, Toshla (Toshla Rene). "Women, War, and Work: British Women in Industry 1914 to 1919". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500947/.
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This thesis examines the entry of women, during World War I, into industrial employment that men had previously dominated. It attempts to determine if women's wartime activities significantly changed the roles women played in industry and society. Major sources consulted include microfilm of the British Cabinet Minutes and British Cabinet Papers; Parliamentary Debates; memoirs of contemporaries like David Lloyd George, Beatrice Webb, Sylvia Pankhurst, and Monica Cosens; and contemporary newspapers. The examination begins with the early debates concerning the pressing need for labor in war industries, women's recruitment into industry, women's work and plans, the government's arrangements for demobilization, and women's roles in postwar industry. The thesis concludes that women were treated as a transient commodity by the government and the trade unions.
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Bonsall, Penny. "The Somerset and Lothian miners, 1919-c.1947 : changing attitudes to pit work in the twentieth century". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1990. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/88058/.
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The somewhat neglected topic of attitudes to mining, as an influence on labour supply in the coal industry, is the subject of this thesis. By the 1940s antagonism to mining was a nationwide phenomenon, although the regional experiences of miners and their families varied considerably between the wars. The study therefore starts at regional level before moving on to consider from a broader perspective the topic of changing attitudes to pit work. The first part of the thesis comprises a comparative study of the Somerset and Lothian (Mid and East Lothian) coalfields, two districts which have attracted little attention from historians. An overview of the industry in both areas is given in the opening chapter, where the regional characteristics of ownership and management are also discussed. The following three chapters focus respectively on change and continuity in the work place; life in the mining communities; the relationship between the miners' unions and the wider labour movement. The perspective shifts to national level in chapter five but the theme of regional influence on attitudes to pit work is carried forward by extensive reference to a Social Survey inquiry carried out in Scottish mining communities (including those of Mid and East Lothian) in 1946. Finally, the impact of the Second World War and of nationalisation are considered, before a survey and commentary on general attitudes to mining and miners over time. The conclusion reached is that post-nationalisation labour-supply problems had their origins in the decades before the Second World War. As the social and psychological isolation of the mining communities broke down over the inter-war period, circumstances within the industry and wider socio-economic change combined to erode the tradition of occupational inheritance and to promote the growth of negative or hostile attitudes to mining as an occupation.
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Andrews, Amanda R., University of Western Sydney, of Arts Education and Social Sciences College i School of Humanities. "The great ornamentals : new vice-regal women and their imperial work 1884-1914". THESIS_CAESS_HUM_Andrews_A.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/487.
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This thesis traces the evolution and emergence of the new-vice regal woman during a high point of the British Empire. The social, political and economic forces of the age, which transformed British society, presented different challenges and responsibilities for all women, not least those of the upper-class. Aristocratic women responded to these challenges in a distinctive manner when accompanying their husbands to the colonies and dominions as vice-regal consorts. In the last years of Queen Victoria’s reign a unique link was established between the monarchy and her female representatives throughout the Empire. The concept of the new vice-regal woman during the period 1884-1914 was explored through three case studies. The imperial stores of Lady Hariot Dufferin (1843-1936), Lady Ishbel Aberdeen (1857-1939), and Lady Rachel Dudley (c.1867-1920), establishes both the existence and importance of a new breed of vice-regal woman, one who was a modern, dynamic and pro-active imperialist. From 1884-1914 these three new vice-regal women pushed established boundaries and broke new ground. As a result, during their vice-regal lives, Ladies Dufferin, Aberdeen and Dudley initiated far reaching organisations in India, Ireland, Canada andDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Książki na temat "Great Britain Work providing"
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McDonald, Oonagh. Parliament at work. London: Methuen London, 1989.
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Parliament, Great Britain. Counting Women's Unremunerated Work Bill. London: HMSO, 1988.
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Great Britain. Rural Development Commission. Customer Charter: Providing high quality service to rural communities. Salisbury: Rural Development Commission, 1997.
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Great Britain. Health and Safety Executive., red. Mental health at work. London: HMSO, 1988.
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K, Pease, red. Police work. London: British Psychological Society and Methuen, 1987.
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Great Britain. Nuclear Installations Inspectorate. The work of HM Nuclear Installations Inspectorate. London: H.M.S.O., 1989.
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DuBois, Brenda. Social work: An empowering profession. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1992.
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Great Britain. Health and Safety Commission. Plan of work for 19../.. and beyond. London: HMSO., 1989.
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Caring And Providing: Lone And Partnered Working Mothers In Scotland (Family & Work). Policy Pr, 2001.
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Cloonan, Williamson. Players' Work Time. Manchester University Press, 2016.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Great Britain Work providing"
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Edwards, Paul, i Carol Wolkowitz. "Great Britain". W Worlds of Work, 253–73. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0659-1_12.
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David, Marie-Gabrielle, i Christophe Starzec. "Women and Part-time Work: France and Great Britain Compared". W Women’s Work in the World Economy, 180–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13188-4_10.
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Bunce, R. G. H., C. J. Barr, M. K. Gillespie i D. C. Howard. "The ITE Land Classification: Providing an Environmental Stratification of Great Britain". W Global to Local: Ecological Land Classification, 39–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1653-1_5.
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Dex, Shirley, i Lois B. Shaw. "Women’s Working Lives: A Comparison of Women in the United States and Great Britain". W Women and Paid Work, 173–95. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19293-9_8.
