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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Great Britain Diaries"
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Onishchenko, Anton Germanovich. "The evolution of Britain’s policy in Egypt after signing of the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 (August 1936 – April 1938)". Исторический журнал: научные исследования, nr 2 (luty 2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2021.2.35391.
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The object of this research is the policy of Great Britain in Egypt from August 1936 to April 1938. The subject of this research is the trends in Foreign Office policy and local British authorities concerning Egypt in the context of external and internal challenges. Major attention is given to the situation that formed after signing the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936. The author explores Britain’s responses to the aggressive policy of Italy in the region, as well as during the “palace crisis” in Egypt, which followed the death of King Fuad and transition of the throne to his son Farouk. These events threatened Britain’s presence in the region, which the Empire has been fighting for since the middle of 1930s. The scientific novelty consists in introduction of new sources, namely the diaries of the British High Commissioner Miles Lampson. The author notes that Great Britain continues to soften the style of governance and avoid hash and radical decisions. For example, the antagonism with Italy was settled by diplomatic negotiation and led to signing the Anglo-Italian Agreement in April of 1938. In terms of the domestic political situation, the “palace crisis had been overcome using soft means by creating a positive balance of power for Britain’s presence in the Egyptian political system, as well as through negotiations with anti-British forces.
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Kovalov, Yevhen, i Maryana Lakh. "“How I like English Lords...” Perception of British Culture by Ukrainian Local Nobility of the 19th Century: The Case of the Galagan Family". Kyiv Historical Studies 16, nr 1 (2023): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2023.17.
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The article deals with the attitude of the Ukrainian nobility (the landowners of Poltava and Chernihiv governorates) to the British culture of the Victorian era on the example of the Galagan family. Based on the study of diaries, correspondence, and memoirs, it was found that the perception of British culture by the Ukrainian nobility took place thanks to learning English and getting to know English literature and art. In particular, the aesthetics of English romanticism was attractive, which was perceived in a wide range, from admiration for J. G. Byron's poetry to affection for "English parks", according to the model of which the park in Sokyryntsy, the ancestral seat of the Galagans, was laid out. The British were invited to Ukrainian noble families as mentors of children. Communication between tourists from Ukraine and Britain was of great importance while travelling in continental Europe. After all, Ukrainian travellers visited Great Britain, where they could directly get acquainted with its economic achievements and sociocultural structures. Based on these communications Anglomania spread among the highest layers of the Ukrainian nobility, to which the Galagans belonged. It was an idealization of the socio-political system of Victorian Britain, which seemed attractive as an alternative to the bureaucratic absolute monarchy that existed in the Russian Empire. Thus, the Anglomania of the nobility was one of the forms of opposition to absolutism. At the same time, Anglomania could combine with other oppositional ideologies platforms, in particular with Slavophilism, as shown by the example of Hryhorii Galagan.
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JACKSON, IAN. "APPROACHES TO THE HISTORY OF READERS AND READING IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY BRITAIN". Historical Journal 47, nr 4 (29.11.2004): 1041–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x04004091.
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The history of reading can link intellectual and cultural developments with social or political change in the eighteenth century. Historians of the book increasingly argue that an understanding of historical reading practices is essential if we are to understand the impact of texts on individuals and on society as a whole: textual evidence alone is inadequate. Recent work on eighteenth-century readers has used sources including book trade records, correspondence, and diaries to reconstruct the reading lives of individuals and of groups of readers. Such sources reveal the great variety of reading material many eighteenth-century readers could access, and the diversity and sophistication of reading practices they often employed, in selecting between a range of available reading strategies. Thus, any one theoretical paradigm is unlikely to capture the full range of eighteenth-century reading experience. Instead, we can trace the evolution of particular reading cultures, including popular and literary reading cultures, the existence of cultures based around particular genres of print, such as newspapers, and reading as a part of social and conversational life. There is now a need for a new synthesis that combines the new evidence of reading practice with textual analysis to explain continuity and change across the century.
