Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Great Britain Free trade

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Great Britain Free trade”

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Data publikacji: 26 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Great Britain Free trade"

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Davydov, Andrey. "US - Great Britain Economic Relations". Russia and America in the 21st Century, nr 5 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207054760028381-6.

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This article covers the major trends of United States and Great Britain economic relations. Economic cooperation between these countries is closely connected with the phenomenon of “special relationships” in the political field. Sources and main points of the “special relationships” are being analyzed in the article. British departure from the European Union created possibilities to develop further economic cooperation between the United States and the United Kingdom. Negotiations on free trade agreement started under Donald Trump administration but were frozen under current US administration. In the result UK proved to be between Scylla and Charybdis. The article covers major trends of structural changes in mutual trade and investment flows during last decade. Statistical analysis shows that oil and natural gas are the major articles of US export to Great Britain. United Kingdom is exporting transport equipment, chemicals and different types of machinery. Different services (professional, business, finance and science) are also important for mutual cooperation. Current investment positions of both countries are being analyzed. Great Britain is interested to get American direct investment in different fields. UK big holding companies are the major target of US direct investors. British equities are also in great demand on the global financial market. Most of British capitals are invested in manufacturing companies of the US. Current situation with free trade negotiations is being analyzed. President John Baiden administration realizes conservative economic policy. US conservative policy is aimed to support national producers. In view of the above it is highly likely that trade negotiations between US and UK will not be in progress for a long period.
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Makarchuk, K. O., i M. V. Shuba. "Ukraine and Great Britain Trade Cooperation: The Current State and Prospects". Business Inform 12, nr 515 (2020): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-12-65-71.

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The article is aimed at determining the current state and prospects for the development of trade cooperation between Ukraine and Great Britain. For Ukraine, cooperation with the the United Kingdom as one of the world’s trade leaders can be a promising direction. The dynamics of foreign trade in goods and services of Ukraine with Great Britain are provided. The increase in Ukrainian exports of goods may continue after the Great Britain leaves the EU, as, unlike other EU countries, Great Britain pursues a less protectionist policy on agricultural products. The commodity structure of exports and imports, as well as changes in the structure of foreign trade in the services of Ukraine and Great Britain over the past 5 years are analyzed. The main commodities exported by Ukraine are ferrous metals, grain crops, fats and oils of both animal and vegetable origin. The structure of British imports of goods is dominated by goods with high added value. Great Britain is one of Ukraine’s main foreign trade partners in the trade in services. A positive process for Ukraine is the increase in the share of services exports in the sphere of telecommunications, computer and information services. It is determined that trade cooperation between Ukraine and Great Britain during the researched period is characterized, in general, by positive dynamics. Positive changes include a gradual reduction in the negative balance of Ukrainian trade with great Britain due to faster growth of Ukrainian exports. At the same time, the unresolved problem remains low-diversified exports of Ukraine with low added value. Prospects for further trade cooperation between Ukraine and Great Britain in the context of signing the Agreement on Political Cooperation, Free Trade and Strategic Partnership between Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland are examined.
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O'Brien, Patrick K., i Geoffrey Allen Pigman. "Free trade, British hegemony and the international economic order in the nineteenth century". Review of International Studies 18, nr 2 (kwiecień 1992): 89–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500118807.

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The theory (or rather the notion) that the international economy functioned more or less effectively for roughly a century down to 1914 because Great Britain provided the ‘public goods’ required for the smooth operation of the ‘liberal international order’ has become a textbook generalization. That notion emerged quite recently and can be traced to Kindleberger's attempt to explain the pronounced cyclical fluctuations experienced by the world economy during the interwar years 1919–39, as well as the severity and duration of the Great Depression from 1929–33 in terms of the American failure to sustain conditions necessary for the financial stability of an interdependent global economy. In Kindleberger's view, Britain, which had acted as a hegemonic power before 1914, lacked the resources to continue with its historic role after the Great War, while the United States (which by 1918 enjoyed a position in the world economy of arguably greater weight and significance than the United Kingdom had ever possessed during the long nineteenth century) commanded neither the knowledge nor the political will to replace Britain as the responsible hegemonic power until after the Second World War.
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Becuwe, Stéphane, Bertrand Blancheton i Christopher M. Meissner. "The French (Trade) Revolution of 1860: Intra-Industry Trade and Smooth Adjustment". Journal of Economic History 81, nr 3 (wrzesień 2021): 688–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050721000371.