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Palmer, Jerry. "Women and War Work (2): Nursing". W Nurse Memoirs from the Great War in Britain, France, and Germany, 103–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82875-2_5.
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Palmer, Jerry. "Women and War Work (1): Debates and Issues". W Nurse Memoirs from the Great War in Britain, France, and Germany, 73–101. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82875-2_4.
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Cohen-Almagor, Raphael. "The Work of the Press Councils in Great Britain, Canada, and Israel: a Comparative Appraisal". W Speech, Media and Ethics, 124–51. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230501829_7.
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"Culture, Recreation, Leisure, and Sport". W A Bibliography of British History 1914-1989, redaktor Keith Robbins, 564–636. Oxford University PressOxford, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198224969.003.0012.
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Abstract The material assembled in this section covers a wide range of subjects but their individual identification is not too difficult. Contributions to the meaning of ‘culture’ in general in British society, and the languages used in Britain, are identified in the initial sub-section. Individual arts are then grouped. It is recognized that while it is reasonable to include early sub-sections which deal with architecture, art (painting), design and fashion, and sculpture, individuals executed work in more than one of these categories. Likewise scholars have not infrequently grouped them together in certain critical or historical studies. The user must therefore see these particular sub-sections as a totality. The same point also applies particularly to the following sub-sections: music and ballet; film, photography, radio; the press, books and publishing, literature; theatre and comedy. In all of these cases, there is inevitably some overlap of title and subject-matter. Nevertheless, the activity is sufficiently discrete for separate sub-sections to be useful. Perhaps not surprisingly, they are notably full since those whose business is primarily with communication clearly like writing about each other. Even so, many of these items represent the raw material of history rather than history itself. Within the sub-sections concerned, particular genres, tendencies, and types have been identified, so far as possible, but no cultural discrimination has been exercised between them-that is to say a ‘great composer’ has to live alongside a ‘pop star’. The literary range is wide but it would not be appropriate to provide the amplitude to which a bibliography exclusively devoted to literature might aspire. As in the case of music, the attempt has been made, within this restriction, to be comprehensive in approach and not to presuppose the existence of a canon of British writers who should alone be considered. The emphasis has been primarily upon providing access to the writers and studies of their works rather than upon providing a full list of the works themselves. That distinction, however, cannot be invariably maintained.
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Morley, Felix. "The Work of the Employment Exchanges". W Unemployment Relief in Great Britain, 98–114. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429058622-8.
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Shifrinson, Joshua R. Itzkowitz. "A Formerly Great Britain". W Rising Titans, Falling Giants, 42–62. Cornell University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501725050.003.0002.
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Chapters 2 and 3 examine the U.S. and Soviet response to the decline of the United Kingdom in the mid-to-late 1940s. Chapter 2 first reviews the course of the United Kingdom’s decline in the early post-war period, and details efforts by the United States and Soviet Union to assess Britain’s changing relative position. Subsequently, it discusses the existing literature on U.S. and Soviet policy toward Great Britain, and relates this work to the alternative arguments discussion in the Introduction. From there, it uses extensive archival research to derive predictions of U.S. and Soviet strategy in light of predation theory. These predictions are evaluated against the alternative arguments in Chapter 3.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Great Britain Work providing"
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Money, Annemarie, Melanie Carder, Peter Noone, Johnny Bourke, James Hayes i Raymond Agius. "309 Work-related ill-health: republic of ireland, northern ireland, great britain 2005–2016". W 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.412.
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Chen, Yiqun, David Fishwick i Andrew Curran. "0433 Towards an ideal national work-related ill health surveillance system in great britain". W Eliminating Occupational Disease: Translating Research into Action, EPICOH 2017, EPICOH 2017, 28–31 August 2017, Edinburgh, UK. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104636.358.
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Zhou, Anli Yue, Melanie Carder, Matthew Gittins i Raymond Agius. "0041 Work-related ill-health in doctors working in great britain: incidence rates and trends". W Eliminating Occupational Disease: Translating Research into Action, EPICOH 2017, EPICOH 2017, 28–31 August 2017, Edinburgh, UK. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104636.28.
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Zulyar, Yuri. "Irkutsk Universities During the Great Patriotic War". W Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2020. Baikal State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3017-5.02.
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The events and processes that took place in the higher education system of Irkutsk are considered. The city, remote from the world war fronts, became a significant center of the active army’s logistics system. The article analyzes one fragment of this status — the participation of the city’s universities in solving tasks that are important for the country and difficult to perform. Irkutsk turned into a University center, where already existing universities increased the output of highly qualified specialists and hosted a number of evacuated universities, providing them with premises, equipment, places to live for teachers and students, and the necessary resources for work and life. At the same time, a small number of University premises were also transferred to hospitals and defense enterprises, and students and teachers took on a significant part of the work on the treatment and maintenance of wounded soldiers.
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Taylor, Chris. "Great Salt Lake Exploration Platform". W 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.28.
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The Great Salt Lake Exploration Platform is a creative machine built to foster visual and performative research within the vastly under explored situated locale of the Great Salt Lake. GLSEP is a modular, flexibly deployable craft for a small group of people to remain upon the lake for limited durations of time, make work, and not die. Given the remote severity of this landscape the qualifier is significant. Storms appear quickly and can generate ten to twelve foot waves in tight oscillation. Coupled with the water’schemical density the lake is known to literally tear boats apart. Rather than being built and powered as a boat, with need of a marina to launch and a geometry to accommodate overland travel, the GSLEP is a deployable assembly providing necessary life support and research infrastructure (shade, fresh water, food and waste storage, solar power, communications,and evacuation provisions) to researchers operating on the Great Salt Lake, akin to off planet missions with immanent dangers and very limited rescue opportunities.