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Tebinka, Jacek. "Gdańsk in British Diplomacy, 1945–1989". Studia Historica Gedanensia 13 (2022): 251–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.22.016.17436.
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Great Britain participated in the decision at the Potsdam Conference to hand over to Poland the territory of the former Free City of Danzig. The area was not recognized as part of Germany by the Great Powers. The aim of the article is to analyze the role that Gdańsk played in British policy towards Poland from the end of the Second World War to the fall of communist rule. It is based on archival research in the National Archives, Kew, supplemented by published British and Polish diplomatic documents, diaries and academic literature on the subject. Based on these sources, the author argues that the importance of the city of Gdańsk in British policy toward the region of East Central Europe diminished during the Cold War in comparison to the city’s role as the Free City of Danzig 1919–1939. However, its place was dynamic as Gdańsk became an important center of protests against the communist authorities in the 1970s and 1980s. The city played a special role since the strikes in August 1980, becoming the center of activity of the Solidarity Trade Union. The culmination of British interest was Margaret Thatcher’s visit to Gdańsk in 1988.
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KHAKHALKINA, ELENA, i EVGENY TROITSKIY. "THE LOCARNO SYSTEM: DECLINE AND BRITISH ATTEMPTS AT MODIFICATION, 1935-1937 (THROUGH THE LENS OF IVAN MAISKY’S "DIPLOMAT’S DIARY")". History and modern perspectives 2, nr 3 (30.09.2020): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2020-2-3-20-28.
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The Diary of Ivan Maisky, a diplomat, Soviet Envoy (later Ambassador) to the United Kingdom from 1932 to 1943 is one of the valuable sources on the interwar history of international relations and WWII. Maisky never saw his diaries returned to him after they had been confiscated at the time of his arrest in 1953. It was declassified by the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation and published in 2006-2009 with the commentaries of Russian scholars. The analysis of the Diary which contains unique details about Soviet-British relations casts new light on the roles of Great Britain and the USSR in the pre-war international crises and allows for a re-evaluation of the two powers’ efforts aimed at preventing or delaying the war. When the Diary is juxtaposed with the declassified British archive materials, the degree to which the British officials trusted the Soviet Envoy/Ambassador as well as the level of his awareness of the undercurrents of British politics become clearer. The authors argue that the Versailles System had failed by the mid-1920s and was replaced by the Locarno System based on the guarantees of Germany’s western borders. In the mid-1930s the Locarno System was in disarray despite British efforts to save it through concessions and the appeasement policy. The «Diplomat’s Diary» shows a struggle within the British elite between the supporters and the opponents of the appeasement policy linked with the search for a new configuration of the European system of security.
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Magadeev, I. E. "Ideas of Multipolarity in the Conceptual Frame of the Soviet Diplomacy during the Final Phases of the Great Patriotic war (1943–1945)". MGIMO Review of International Relations 16, nr 6 (17.01.2024): 124–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2023-6-93-124-152.
