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1
DUTTA-BERGMAN, MOHAN J., i KENNETH O. DOYLE. "Money and Meaning in India and Great Britain". American Behavioral Scientist 45, nr 2 (październik 2001): 205–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00027640121957132.
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Tovkun, L. V., i A. O. Akhmedova. "LEGAL REGULATION OF ELECTRONIC MONEY IN UKRAINE AND THE GREAT BRITAIN (COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS)". Juridical scientific and electronic journal, nr 9 (2020): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2020-9/68.
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Rosner, Anna M. "Two German-Jewish rescue programmes launched in Great Britain, 1933–1939". European Spatial Research and Policy 28, nr 1 (30.06.2021): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1231-1952.28.1.02.
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Between 1933 and 1939 many British organisations, as well as individuals, who witnessed the rise of Nazi Germany, the implementation of anti-Jewish laws, and growing anti-Semitism, decided to take action. There were numerous attempts aimed at supporting Jews living in the Third Reich, either by providing them with money or by helping them emigrate. This article describes two largest such programmes, i.e. the Kindertransports, and an unnamed action focused on intellectuals, scientists, and artists. The article first discusses the character of both, and then proceeds to explore the question of the character of the migrations presented, as well as the differences between migration and refuge seeking. It concludes with the issue of post-war mobility of the participants of both programmes.
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Portnoy, Mikhail. "Where leads the line of the dollar’ fate". Russia and America in the 21st Century, nr 2 (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760015885-0.
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The lessons of interaction of commodity money (gold) and credit money (pound sterling and dollar) are considered using the case of Peel’s Act of 1844 in Great Britain and the case of Bretton Woods monetary system. The ideas of “Triffin’s dilemma”, and its significance are discussed, as well, as its negative influence on the people’s understanding of the monetary system construction. The erroneous of common world currency is discovered. The trend of national currency ascent to the status of world currency is determined as a typical way of currency development and currency competition.
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Kaplan, Herbert H. "Observations on the Value of Russia's Overseas Commerce with Great Britain during the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century". Slavic Review 45, nr 1 (1986): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2497923.
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In a previous publication I demonstrated the enormous value of Russia's overseas commodity exports to Great Britain's industrial development during the second half of the eighteenth century. Yet when value is determined only by sheer volume of commodities, the determination, even when supported by impressive shipping data, might not be as convincing as a determination of value based on other factors, for example, on money value.Scholars continue to argue over specific aspects of Anglo-Russian trade, over the accuracy of British commercial records, and over the degree of British involvement in Russian overseas commerce. This article addresses these issues and suggests that historians should not forget to look at the broad trends in the value of that trade when they debate specific aspects of the commercial relations between the two nations. Moreover, it seems to me that value comprehended in English pounds sterling or Russian rubles would further demonstrate the significance of Russia's overseas commodity trade to Great Britain, since such a demonstration would rest, as it were, on a surer foundation.
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Furgała, Agata. "POLICE COOPERATION OF POLAND AND GREAT BRITAIN IN SCOPE OF BREXIT". PRZEGLĄD POLICYJNY 141, nr 1 (12.07.2021): 241–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.0407.
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Leaving the UE by the UK has brought a number of consequences for bilateral Polish-British police and justice cooperation. The subject of the article was to present legal regulations, which provide the basis for international cooperation for British law enforcement agencies. The author analyzed and then evaluated the effectiveness of instruments of mutual cooperation. The articles focuses also on the assessment of Brexit consequences and its possible impact on the Polish-British police cooperation. It is worth emphasising that cross-border law enforcement cooperation - which includes police, customs, secret services and other law enforcement agencies, mainly concerns the most serious threats such as terrorism, organised crime, human traffi cking, money laundering, drug traffi cking or cybercrime. The article shows that the most unfavourable changes result from dropping the Schengen acquis by the United Kingdom - is disconnection from the second generation Schengen Information System. The article includes also information about The Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, which has retained a number of important mechanisms for effective police cooperation between EU Member States and the United Kingdom. But although, as mentioned in the article, the Trade and Cooperation Agreement between the European Union and the United Kingdom provides upgrades of the tools of police and judicial cooperation, it is a matter of practise to verify these as sufficient.
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Denisenkova, Y. S. "A DIACHRONIC ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT “MONEY”". MGIMO Review of International Relations, nr 5(32) (28.10.2013): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-5-32-227-231.
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The article provides a diachronic analysis of the concept “money” in the Russian and English linguacultures. The author studies the genesis and development of money in Russia and Great Britain, and conducts a research on the formation of “money” terminology in the corresponding languages. As part of the study it has been found out that the historical development of the concept “money” in the Russian and English linguacultures has a number of common features: the cores of the concepts, the lexical items «деньги» and “money”are borrowings that entered the vocabularies of the corresponding languages at the same time; the usage of foreign monetary units, in the first place, Byzantine coins, before the introduction of national currencies, influenced “money” terminology, breeding numerous words of foreign origin, as well as the design of money. The article also outlines the etymology of basic monetary units, such as the grzywna, the kuna, the denga, the ruble, the polushka, the kopeck, the altyn ,the chervonets – in Russian, the sterling, the pound, the penny, the shilling, the farthing, the unit, the noble, the sovereign – in English. The author finds a correlation between peculiarities of money development and the evolution of money nomenclature in Russian and English. The concluding section presents similar features and common laws of the concept “money” in the two linguacultures.
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Ahn, Suntai. "Comparative Political Finance Among the Five Democratic States: The United States, Great Britain, Australia, Japan, and South Korea". Korean Journal of Policy Studies 16, nr 2 (28.02.2002): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps16203.
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This study of comparative political fiancé deals primarily with how campaign money is regulated in five democratic states which include the United States, Great Britain, Australia, Japan, and South Korea. One central theme that can be detected in all the countries examined is that there is an universal trend towards consideration of the public funding of the electionerring process, with the United States leading the pack with a successful implementation of the public financing of its presidential elections since 1976. Japan and Korea are considered relatively newcomers in joining the ranks emerging democracies but both countries are certainly making valiant attempts at reforming their systems of campaign finances to ensure more transparency and accountability.
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Phinochko, Stepan V., i Olga V. Krioni. "STRUCTURE OF MONETARY AGGREGATES OF THE WORLD COUNTRIES". EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 9/1, nr 139 (2023): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.09.01.003.
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Monetary aggregates are one of the most important indicators of economy, as they are of key importance for the policy development of central banks around the world. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation relies heavily on monetary aggregates as a guide in building various forecasts and planning monetary policy, and the amount of money it releases into the economy is a clear indicator of the direction of this policy This article is devoted to the problem of formation of monetary aggregates of the leading countries of the world. At the beginning, a brief historical background on the origins of money supply indicators is given. Then the structure and dynamics of monetary aggregates of Russia, Great Britain, the USA, Japan and the European Union are compared: similarities are noted and unique features of these indicators are emphasized.
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Gibson, Gary M. "Justice Delayed is Justice Denied". Ontario History 108, nr 2 (23.07.2018): 156–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1050593ar.