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The Cobden-Chevalier treaty of 1860 eliminated French import prohibitions and lowered tariffs between France and Great Britain. The policy change was largely unexpected and unusually free from direct lobbying. A series of commercial treaties with other nations followed. Post-1860, we find a significant rise in French intra-industry trade. Sectors that liberalized more experienced higher two-way trade. Our findings are consistent with the idea that trade liberalization led to “smooth adjustment” that avoided costly inter-sectoral re-allocations of factors.
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Sokolov, V. "The Disintegration of the British Empire as a Restructuring of the Geoeconomic System (1947-1972)". Voprosy Ekonomiki, nr 8 (20.08.2009): 96–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-8-96-109.

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The article considers Great Britain as a "country-system" which organizes global economic structures. The article shows how the United Kingdom was gradually losing its exclusive position in the world trade. The high growth rates in the countries of continental Europe enhanced their attractiveness as trading partners and eventually caused Britains reorientation from preferential links with the countries of the Commonwealth to the European economic integration. The article criticizes widespread opinion that the refusal from colonialism and imperial ambitions was the consequence of developing free trade. Using the heritage of the Empire the United Kingdom ensured more favorable position in the world economy than it could get according to the competitiveness of the mother country.
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McDermott, John. "“A Needless Sacrifice”: British Businessmen and Business As Usual in the First World War". Albion 21, nr 2 (1989): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4049929.

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The First World War ended Great Britain's nineteenth-century world economic supremacy, which had been steadily eroded in the decades before 1914. Within Britain, the war also changed the way in which individuals carried on business, the attitudes of the business community toward government, the government's own policies toward trade and traders, and public opinion on these matters, as reflected in the press. Although it is far too simplistic to claim that the war spelled the end of laissez-faire in Britain, state control of the economy did increase in a country whose economic culture was based on free trade and minimal government interference in business. Moreover, before 1914 Britain had to export to pay its way in the world, and its economy, more than that of any other great power, depended upon peace for prosperity. In this setting, Germany was the biggest European customer for British exports, as well as being the source of vital imports, such as aniline dyes, optical, and electrical goods. Thus the application of economic warfare against Germany and its allies deeply affected the British economy and businessmen who were suddenly forced by official edict to relinquish a traditional market in patriotic support of their government's blockade of the German Empire.
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Lammey, David. "The Irish-Portuguese trade dispute, 1770-90". Irish Historical Studies 25, nr 97 (maj 1986): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400025323.

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One dispute in Irish history which has not been given the attention it deserves is that which involved Britain, Ireland and Portugal during the years 1780-87 Authors of outline Irish histories, Lecky, Murray, George O’Brien and McDowell only mention the dispute briefly in their respective narratives, though it is clear they understood its importance to some degree at least. Maurice O’Connell, who has produced the only specialist study for the period in question, makes no reference to the dispute at all. This dispute has indeed been more substantially treated by the British historian, John Ehrman, within the general context of an analysis of the British government’s commercial negotiations from 1783 to 1793. However, the perspective he draws relates purely to Britain and Portugal, which, in itself, narrows the true significance of an episode which was important in that it completely undermined the benefits Ireland hoped to accrue from the free-trade legislation of 1779-80, and also because it raised a number of interesting questions relative to Ireland’s constitutional status vis-à-vis of Great Britain.
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Lim, Kwangsoo. "The Shift of a Dividend Policy and a Leverage Policy during the 2008 Financial Crisis". International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 5, nr 6 (21.10.2016): 09–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v5i6.600.

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This paper investigates how firms shifted their dividend policies and leverage policies in response to the economic shock caused by the 2008 financial crisis. The sample countries are United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Australia, Japan, China, and Korea. The empirical relationship of firms’ dividend policies with their capital structures and earnings was likely to undergo a major change around the 2008 financial crisis, as firms adjusted their capital structures and dividend policies in response to the extreme credit crunch caused by the financial crisis. The extent and the speed that firms deleverage themselves and reduce their dividends were likely to be influenced by countries’ cultural and social norms. This paper finds a significant reduction in dividends across sample countries except Great Britain and France after the 2008 crisis. This finding supports the free cash flow theory that dividends are paid to dissipate free cash flow to address agency conflicts between managers and shareholders. This paper finds a higher correlation between dividends and leverages before the 2008 crisis, and that it strengthened after the crisis except Great Britain and Korea. This finding is consistent more with the pecking order theory than with the trade-off theory of leverage.
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Dukhnytskyi, Bogdan. "Foreign trade in agri-food products between Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain". Ekonomika APK 30, nr 3 (26.04.2023): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32317/2221-1055.202303029.

