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Conlan, DJ, BS Dear i NE Coombes. "Effect of grazing intensity and number of grazings on herbage production and seed yields of Trifolium subterraneum, Medicago murex, and Ornithopus compressus". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, nr 2 (1994): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940181.
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The impact of grazing intensity and number of grazings was assessed on the growth and seed production of 5 annual pasture legumes [Trifoliunz subterraneum var. subterraneum cv. Karridale, var. brachycalycinum cv. Clare, var. yanninicum cv. Trikkala; Medicago murex (murex medic) cv. Zodiac; Ornithopus compressus L. (yellow serradella) cv. Avila]. There were 7 grazing treatments: an ungrazed control; and 2 grazing intensities (light and heavy), each for 3 periods of grazing (winter, winter-early spring, winter-late spring). Tethered sheep in small experimental plots were used to provide controlled herbage removal across all cultivars through winter and winter-spring grazing. This grazing system resulted in significantly different levels of herbage being present in the light and heavy grazing treatments following each grazing period. Grazing had variable effects on seed production: <35% increase for Trikkala, and no significant effect for Karridale. Both cultivars continued growth and seed production late in the season after grazing pressure was removed on 8 November. Seed yield of Clare was reduced by 46-49% by heavy grazing treatments. Seed yield of murex medic was not significantly affected by grazing, while that of serradella was reduced by 30-55% by grazing late in the season. The seed yield responses show that cultivar and species responses to grazing may be highly variable. Under favourable spring conditions, Trikkala, Karridale, and murex medic can be grazed heavily until late in the season without adversely affecting seed yield, whilst Clare and Avila cannot.
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Devantier, B. P., D. R. Stevens, G. M. Rennie i K. N. Tozer. "The effect of deferred grazing in spring and early summer pastures on pasture growth rate and feed quality". Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 79 (1.01.2017): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2017.79.550.
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Abstract Maintaining pasture quality in late spring and early summer is a challenge in many hill country farming systems where pasture growth often exceeds animal demand. One possible management tool is to defer grazing on a portion of the farm to enable the desired grazing management and animal performance on the remainder. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of timing and duration of deferred grazing in mid-spring to early-summer on subsequent pasture accumulation rates, composition and quality, from mid-spring through to the following winter. A factorial design (3 durations x 3 closing times) in eight replicates compared withholding grazing (nil, 1 or 3 grazings), in three closing periods, mid spring, late spring, and early summer. Grazing pasture when covers reached 2500 - 3000 kg DM/ha to a residual of 1500 kg DM/ha was the standard grazing regimen used. Grazing after the exclusion period aimed to achieve the same residual as in the control treatment based on a feed budget. Short early closures resulted in little, or no change in pasture quality and quantity for the remainder of the season. Longer closure periods reduced pasture quality due to increases in the proportions of dead and reproductive stem. This effect was reduced with later closings. The control (nil deferred grazings) and mid-spring closings had a net loss of dead matter (-1000 and -420 kg DM/ ha, respectively), while the late -spring and earlysummer closings accumulated 60 and 180 kg DM/ha, respectively. These differences in dead matter were the major driver of the differences of net herbage accumulations (P=0.018), with net accumulations from 7990 kg DM/ha for the control (Nil) closings to 9660 kg DM/ha for the December (late) closings. Deferred grazing can be used to alter feed availability and utilisation while maintaining net pasture production over spring, summer and autumn. Keywords: grazing management, pasture quality, deferred grazing, net pasture accumulation, dead matter, reproductive tillers, metabolisable energy
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Stockdale, CR. "Factors affecting the productivity of irrigated annual pastures. 2. Defoliation by dairy cows". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, nr 3 (1986): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860305.
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The influence of grazing intensity on the productivity of an irrigated annual pasture was studied for 3 years in northern Victoria. Lax-, medium- and hard-grazing intensities were described by post-grazing pasture heights of 7.2, 5.2 and 3.0 cm, respectively. Also, one instance of variable grazing frequency occurred, in winter of year 1. Hard-grazed plots produced 1 3 and 17% less herbage in years 1 and 2, respectively, than did lax- and medium-grazed plots, which produced similar amounts of herbage. When the interval between grazings was extended, the variation in productivity was reversed; lax grazing resulted in 9% less total production than heavier grazing. In years 1 and 2, there was little effect of grazing treatment on botanical composition until spring, at which time there was a marked reduction in the amount of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in the hard-grazed plots, with a concomitant increase in grass content. There were no significant effects of grazing intensity on the amounts of weeds in either year. However, in year 3, weeds were important contributors to pasture production early in the season. This, together with reduced clover seed reserves and increased incidence of disease in subterranean clover with hard grazing, suggests that the long-term regenerating ability of an annual pasture may be impaired if severely grazed at regular intervals.