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In 1811, William and James Crooks of Niagara built the schooner Lord Nelson. A year later, that vessel was seized by the United States Navy for violating American law, beginning a case unique in the relations between the United States, Great Britain and Canada. Although the seizure was declared illegal by an American court, settlement was delayed by actions taken (or not taken) by the American courts, Congress and the executive, the Canadian provincial and national governments, the British government, wars, rebellions, crime, international disputes and tribunals. It was 1930 before twenty-five descendants of the two brothers finally received any money.
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Lüdecke, Cornelia. "Scientific collaboration in Antarctica (1901–04): a challenge in times of political rivalry". Polar Record 39, nr 1 (styczeń 2003): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247402002735.
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When geographers recommended the exploration of the Antarctic regions at the close of the nineteenth century, Germany and Britain were eager to do their best. The promoters of Antarctic research, such as Georg von Neumayer (1826–1909) in Hamburg and Clements Markham (1830–1916) in London, could finally raise enough money to build national flagships for science. Despite unfavourable political circumstances, due to political rivalry between Germany and Great Britain, the leaders of the expeditions — Erich von Drygalski (1865–1949) and Robert Falcon Scott (1868–1912) — agreed to a scientific collaboration with regard to meteorological and magnetic measurements in Antarctica during 1901–1903, which later was extended until 1904. This paper reveals that favourable circumstances such as the International Geographical Congresses in London (1895) and Berlin (1899) played a major role in increasing scientific interest in and public support of Antarctic research, ultimately leading to international collaboration.
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Naturkach, R. P. "The purpose and instruments of the monetary policy of the central banks of the EU member states and Great Britain, their legal basis". Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, nr 82 (16.05.2024): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2024.82.1.34.
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The scientific article is devoted to the study of the purpose of the monetary policy of the central banks of the EU member states and Great Britain, its instruments and legal acts, in which they are fixed. The legislation of the member countries of the European Union (Germany, France, Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary) and Great Britain, modern approaches in the science of constitutional and administrative law regarding the definition of the goal of the monetary policy of the central banks of the member countries of the EU, and the range of its instruments are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the purpose and functions of national banks are interrelated, but not identical. The concept of the goal of the monetary policy of the Central Banks of the EU member states, the activities and instruments of the monetary policy, the functions of the central bank of the EU member states are delineated. It is argued that reducing the purpose of the activities of the central banks of EU member states and Great Britain exclusively to the implementation of legal regulation of currency circulation in the state and that the main purpose of the central banks of such EU member states as the Czech Republic, Poland, and Hungary is purely to ensure the stability of the currency - is not justified. It is argued that the main joint functions of the central banks of Germany, France, Spain, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Great Britain are to ensure the stability of the monetary unit, to promote the maintenance of sustainable rates of economic growth, to achieve and maintain price stability in the state, and to support economic policy. It is established that the goal of the monetary policy of the central banks of the EU member states is to ensure price stability, and it is additionally substantiated that the inflationary inclination of the financial policy is the most effective. It was established that the accounting policy, the interest rate policy, and the regulation of mandatory reserve norms, the volume of the money supply, operations on the open market and operations with credit resources, the amount of interest rates, interest rates of the mandatory reserve of banks are not the purpose of monetary and credit policies, instruments of monetary policy of the central banks of EU member states and Great Britain.
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محمد الهاشمي, رحيم كاظم. "التَّنافس البريطانيّ-الروسي في إيران في ظلّ حكومة أمين السّلطان1898 – 1903م". Journal of Education College Wasit University 1, nr 26 (12.01.2018): 113–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/eduj.vol1.iss26.92.
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Witnesses Iran since along time conflict between Two great powers those it Russia and England specially during (1898-1903) ,Have Long been the Phenomenon of granting Concessions in Iran during Qajar era especially to Russia and Great Britain an Important factor Contributing to draw the Modern history of the Country and decided his fate they deliberately Iran's rulers, Prime Ministers to grant huge privileges to both countries in exchange for huge sums of money in return, have affected those concessions on the whole life in Iran which ended in an attempt regime change in the country through what is known as the constitutional revolution of 1905, and in this paper we will discuss a section of these privileges, which was awaked during the reign of Amin Sultan from 1898-103.
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Priya S, Sharmila. "The Role of Indians in Imperialistic India as portrayed in Amitav Ghoshs’ The Ibis Trilogy". SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, nr 7 (29.07.2021): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i7.11119.
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Amitav Ghosh’s Ibis Trilogy is a saga of the Opium War and the imperialistic monopoly of Great Britain over almost half the world. The British conquered India and ruled over the sub-continent with an iron hand, but at the same time being flexible with certain practices of the Indians. The Indians on the other hand, apert from sporadic outbursts, supported the British in their rule, with money and men. The symbiotic relationship of the British rulers and the Indian subjects was complex and incomprehensible to outsiders. The British through careful manipulation made the Indians do their bidding and this is reflected by Ghosh in his trilogy.
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Priya S, Sharmila. "The Role of Indians in Imperialistic India as portrayed in Amitav Ghoshs’ The Ibis Trilogy". SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJELLH 9, nr 6 (28.06.2021): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijellh.v9i6.11101.
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Amitav Ghosh’s Ibis Trilogy is a saga of the Opium War and the imperialistic monopoly of Great Britain over almost half the world. The British conquered India and ruled over the sub-continent with an iron hand, but at the same time being flexible with certain practices of the Indians. The Indians on the other hand, apert from sporadic outbursts, supported the British in their rule, with money and men. The symbiotic relationship of the British rulers and the Indian subjects was complex and incomprehensible to outsiders. The British through careful manipulation made the Indians do their bidding and this is reflected by Ghosh in his trilogy.
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Totten, Robbie. "National Security and U.S. Immigration Policy, 1776–1790". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 39, nr 1 (lipiec 2008): 37–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh.2008.39.1.37.
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An examination of U.S. immigration policy during the early Republic from a security perspective—a common analytical focus within the field of international relations—reveals the inadequacy of traditional economic and ideological interpretations. Security concerns, based on actual threats from Great Britain and Spain, permeated the arguments both for and against immigration. Those in favor of immigration hoped to strengthen the nation, primarily by providing soldiers and money for the military; those opposed to immigration feared that it would compromise national security by causing domestic unrest and exposing the new nation to espionage and terrorism. These issues are not unlike those that beset contemporary policymakers.
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Khamidah, Wanda, i Retno Sugiharti. "Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Nilai Tukar Rupiah Terhadap Dolar Amerika, Euro dan Poundsterling". Ecoplan 5, nr 1 (29.04.2022): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/ecoplan.v5i1.425.
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The currency exchange rate is a macro indicator that reflects the strength of the economy as a result of the global economy. With the existence of currency exchange rates, it can facilitate international trade transactions with currency agreements that will be used by the two countries. The exchange rate system used in Indonesia is a free-floating exchange rate system since 1997, all of which are left to the market. This study aims to analyze the effect of the money supply, inflation and foreign exchange reserves on the rupiah exchange rate of against the US dollar (USD), euro (EUR), and pound sterling or Great Britain Pound (GBP). The ECM (Error Correction Model) the analysis method is the method used in this study. The results of the research that has been carried out are both in the long term and in the low term, the money supply, inflation and foreign exchange reserves have a significant influence on the exchange rate of the rupiah against the US dollar (IDR/USD). The money supply and foreign exchange reserves and in the short term have a significant effect on the rupiah exchange rate against the euro (IDR/EUR), while only the money supply in the long term has a significant effect on the rupiah exchange rate in the euro (IDR/EUR). Foreign exchange reserves in the short term have a significant effect on the rupiah exchange rate against the pound sterling (IDR/GBP), while only the money supply in a long term has a significant effect on the rupiah exchange rate against the pound sterling (IDR/GBP).