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Ocenic, Elena. "Trends in Hydrogen Production Projects for Energy and Climate Purposes – A Descriptive Analysis of the IEA Database". W 9th International Scientific Conference ERAZ - Knowledge Based Sustainable Development. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eraz.2023.475.
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This paper analyses the global project database on hydrogen production from the International Energy Agency (IEA), comprising 1477 projects for energy and climate purposes. Through quantitative analysis and data visualization, the research centers on renewable-powered hydrogen projects, encompassing various production methods. Across 80 countries, Germany, Australia, and the United States exhibit the most projects (182, 118, 114). Most of the projects are in developmental stages, with 35% undergoing feasibility studies, 23% in concept stages, and 15% operational. Notably, 66 operational projects are renewable-powered, Germany leading with 19, followed by China (8), Great Britain, and Spain (4 each). Technologies include proton exchange membrane electrolysis, alkaline electrolysis, and others. This work underscores global hydrogen production efforts, spotlighting countries pioneering renewable-driven facilities for this energy carrier.
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McCready-Shea, S., F. E. Taylor i J. Batt. "Experiences of Dealing With Environmental Statements for Nuclear Reactor Decommissioning Projects Under the EIA Directive". W ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4713.
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European Council Directive 85/337/EEC, as amended by Council Directive 97/11/EC, sets out a framework for the assessment of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment. It is known as the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Directive. The Directive is implemented in Great Britain (GB) for the dismantling or decommissioning of nuclear power stations and other nuclear reactor by the Nuclear Reactors (Environmental Impact Assessment for Decommissioning) Regulations 1999 (EIADR99). The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is the competent authority for EIADR99 in GB, and has carried out public consultations on environmental statements that accompanied applications for consent to carry out decommissioning projects at two nuclear power stations in GB. HSE understands that these applications for consent are some of the first under the revised EIA Directive. HSE has developed a strategy for managing applications for consents under EIADR99. This strategy covers two main areas. The first area is public involvement, including identifying a large number of organisations in addition to the consultation bodies identified in the Regulations, providing information through the internet, and making responses to the consultation process publicly available. The second area is interfaces with legislation and Government policy, including town and country planning legislation, related health, safety and environment legislation, and decommissioning timetables. Experiences of implementing the strategy to deal with the environmental statements are described.
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Da Silva Bobsin, Rafaela, Vithória Silveira Batista, Vitória De Souza Fabrício, Natália Bernardo Nunes i Anelise Lemke Kologeski. "Praticando a Extensão para Promover Inclusão Digital com Computação Desplugada e Pensamento Computacional". W Computer on the Beach. Itajaí: Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14210/cotb.v11n1.p576-580.
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This work presents a practical experience that offers playful workshops with plugged and unplugged computing, including logical reasoning, computational thinking and basic programming concepts. The main objective is to attend students in the final grades of elementary school, providing digital inclusion. The activities were developed with 440 participants, from 18 different institutions, between 2017 and 2019 years. The results shown improvements in the understanding of statements related to the worked themes by up to 45%. In addition, digital inclusion has been provided through information and digital communication technologies applied in education, providing a great playful moment for all people involved.
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Cooper, Nathanial, Anna Panteli i Nilay Shah. "A Biomass Supply Chain Optimization Framework With Linear Approximation of Biomass Yield Distributions for Improved Land Use". W ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-11399.
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Abstract Biomass and the bio-economy have strong potential to help shift dependency away from petroleum. Supply chain optimisation (SCO) has been used to help other industries and can be used to boost biomass industry viability. Biomass supply chain models frequently average the biomass yield of large tracts of land in their calculations. However, there can be large variation in the biomass yield within those tracts, losing useful information. This work presents a biomass SCO framework which approximates the available quality of land by piecewise linearly approximation of the biomass yield distribution, and incorporates this information into the optimisation. The linear estimates of the biomass yield distributions allow the SCO model to make more informed decisions about quantity and location of biomass growth operations, affecting all downstream decisions. A case study of mainland Great Britain has been examined using the framework to illustrate the impact of retaining biomass yield information in the optimisation, versus averaging the yield across tracts of land. The case study found that using biomass yield linear estimates reduced the overall land usage by 10%. Further, it improved biomass output, which increased the quantity of bio-products produced. All of this led to an increase in the overall profit.
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Apkin, Renat N. "Cartographic Analysis of the Radon Situation in the Environment". W World Lumen Congress 2021, May 26-30, 2021, Iasi, Romania. LUMEN Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/wlc2021/03.
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According to UNSCEAR (United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiations), no less than 10% of lung cancer diseases registered annually are caused by radon radiation. Born in the belly of the earth, the same gas, a class I cancirogen, increases the risk of non-cancerous diseases of the upper respiratory tract and cardiovascular diseases. The radon problem occupies an important place in the radioecological programs of the USA, Japan, Western Europe and Russia. However, the natural radiation varies in the background from location to location. In many countries, survey work is being carried out, including an assessment of the intensity of the radon hazards of sites allocated for construction. In Russia, the Radiation Safety Standards are stipulating that the concentration of radon in the air of residential premises should not exceed 200 Bq/m3; in Sweden, the maximum radon concentration is taken as 100 Bq/m3, in Finland and Canada - 400 Bq/m3, and in Germany and Great Britain - 200 Bq/m3. It is necessary to carefully choose the constructive site, with the minimum concentration of radon in the soil. Our purpose is to carry out a cartographic analysis of radon intake from soil in the territory of Kazan. An important component is the creation of unique maps based on the measurement of radon escalation. The practical significance of the work lies in the application of the results for making management decisions, in engineering and environmental surveys, for conducting hygienic assessments, or simply being used by citizens for informational purposes.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Great Britain Work providing"
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Zhytaryuk, Maryan. UKRAINIAN JOURNALISM IN GREAT BRITAIN. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, marzec 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.50.11115.