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Taffarel, Loreno Egidio, Paulo Sérgio Rabello de Oliveira, Jeferson Tiago Piano, Patricia Barcellos Costa, Eduardo Eustáquio Mesquita, Poliana Ferreira da Costa, Deise Dalazen Castagnara, Marcelina Bottoni Horn i Elir De Oliveira. "Productivity and the presence of mycotoxins in oats, wheat, and triticale subjected to grazing". Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, nr 6 (23.11.2017): 3749. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n6p3749.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of grazing on the agronomic characteristics, grain yield, and presence of the mycotoxins aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone in IPR 126 oat, BRS Tarumã wheat, and IPR 111 triticale. This study was performed from April 24, 2012 to November 11, 2013 at UNIOESTE’s Experimental Farm in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block in a banded scheme, with four replications. The treatments in the A tracks were the three crops and the B tracks, the treatments: without grazing, one grazing event, or two grazing events. One grazing reduced the productivity of oat by 42.48% and triticale by 28.09% and increased wheat productivity by 24.89%. Two grazings reduced oat productivity by 54.14%, wheat by 40.96%, and triticale by 54.69%. Crops subjected to two grazings should be used for dry matter production for ground cover or partially used for silage when the plant is in the pasty or semi-hard grain stage, as grazing affects the agronomic characteristics and grain yield. The BRS Tarumã wheat, when used in crop-livestock integration systems, should be grazed only once due to increased productivity, while IPR 126 oat and IPR 111 triticale should not be grazed in crop-livestock integration systems for commercial production of grain. Oats from grazed plants should not be added to feeds of poultry in the early stage or pigs in the early and growth stages due to the higher levels of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Grazing of winter crops increases the length of the crop cycle and grain formation will occur under climatic conditions favorable to the mycotoxins. Therefore, when grains are intended for human consumption, grazing is not recommended, as it increases the possibility of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone at levels above the maximum tolerable levels permitted by law. These grains should be supplied to animals only after analysis of the mycotoxin levels present in the grains.
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McCartney, D. H., i S. Bittman. "Persistence of cool-season grasses under grazing using the mob-grazing technique". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, nr 4 (1.10.1994): 723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-129.
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Evaluation of grass germplasms for pasture is usually done in trials which are harvested mechanically. This study evaluated the persistence of 13 cool-season grass species and germplasms under 4 yr of grazing in northeast Saskatchewan, using the mob-grazing technique. Thirteen grass germplasms were contained within each paddock, and the paddocks were grazed by large groups of cattle so that all the herbage was consumed evenly in 1–2 d. Three grazing intensities (light, moderate and intense) were established by varying the rest period between grazings. Ground cover declined more rapidly under intense than under light grazing, but no interaction was found between grazing intensity and grass germplasm. The ground cover of the seeded grasses generally declined but at different rates during the trial, giving a significant grass × year interaction. Parkway crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Beauv. ssp. pectination (Bieb.) Tzvel.] declined less than Carlton smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and the meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii Roem & Schult.) cultivars. The most rapid stand decline was observed in intermediate wheatgrass [Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski], northern wheatgrass (Elymus lanceoiatus Scribn. & Smith), and hybrid wheatgrass [Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski × E. spicata (Pursh) D. R. Dewey]. Seeded grasses were replaced mainly by bluegrass (Poa spp.). The results suggest that mob grazing is a useful technique for evaluating new species and germplasms intended for long-term pastures. Key words: Grazing tolerance, temperate grasses, pasture, ground cover, bromegrass, wheatgrass, wildrye, bluegrass
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Waterhouse, A., G. Halliday, J. T. Wyllie i S. Horbury. "Strategies to avoid parasitic gastro-enteritis in an intensive organic hill sheep system". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (marzec 1992): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600022753.
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In hill sheep systems, a major concern for health and welfare is for lambs grazing improved land at higher stocking rates and succumbing to parasitic gastro-enteritis. With only a small amount of improved land available, there is little or no scope for ‘clean grazing’ systems as access to this better land is crucial on an annual basis to achieve better performance from the flock. Access at lambing and at ewe mating is of particular value. There may however be some scope for reduced parasitic challenge to lambs during the summer grazing period because of the differential in stocking densities between the hill and the improved grazings.
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Tozer, K. N., C. A. Cameron i L. Matthews. "Grazing defoliation and nutritive value of Setaria pumila and Digitaria sanguinalis in Lolium perenne-based swards". Crop and Pasture Science 66, nr 2 (2015): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14079.