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MALLIER, TONY, i DAVID MORRIS. "Earnings trends among older employees in England and Wales, 1972–2001". Ageing and Society 23, nr 3 (maj 2003): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x0300117x.
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This article considers the hypothesis that ‘older people in full-time employment normally receive earnings below the level previously enjoyed’, by examining the money and real earnings of older British full-time employees as they age. After a review of the factors that influence earnings, data from the New Earnings Survey of Great Britain are used to estimate average gross weekly money and real earnings of two cohorts of manual and non-manual workers as they age. The two cohorts were born respectively in 1927 and 1937, and male and female employees are considered separately. The estimates are used to develop time series age-earnings profiles of real earnings. These suggest that the average full-time older employee normally benefits over time from rising real earnings as a consequence of increases in national prosperity, although the increases vary by gender, occupational group and cohort. Older female employees benefited more than males from significantly higher percentage increases in their average real earnings, and between 1981–2000 average real earnings in non-manual occupations rose relative to manual workers' earnings.
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Aughinbaugh, Alison, i Maury Gittleman. "Does Money Matter? A Comparison of the Effect of Income on Child Development in the United States and Great Britain". Journal of Human Resources 38, nr 2 (2003): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1558750.
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Grant, H. Roger. "Railwaymen, Politics and Money: The Great Age of Railways in Britain, and: The Oxford Companion to British Railway History (review)". Victorian Studies 42, nr 3 (2000): 527–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vic.2000.0060.
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Damljanović, Nataša. "Lady Chatterley, her Lover and their Room with a View: Modernist discourses on love and reality". Norma 26, nr 2 (2021): 269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/norma2102269d.
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The dawn of the 20th century in Britain witnessed changes in almost every aspect of women>s everyday lives. The emergence of the women's movement and a new generation of female professionals transformed the traditional patriarchal social structure. The present paper pursues two main goals. First, it shows how the novels Lady Chatterley's Lover and A Room with a View emerged from this social-historical moment in Britain. Since the novels depict the period before the Great War, they connect two periods in English history: Victorianism and Modernism, two different ways of living and two different approaches to moral principles. The protagonists of the novels, Connie, later lady Chatterley, and Lucy, personify the young and impressionable women of that era. Second, the focus is on the layers of interpretation/the codes of meaning that indicate the narrative interface: similarities in the novels' plots and their characters. They also reflect on the social divide that marked the period. The paper also shows that, according to the story, plot, and discourse of the novels, money and social status cannot substitute for the bindings of love.
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Ognjenović, Svjetlana R. "SATIRICAL REPRESENTATION OF CAPITALIST VALUES IN CARYL CHURCHILL’S PLAY SERIOUS MONEY". Lipar 83 (2024): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/lipar83.043o.
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The anti-utopia presented in Caryl Churchill’s play Serious Money functions as a mirror-image of Great Britain from the 1980s when its Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher unleashed the forces of capitalist anarchy and relieved the citizens of any moral and social responsibility. İn this play, featuring the brokers from London stock exchange, Churchill dramatizes the hedonistic world of insanely rich and immoral people who in their pursuit of profit and ways to increase their corporate and financial empires follow the precepts of selfish opportunism and ignore all social scruples. Using theatrical devices to achieve an alienating effect and prevent the identification of viewers with the characters and the presented material, such as the use of songs and especially the text written in verse, Churchill puts emphasis on the critical observation and consideration of this play, whose political efficiency is sometimes questioned. However, this satirical portrayal of commercial totalitarianism should not be taken as politically restricted because Churchill’s political attack functions, not through the politics of utopia, but effective criticism which aims at the very center of the system. Through material criticism of this anti-utopian world in which neoliberal ethical laws are exposed as pitiful values worthy of hooligans, yobs, and parasites, Churchill actually breaks down the trajectory of capitalist reform and calls into question the entire system of capitalist economy.
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Шелестинский, Денис, Denis Shelestinskiy, А. Буртасова i A. Burtasova. "The Practice of the Italian Republic in the Field of Combating Money Laundering". Scientific Research and Development. Economics 6, nr 6 (23.01.2019): 103–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5c1b8739231fc5.45915684.
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The process of formation of the existing system of counteraction to legalization of proceeds from crime, which is based on the principles of interaction between financial, administrative institutions and law enforcement bodies, is considered in the work. Unlike the United States and Great Britain, the Ministry of Economy and Finance is responsible for developing policies to counteract money laundering in Italy. The paper analyzes the activities of the national financial intelligence unit of Italy — L’Unita` di informazione finanziaria per l’Italia (UIF), established in accordance with Legislative Decree 231/2007 as an independent body within the structure of the Bank of Italy, as well as the National Commission for Companies and The stock exchange and the Institute for Insurance Supervision. Based on the data received, the authors draw attention to the fact that Italy has a well thought-out regime for countering the legalization of proceeds from crime through a well-developed legal framework. During the research, the authors used historical, logical, statistical, systemic and prognostic methods of investigation. The main conclusion of the study was that the distinctive feature of the Italian system is the close interaction of the national financial intelligence unit with the Bank of Italy, whose formally independent but essentially structural subdivision is it.
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Murray, Edmundo, i Edward Walsh. "The Correspondence of Fr Matthew Gaughren OMI (1888-1890)". ABEI Journal 24, nr 1 (1.02.2023): 83–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2595-8127.v24i1p83-120.
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In mid-1888, Fr Matthew Gaughren (1843-1914) was sent to Argentina by his superior, the O.M.I. provincial in Great Britain, on a “begging expedition”, which aimed at collecting money among the Irish settlers to lessen the debt upon the church of Our Lady of Grace at Tower Hill. However, Gaughren changed the priorities of his mission in South America and appealed to the English-speaking community to support the Irish immigrants who arrived in Buenos Aires in February 1889 on the Dresden steamer ship from Cork and were sent to an ill-fated Irish Colony in Napostá, near the port of Bahía Blanca. His thinking and his struggle are revealed in the following letters, collected from various archival sources, which are now being published, most of them for the first time, in their complete form.
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Srnec, K., J. Svitaková, M. Výborná i P. Burian. "Microfinance as a suitable instrument of European and Czech development cooperation". Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 11 (2.12.2011): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/52/2011-agricecon.
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European countries use microfinance as an instrument of development cooperation in three separate forms, which differ in the financial flow. In the first type, the government transfers grant money to their non-government organizations (NGOs), which then distribute the funds directly to the local microfinance institutions (MFIs) (eg. Finland). In the second form, the funds are sent through to the branch-offices of the NGOs located in the developed country to developing countries (eg. Norway, Sweden). The third type allows for a direct relationship between a donor country development co-operation agency and a local microfinance institution in a developing country without intermediation of the developed country NGOs (eg. Great Britain, Germany). The Czech Republic currently does not support microfinance by the direct/indirect transfer of funds, but it promotes the awareness of the Czech NGOs and the public of microfinance as a tool for the economic development.