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Professor M. Zhytaryuk’s review is about a book scientific novelty – a monograph by Professor M. Tymoshyk «Ukrainian journalism in the diaspora: Great Britain. Monograph. K.: Our culture and science, 2020. 500 p. – il., Them. pok., resume English, German, Polish.». Well-known scientist and journalism critic, Professor M. S. Tymoshyk, wrote a thorough work, which, in terms of content, is a combination of a monograph, a textbook and a scientific essay. This book can be useful for both students and practicing journalists or anyone interested in the history of the Ukrainian diaspora, Ukrainian journalism and Ukrainian culture. The author dedicated his work to Stepan Yarmus from Winnipeg, Canada – archpriest, journalist, editor, professor. As the epigraph to the book were taken the words of Ivan Bagryany: «Our press, born under the sword of Damocles of repatriation», not only survived and survived to this day, but also showed a brilliant ability to grow and develop. It was shown that beggars that had come to the West without money at heart can and know how to act so organized. It was also an example of how a modern «enbolshevist» and «denationalized» by the occupier man person is capable of a combined mass action».
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Dickens, Richard, i David Ellwood. Whither Poverty in Great Britain and the United States? The Determinants of Changing Poverty and Whether Work Will Work. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, kwiecień 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8253.
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Hovakimyan, Naira, Hunmin Kim, Wenbin Wan i Chuyuan Tao. Safe Operation of Connected Vehicles in Complex and Unforeseen Environments. Illinois Center for Transportation, sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/22-016.
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Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have a great potential to transform the way we live and work, significantly reducing traffic accidents and harmful emissions on the one hand and enhancing travel efficiency and fuel economy on the other. Nevertheless, the safe and efficient control of AVs is still challenging because AVs operate in dynamic environments with unforeseen challenges. This project aimed to advance the state-of-the-art by designing a proactive/reactive adaptation and learning architecture for connected vehicles, unifying techniques in spatiotemporal data fusion, machine learning, and robust adaptive control. By leveraging data shared over a cloud network available to all entities, vehicles proactively adapted to new environments on the proactive level, thus coping with large-scale environmental changes. On the reactive level, control-barrier-function-based robust adaptive control with machine learning improved the performance around nominal models, providing performance and control certificates. The proposed research shaped a robust foundation for autonomous driving on cloud-connected highways of the future.
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Drury, J., S. Arias, T. Au-Yeung, D. Barr, L. Bell, T. Butler, H. Carter i in. Public behaviour in response to perceived hostile threats: an evidence base and guide for practitioners and policymakers. University of Sussex, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20919/vjvt7448.
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Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.
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Alexander, Chris, i Atul Ganpatye. PR-652-203802-R01 Computed Tomography for the Development of Standards for Anomaly Detection-Characterization. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), grudzień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012246.
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This report documents the testing and inspection efforts undertaken to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of X-Ray Computed Tomography (XRCT) technology from the perspective of detection and quantification of flaws in pipelines. The fundamental motivation behind this project is to leverage the capabilities of the XRCT technology for highly accurate detection and characterization of flaws in pipelines. The accurate sizing and characterization of flaws/cracks in pipelines is of great consequence in providing effective and efficient operational and repair decisions in any integrity management program. As is the case with any emerging technology, comprehensive validation is needed before the technology can be considered mature enough to be effectively deployed by operators in the real-world or be used in the development of reference standards. This report discusses a validation approach and compares the XRCT results with those obtained from conventional NDE, and sectioning and microscopy, for synthetic and real-world features. Results are discussed in the context of the development of reference standards using synthetic flaws. The discussion provided in this document will be valuable for operators in understanding applicability, gaps, and future direction for the XRCT technology in the context of accurate flaw detection and characterization in pipelines. Results discussed in the report show that XRCT has the potential to enable the pipeline industry to establish a set of reference standards that can be used for a wide range of purposes, including technology development and qualification, personnel training and competency testing for inspection of flaws in pipelines. Once established as a proxy for "truth", XRCT will significantly minimize the need for frequent destructive testing for the generation of validation data further enabling the use in the development of reference standards. Within the purview of the work scope completed in this project, XRCT showed excellent results with synthetic features confirming that the technology (along with the process of generating synthetic features) is ready to be used in the development of reference standards using synthetic features. This work was funded in part, under the Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, the Department of Transportation, or the U.S. Government.
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Hilbrecht, Margo, David Baxter, Alexander V. Graham i Maha Sohail. Research Expertise and the Framework of Harms: Social Network Analysis, Phase One. GREO, grudzień 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33684/2020.006.