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Among the most important regional allies of Ukraine, it is worth highlighting the United Kingdom, which first as an EU member state, and then, from 2021, independently, within the framework of a bilateral agreement, contributes in every possible way to the development of free trade, in particular, agricultural, between the two countries. This is evidenced by the constantly growing volumes of exports and imports of agricultural raw materials and food products for Ukraine and the United Kingdom until 2022. The purpose of the study is to examine the dynamics of foreign trade in agricultural and food products between Ukraine and the United Kingdom, including the relationship between the development of mutual trade and the liberalisation of its conditions. Generalisation, analysis, and synthesis, comprehensive assessment, historical, graphic, and tabular methods were used. The general socio-economic characteristics of the UK are given, considering its withdrawal from the European Union and focusing on the current state of trade in agri-food products on the international market. The quantitative and cost indicators of foreign trade in agri-food products between Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland since 2012 are analysed, the characteristic features of the commodity structure of export sales and import purchases of Ukraine are considered, including in 2022, the prospects for agricultural trade between the parties in the near future are assessed, in particular, areas for deepening foreign economic cooperation between Ukraine and the United Kingdom are proposed, and groups of products that will remain a priority even in war conditions, considering the needs of internal food markets of both countries are identified. The provisions of the study are aimed at providing information on the possibilities of developing trade in agricultural and food products with the UK for Ukrainian food sector enterprises and public authorities that ensure foreign policy and international cooperation.
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Moretta, Andrew, Steve Tombs i David Whyte. "The Escalating Crisis of Health and Safety Law Enforcement in Great Britain: What Does Brexit Mean?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, nr 5 (7.03.2022): 3134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19053134.

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This paper explores occupational safety and health regulation in Great Britain following the UK’s exit from the European Union. In particular, the paper focuses on the credibility of regulatory enforcement. The prospects raised by the UK’s exit from the European Union have long been part of a free-market fantasy—even obsession—of right-wing politicians and their ideologues. As the UK’s relationship with the EU is recalibrated, this will present right-wing opportunists with a new rationale for undermining health and safety law and enforcement. The paper uses empirical evidence of Great Britain’s record in health and safety law enforcement to evidence a drift towards an extreme form of self-regulation. It deepens this evidence with a detailed analysis of key international policy debates, arguing that Brexit now raises an imminent threat of the UK entering a ‘race to the bottom’. The paper concludes that the 2021 EU/UK Trade and Co-operation Agreement may enable the UK to evade its formal health and safety responsibilities under the treaty because of the lack of the prospect of significant retaliatory ‘rebalancing’ measures. Should minimal health and safety requirements cease to apply in the post-EU era, then the UK Government will be free to pursue a system of self-regulation that will allow health and safety standards to fall even further behind those of other developed economies.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Great Britain Free trade"

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Lukavská, Andrea. "Demokracie v bývalých koloniích britského impéria". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76228.

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This final thesis examines the influence of the British Empire on the spread of democracy over the world. The British Empire is not considered to be just the exploiter but mainly as an Empire, which enforced the free trade, freedom and building the democratic institutions in the world. Thesis compares the British Empire with other European colonial powers focusing on advantages of British government and on impact of this government on former colonies. In spite of the fact that democracy was not accepted in all former British colonies, the British Empire made a great contribution to the support and expansion of the democracy and freedom in the world.
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Mok, Kin-wai Patrick, i 莫健偉. "The British intra-Asian trade with China, 1800-1842". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45014930.

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Mok, Kin-wai Patrick. "The British intra-Asian trade with China, 1800-1842 /". View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B30708369.

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Moore, Christopher M. "The internationalisation of foreign fashion retailers into the UK : identifying the motives, methods and operational challenges". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2404.