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This article endeavors to delineate the conceptual landscape occupied by the notions of prospective multipolarity within the strategic discourse of Soviet diplomacy during the latter phases of the Great Patriotic War. Particular emphasis is placed on the intellectual contributions of two prominent Soviet diplomats, M.M. Litvinov and I.M. Maisky. The author substantiates these insights by drawing upon both published and archival source materials, including the diaries and records maintained by officials within the Soviet Foreign Office, as well as documents emanating from the "Litvinov commission."While the diplomatic theories formulated by Litvinov and Maisky during the years 1943–1945 have been subject to analysis by Russian and international scholars, the majority of extant scholarship has traditionally focused on the content and nuances of their perspectives on specific international "questions." Departing from this convention, this article adopts a methodological approach that seeks to explore the underlying conceptual foundations upon which the ideas of Litvinov and Maisky were constructed. Additionally, the essay introduces a novel dimension by surveying the viewpoints of other Soviet diplomats (S.A. Lozovskii, B.E. Shtein, Ia.Z. Surits, E.V. Tarle), who have garnered relatively less scholarly attention.Of paramount interest is the manner in which Litvinov and Maisky envisaged the post-World War II international landscape, albeit without explicitly employing the term "multipolarity." The article addresses critical questions, such as their perception of the global scenario following WWII, their consideration of the inevitability of Soviet-American bipolarity, and the factors and circumstances that influenced their conceptualizations. The contemporary resurgence of discussions surrounding the trajectory of multipolarity in the twenty-first century underscores the pertinence of this historical inquiry.The article's key conclusion posits that the conceptual framework embraced by Soviet diplomats during 1943–1945 was not centered on notions of bipolarity or an imminent Cold War. While acknowledging the potential escalation of tensions between the USSR and Western nations led by the USA and Great Britain, they favored collaboration among the principal powers of the antiHitlerite coalition, grounded in an implicit understanding of their respective "spheres of influence." Although Soviet Foreign Office officials did not discount the possibility of the formation of a united Anglo-American front against the USSR, they believed that Soviet diplomacy should actively work to prevent such an outcome by capitalizing on the fissures between Washington and London.
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Sautter, Lilja Mareike. "FEMININITY AND COMMUNITY AT HOME AND AWAY: SHIPBOARD DIARIES BY SINGLE WOMEN EMIGRANTS TO NEW ZEALAND". Victorian Literature and Culture 43, nr 2 (25.02.2015): 305–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150314000564.
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New Zealand experienced a massive influx of European immigrants in the 1870s and early 1880s after the introduction of Julius Vogel's assisted immigration programme. Single women under the age of thirty-five were a significant target group of recruitment schemes. They were expected to contribute to the colony's labour force as domestic servants and balance New Zealand's surplus of male settlers by becoming wives and mothers. Many of these young women had never been away from home until they embarked on their hazardous journey halfway around the world. Elizabeth Fairbairn, a single woman emigrant herself, was the matron in charge of the young women travelling to New Zealand on board the Oamaru in 1877–78. She narrates in her shipboard diary that Christmas Day made many of the single women homesick: “A great many of the girls grew downhearted last night and had such a good cry, poor things I was sorry for them, for the heart does feel things at a time like this and it is the first time a good many of them have been from home” (25 Dec. 1877). Jane Finlayson was one of these homesick “girls” on the same ship a year earlier. On 22 September 1876 she writes in her diary: “After parting with our friends at Greenock and thinking that ‘Whatever be our earthly lot, Wherever we may roam, Still to our heart the brightest spot, Is round the hearth at home’ we came with the tug on board this ship.” Having left their old home, the women emigrants spent three months crammed into an uncomfortable steerage compartment, honing domestic skills such as sewing and knitting. The ship became a temporary home in which the emigrants prepared for their future life in New Zealand. Metropolitan notions of femininity which located women in the private, domestic sphere had to be questioned and modified on board. While the single women's compartment was supposed both to become a home away from home and to represent a domestic setting, the transitional and public nature of shipboard space complicated both of these projects. This ambiguity relates to an image of single women which was similarly contradictory. The single woman emigrant was a figure at the centre of discourses of femininity and community: on her centred hope but also anxiety. Like in other settler colonies, it was imagined in New Zealand that women would exert beneficial moral and religious influence upon male-dominated colonial society. Women were thus expected to act as creators of community, both ideologically through their moral influence and physically by bearing children. However, until they got married, single women also represented a threat: they were often held responsible for the increase in prostitution in New Zealand (Macdonald 180). This illustrates the danger women could embody: again, both ideologically, since prostitution was seen as contaminating the moral character of society, and physically, since deviant sexual activity was often seen as undermining the biological purity of the community. How did such notions of femininity and community travel from Britain to New Zealand? How were they constructed and redefined during the transitional period of the voyage? In order to explore these questions this essay discusses two texts that also travelled, and narrate travelling: the two shipboard diaries by Elizabeth Fairbairn and Jane Finlayson referenced above, which look at single women's experience of emigration from the slightly different perspectives of a matron and a young woman under the care of a matron. The figure of the matron is an ambiguous one within the notion of women as representing both hope and anxiety: she is not married but nevertheless in a position of relative authority compared to the other single women on board. Elizabeth Fairbairn's diary represents her efforts to create unity among the women under her charge by submitting all of them to the same ideology of femininity. However, her text also has to deal with her own complicated status within the social structure of the ship. Jane Finlayson's text aims to contain anxiety and ambiguity by framing subversive and frightening events within the generic conventions of a shipboard diary. It negotiates the position of the single women on board while simultaneously reaffirming this position.