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In 2019, the Gambling Commission announced a National Strategy to Reduce Gambling Harms. Underlying the strategy is the Framework of Harms, outlined in Measuring gambling-related harms: A framework for action. "The Framework" adopts a public health approach to address gambling-related harm in Great Britain across multiple levels of measurement. It comprises three primary factors and nine related subfactors. To advance the National Strategy, all componentsneed to be supported by a strong evidence base. This report examines existing research expertise relevant to the Framework amongacademics based in the UK. The aim is to understand the extent to which the Framework factors and subfactors have been studied in order to identify gaps in expertise and provide evidence for decision making thatisrelevant to gambling harms research priorities. A social network analysis identified coauthor networks and alignment of research output with the Framework. The search strategy was limited to peer-reviewed items and covered the 12-year period from 2008 to 2019. Articles were selected using a Web of Science search. Of the 1417 records identified in the search, the dataset was refined to include only those articles that could be assigned to at least one Framework factor (n = 279). The primary factors and subfactors are: Resources:Work and Employment, Money and Debt, Crime;Relationships:Partners, Families and Friends, Community; and Health:Physical Health, Psychological Distress, and Mental Health. We used Gephi software to create visualisations reflecting degree centrality (number of coauthor networks) so that each factor and subfactor could be assessed for the density of research expertise and patterns of collaboration among coauthors. The findings show considerable variation by framework factor in the number of authors and collaborations, suggesting a need to develop additional research capacity to address under-researched areas. The Health factor subcategory of Mental Health comprised almost three-quarters of all citations, with the Resources factor subcategory of Money and Debt a distant second at 12% of all articles. The Relationships factor, comprised of two subfactors, accounted for less than 10%of total articles. Network density varied too. Although there were few collaborative networks in subfactors such as Community or Work and Employment, all Health subfactors showed strong levels of collaboration. Further, some subfactors with a limited number of researchers such as Partners, Families, and Friends and Money and debt had several active collaborations. Some researchers’ had publications that spanned multiple Framework factors. These multiple-factor researchers usually had a wide range of coauthors when compared to those who specialised (with the exception of Mental Health).Others’ collaborations spanned subfactors within a factor area. This was especially notable forHealth. The visualisations suggest that gambling harms research expertise in the UK has considerable room to grow in order to supporta more comprehensive, locally contextualised evidence base for the Framework. To do so, priority harms and funding opportunities will need further consideration. This will require multi-sector and multidisciplinary collaboration consistent with the public health approach underlying the Framework. Future research related to the present analysis will explore the geographic distribution of research activity within the UK, and research collaborations with harms experts internationally.
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Dalglish, Chris, i Sarah Tarlow, red. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, wrzesień 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.163.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: HUMANITY The Panel recommends recognition that research in this field should be geared towards the development of critical understandings of self and society in the modern world. Archaeological research into the modern past should be ambitious in seeking to contribute to understanding of the major social, economic and environmental developments through which the modern world came into being. Modern-world archaeology can add significantly to knowledge of Scotland’s historical relationships with the rest of the British Isles, Europe and the wider world. Archaeology offers a new perspective on what it has meant to be a modern person and a member of modern society, inhabiting a modern world. MATERIALITY The Panel recommends approaches to research which focus on the materiality of the recent past (i.e. the character of relationships between people and their material world). Archaeology’s contribution to understandings of the modern world lies in its ability to situate, humanise and contextualise broader historical developments. Archaeological research can provide new insights into the modern past by investigating historical trends not as abstract phenomena but as changes to real lives, affecting different localities in different ways. Archaeology can take a long-term perspective on major modern developments, researching their ‘prehistory’ (which often extends back into the Middle Ages) and their material legacy in the present. Archaeology can humanise and contextualise long-term processes and global connections by working outwards from individual life stories, developing biographies of individual artefacts and buildings and evidencing the reciprocity of people, things, places and landscapes. The modern person and modern social relationships were formed in and through material environments and, to understand modern humanity, it is crucial that we understand humanity’s material relationships in the modern world. PERSPECTIVE The Panel recommends the development, realisation and promotion of work which takes a critical perspective on the present from a deeper understanding of the recent past. Research into the modern past provides a critical perspective on the present, uncovering the origins of our current ways of life and of relating to each other and to the world around us. It is important that this relevance is acknowledged, understood, developed and mobilised to connect past, present and future. The material approach of archaeology can enhance understanding, challenge assumptions and develop new and alternative histories. Modern Scotland: Archaeology, the Modern past and the Modern present vi Archaeology can evidence varied experience of social, environmental and economic change in the past. It can consider questions of local distinctiveness and global homogeneity in complex and nuanced ways. It can reveal the hidden histories of those whose ways of life diverged from the historical mainstream. Archaeology can challenge simplistic, essentialist understandings of the recent Scottish past, providing insights into the historical character and interaction of Scottish, British and other identities and ideologies. COLLABORATION The Panel recommends the development of integrated and collaborative research practices. Perhaps above all other periods of the past, the modern past is a field of enquiry where there is great potential benefit in collaboration between different specialist sectors within archaeology, between different disciplines, between Scottish-based researchers and researchers elsewhere in the world and between professionals and the public. The Panel advocates the development of new ways of working involving integrated and collaborative investigation of the modern past. Extending beyond previous modes of inter-disciplinary practice, these new approaches should involve active engagement between different interests developing collaborative responses to common questions and problems. REFLECTION The Panel recommends that a reflexive approach is taken to the archaeology of the modern past, requiring research into the nature of academic, professional and public engagements with the modern past and the development of new reflexive modes of practice. Archaeology investigates the past but it does so from its position in the present. Research should develop a greater understanding of modern-period archaeology as a scholarly pursuit and social practice in the present. Research should provide insights into the ways in which the modern past is presented and represented in particular contexts. Work is required to better evidence popular understandings of and engagements with the modern past and to understand the politics of the recent past, particularly its material aspect. Research should seek to advance knowledge and understanding of the moral and ethical viewpoints held by professionals and members of the public in relation to the archaeology of the recent past. There is a need to critically review public engagement practices in modern-world archaeology and develop new modes of public-professional collaboration and to generate practices through which archaeology can make positive interventions in the world. And there is a need to embed processes of ethical reflection and beneficial action into archaeological practice relating to the modern past.