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Fashion companies consistently prove to be the most prolific and successful of the international retailers. Success is attributed to small format size, single brand emphasis and economies of format replication. These factors contain the costs, and risks, of foreign market expansion. Evidence from the British fashion market attests to the aggressive expansion policies of foreign fashion retailers who, in the past decade, have disrupted the competitive equilibrium of the UK market. This study examines the motives, methods and management challenges that foreign fashion retailers face, and adopt, as they establish operations within the UK. Drawing from the wider international business and international retailing literature, seven research propositions direct the first, positivist research stage. Via a mail survey, sent to all foreign fashion retailers with stores in the UK, the study identifies that these are proactive internationalists, drawn to the UK to exploit the opportunities afforded from niche markets and brands with significant consumer appeal. The research also notes specific differences between designer, specialist and general fashion retailers in terms of motivations, entry methods, operating strategies, critical success factors and the problems they encounter. The second phase of the research is interpretivist in nature and examines the actual process of internationalising fashion retail operations within the UK from the perspective of seven case companies. The study concludes that the foreign entrants remain within the British market for reasons of exceptional profitability, reputation and consumer and competitor intelligence. The central contribution of the study resides in the identification and analysis of the facets integral to the actual process of successfully internationalising fashion retail operations; notably the incremental development of effective central and local management structures, the clear demarcation of management decision-making responsibility, and the staged development of product ranging and development, brand positioning and distribution planning policies.
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Szpakowicz, Błażej Sebastian. "British trade, political economy and commercial policy towards the United States, 1783-1815". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610189.

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Hilton, Adrian. "Free schools : the role of Conservative and Liberal political thought in shaping the policy". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:961415dd-a137-4f0d-b8e7-1b1927835053.

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'The landscape of schooling in England has been transformed over the last five years' (House of Commons Education Committee, 2015:3). More than half of secondary schools in England have become academies, independent of local authorities and funded directly by central government. The programme was begun by New Labour in 2002, and by the time they left office at the 2010 General Election 203 academies had been established. The policy was considerably extended between 2010-2015 by the Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition, and 'Free Schools' were introduced by Education Secretary Michael Gove: that is, schools 'set up in response to what local people say they want and need in order to improve education for children in their community' (DfE, 2013/2015). By the time of the 2015 general election, there were 4,674 newly-sponsored or converter academies and 252 'Free Schools', representing 64% of secondary school students (47% of all state school students), and 51% of secondary schools (32% of all state schools). This research argues the hypothesis that there is a high degree of philosophical continuity on this policy across the main political parties in England. It also analyses the extent to which the policy-makers invoke historical expressions of conservatism and/or liberalism in their articulation of that convergence. Drawing on past associations with politicians, the principal expositors and key architects of the 'Free Schools' policy were interviewed, and these transcripts have given insight into how the themes of policy are conceptualised and understood. The data suggests that there are convergent philosophical views across the main political parties, and agreement on the course of history of the policy. There are, however, ethical concerns about the pace of reform, the primacy of the 'market', and the extent to which democratic public goods are consistent with schools that are 'free'.
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Cox, Emma Aurora Davila. "This immense commerce : the trade between Puerto Rico and Great Britain, 1844-1898". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334340.

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Padfield, Maureen. "Out in the trade : the occupational community of Birmingham's jewellery quarter". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1990. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/34821/.

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The Jewellery Quarter of Birmingham has its base in small interdependent workshop craft production in a long-established location for which the concept of occupational community appeared an appropriate research tool. The ahistorical approach of studies of occupational communities is critically addressed and it is argued that the theory of occupational community can be deployed historically to investigate the particular conditions of the Jewellery Quarter and explain the construction of these over time. The origins of the industry in Birmingham are investigated in detail and the patterns of localisation together with the structure and organisation of the industry in the nineteenth century are analysed. The establishment of the local formal institutions which developed to support the industry is traced. An account is given of redevelopment, refurbishment, and recession in the post-war era. The current location of firms in the area is analysed, together with the organisation of work in the local industry. The occupational community of the Jewellery Quarter is described and analysed. The nature of interdependence, the daily interaction and the role of family are explained. The concept of work-in-leisure is discussed in relation to the Jewellery Quarter. The formal methods of recruitment to the local industry are reviewed against the needs of the local industry, and it is shown how the community itself acts as an informal channel of recruitment. The ambiguities surrounding women's employment in the industry are explored. While women are still concentrated in low-paid, low skilled work, it is argued that historically they have also been present as owners and craftswomen, and the factors which enable this are analysed. The methodology used in the study is detailed and the link between the methodology and concept of occupational community is discussed. In this study the broad use of the theory of occupational community has shown how the historical pattern continues to influence the community. Finally it is argued that the study contributes to the current debate on small firm survival and persistence.
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Pigman, Geoffrey Allen. "Hegemony and free trade policy : Britain 1846-1944 and U.S.A. 1944-1990". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335695.