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Ivanov, Konstantin. "Astronomers and Surveyors in the Struggle for Central Asia. Notes on the Epistemology of Colonization". Philosophical Literary Journal Logos 30, nr 2 (2020): 15–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/0869-5377-2020-2-15-36.
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Central Asia was mainly desert land that contained just a few small, densely populated oases when it was forcibly occupied by Imperial Russia between 1865 and 1885. What reason was there to gain control of it? It did not serve any military purpose because the Russian Empire was already well protected on its southern frontier by Central Asia’s notorious deserts and dry steppes. Nor was there much economic advantage to be gained. To present it merely as an opportunity for the thievish embezzlement of public money — and theft there was — is somewhat beside the point. The advance of Great Britain into the same region from the opposite side reflected the same trend. What kind of reasoning was behind these incursions? The counterintuitive answer is that the only rational reason to move into the region was a scientific one. At that time the Central Asia was still a blank spot on European maps and it was the only region on Earth in which the great empires had not yet confronted each other. The frontier lines of both empires were bound to move in on each other, although neither empire gained much advantage from the expansion. The article analyzes the way in which the struggle for the territory eventually turned into a symposium about the territory. The main agents in that war — and also its beneficiaries — were the British and Russian military geodesists and surveyors who used the latest astronomical methods. Systematic mapping of the desert region was important not only for the geographical knowledge it produced, but also for advancing the surveyors’ careers and improving their social status and personal prosperity. The so-called Afghan Demarcation between the Russian Empire and Great Britain in 1885 seemed to them more like an enjoyable conference for sharing topographical and geographical information than a hostile confrontation. After the outer and inner demarcations had been fixed, the result was that this region — “Created by the Lord in Anger” — was surveyed and studied not only in terms of geography, but also geologically, ethnically and historically.
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Pribicevic, Ognjen. "British diplomacy of money and trade". Medjunarodni problemi 71, nr 2 (2019): 137–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1902137p.
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Leaving the EU is one of the major political decisions made in the UK over the past half-century. Brexit brought about a virtual political earthquake not only in EU-UK relations but also in terms of UK future place and role on the international scene. Immediately after the decision of UK citizens to leave the EU at a referendum held on 23 June 2016, the question arose as to whether the UK will lose some of its international influence, whether Scotland will remain part of the Union, whether the UK will retain its privileged relations and special status with the USA, and what its future relations with the EU will be. The purpose of this article is to point to the basic priorities of the contemporary British foreign policy as well as to place and role of the UK on the contemporary international scene particularly in view of its decision to leave the EU. We shall first try to define the status of present-day Britain in international relations. Second, we shall address the traditional dilemma of the UK foreign policy - what should be given priority - relations with the USA, Europe or the Commonwealth? After that, we shall discuss in more detail the phases the UK foreign policy went through following the end of the cold war. In the third phase, we shall analyze the British contemporary foreign and economic policy towards Gulf countries and China. In the fourth part of the article, we shall discuss relations with the USA. It should be pointed out that the article does not seek to analyze all aspects of British foreign policy, even if we wanted to, due to a shortage of time. Of course, the topic of Brexit will be present in all chapters and especially in the last one and conclusion remarks. By its decision to leave the EU, the UK appears to have given priority to its relations with the USA, China, Gulf countries as well as Commonwealth countries instead of the EU which has been economically and politically dominant over the past few decades. This decision taken by UK citizens will no doubt have a great impact not only on their personal lives and standard of living but on the UK role in international relations. Despite its military, political, economic and cultural capacities, it is highly unlikely that the UK will manage to overcome the consequences of an exit from the single market, currently generating 18 trillion dollars on an annual basis as well as the loss of a privileged partner role with the USA within the Union. We are, therefore, more likely to believe that in the foreseeable future, the role of the UK on the international scene will continue to decline and be increasingly focused on its economic and financial interests. Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. III 47010: Drustvene transformacije u procesu evropskih integracija - multidisciplinarni pristup]
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Kuchumov, A. V., i E. V. Pecheritsa. "DIGITAL INNOVATION, AML/CFT COMPLIANT AND RISK-BASED APPROACH". ECONOMIC VECTOR 4, nr 31 (grudzień 2022): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.36807/2411-7269-2022-4-31-56-63.
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The article analyzes a review of the best in- ternational practices in the field of AML/CFT, developed and adopted by such countries as Germany, Great Britain, USA, Singapore, France. These include the standards of the Intergovernmental Commission on Financial Monitoring (FATF), as well as the ongoing monitoring and risk-based approach that are being implemented to combat money laun- dering around the world. The following re- search methods were used in the article: an analysis of modern scientific literature by foreign authors, focused on the aspect of crimes related to money laundering in the international AML regime in accordance with FATF standards. The purpose of this study is to consider the possibility of introducing artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of AML/CFT based on an analysis of the best international practices. 13 sources were ana- lyzed, including 4 scientific articles, including those on the introduction of artificial intelli- gence in combating money laundering and terrorism financing, 5 websites of regional organizations like the FATF. The study iden- tified barriers to the introduction of digital innovations in the field of AML/CFT for both commercial organizations and supervisory authorities: the difficulties and costs associ- ated with replacing or updating outdated sys- tems, difficulties associated with the explain- ability and interpretability of digital solutions. It is concluded that, when used responsibly and proportionately, innovative AML/CFT technologies can help identify risks and fo- cus efforts on existing and emerging issues,while manual verification and human partici- pation remain critical, while developing, im- plementing and regulatory oversight of inno- vative technologies should reflect both threats and opportunities, and the use of innovative tools should be compatible with international data protection, privacy and cybersecurity standards.
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Parks, W. Hays. "The Protocol on Incendiary Weapons". International Review of the Red Cross 30, nr 279 (grudzień 1990): 535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400200089.
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From the time that man discovered fire and devised ways to use it as a tool for survival and advancement, it also has been employed as a weapon for destruction. Sun Tsu's The Art of War (500 B.C.) refers to incendiary arrows, while Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War describes a flame weapon used by the Spartans in 42 B.C. Edward Gibbon, in The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ascribes Roman success at Constantinople (1453 A.D.) to “Greek fire,” ignited naptha mixed with pitch and resin and spread upon the surface of the water. Great Britain employed Greek fire almost five centuries later as a defence along its coastlines in anticipation of an invasion in 1940.In the European wars of the 16th and 17th centuries, armies employed compulsory taxation of the countryside in lieu of looting to finance their activities. A defaulting town would have some of its buildings burned, leading to the tax being referred to as Brandschatzung, “burning money.” This practice became widespread during the Thirty Years war.
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Hennessy, K. D. "Event horse production, does it pay?" BSAP Occasional Publication 35 (2006): 223–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00042762.
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The Irish Sport Horse has commanded huge respect amongst horse owners and competitors of other nations, winning international, championship and Olympic medals for Great Britain (Shear L’eau, Supreme Rock), USA (Custom Made and Brazil (Special Envoy). The Irish Studbook continues to top the World Breeders Federation of Sport Horse (WBFSH) rankings for event horses based on competition results. The production of young horses through competition (training, novice and intermediate levels) has been an acknowledged format for identifying horses with the potential to excel at the highest levels of competition. However increasing production costs may be affecting the profitability of sport horse production. Reduced profit margins or possible negative returns may reduce the number of producers and this combined with the scientific improvements within other studbooks may threaten to reduce the potential for the Irish Sport Horse to retain its WBFSH event horse ranking. Furthermore, prize money offered in novice and intermediate competition appear to represent only nominal returns and fail to meet the costs of training and production.