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Naboka, Oleksander. "The historical sources of the Eastern Asian police of USA in 30 – 70s of XIX century". American History & Politics Scientific edition, nr 7 (2019): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2521-1706.2019.07.65-71.
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The published sources are being analyzed in the article, which review special aspects of the USA policy in Eastern Asia in the 30-70s of XIХ century. The author marked four groups of published documentary materials. The first group includes publications of the official documents of American government in the period under review. There are letters among of establishments, diplomats, American leading merchants who did trade in China and Japan. The cables and the reports of envoys of the USA to Far Eastern countries are included to this category in the period under review. The second group of the sources includes the memoirs and diaries of political leaders and diplomats, who were involved to the development of Eastern Asian direction of American foreign policy – B. Tyler M. Perry, T. Harris and others. The third group of the sources includes the published materials in the periodicals United States, Great Britain, China and Japan. The documents of this category are allowed to analyze public sentiment in the USA according the policy in Eastern Asia. The fourth, special group of sources includes scientific works, wrote by contemporaries of the events under study. The value of these works is explained by the fact that they are written in the context of those views on the policies of the US and other Western countries, which were then widespread. The authors of the works evaluated the activity of Washington in the Pacific Ocean differently, who marked achievements and failures of the American presidents and they gave their advice according the strategy of the USA policy in Eastern Asia. As a result of the research, the author concludes that the documentary provides an opportunity to understand the position of official Washington on various events related to US policy in East Asia, to show the progress of military companies, negotiations, scientific expeditions and diplomatic missions carried out by Americans in the East countries and in the Islands of Pacific ocean.
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Alpatov, Gennady, i Elena Anokhina. "Global trends in the reproduction of human capital in the tertiary education system". St Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies 37, nr 1 (2021): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu05.2021.102.
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This article assesses global trends in higher education. Two tasks are central to this effort:1) research into higher as performing the macro-function of producing human capital;2) a comparison of the organization and financing of higher education in different countries.Our hypothesis is as follows. Along with the influence of the mental development of the population and the level of productive forces, we believe that the main difference in the effectiveness of higher education systems is a consequence of the regulatory influences of governments.Study of the contradictions accumulated in the course of continuous reform allows us to propose measures to improve systemic interaction. The article compares the organization of higher education in the USA, Great Britain, Japan, and Russia at various stages, from admission to universities, to employment of graduates, and the corresponding organization and funding of the educational process. Research results are these. Comparing the indicators of applicant selection suggests replacing the Unified State Exam in Russia with an indicator of the weighted average score of electronic diaries. The study of the learning process showed a tendency to replace pure sciences in curricula with applied sciences. Variants of increasing the share of education in pure sciences are proposed to extend the life of basic competencies of graduates in conditions of local backwardness and uncertainty in the development of regional labor markets. For organization and financing of higher education, the analysis suggests an incompatibility between the Bologna system as introduced in Russia, and the preserved course system of education, with its fixed structure of curricula and expulsion for academic failure.The article shows ways to eliminate this incompatibility, such as the transition to a subjectstatus system of education and re-teaching in the subject. This will eliminate the current situation of fining universities for each expelled student. Conclusions are provided about the need for an integrated approach to subsequent transformations based on the study of global trends in the development of higher education and the preservation of the advantages of the development of Russian higher education.