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Bisson, Douglas Ronald. "The Merchant Adventurers and the Tudor commonwealth: the formulation of a trade policy, 1485-1565 /". The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487335992905996.

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Książki na temat "Great Britain Free trade"

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1952-, Magnusson Lars, red. Free trade: 1793-1886. London: Routledge, 1996.

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Howe, Anthony. Free trade and liberal England, 1846-1946. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.

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1961-, Schonhardt-Bailey Cheryl, red. The rise of free trade. New York: Routledge, 1996.

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Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Free trade & foreign policy: A global vision. London: Stationery Office, 1996.

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Trentmann, Frank. Free trade nation: Commerce, consumption, and civil society in modern Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.

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Berry, Craig. Globalisation and ideology in Britain: Neoliberalism, free trade and the global economy. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2011.

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1961-, Schonhardt-Bailey Cheryl, red. Free trade: The repeal of the Corn Laws. Bristol, England: Thoemmes Press, 1996.

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Grampp, William Dyer. The Manchester school of economics. London, England: Routledge/Thoemmes Press, 1993.

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Geraint, Parry, Steiner Hillel, Marrison Andrew i Cook Gary 1961-, red. Freedom and trade. London: Routledge, 1998.

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Farnsworth, Susan H. The evolution of British imperial policy during the mid-nineteenth century: A study of the Peelite contribution, 1846-1874. New York: Garland, 1992.

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Części książek na temat "Great Britain Free trade"

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Kroll, John A. "Great Britain and the Collapse of Free Trade". W Closure in International Politics, 151–204. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429047381-8.

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Pugh, Martin. "The Triumph of Free Trade". W Britain Since 1789, 63–70. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-27402-4_8.

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Ebbinghaus, Bernhard, i Jeremy Waddington. "United Kingdom / Great Britain". W Trade Unions in Western Europe since 1945, 705–56. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-65511-3_17.

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Reilly, Michael. "Imperial Ties and Free Trade". W The Great Free Trade Myth, 15–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8558-6_2.

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Jacobi, Otto, Bob Jessop, Hans Kastendiek i Marino Regini. "“Great Britain: The Impasse Broken?”". W Economic Crisis, Trade Unions and the State, 77–154. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003349242-6.

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Reilly, Michael. "Introduction". W The Great Free Trade Myth, 1–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8558-6_1.

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Reilly, Michael. "Protests and Power Turbines—Korea, 1980". W The Great Free Trade Myth, 33–50. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8558-6_3.

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Reilly, Michael. "Whisky, Drugs and Bonds—Korea, 1987–1997". W The Great Free Trade Myth, 51–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8558-6_4.

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Reilly, Michael. "Gratuitously Disagreeable—Taiwan, 1980–1990". W The Great Free Trade Myth, 67–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8558-6_5.

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Reilly, Michael. "Planes, Trains and Visas—Taiwan, 1995–2010". W The Great Free Trade Myth, 87–104. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8558-6_6.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Great Britain Free trade"

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Horobets, Olena. "EXPORT AND IMPORT CAPACITIES OF BOOK TRADE IN THE U.S. AND GREAT BRITAIN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS". W PUBLIC COMMUNICATION IN SCIENCE: PHILOSOPHICAL, CULTURAL, POLITICAL, ECONOMIC AND IT CONTEXT. European Scientific Platform, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/15.05.2020.v1.05.

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Kornoukhova, Gadilya G. "Russia’s trade with Iran through Persian Gulf at the early 20th century". W Торговля, купечество и таможенное дело в России в XVI–XX веках. ИПЦ НГУ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31518/tktdr-35-2023-22.

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The author reveals effectiveness of Russian-Iranian trade through the ports of the Persian Gulf at the early 20th century. The dynamics of export supplies of individual goods is examined: sugar, fabrics, kerosene, tableware. A comparison of Russian indicators with ones of other exporting countries is carried out, Russia’s position in each market segment is determined. Based on the materials of consular reports, a conclusion is made about an existing of the sufficient capacity of the southern Iranian market and the possibility of Russia’s successful competition with such a strong rival as Great Britain, which had many weaknesses in the export business in Iran.
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Makrevska Disoska, Elena, Irena Kikerkova, Katerina Toshevska – Trpchevska i Jasna Tonovska. "Exploring the Drivers and Constraints in Intra-EU Trade". W 7th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2023 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.s.p.2023.61.