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Barker, Hannah, i Sarah Green. "Taking Money from Strangers: Traders’ Responses to Banknotes and the Risks of Forgery in Late Georgian London". Journal of British Studies 60, nr 3 (17.05.2021): 585–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jbr.2021.55.
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AbstractSelling to strangers was a significant occupational hazard for retailers in late Georgian Britain, one that was hard to avoid. The dangers were especially great in larger towns and cities, where shopkeepers were dependent on a steady stream of passing trade composed of a large number of customers that they did not know. Though traders risked financial loss and even possible prosecution by accepting counterfeit banknotes, refusal to accept them meant losing vital custom. In areas of growing urban populations, tradesmen and women thus faced an increasingly tricky dilemma in their day-to-day business as they dealt with more strangers whose trustworthiness and personal credit were extremely hard to gauge, at a time when banknote forgery was on the rise. The decisions that retailers made about both banknotes and the individuals who presented them for payment illustrate some of the ways that town dwellers sought to navigate the rising anonymity of urban society in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. This article suggests that traders relied on a series of techniques that in previous experience usually worked: examining banknotes and those strangers who presented them with care, relying on the expertise of neighbors and members of their household, and dealing by preference with individuals who appeared to be linked to their local community. These behaviors demonstrate that “modernity” might have affected the lives and outlooks of ordinary Londoners in unexpected and contradictory ways, some strongly linked to older forms of society.
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Grazi, Laura. "Origini e sfide della politica regionale comunitaria: dagli studi preliminari all'Atto unico europeo (1957-1986)". MEMORIA E RICERCA, nr 30 (lipiec 2009): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/mer2009-030005.
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- The article describes the different stages which marked the elaboration of the EEC regional policy starting from the preliminary studies in the Sixties to the formal inclusion of this domain in the Single European Act (1986). The creation of the European Regional Development Fund (1975) and its reforms are crucial events in the definition of the EEC regional policy which highlight the slow and difficult passage from a system redistributing money among Member States to the launch of new form of supranational territorial solidarity. The ERDF, that was initially linked to the need to rearrange the financial benefits of membership/accession to the EEC for some members States (in particular, Italy and Great Britain), was later rearranged in order to allow more autonomous policy choices at the Community level (Community programmes). The Integrated Mediterranean Programmes, adopted in the Eighties, are the symbol of this new approach because they linked EEC regional measures to common problems arising from economic integration and increased the coordinating functions of the Commission.Parole chiave: Politica regionale della CEE, Commissione europea, Economie regionali, FESR, Programmi comunitari, PIM EEC Regional Policy; European Commission, Regional Economies, European Regional Development Fund, Community Programmes, Integrated Mediterranean Programmes
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Wypych, Nataniel, i Zuzanna Zawolska. "The Migration Dilemma of the Younger Generation from the Perspective of Wage Purchasing Power". Finanse i Prawo Finansowe 3, nr 39 (28.09.2023): 31–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2391-6478.3.39.03.
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The purpose of the article. The aim of the article is to determine whether there is a need to differentiate between countries in terms of the amount of aid they provide for the return of their citizens, and in which of the European countries a person can save the most and build up wealth in the fastest way.
Methodology. The study is based on historical data from 2016 to 2021 on average salaries, average cost of living, average price per square meter of housing in a country’s capital and the average price of a VW Golf IV car in 37 European countries.
Results of the research. In the general view of the study presented below, the countries to which economic migration can bring the most benefits are Switzerland, Luxembourg, and Denmark. On the other hand, countries that may not meet economic needs include North Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, and Albania. One can save the fastest per square meter of housing in Belgium, Iceland, and Switzerland. The fastest way for people to save money for a car is available in Switzerland, Luxembourg, and Great Britain.
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Тroitsky, О. A. "Electroplastic effect in metals". Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information, nr 9 (25.09.2018): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2018-9-65-76.
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A mechanism of electroplastic effect considered as well as possible areas of its technological application during rolling, drawing, stamping of thin sheets and other methods of metals forming.A conception justified that metal electroplastic deformation, based on electroplastic effect, can be applied at middle and final metallurgical stage. Electroplastic effect allows to decrease metal resistance to deformation by 25–30% and increase the ductility of a metal during its forming, to increase residual ductility till 30%. Due to increasing of axial texture perfection degree of wire during drawing technology with electroplastic effect application, a decrease of its electric resistance by 15% is reached. During the metal electroplastic deformation of stainless steels the austenite-martensitic phase γ→α transformation is practically completely suppressed, which makes unnecessary operations of money-and energy consuming austenizating annealing.Based on electroplastic effect about 45 mills and powerful metal-processing facilities, using metal electroplastic effect deformation created in different countries (mainly in Russia, South Korea, Italy, Great Britain and China). Different variants of effective energy-saving critical technologies are being developed by metal electroplastic effect deformation by rolling, drawing, stamping and flatting, as well as briquetting of metal wastes with current. A new equipment is created and existing equipment is modernized for application of metal еlectroplastic effect deformation technology.
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Grishina, Nataliya V. "ABEL PRIZE AS THE FLAGSHIP OF WORLD MATH ADVANCES". RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Information Science. Information Security. Mathematics, nr 2 (2020): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2686-679x-2020-2-57-71.
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The annual prize, awarded by the Norwegian Academy of Sciences, bears the name of the famous scientist Niels-Henrik Abel and has a reputation as a Nobel Prize for mathematicians, with its size in terms of money of about $1 million. Since Alfred Nobel, in his will, determined the range of scientific areas for the payment of bonuses that did not include mathematics, the Norwegian mathematician Sofus Lee at the end of his life devoted all his efforts and his international authority to create a foundation for awarding prizes to mathematicians. He wanted to give the award the name of Niels Henrik Abel, also a Norwegian mathematician. The article presents a historical background for the formation of the Abel Prize. The winners of the main mathematical prize for all the years of its existence and their major achievements are shown. Among laureates of the Abel Prize there are outstanding scientists from 11 countries: France, Great Britain, Lebanon, USA, Hungary, Sweden, India, Belgium, Russia, Canada and Israel. Three times the prize was at once awarded to two scientists. And in 2019, for the first time ever the woman – Karen Keskalla Uhlenbeck – professor, American mathematician, became the winner of the prestigious mathematics award.
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Schiemenz, Günter P. "A heretical look at the Benzolfest". British Journal for the History of Science 26, nr 2 (czerwiec 1993): 195–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400030752.
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The Benzolfest of 1890 in honour of August Kekulé fell into that economically prosperous, politically peaceful period of European imperialism which is characterized by the splendour of the courts of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India; Emperor Franz Josef of Austria, King of Hungary; and the German Emperor Wilhelm II, King of Prussia. Whoever could afford it (and even some of those who could not) tried to imitate these models and to participate at least to a modest extent in the glamour of the imperial courts. Merits were honoured by the bestowal of titles, orders and medals, and many an effort to the benefit of the common weal in deeds and money was induced by the prospect of becoming a Privy Councillor (Geheimrat) or a Councillor of Commerce (Kommerzienrat), of being awarded the Order of the Red Eagle [of Prussia] (the fourth class being almost automatically given to a major of the Prussian army who in this peaceful time had never had a chance to distinguish himself, and not so automatically to a distinguished professor on the occasion of his sixtieth birthday), or even of being raised to hereditary nobility, the epithet von added to the name being the permanently visible sign of particular excellence.