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Uchaev, Anton N., Elena I. Demidova i Natalia A. Uchaeva. "The Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King’s Perception of the USSR during World War II: 1939–45". Herald of an archivist, nr 2 (2021): 593–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-2-593-602.
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The article analyzes the specificity of the Canadian Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King’s attitude to the Soviet Union during the Second World War. The study analyzes the frequency of the Prime Minister referencing the USSR in his diary from September 1, 1939 to September 2, 1945, as well as his reaction to a number of the most significant events of the Second World War associated with the Soviet Union: the German attack on the USSR, the establishment of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Canada, the battles of Stalingrad and Kursk, the victory over Germany. In the course of work, both general scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, inductive method, comparative method) and special methods (historical-chronological and content analysis) have been used to study the materials of the diary. The use of the historical-chronological method is due to the need to correlate information from the diary with the overall historical picture of the studied period, and the use of content analysis helps to create a more reliable picture of Canadian Prime Minister’s perception of the Soviet participation in World War II. The article has made allowances for the fact that Mackenzie King sought to create his own positive image in his diaries, planning their posthumous publication. But, since the USSR was not a key topic for the Prime Minister (as evidenced by keywords statistics), it can be stated that the leader of the Canadian liberals was quite frank, at least as frank as a person who, in his lifetime, was known as an extremely cautious politician could be. It is clear, that King was well aware of the significance of the events on the Eastern Front. But throughout the war he retained both a negatively neutral attitude towards the USSR (due to its communist nature) and his perception of the Soviet Union as part of Asia and thus a step below the Anglo-Saxon world, which had a higher level of culture and moral principles. The objective reality, i.e. absence of hostilities in Canada, its maneuvering between Great Britain and the United States, and priority of economic and domestic policy for King, explains that a lesser part of his attention was paid to the events in the USSR in comparison with processes associated with England and the United States.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Great Britain Diaries"
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Rejha, Adam. "Deník Vincence Karla Auersperga z cesty do Velké Británie roku 1837". Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-352747.
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(in English): This diploma thesis introduces Prince Vincenz Karl Auersperg's travel diary from his journey to Great Britain undertaken in summer 1837 (title on title page: "Vincenz Carl Fürsten v. Auersperg's Reise nach England"). Diploma thesis has theoretical and practical part (in which there is Auersperg's diary edited). Vincenz Karl (1812-1867) was member of wealthy landed nobility. Thesis tries to describe his education, as well as important educator Alexis Du Rieux. Mature work (after 1837) is addressed as well: He is known as owner of Žleby Castle during castle's romantic renovation. He published two political (anonymous) brochures. Importance of the British journey (or traveling in general) in Auersperg's biography has been recognised for a long time, but was not known in detail. Most of the information about his particular British travel we have in diary (it has form of transcripts of letters addressed to his mother): Prince began his journey at the beginning of May in Vienna; stayed in Bruxelles for a week; he stayed in London between May 25th - June 28th ; after that he visited Scotland and Wales; he left Great Britain August 3rd ; he stayed in Paris from August 7th for a few weeks. This thesis also tries to put journey into a broader context. Firstly, it tries to describe it as a grand...
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Simpson, E. E. A., G. Rae, H. J. Parr, J. M. O'Connor, M. Bonham, A. Polito, N. Meunier i in. "Predictors of taste acuity in healthy older Europeans". 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6192.