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Setaria pumila and Digitaria sanguinalis are undesirable, C4 annual grass species in intensively managed temperate and subtropical dairy pastures. A comparative, small-plot study was established in Lolium perenne-based dairy pastures to determine the extent to which these species are grazed and how this relates to changes in their nutritive value over summer–early autumn. Setaria pumila was taller than D. sanguinalis before grazing (16–24 and 10–17 cm, respectively) and was grazed to lower post-grazing height and less post-grazing groundcover than D. sanguinalis: height 4.1 and 4.7 cm, cover 67 and 83%, respectively, averaged over January–March (summer–early autumn). Nutritive quality was similar for both species (with metabolisable energy values for December–March averaging 11.1, 10.0, 8.5 and 9.0 MJ kg DM–1) and is unlikely to be a key determinant of differences in grazing defoliation. In addition, post-grazing cover and post-grazing height for both annual grasses increased over the grazing season and were associated with declining nutritive value of both species. The nutritive value of L. perenne was higher than that of both S. pumila and D. sanguinalis and it did not decline over the grazing season (December–March: 11.3, 11.5, 9.3 and 11.4 MJ kg DM–1). Although S. pumila and D. sanguinalis were grazed in all months, they readily produced new panicles between grazings. Given this, these annual grasses are likely to spread in Lolium perenne-based dairy pastures unless interventions are used.
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Bittman, S., i D. H. McCartney. "Evaluating alfalfa cultivars and germplasms for pastures using the mob-grazing technique". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, nr 1 (1.01.1994): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-019.
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There is growing evidence that alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. sensu lato) germplasms that perform well in trials that are mechanically clipped may not persist well under grazing. This trial assessed the persistence of nine alfalfa germplasms under grazing over a period of 4 yr in northeast Saskatchewan. The germplasms included registered cultivars and experimental strains of M. sativa ssp. media Pers. and M. sativa ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang. with a range of growth habits and winterhardiness. Each paddock was seeded with all entries in mixture with smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and grazed repeatedly for 1- to 2-d periods, using high stocking rates, to ensure that all entries were grazed uniformly. Three grazing intensities — light, moderate and intense — were set by varying the rest period between grazings. Ground cover of all the currently recommended alfalfa cultivars of the media ssp. declined during the trial; the germplasms of falcata ssp. increased; and two media ssp. strains from northern Alberta maintained fairly constant ground cover. Grazing intensity affected rate of stand decline but not final ranking of germplasms, so there was no grazing × germplasm interaction. Seeded and volunteer smooth bromegrass maintained better stands under light than intense grazing, whereas volunteer bluegrass (Poa spp.) performed better under intense grazing. Ground cover of alfalfa germplasms was generally correlated with their annual yield and proportion of total dry matter yield. The results suggest that falcata germplasms should be included in seed mixes for long-term pastures and that mob grazing be used to assess the persistence of alfalfa germplasms before they are recommended for use in pastures. Key words:Medicago sativa L., Medicago sativa ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang., persistence, grazing tolerance.
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Bai, Zhenyin, Aomei Jia, Dongwei Liu, Chengyu Zhang i Mingjun Wang. "How Seasonal Grazing Exclusion Affects Grassland Productivity and Plant Community Diversity". Grasses 1, nr 1 (10.11.2022): 12–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/grasses1010002.
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The Sanjiang Plain is famous for its concentrated distribution of natural wet grasslands. These wet grasslands are an important source of seasonal pasture or hay in the area. However, changes in community structure and ecosystem function have already occurred in wet grasslands because of overgrazing and climate change, resulting in severe grassland degradation. Exploring a reasonable grazing management strategy is crucial for improving grassland species diversity, increasing grassland productivity, and maintaining sustainable grassland utilization. We investigated the effects of five grazing management (GM) strategies (no grazing through the growing season (CK), spring grazing exclusion (Spr-GE), summer grazing exclusion (Sum-GE)), autumn grazing exclusion (Aut-GE), and grazing through the growing season (G)) on the productivity, community composition and structure of wet grasslands in the Sanjiang Plain under three grazing intensities (GI) (light (L), moderate (M), and heavy (H)). Results showed that Spr-GE and Sum-GE were beneficial in increasing total aboveground biomass (AGB), but decreased plant community diversity in Spr-GE due to increased intraspecies and interspecies competition. The exclusion of different seasonal grazings changed the composition of plant communities. At the level of functional groups and dominant species, Spr-GE had a significant effect on most functional groups and dominant species’ characteristics, while Aut-GE had little effect on most functional groups and dominant species’ characteristics. However, different functional groups and dominant species had different responses to seasonal grazing exclusion. In addition, under M, there were significantly improved grassland total AGB and PF AGB. The results indicated that Spr-GE with M may be an effective livestock-management strategy to protect grassland vegetation and community diversity, as well as to restore degraded grassland.