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HUUSKO, S., A. PIHLAJASAARI, S. SALMENLINNA, J. SÕGEL, I. DONTŠENKO, E. DE PINNA, H. LUNDSTRÖM, S. TOIKKANEN i R. RIMHANEN-FINNE. "Outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 1B associated with frozen pre-cooked chicken cubes, Finland 2012". Epidemiology and Infection 145, nr 13 (3.08.2017): 2727–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268817001364.
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SUMMARYIn August to October 2012, a nationwide outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis phase type (PT) 1B with 53 cases occurred in Finland. Hypothesis generating interviews pointed toward ready-to-eat chicken salad from a Finnish company and at the same time Estonian authorities informed of a S. enteritidis PT 1B outbreak linked to chicken wrap prepared at an Estonian restaurant. We found that chicken salad was associated with the infection (odds ratio (OR) 16·1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·7–148·7 for consumption and OR 17·5. 95% CI 4·0–76·0 for purchase). The frozen pre-cooked chicken cubes used in Finnish salad and in Estonian wraps were traced back to a production plant in China. Great Britain made two Rapid Alert Systems for Food and Feed notifications on chicken cubes imported to the UK from the same Chinese production plant. Microbiological investigation confirmed that the patient isolates in Estonia and in Finland were indistinguishable from the strains isolated from chicken cubes in Estonia and in the UK. We recommend that despite certificates for tested Salmonella, food items should be analyzed when Salmonella contamination in outbreak investigations is suspected. In outbreak investigations, electronically implemented case–case study saves time, effort, and money compared with case–control study.
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DePrince, Jr, Albert, i Pamela Morris. "Transmission of Shocks to LIBOR Risk Spreads and Nominal Risk-Free Rates". Journal of Finance Issues 10, nr 1 (30.06.2012): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.58886/jfi.v10i1.2322.
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In this study, effects of shocks to international money market conditions, as measured by the three-month London Interbank Offer Rates (LIBOR) for five financially integrated economies (United States, the euro zone countries, Great Britain, Japan, and Canada) are examined. The sample period runs from January 4, 1999, through December 31, 2010. A fiveequation vector autoregressive (VAR) model is developed using daily risk spreads between each country’s LIBOR and its nominal risk-free rate. Also, effects of the risk spreads on the respective nominal risk-free rates are identified in a separate VAR system. Based on the risk-spread VAR, effects of exogenous shocks are examined. Single-country impulse tests show that the feedthrough effects on the other countries are surprisingly limited for these integrated countries. Only when a shock is applied concurrently to all five risk spreads can effects on the magnitude noted in 2008 and 2009 be replicated, suggesting that all LIBOR rates were affected by a contemporaneous shock. Finally, a proportion of the shock to the risk-spread feed has an inverse effect on each country’s nominal risk-free rate, reflecting the effect of the flow of funds from risky assets to safe assets in a time of increased risk and vice versa.
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BOWAN, KATE. "Reconstructing a ‘Special Relationship’ from Scattered Archives: America, Britain, Europe and the ISCM, 1922–45". Journal of the Royal Musical Association 147, nr 2 (listopad 2022): 616–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rma.2022.29.
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In an account of the early history of the International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM) for a 1946 BBC broadcast, president of the ISCM Edward Dent recounted the ‘two main reasons’ why London was proposed as the society’s initial headquarters at that first meeting in 1922 in Salzburg. Firstly, he maintained, ‘it stood apart from all the quarrels and jealousies of the Continent’, and secondly, and most importantly for the purposes of this article, he outlined a triangulated relationship: ‘[London] was regarded as a link between Europe and America.’ ‘American music’, he continued, ‘really needed that link in those days; and the general feeling of the European musicians was that they would provide the music and England the money to pay for it.’ But then (again using ‘the Continent’ and ‘Europe’ interchangeably) he signalled a profound shift: ‘Today the situation has changed. It is Europe now which needs the link with America, for America has become a great music-producing country, while it will take the Continent some little time to recover its creative energy.’262 Tantalizing though Dent’s references to ‘links’ may be, obtaining clarity on what these transatlantic connections were and how they operated has proved elusive. The telling of an international and transnational history by way of searches of nationally bounded archival collections has raised certain methodological challenges.263 Rising to meet them, however, has uncovered some interesting threads which in turn offer an alternative dimension to a story that is often told from a Eurocentric perspective; one, as already noted by the editors of this round table, which places the Austro-Germanic modernist tradition at its centre.264 Moreover, Dent’s framework of a transatlantic musical internationalism that triangulated England, Europe and America as three distinct entities with a set of different and fluid musical relationships and roles has obvious resonances today as Britain, the USA and Europe are once again struggling to rearticulate their positions in respect of each other in a rapidly shifting world order.
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Ermolaev, A. N. "GOLD MINING IN SALAIR IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURIES". Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, nr 4 (23.12.2018): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2018-4-32-38.
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The research determines the dynamics of gold mining and identifies the specifics of the development of the gold industry in Salair in the late XIX – early XX centuries. The Salair ridge was then under the jurisdiction of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty. At the end of the XIX century, the Cabinet spent a lot of money on geological survey of the ridge and invested in the development of the local gold mines. The extraction of gold during this period fluctuated within 6–8 poods (1 pood = 16 kg). At the beginning of the XX century, the Cabinet leased the Salair mines to private entrepreneurs and joint-stock companies. Such agreements were signed by Prince A. von Thurn und Taxis and Dr. Josef Jeanne (Austria), Arthur Stanley and mining engineer Farrukh Bek-Vezirov (Great Britain), State Councilor Berezin (Russia), and The Russian Gold Mining Company. Private companies operated more successfully than the Cabinet. In the XX century the extraction of gold in Salair increased. However, after the companies had developed the ready retrievable gold deposits, they ceased operating. As the calculations have shown, more than 3.6 tons of gold were mined on the Salair Ridge in 1892 – 1915. The main feature of the Salair gold mining was that gold was extracted both by the Cabinet and private companies, which means that state and private capital acted in parallel.
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Dorey, Lucy, Jack McGarrigle, Richard May, Alice E. Hoon i Simon Dymond. "Client Views of Contingency Management in Gambling Treatment: A Thematic Analysis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 24 (19.12.2022): 17101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417101.
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Low levels of treatment access and poor retention among those with gambling problems suggests a need to improve treatment. Contingency management (CM) is a behavioural intervention involving the identification of target behaviours and the provision of incentives when targets are met. There exists a substantial evidence base for CM increasing abstinence and attendance in substance misuse treatment, but this has not been widely extended to gambling treatment setting. This study sought to explore the views of clients about CM for the treatment of problematic and disordered gambling. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 25 gambling treatment clients who were, or had previously been, engaged in treatment in Great Britain. Participants were provided with an explanation of CM, two hypothetical scenarios, and two structured questionnaires to facilitate discussion. Thematic analysis was used to interpret findings. Some participants felt that clients could manipulate CM while in treatment to obtain money to gamble, and that mechanisms of CM could trigger recovering clients into relapse. Participants also identified potential benefits of CM to achieve treatment goals, by enhancing motivation and engagement while in treatment, and helping bring people into treatment earlier. Gambling treatment clients broadly supported the use of incentives for treatment. CM is seen as a facilitator of extended engagement in treatment, and an encouragement for clients to make progress in the treatment process.