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Anderson, Donald M., Lorraine C. Backer, Keith Bouma-Gregson, Holly A. Bowers, V. Monica Bricelj, Lesley D’Anglada, Jonathan Deeds i in. Harmful Algal Research & Response: A National Environmental Science Strategy (HARRNESS), 2024-2034. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, lipiec 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1575/1912/69773.
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Harmful and toxic algal blooms (HABs) are a well-established and severe threat to human health, economies, and marine and freshwater ecosystems on all coasts of the United States and its inland waters. HABs can comprise microalgae, cyanobacteria, and macroalgae (seaweeds). Their impacts, intensity, and geographic range have increased over past decades due to both human-induced and natural changes. In this report, HABs refers to both marine algal and freshwater cyanobacterial events. This Harmful Algal Research and Response: A National Environmental Science Strategy (HARRNESS) 2024-2034 plan builds on major accomplishments from past efforts, provides a state of the science update since the previous decadal HARRNESS plan (2005-2015), identifies key information gaps, and presents forward-thinking solutions. Major achievements on many fronts since the last HARRNESS are detailed in this report. They include improved understanding of bloom dynamics of large-scale regional HABs such as those of Pseudo-nitzschia on the west coast, Alexandrium on the east coast, Karenia brevis on the west Florida shelf, and Microcystis in Lake Erie, and advances in HAB sensor technology, allowing deployment on fixed and mobile platforms for long-term, continuous, remote HAB cell and toxin observations. New HABs and impacts have emerged. Freshwater HABs now occur in many inland waterways and their public health impacts through drinking and recreational water contamination have been characterized and new monitoring efforts have been initiated. Freshwater HAB toxins are finding their way into marine environments and contaminating seafood with unknown consequences. Blooms of Dinophysis spp., which can cause diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, have appeared around the US coast, but the causes are not understood. Similarly, blooms of fish- and shellfish-killing HABs are occurring in many regions and are especially threatening to aquaculture. The science, management, and decision-making necessary to manage the threat of HABs continue to involve a multidisciplinary group of scientists, managers, and agencies at various levels. The initial HARRNESS framework and the resulting National HAB Committee (NHC) have proven effective means to coordinate the academic, management, and stakeholder communities interested in national HAB issues and provide these entities with a collective voice, in part through this updated HARRNESS report. Congress and the Executive Branch have supported most of the advances achieved under HARRNESS (2005-2015) and continue to make HABs a priority. Congress has reauthorized the Harmful Algal Bloom and Hypoxia Research and Control Act (HABHRCA) multiple times and continues to authorize the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to fund and conduct HAB research and response, has given new roles to the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and required an Interagency Working Group on HABHRCA (IWG HABHRCA). These efforts have been instrumental in coordinating HAB responses by federal and state agencies. Initial appropriations for NOAA HAB research and response decreased after 2005, but have increased substantially in the last few years, leading to many advances in HAB management in marine coastal and Great Lakes regions. With no specific funding for HABs, the US EPA has provided funding to states through existing laws, such as the Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, and to members of the Great Lakes Interagency Task Force through the Great Lakes Restoration Initiative, to assist states and tribes in addressing issues related to HAB toxins and hypoxia. The US EPA has also worked towards fulfilling its mandate by providing tools and resources to states, territories, and local governments to help manage HABs and cyanotoxins, to effectively communicate the risks of cyanotoxins and to assist public water systems and water managers to manage HABs. These tools and resources include documents to assist with adopting recommended recreational criteria and/or swimming advisories, recommendations for public water systems to choose to apply health advisories for cyanotoxins, risk communication templates, videos and toolkits, monitoring guidance, and drinking water treatment optimization documents. Beginning in 2018, Congress has directed the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) to develop a HAB research initiative to deliver scalable HAB prevention, detection, and management technologies intended to reduce the frequency and severity of HAB impacts to our Nation’s freshwater resources. Since the initial HARRNESS report, other federal agencies have become increasingly engaged in addressing HABs, a trend likely to continue given the evolution of regulations(e.g., US EPA drinking water health advisories and recreational water quality criteria for two cyanotoxins), and new understanding of risks associated with freshwater HABs. The NSF/NIEHS Oceans and Human Health Program has contributed substantially to our understanding of HABs. The US Geological Survey, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Aeronautics Space Administration also contribute to HAB-related activities. In the preparation of this report, input was sought early on from a wide range of stakeholders, including participants from academia, industry, and government. The aim of this interdisciplinary effort is to provide summary information that will guide future research and management of HABs and inform policy development at the agency and congressional levels. As a result of this information gathering effort, four major HAB focus/programmatic areas were identified: 1) Observing systems, modeling, and forecasting; 2) Detection and ecological impacts, including genetics and bloom ecology; 3) HAB management including prevention, control, and mitigation, and 4) Human dimensions, including public health, socio-economics, outreach, and education. Focus groups were tasked with addressing a) our current understanding based on advances since HARRNESS 2005-2015, b) identification of critical information gaps and opportunities, and c) proposed recommendations for the future. The vision statement for HARRNESS 2024-2034 has been updated, as follows: “Over the next decade, in the context of global climate change projections, HARRNESS will define the magnitude, scope, and diversity of the HAB problem in US marine, brackish and freshwaters; strengthen coordination among agencies, stakeholders, and partners; advance the development of effective research and management solutions; and build resilience to address the broad range of US HAB problems impacting vulnerable communities and ecosystems.” This will guide federal, state, local and tribal agencies and nations, researchers, industry, and other organizations over the next decade to collectively work to address HAB problems in the United States.