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The objective of this paper is to explore the factors that stimulate trade among EU countries and pinpoint areas that require improvement to foster a further increase in trade intensity within the region. The focus is on the effect of aggregate trade restrictions, which are based on the nov­el indicator Measure of Aggregate Trade Restrictions (MATR), developed by the IMF. The empirical analysis consists of the estimation of a gravity panel model for the 28 EU member countries (including Great Britain) for the peri­od from 1999-2020, by implementing both Ordinary least squares (OLS) and Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimators. The results show that the Eurozone membership has positive effects on increasing intra-EU trade, whereas the MATR indicator has significant negative effects, suggest­ing that the elimination of the remaining trade restrictions could lead to a further boost of intra-EU trade.
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Makrevska Disoska, Elena, Irena Kikerkova i Katerina Toshevska- Trpchevska. "COVID-19 CHALLENGES FOR EU EXTRA AND INTRA-REGIONAL TRADE". W Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0011.

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The current COVID-19 crisis will take a severe toll upon the world and the EU economy. Exports and imports between member-states account for around 30.6% of EU GDP (average value for the period 2007-2018) and some EU economies are particularly exposed to the crisis due to their strong trade and value chain linkages. The trade with the rest of the world also decreased by mid-March 2020, and Rotterdam’s traffic from China fell for 20% compared to the same period in 2019. This paper estimates the different impact of the intra- EU trade and extra-EU trade on EU GDP growth. By separating extra-EU trade flows from intra-EU trade flows and using cross-section fixed method, panel least squares for the period 2008-2018, we obtained results that confirm that trade exchange within EU has significantly higher effect on per capita economic growth in comparison with trade exchange with countries outside the EU (taking in consideration the sample of EU-27 countries, excluding Great Britain).The findings prove that the current measures proposed by the EU institutions are essential for sustaining the function of the Internal Market and for EU growth prospects. Despite all efforts to remain united against the rising global challenges under the COVID-19 crisis, the Union is growing further apart. The member-states are imposing restrains on the internal trade flows thus jeopardizing the achieved positive effects of trade liberalization. It is certain that the financial crisis from 2008 caused increased Euro scepticism. Therefore differences in national views and priorities must be taken into account in order to reach a democratic compromise within the EU that is going to be both effective and legitimate in order to confront the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemics. The solidarity among member-states is challenged once again.
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Rudenok, Olha. "Strategic tools for optimizing the ownership concentration in the corporate sector". W Conferinta stiintifica internationala "Strategii si politici de management in economia contemporana", editia VII. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/icspm2022.08.

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The article contains research on the listing requirements for shareholder ownership, established by stock exchanges of different countries. Stock exchanges of such countries as Ukraine, USA, Japan, Great Britain, Italy, Germany, France, China, and Poland were considered for comparative analysis of listing requirements. Among the requirements for shareholder ownership of issuers were considered: the minimum Free float, the number of shareholders, the share price, the market capitalization of the tradable shares, the number of tradable shares, and requirements for minority shareholders. Also, the issue of compliance with the requirements of listing as a strategic tool for optimizing the ownership concentration was investigated. The prospects of the Ukrainian corporate sector in terms of compliance with the established listing requirements (from the standpoint of requirements for the shareholder ownership structure) were assessed. Optimizing the ownership concentration of corporations involves the distribution of ownership rights among shareholders, which will help to increase the efficiency of the company and ensure the achievement of its strategic goals.
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Uslu, Kamil. "The Effects of COVID-19 Global Crisis on Production, Employment, Trade and Tourism Revenues in the Macro Economy". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02516.