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Grigoryev, L. M., D. V. Zharonkina, Y. M. J. Maykhrovich i E. A. Kheifets. "Mechanism of regime changes of global inflation in 2012–2023". Lomonosov Economics Journal 59, nr 1 (2024): 72–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu0130-0105-6-59-1-4.
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The paper studies the process of regime changes: from low inflation and interest rates in 2012–2019 to high inflation and even stagflation in 2020–2023. The authors selected eleven countries for analysis: BRICS, USA and Great Britain, and four EU leading states— Germany, France, Spain and Italy. The trends examined in the first period reflect the difficulty in determining (on monthly data) the role of classic factors influencing the inflation processes (by CPIs) — monetary policy and unemployment, with energy and food prices having strong influence in this period. In general, the upturn in 2012–2019 was not too strong and created a rather comfortable (and predictable) environment for low inflation. In the period of shock recession after the COVID lockdowns the speed of consumer inflation in six developed countries had tripled. General inflation was affected by energy and food process and formatted so rapidly that such factors as unemployment and money supply growth turned out irrelevant. Having reached high growth rate, inflation moved wages up and fixed both its rate (one side elasticity) and dynamics. Core inflation index (manufactured goods) grew in parallel with unit labor cost, which entailed cost-push inflation effect. Growing interest rates were designed to slow down inflation by squeezing economic activity, which was not that simple in terms of ULC in the short run.
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LABUNOVA, Anna S. "CONFORMISM AND NONCONFORMISM IN THE SOCIOCULTURAL SPACE OF GREAT BRITAIN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES (A CASE STUDY OF “THE FORSYTE SAGA” BY J. GALSWORTHY)". Linguistics and Intercultural Communication, Issue №1_2023 (23.09.2023): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.55959/msu-2074-1588-19-26-1-15.
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The sociocultural space of the UK, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, was in a state of flux. During the time, the norms and values of two different epochs were in sharp conflict, bringing to light such phenomena as conformism and nonconformism. In “The Forsyte Saga”, John Galsworthy masterfully described the interaction between people from different social classes and their different mindsets. Strict compliance with acceptable norms and values, in the case of “The Forsyte Saga”, is what conformism refers to. Nonconformism refers to the struggle for freedom, love and happiness. It was a revolution against the ethos of the Forsytes, an ethos based on cold calculations and a need for profit. Based on the analysis of this phenomenon, the dynamics of the development of society can be traced. The Victorian era faded into the past. The Forsytes, the embodiment of the passing era, were the representatives of a society in which there was nothing more important than an impeccable reputation and a stable income. The new era belonged to those who put family, art and beauty above money and public opinion. Their aim was to determine the basis of a new sociocultural space.
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Склярова, Е. К. "LIVERPOOL IN VICTORIAN DOMESTIC POLITICS". Британские исследования, nr VII(VII) (1.06.2022): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.vii.vii.001.
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В статье рассматриваются особенности социального развития Ливерпуля в контексте его роли во внутренней политике Великобритании в эпоху королевы Виктории. Крупнейший город и порт Соединённого Королевства Великобритании и Ирландии одним из первых ощутил на себе все негативные последствия промышленного переворота, урбанизации и миграции населения. Как и многие другие города Великобритании, Ливерпуль фигурировал в прессе, медицинских, статистических и парламентских отчётах, как город подвалов, центр массовой миграции, трущоб, высокой смертности населения, отсутствия санитарно-технических норм и антисанитарии. Парламентские расследования и пресса указали на Ливерпуль, а также Вулверхемптон, Глазго, Дублин, Лидс, Лондон, Манчестер, Шеффилд, как города, где необходимо первоочередное проведение социальных реформ. В середине XIX в. в эпоху королевы Виктории Ливерпуль израсходовал значительные суммы денег на решение проблемы антисанитарии, уборки и мощения города, водоснабжения и освещения, жилищную реформу, организацию прачечных, общественных бань, библиотек, парков. Пионерами муниципализации и здравоохранения Ливерпуля стали — доктор Уильям Данкен, С. Хольм, Дж. Тинн. До введения общегосударственного Закона об обеспечении общественного здравоохранения 1848 г., Ливерпуль инициировал институт инспекции и санитарных врачей, жилищную реформу, систематическое вмешательство государства в решение социальных проблем. The article examines the features of Liverpool's social development in the context of its role in the domestic politics of Great Britain in the era of Queen Victoria. The largest city and port of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was one of the first to feel all the negative consequences of the industrial revolution, urbanization and population migration. Like many other cities in the UK, Liverpool appeared in the press, medical, statistical and parliamentary reports as a city of basements, a center of mass migration, slums, high mortality, lack of sanitary standards and unsanitary conditions. Parliamentary investigations and the press have pointed to Liverpool, as well as WolverHampton, Glasgow, Dublin, Leeds, London, Manchester, Sheffield, as cities where social reforms are needed as a priority. In the middle of the XIX century in the era of Queen Victoria, Liverpool spent significant amounts of money on solving the problem of unsanitary conditions, cleaning and paving the city, water supply and lighting, housing reform, the organization of laundries, public baths, libraries, and parks. The pioneers of municipalization and health care in Liverpool were Dr. William Duncan, S. Holm, J. Thinn. Prior to the introduction of the National Public Health Law of 1848, Liverpool initiated the Institute of inspection and sanitary doctors, housing reform, and systematic state intervention in solving social problems.
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Khantanapoka, Khammapun. "Web Intelligent for Forecasting Exchange Rate Currency using Clever Extraction Agent Combine with Financial Data Mining". International Journal of Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 15 (29.03.2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9102.2021.15.1.
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From the current economic climate results in fluctuations of currency exchange rates in all countries. Since the most countries use USD as the reference exchange rate. The exchange rate will change from day to day so variety of factors which affect the exchange rate forecasting in the exchange rates in advance are critical to evaluate for the impact of the economic system of each country. It is important for investment decisions, exports, and profitability in the money market. It was reported on website (www) in the daily exchange rate changes. We use clever search agent (CSA) gather information from financial website generate to financial data mining. Kohonen Neural Networks is the method to determine similarity of internet documents using pattern index of financial document. And Ontology Structure of Sentence is the method to determine keyword using pattern index of financial content. Both are important components of Financial Data Mining. It is analyzed for exchange rate forecasting about USD/ Pounds. Our experimental forecast exchange rates for currency's USD / Great Britain Pounds by compare three algorithms as fallows GA, Meiosis Genetic Algorithms (MGA). This research propose new algorithm is called Dash Predator Swarm Optimization (DP2SO) which are accurate in prediction than other methods in generation of Genetic algorithm (GA) 35.83-41.52% which it depend on the accuracy of the information in each factor which are important finance dataset. It will present the future trends of exchange rate to the individual website.
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Nolutshungu, Sam C. "Beyond the gold standard?: the idea of a (post-apartheid) university". Journal of Modern African Studies 37, nr 3 (wrzesień 1999): 373–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x99003080.