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Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, Leor Eshed-Williams, Tamara Polubesova i Jason Unrine. DOM affected behavior of manufactured nanoparticles in soil-plant system. United States Department of Agriculture, styczeń 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604286.bard.
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The overall goal of this project was to elucidate the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil retention, bioavailability and plant uptake of silver and cerium oxide NPs. The environmental risks of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention from both industrial and scientific communities. These NPs have shown to be taken-up, translocated and bio- accumulated in plant edible parts. However, very little is known about the behavior of NPs in soil-plant system as affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Thus DOM effect on NPs behavior is critical to assessing the environmental fate and risks related to NP exposure. Carbon-based nanomaterials embedded with metal NPs demonstrate a great potential to serve as catalyst and disinfectors. Hence, synthesis of novel carbon-based nanocomposites and testing them in the environmentally relevant conditions (particularly in the DOM presence) is important for their implementation in water purification. Sorption of DOM on Ag-Ag₂S NPs, CeO₂ NPs and synthesized Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotubebifunctional composite has been studied. High DOM concentration (50mg/L) decreased the adsorptive and catalytic efficiencies of all synthesized NPs. Recyclable Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotube composite exhibited excellent catalytic and anti-bacterial action, providing complete reduction of common pollutants and inactivating gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria at environmentally relevant DOM concentrations (5-10 mg/L). Our composite material may be suitable for water purification ranging from natural to the industrial waste effluents. We also examined the role of maize (Zeamays L.)-derived root exudates (a form of DOM) and their components on the aggregation and dissolution of CuONPs in the rhizosphere. Root exudates (RE) significantly inhibited the aggregation of CuONPs regardless of ionic strength and electrolyte type. With RE, the critical coagulation concentration of CuONPs in NaCl shifted from 30 to 125 mM and the value in CaCl₂ shifted from 4 to 20 mM. This inhibition was correlated with molecular weight (MW) of RE fractions. Higher MW fraction (> 10 kDa) reduced the aggregation most. RE also significantly promoted the dissolution of CuONPs and lower MW fraction (< 3 kDa) RE mainly contributed to this process. Also, Cu accumulation in plant root tissues was significantly enhanced by RE. This study provides useful insights into the interactions between RE and CuONPs, which is of significance for the safe use of CuONPs-based antimicrobial products in agricultural production. Wheat root exudates (RE) had high reducing ability to convert Ag+ to nAg under light exposure. Photo-induced reduction of Ag+ to nAg in pristine RE was mainly attributed to the 0-3 kDa fraction. Quantification of the silver species change over time suggested that Cl⁻ played an important role in photoconversion of Ag+ to nAg through the formation and redox cycling of photoreactiveAgCl. Potential electron donors for the photoreduction of Ag+ were identified to be reducing sugars and organic acids of low MW. Meanwhile, the stabilization of the formed particles was controlled by both low (0-3 kDa) and high (>3 kDa) MW molecules. This work provides new information for the formation mechanism of metal nanoparticles mediated by RE, which may further our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling and toxicity of heavy metal ions in agricultural and environmental systems. Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios of Cu and S were synthesized, and their respective antifungal efficacy was evaluated against the pathogenic activity of Gibberellafujikuroi(Bakanae disease) in rice (Oryza sativa). In a 2-d in vitro study, CuS decreased G. fujikuroiColony- Forming Units (CFU) compared to controls. In a greenhouse study, treating with CuSNPs at 50 mg/L at the seed stage significantly decreased disease incidence on rice while the commercial Cu-based pesticide Kocide 3000 had no impact on disease. Foliar-applied CuONPs and CuS (1:1) NPs decreased disease incidence by 30.0 and 32.5%, respectively, which outperformed CuS (1:4) NPs (15%) and Kocide 3000 (12.5%). CuS (1:4) NPs also modulated the shoot salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) production to enhance the plant defense mechanisms against G. fujikuroiinfection. These results are useful for improving the delivery efficiency of agrichemicals via nano-enabled strategies while minimizing their environmental impact, and advance our understanding of the defense mechanisms triggered by the NPs presence in plants.
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Burns, Malcom, i Gavin Nixon. Literature review on analytical methods for the detection of precision bred products. Food Standards Agency, wrzesień 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ney927.