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The world, very different from the 1929 Economic Crisis, the global economy faced a new epidemic health crisis with Covid-19 in China's Wuhan Province in December 2019.This crisis, unlike any other, still continues. The epidemic was originally detected in those found in the seafood and animal market in this region. Later, it threatens the whole world by transmitting from person to person. Countries were quick to stop the economic life with the great global lockdown in order to overcome the Health Emergency. Great uncertainty has overshadowed the future of the global economy as international financial institutions (such as the WB and IMF) are moving fast to help people and countries. Governments have been able to hold back some of the free fall of global growth with exceptional monetary and financial support to individuals and firms. This financial support reached a global level of $ 11.5 trillion as of September 2020. The purpose of our study; Covid-19 Global Crisis; Its Effects on Macroeconomics on Production, Employment, Trade and Tourism Incomes will be investigated. In addition, WHO and countries have been accelerated in search of a solution to the epidemic.
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Nicoleta, Danescu. "VOCATIONAL DISTANCE LEARNING OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES IN THE EU AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES WITH THE UK, GERMANY, AUSTRALIA AND THE U.S.A." W eLSE 2012. Editura Universitara, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-12-170.

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Lately we have been witnessing a very intense form of promoting education, learning and training called distance learning. This phenomenon requires clarifications at both conceptual and practical levels, especially since the methods seem to be approved by a large number of participants in the educational process, therefore we’ll try to approach things from a global perspective. This paper reviews the evolution and impact of all types of distance learning. Distance learning is not a new phenomenon, there was at least 100 years ago, representing a form of teaching and learning through printed educational material was distributed by mail. Due to increased interest in training electronic or "e-learning", in recent years, rapid progress of electronic learning programs, developing Internet and e-mail. This report analyzes the media of information. Except for a few leading companies, the adoption of e-learning in Europe occurred in a much slower rate than in the U.S., one of the main reasons being the different types of training systems in Europe. Also, each European country has a different educational system on access to education, the financing of it, and participating students (as individuals, supported by employers or public systems). Such systems have been developed following discussions between employers, government agencies, educational institutions, accreditation authorities and trade unions. For example, in Germany, these systems are very well organized. Students can participate in distance learning, developing his skills, but not required to work in a field requiring professional mobility. Distance learning courses are also designed a number of contextual issues. Many employees are satisfied with their professional performance and we need much persuasion for them to understand that such courses can improve the existing system. This summary’s meaning is to be a review of the professional development of distance education, particularly in the agricultural and biological sciences in Great Britain and Germany, seeking as well the recommendations for future actions in Romania, Slovenia and Bulgaria.
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Karaağaçlı, Abbas. "Interaction of Political Stability and Economic Development in Central Asian Countries". W International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00467.

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Central Asian Countries decolonized by break up of USSR, struggle with the important and unsolvable problems during the process of transition from an implicit and statist economic system to the capitalist system. Although 20 years have passed, the liberal countries adopted the free market economy, face the big handicaps in the transition process of their economic system to the modern capitalist system. I have been in these territories in the transition process from socialist system to the capitalist system. So I am sure that the field of tourism, trade, industry, agriculture and service has the important role in the development planning of the countries. In this study I will try to emphasize the significance and necessity of political stability and social peace and comfort to the development of tourism and trade. My former studies focused on some countries of the Central Asian Countries, had got great attention in the international congresses. Now I will try to review the importance of tourism and trade in the development of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, and necessity of political stability and the advantages and disadvantages of these countries in this way. Naturally underground and over ground treasures, geopolitical, geostrategic, geo-economic positions, political systems, social structures of this region and regional balances affect directly or deviously the political stability of above countries. In this study I will try to offer suggestions in view of the fact that these interactions.
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Louri, Ahmed, i Kai Hwang. "Ultrafast optical arithmetic architecture with symbolic substitution algorithms". W OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.tuw4.

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The Inherent parallelism of optics opens new frontiers for parallel processing.1 This fact coupled with the difficulty of VLSI technology is handling the communication needs placed by the parallel computing requirements has generated great interest in digital optical computing. One parallel technique proposed for optical processing is symbolic substitution. We first present algorithms for performing optical digital arithmetic using the signed-digit representation.2 This number system is well suited for optical symbolic processing due to its carry-free addition and subtraction. The addition/subtraction processing time is independent of word length; it depends only on the characteristics of the optical devices used. Second, we present the substitution rules to carry out addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Third, we give several approaches to implement such an optical processor as well as discuss their design trade-offs. The proposed processor is a carry-free highly parallel system aimed at exploiting the inherent and unique ability of optics to process information in two space dimensions. Finally, we present a speedup analysis and compare it to an electronic implementation.
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Goldmeer, Jeffrey, Caroline Buck, Baha Suleiman, Hatem Selim, Kamel Tayebi, Gian-Luigi Agostinelli i Alaaeldin Dawood. "Techno-Economic Analysis of Hydrogen and Ammonia as Low Carbon Fuels for Power Generation". W ASME Turbo Expo 2023: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2023-100880.