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We cannot do better than Marcello Cecco's (1984: 1) concise definition of an international gold standard: it exists ‘when gold is the effective numeraire in most countries, and/or when the other means of payment used as monetary numeraire in those countries are readily redeemable in gold at their bearers' request’. Such a standard existed from the mid-1890s to 1914, even though Britain went on the gold standard much earlier than that, in 1816, and Germany a little over a half century later, in 1871. The Latin Union in Europe (France, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy) did not join effectively until 1900 (Mertens 1994). Many claims were, and are still made for the system: that it facilitated international trade by providing a uniform standard of value; and as an automatic adjustment system, it freed markets from the (nationalistic) interference of public authorities while it created price equalisation in traded goods and ensured, over a protracted period, price stability.The ‘Gold Standard’ in the title of this talk refers to the ‘academic gold standard’ invoked by Lord Ashby (1964; see also Austin 1980), one time Master of Clare College, Cambridge, a British educationist who was deeply involved with the development of universities in the later years of colonial rule in British West Africa. Although the University of the Witwatersrand and the city of Johannesburg owe a great deal to the gold industry, my talk is not about money or the metal's place in it. It is about the metaphorical ‘academic gold standard’.
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Батракова, Т. І., i Я. В. Краснощок. "LEGALIZATION OF CRYPTOCURRENCY IN UKRAINE". Visnik Zaporiz kogo nacional nogo universitetu Ekonomicni nauki, nr 3 (59) (23.01.2024): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/2414-0287-2023-3-59-12.
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The rapid development of information technologies, the globalization of the world economy, and the formation of a digital economy in Ukraine lead to the transformation of socio-economic relations. The growth of digitalization of the economy, the large-scale introduction of information technologies into all spheres of human life contribute to the emergence of new industries, one of which is the crypto industry, with the appearance of which in 2008, the money market totally changed forever. More and more markets are collapsing, while more and more regulators from different countries are busy implementing legislation regarding the legalization, use and taxation of cryptocurrencies. The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of cryptocurrency legalization in Ukraine. The peculiarities of the law “ Pro virtualʹni aktyvy” and the stages of its implementation are considered. The draft law on amendments to the Tax Code of Ukraine regarding cryptocurrency taxation has been analyzed. The number of cryptocurrency users in Ukraine and other countries of the world, such as the USA, Venezuela, Kenya, North Africa, etc., was studied. The paper analyzes how countries such as Great Britain, the Netherlands, the USA, China, Japan and Canada regulate the cryptocurrency market and whether transactions with them are legalized at the legislative level. Conclusions were also made regarding the feasibility of legalizing cryptocurrency in Ukraine.So far, we have the Law, but for the final settlement of these issues, many different by-laws, instructions and documents still need to be developed. But already today it can be said that the State is dealing with the issue of cryptocurrency relations and is on the way to its settlement.
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MATVIIENKO, Vladyslava, i Artem KOTENKO. "On the legal regime of virtual assets in Ukraine and the world". Economics. Finances. Law, nr 12/2 (29.12.2020): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2020.12(2).4.
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The development of the digital economy leads to the emergence of a new concept of “digital asset”. It is very important to ensure state regulation of relations related to the use of digital currency and their involvement in civil and commercial legal relations today. Thus, Ukraine will get closer to the technological leaders of the economic sphere. In addition, the IT sector will create additional motivation for Ukrainian and foreign professionals based on the favorable conditions that are created. Issues related to solving the problem of anonymous unregulated cross-border transfers, corrupt settlements, money laundering are those that are currently being considered and require the adoption of a legal act. Existing approaches are analyzed to determine the digital asset among scientists. The analysis showed that there is currently no single approach to the definition of virtual assets and cryptocurrencies. The existing substitution of concepts in the definition and this topic needs to be refined by scientists – practitioners. The paper gives examples of states that have created regulations that allow to reveal the understanding of the components that should have the regulation of cryptocurrencies. In particular, the paper points to the models of legislation of such states as the Republic of Belarus, Great Britain and the United States. Special attention is paid to attempts to legalize cryptocurrencies in Ukraine. In addition, existing bills aimed at regulating legal relations regarding the circulation, storage, possession, use and conduct of cryptocurrency transactions are subject to analysis. The main factors of application of effective regulatory approaches to cryptocurrency transactions are determined. It is argued that the creation of a transparent and effective system of regulation of legal relations in the use of virtual assets should lead to a positive investment climate in Ukraine.
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Perminov, S. B. "Problems of the Development of Trust Management in the Conditions of the Modern Global Financial Market". Business Inform 9, nr 524 (2021): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-9-196-201.
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The article examines the key problems of the development of the trust management market at the present stage of the formation of the global market. All problems are identified within the framework of the main trends in the development of the financial market, which is associated with the complication of its subject structure, changes in the structure of instruments. In addition, the market is actively expanding due to the introduction of intermediaries and social media as specific market players. The active digitalization of economic activity leads to the formation of new industries, including the need to form a cyber security system. New rules for the functioning of the trust management market require the development of appropriate regulatory support for the functioning of the market and the formation of global value chains. A problematic issue is also the awareness of new clients with trust management services, the rules of the market functioning. It is worth considering the processes of global offshorization, which determines the key directions of normative regulation both in the global market and its regional adaptation. In this regard, the paper discusses the features of the development of regulatory support for the functioning of the financial market in general, as well as the market of trust operations in particular in modern conditions, with examples of the implementation of this conception in certain highly developed countries (United States of America, Great Britain, etc.) taking into account the requirements of international organizations to ensure and regulate these markets in order to counter money laundering, tax evasion, and concealment of the tax base. In addition, the article proposes some options for minimizing the negative consequences of key problems in the development of the trust management market or minimizing the associated risks.
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ЕРМАКОВА, Елена Петровна. "ONLINE DISPUTE RESOLUTION PILOTS IN ENGLAND AND THE JUDICIAL REVIEW AND COURTS ACT 2022". Rule-of-law state: theory and practice 19, nr 1(71) (5.04.2023): 102–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33184/pravgos-2023.1.16.
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The current task of the Russian legislature in developing new procedures for dispute resolution using modern technologies is to apply the latest experience of advanced foreign countries in this sphere. The UK is undoubtedly one of these countries. The UK’s experience in digitizing its own justice system and establishing an online court is the focus of this article. It analyzes the concept of online courts in the UK, various pilots in this field, as well as the Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022, which enshrined a number of provisions regarding online procedures; it identifies some shortcomings of the concept of online procedure and pilot projects. Purpose: based on the analysis of pilot projects reports, regulations and scientific sources to form an idea of the formation and development of online dispute resolution (ODR) procedure in courts and tribunals of Great Britain. Methods: theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation. Such specific scientific methods as legal-dogmatic and interpretation of legal norms are used. The study reveals that, against the background of austerity, justice in England and Wales is changing significantly through the use of technologies, which begs the question: are the fundamental principles of due process being lost in the pursuit of modernization and efficiency? The attempt to digitize the UK’s justice system involves the creation of an online court, the feature of which is mediation built into the procedure as part of dispute resolution. It is expected that the online court will become a mandatory forum for resolving cases within its jurisdiction and will initially deal with money disputes of up to £25,000. However, the issues of access to justice for all categories of citizens and the openness and transparency of justice have not yet been resolved.