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The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Act (England) aims to develop a science-based process for the regulation and authorisation of precision bred organisms (PBOs). PBOs are created by genetic technologies but exhibit changes which could have occurred through traditional processes. This current review, commissioned by the Food Standards Agency (FSA), aims to clarify existing terminologies, explore viable methods for the detection, identification, and quantification of products of precision breeding techniques, address and identify potential solutions to the analytical challenges presented, and provide recommendations for working towards an infrastructure to support detection of precision bred products in the future. The review includes a summary of the terminology in relation to analytical approaches for detection of precision bred products. A harmonised set of terminology contributes towards promoting further understanding of the common terms used in genome editing. A review of the current state of the art of potential methods for the detection, identification and quantification of precision bred products in the UK, has been provided. Parallels are drawn with the evolution of synergistic analytical approaches for the detection of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), where molecular biology techniques are used to detect DNA sequence changes in an organism’s genome. The scope and limitations of targeted and untargeted methods are summarised. Current scientific opinion supports that modern molecular biology techniques (i.e., quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)) have the technical capability to detect small alterations in an organism’s genome, given specific prerequisites of a priori information on the DNA sequence of interest and of the associated flanking regions. These techniques also provide the best infra-structure for developing potential approaches for detection of PBOs. Should sufficient information be known regarding a sequence alteration and confidence can be attributed to this being specific to a PBO line, then detection, identification and quantification can potentially be achieved. Genome editing and new mutagenesis techniques are umbrella terms, incorporating a plethora of approaches with diverse modes of action and resultant mutational changes. Generalisations regarding techniques and methods for detection for all PBO products are not appropriate, and each genome edited product may have to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. The application of modern molecular biology techniques, in isolation and by targeting just a single alteration, are unlikely to provide unequivocal evidence to the source of that variation, be that as a result of precision breeding or as a result of traditional processes. In specific instances, detection and identification may be technically possible, if enough additional information is available in order to prove that a DNA sequence or sequences are unique to a specific genome edited line (e.g., following certain types of Site-Directed Nucelase-3 (SDN-3) based approaches). The scope, gaps, and limitations associated with traceability of PBO products were examined, to identify current and future challenges. Alongside these, recommendations were made to provide the infrastructure for working towards a toolkit for the design, development and implementation of analytical methods for detection of PBO products. Recognition is given that fully effective methods for PBO detection have yet to be realised, so these recommendations have been made as a tool for progressing the current state-of-the-art for research into such methods. Recommendations for the following five main challenges were identified. Firstly, PBOs submitted for authorisation should be assessed on a case-by-case basis in terms of the extent, type and number of genetic changes, to make an informed decision on the likelihood of a molecular biology method being developed for unequivocal identification of that specific PBO. The second recommendation is that a specialist review be conducted, potentially informed by UK and EU governmental departments, to monitor those PBOs destined for the authorisation process, and actively assess the extent of the genetic variability and mutations, to make an informed decision on the type and complexity of detection methods that need to be developed. This could be further informed as part of the authorisation process and augmented via a publicly available register or database. Thirdly, further specialist research and development, allied with laboratory-based evidence, is required to evaluate the potential of using a weight of evidence approach for the design and development of detection methods for PBOs. This concept centres on using other indicators, aside from the single mutation of interest, to increase the likelihood of providing a unique signature or footprint. This includes consideration of the genetic background, flanking regions, off-target mutations, potential CRISPR/Cas activity, feasibility of heritable epigenetic and epitranscriptomic changes, as well as supplementary material from supplier, origin, pedigree and other documentation. Fourthly, additional work is recommended, evaluating the extent/type/nature of the genetic changes, and assessing the feasibility of applying threshold limits associated with these genetic changes to make any distinction on how they may have occurred. Such a probabilistic approach, supported with bioinformatics, to determine the likelihood of particular changes occurring through genome editing or traditional processes, could facilitate rapid classification and pragmatic labelling of products and organisms containing specific mutations more readily. Finally, several scientific publications on detection of genome edited products have been based on theoretical principles. It is recommended to further qualify these using evidenced based practical experimental work in the laboratory environment. Additional challenges and recommendations regarding the design, development and implementation of potential detection methods were also identified. Modern molecular biology-based techniques, inclusive of qPCR, dPCR, and NGS, in combination with appropriate bioinformatics pipelines, continue to offer the best analytical potential for developing methods for detecting PBOs. dPCR and NGS may offer the best technical potential, but qPCR remains the most practicable option as it is embedded in most analytical laboratories. Traditional screening approaches, similar to those for conventional transgenic GMOs, cannot easily be used for PBOs due to the deficit in common control elements incorporated into the host genome. However, some limited screening may be appropriate for PBOs as part of a triage system, should a priori information be known regarding the sequences of interest. The current deficit of suitable methods to detect and identify PBOs precludes accurate PBO quantification. Development of suitable reference materials to aid in the traceability of PBOs remains an issue, particularly for those PBOs which house on- and off-target mutations which can segregate. Off-target mutations may provide an additional tool to augment methods for detection, but unless these exhibit complete genetic linkage to the sequence of interest, these can also segregate out in resulting generations. Further research should be conducted regarding the likelihood of multiple mutations segregating out in a PBO, to help inform the development of appropriate PBO reference materials, as well as the potential of using off-target mutations as an additional tool for PBO traceability. Whilst recognising the technical challenges of developing and maintaining pan-genomic databases, this report recommends that the UK continues to consider development of such a resource, either as a UK centric version, or ideally through engagement in parallel EU and international activities to better achieve harmonisation and shared responsibilities. Such databases would be an invaluable resource in the design of reliable detection methods, as well as for confirming that a mutation is as a result of genome editing. PBOs and their products show great potential within the agri-food sector, necessitating a science-based analytical framework to support UK legislation, business and consumers. Differentiating between PBOs generated through genome editing compared to organisms which exhibit the same mutational change through traditional processes remains analytically challenging, but a broad set of diagnostic technologies (e.g., qPCR, NGS, dPCR) coupled with pan-genomic databases and bioinformatics approaches may help contribute to filling this analytical gap, and support the safety, transparency, proportionality, traceability and consumer confidence associated with the UK food chain.