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This study aimed to identify factors associated with taste acuity in healthy older European adults aged 55-87 years, employing a factorial independent design to recruit older adults from centres in France, Italy and United Kingdom. Adults aged 70-87 years (N=387) were recruited in Rome (Italy) (n=108) and Grenoble (France) (n=91) and aged 55-70 years in Northern Ireland (United Kingdom) (n=93) and Clermont-Ferrand (C-F) (France) (n=95). A signal detection theory (SDT) approach was used for detection threshold assessment of the four basic tastes (salt; sweet; bitter; and, sour). Trial data were converted to R-indices. Diet was assessed by means of four day food diaries. Dietary data were converted using WISP and then reduced, using a principal components analysis, to four components: Component 1 'high fat and salt'; Component 2 'high vitamins and fibre'; Component 3 'high fat and carbohydrate'; and, Component 4 'high trace elements'. Socio-demographic information was collected by self report survey. Four separate regression analyses were carried out, one for each of the four basic taste qualities (sweet; sour; bitter; salt). Mean ROC scores for each taste quality were the response variables and age, sex, country, social class and dietary components were predictor variables. The main predictors of taste acuity were age, sex, social class and country, which had differential effects for each taste quality. These data suggest that socio-demographic and cultural factors should be taken into account when considering taste acuity in older people.
Książki na temat "Great Britain Diaries"
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1933-, James Robert Rhodes, red. Chips: The diaries of Henry Channon. London: Weidenfield, 1993.
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Ion, Trewin, red. Diaries into politics. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2000.
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Ruth, Winstone, red. Decline and fall: Diaries 2005-2010. London: Profile, 2010.
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1925-, McEwen John M., red. The Riddell diaries, 1908-1923. London: Athlone Press, 1986.
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Benn, Tony. Free at last!: Diaries, 1990-2001. London: Arrow, 2003.
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1931-, Sinker Charles, red. Hilda Murrell's nature diaries, 1961-1983. London: Collins, 1987.
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1929-, Norwich John Julius, red. The Duff Cooper diaries, 1915-1951. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005.
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Duff, Cooper. The Duff Cooper diaries, 1915-1951. London: Phoenix, 2006.
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Archer, Isaac. Two East Anglian diaries, 1641-1729. Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 1994.
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Duff, Cooper. The Duff Cooper diaries, 1915-1951. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Great Britain Diaries"
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Kettenacker, Lothar. "Britain and German Unification, 1989/90". W Uneasy Allies, 99–124. Oxford University PressOxford, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198293835.003.0005.
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Abstract The final verdict on Britain’s stance towards German unification will have to wait at least another twenty years until the release of HM official documents. However, this does not mean that until then we are reduced to making more or less intelligent guesses. For once the diplomatic process and the decisive position taken by the American Bush administration have been studied in detail by two aides of the president’s national security advisers.’ Their study will be unsurpassed for some time to come, not least because they draw on a vast array and variety of official documents, including Russian records. It is most telling that the only superpower left should also have been the first to direct our understanding of the momentous historical events of 1989/90. In addition, a great number of the German Chancellery’s documents pertaining to unification have already been published in one massive volume which constitutes an important source. It was, after all, the Chancellery, not the German Foreign Office, that was in charge of German-German affairs. One name which crops up again and again as the author of important minutes and memoranda is Horst Teltschik, Chancellor Helmut Kohl’s trusted civil servant and witness to most of his confidential talks. There is general agreement amongst historians that his diaries are the most candid and reliable source of information about the day-to-day business. He was behind all moves to accelerate the process of unification which so worried the British and German Foreign Ministries.
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Lounsberry, Barbara. "Encircled by War". W Virginia Woolf, the War Without, the War Within, 302–23. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813056937.003.0010.
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Territorial trespass and attack intensify in the years covered in Virginia Woolf's two final diary books: the 109-entry of her 1940 diary and the 10-entry of her 1941 diary. In April of 1940, Germany invades Norway and Denmark. In May, the neutral states of Holland, Belgium, and Luxembourg fall. In June, Hitler's storm troopers parade up Paris's Champs-Élysées. Only England now remains. On July 19, Hitler asks England to surrender. In August, he orders a total blockade of Great Britain and begins a night-time bombing assault—the London Blitz. To counter, Woolf aims for a weightier diary in 1940, poignantly an evening diary for “Old Virginia.” As these last two diaries movingly show, Virginia Woolf fights on both in her public works and in her diary. Surrounded now and cut off, she holds on until she can fight no more, dying from suicide in March of 1941.