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Abstract As the world focuses on the transition to low and zero-carbon energy systems, there are regions of the world that will continue to require imported fuels to meet their energy demands. In countries like Japan, renewable energy is not expected to meet all future energy demand. Therefore, these countries need to transition from importing carbon-based fossil fuels, to importing low or zero-carbon intensity fuels. Focusing on carbon-free molecules, hydrogen and ammonia are of great interest. Hydrogen can be produced directly via reformation or pyrolysis of natural gas or from electrolysis of water, and because it can be used directly as a fuel. But there are well known challenges associated with hydrogen storage and transport. Due to the limited options for transporting liquid hydrogen, there is a growing interest in using ammonia as a method to ship hydrogen. Multiple countries are considering importing ammonia instead of hydrogen. Once imported the ammonia could be cracked back to hydrogen or potentially used directly in several end use applications, potentially including power generation. However, there are trade-offs in the use of these fuels. Hydrogen has to be liquefied for transport. Producing ammonia requires added process steps. There are also impacts when using these fuels in a gas turbine. This paper will examine the issues in using these fuels in two parts. The first phase identifies the technical impacts of operating a gas turbine power plant on 100% hydrogen and 100% ammonia. The second phase examines the economic impact of the fuel selection, including the landed cost of the fuel and impact on levelized cost of electricity.
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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Great Britain Free trade"

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Garay, Luis Jorge, Antoni Estevadeordal i Robert Devlin. The FTAA: Some Longer Term Issues. Inter-American Development Bank, sierpień 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008680.

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The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) process was launched during the Miami Summit of Heads of State in December 1994. It was the centerpiece of a broader hemispheric initiative of political and socio-economic cooperation among 34 countries of the Americas with the objective to negotiate a hemispheric free trade agreement by the year 2005. The preparatory phase began in January 1995 and formal negotiations were launched in April 1998. The creation of an FTAA would clearly be the most important chapter in the history of regional cooperation in the Western Hemisphere and mark a fitting culmination to a fast maturing trade policy framework in Latin America and the Caribbean. The FTAA process is the result of progressive globalization of the world economy and a profound transformation in the region based on: (i) structural economic reforms in almost all the countries directed at stimulating market activity and a better articulation with the world economy; (ii) the emergence, or strengthening, of democratic regimes almost everywhere and (iii) political commitments to foster peace and cooperation among neighbors with a history of rivalry and conflict. Regional integration has been a fundamental complementary tool for achieving these ambitious national objectives, which permeate the entire region. Latin America and the Caribbean have a long tradition of interest in regional integration. An intense amount of activity in this area emerged out of the Post-War period. However, the initiatives in the first three decades following the War inserted themselves in the prevailing state-led import substitution strategy of the time, itself to a large extent a product of "market skepticism" derived from the Great Depression. In the 1990s, however, a "new" regionalism emerged in Latin America and the Caribbean that conformed to the new national strategies for economic and political transformation and preparation for globalization.
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Шпинев, Ю. С. Давид Рикардо об инвестициях. DOI CODE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1311-1972-2020-00024.

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The article examines the views of one of the founders of classical economics, David Ricardo, on the issues of investment, capital and profit. The need for this study is caused by the lack of a single definition of investment in the regulatory acts of investment legislation, as well as in the scientific community. Thus, there is a problem of regulatory regulation of one of the most important concepts of the economy. Given that the concepts of investment, capital, and capital investment are primarily economic categories, it seems quite reasonable to consider the emergence and development of these concepts in the retrospect of economic theories, in order to understand the essence of the phenomenon and finally solve the issue of its legal regulation. The scientific novelty of the study is that despite a large number of works on the work of David Ricardo «The Beginnings of Political Economy and Taxation», no special work was carried out on the contribution of the great economist to the theory of investment. Conclusions. The main achievements of Ricardo in the field of capital and investment include the author's definitions of capital, free capital, the creation of a theory of comparative advantages of trade, the division of capital into fixed and circulating capital depending on strength, as well as the description of the reasons that stimulate and hinder foreign investment.
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