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Dubino, Jeanne. "Kenya Colony and the Kenya Novel: The East African Heritage of “A Very Fine Negress” in A Room of One’s Own". W Virginia Woolf and Heritage. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781942954422.003.0023.
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‘It is one of the great advantages of being a woman that one can pass even a very fine negress without wishing to make an Englishwoman of her.’ Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own At the time Virginia Woolf’s narrator made this observation in the late 1920s, a number of her British and other European contemporary women writers were in fact passing by and indeed living among black women in one of Great Britain’s colonies, Kenya. Isak Dinesen (1885-1962) was among the most famous, and her memoir Out of Africa (1937), commemorates her years on a Kenyan plantation (1914-1931). Along with the canonical Danish Dinesen were British women whose work has been long forgotten, including Nora K. Strange (1884-1974) and Florence Riddell (1885-1960), both of whom wrote what is called the “Kenya Novel.” The Kenya Novel is a subgenre of romantic fiction set in the white highlands of Britain’s Crown Colony Kenya. The titles alone—e.g., Kenya Calling (1928) and Courtship in Kenya (1932) by Strange, and Kismet in Kenya (1927) and Castles in Kenya (1929) by Riddell—give a flavor of their content. Because these novels were popular in Britain, it is very likely that Woolf knew about them, but she does not refer to them in her diaries, letters, or published writing. Even so, it would be worth testing this famous comment by a Room’s narrator about (white) women’s lack of propensity to recreate others in her own image, or more specifically, to dominate the colonial other. How do Woolf’s white contemporaries, living in Kenya, represent black women? Given that Strange and Riddell were part of the settler class, we can expect that their views reflect dominant colonial ideology. The formulaic nature of the Kenya Novel, and its focus on the lives of white settlers, also mean that the portrayal of the lives of the people whose lands were brutally expropriated would hardly be treated with respect or as little more than backdrops. Yet it is important to understand these other global contexts in which Woolf is working and the role that some of her contemporary women writers played in the shaping of them. This paper concludes with an overview of the separate legacies of Woolf and her fellow Anglo-African women writers up to the present day.
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Bonner, Thomas Neville. "The Lives of Medical Students and Their Teachers (Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century)". W Becoming a Physician. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195062984.003.0007.
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The lives of students in all periods of history are difficult to recapture. Only scattered correspondence and occasional diaries can normally be found to give us a firsthand look at their experiences. Less satisfactory but still useful are the accounts of teachers, often written long after the events they describe, as well as the memoirs of former students, usually composed with nostalgia toward the close of their careers. Enough evidence does exist, however, to provide at least some glimpses into the student culture of past eras. In this chapter, we trace the social origins of medical students from about 1780 to 1820 and describe something of their lives in and out of the classroom as well as give some account of medical teachers and teaching of the same period. No more uncertain time in the life of a medical student can be imagined than the unsettled years after 1780. Both Europe and America were convulsed by war during much of the period and by fears of the spreading revolution in France. Students everywhere were being pressed into military service; academic enrollments dropped on both continents; and demands for military surgeons had become desperate. Deans and directors of medical schools pleaded with governments to spare their students from army service. In 1799, for example, the director of the French school at Montpellier asked his counterpart in Paris to join him in a last effort to save students from the huge call to arms of that year. Some medical schools were suddenly closed during the years of war; others were reorganized; and everywhere standards fell rapidly. Most of the small number of American schools were forced to shut down during the War for Independence and were then slow to reopen. In Great Britain, the hope of recruiting more medical students needed for war service was dashed by “the reality of low pay, lack of respect and the physical dangers facing most recruits.” In revolutionary France, the medical schools were officially closed early in the Revolution; the title of doctor was disdained by equalitarian reformers; and near chaos prevailed in the hospitals.