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REAL, D., I. L. GORDON i J. HODGSON. "Statistical modelling of grazing preference of sheep when presented with a range of plant types". Journal of Agricultural Science 136, nr 1 (luty 2001): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600008418.
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A statistical model of the grazing preference of sheep is presented for the evaluation of spaced plants in small plots for plant breeding purposes. Plants are located randomly to reduce the effect of external factors on diet selection, and to differentiate between discriminatory and random grazing. Consistency of discrimination among grazings and sites (Massey University, New Zealand and INIA La Estanzuela, Uruguay) was tested. The statistical design and subsequent analyses considered all sources of variation to minimize error, and to separate genetic effects from environment effects. Clonal replicates were used to enhance error-control, and hence the precision of heritability estimates, as most characters are inherited quantitatively. Post-grazing leafiness is considered the best character to select and breed for animal preference in a red clover germplasm.
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KOWALCZYK, P., M. DI BERNARDO, A. R. CHAMPNEYS, S. J. HOGAN, M. HOMER, P. T. PIIROINEN, YU A. KUZNETSOV i A. NORDMARK. "TWO-PARAMETER DISCONTINUITY-INDUCED BIFURCATIONS OF LIMIT CYCLES: CLASSIFICATION AND OPEN PROBLEMS". International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 16, nr 03 (marzec 2006): 601–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127406015015.
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This paper proposes a strategy for the classification of codimension-two discontinuity-induced bifurcations of limit cycles in piecewise smooth systems of ordinary differential equations. Such nonsmooth transitions (also known as C-bifurcations) occur when the cycle interacts with a discontinuity boundary of phase space in a nongeneric way, such as grazing contact. Several such codimension-one events have recently been identified, causing for example, period-adding or sudden onset of chaos. Here, the focus is on codimension-two grazings that are local in the sense that the dynamics can be fully described by an appropriate Poincaré map from a neighborhood of the grazing point (or points) of the critical cycle to itself. It is proposed that codimension-two grazing bifurcations can be divided into three distinct types: either the grazing point is degenerate, or the grazing cycle is itself degenerate (e.g. nonhyperbolic) or we have the simultaneous occurrence of two grazing events. A careful distinction is drawn between their occurrence in systems with discontinuous states, discontinuous vector fields, or that with discontinuity in some derivative of the vector field. Examples of each kind of bifurcation are presented, mostly derived from mechanical applications. For each example, where possible, principal bifurcation curves characteristic to the codimension-two scenario are presented and general features of the dynamics discussed. Many avenues for future research are opened.
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Dong, Xin, Feifei Jiang, Dongdong Duan, Zhen Tian, Huining Liu, Yinan Zhang, Fujiang Hou, Zhibiao Nan i Tao Chen. "Contrasting Effects of Grazing in Shaping the Seasonal Trajectory of Foliar Fungal Endophyte Communities on Two Semiarid Grassland Species". Journal of Fungi 9, nr 10 (14.10.2023): 1016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof9101016.
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Fungal endophytes are harboured in the leaves of every individual plant host and contribute to plant health, leaf senescence, and early decomposition. In grasslands, fungal endophytes and their hosts often coexist with large herbivores. However, the influence of grazing by large herbivores on foliar fungal endophyte communities remains largely unexplored. We conducted a long-term (18 yr) grazing experiment to explore the effects of grazing on the community composition and diversity of the foliar fungal endophytes of two perennial grassland species (i.e., Artemisia capillaris and Stipa bungeana) across one growing season. Grazing significantly increased the mean fungal alpha diversity of A. capillaris in the early season. In contrast, grazing significantly reduced the mean fungal alpha diversity of endophytic fungi of S. bungeana in the late season. Grazing, growing season, and their interactions concurrently structured the community composition of the foliar fungal endophytes of both plant species. However, growing season consistently outperformed grazing and environmental factors in shaping the community composition and diversity of both plant species. Overall, our findings demonstrate that the foliar endophytic fungal community diversity and composition differed in response to grazing between A. capillaris and S. bungeana during one growing season. The focus on this difference will enhance our understanding of grazing’s impact on ecological systems and improve land management practices in grazing regions. This variation in the effects of leaf nutrients and plant community characteristics on foliar endophytic fungal community diversity and composition may have a pronounced impact on plant health and plant–fungal interactions.
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Lodge, GM. "Management practices and other factors contributing to the decline in persistence of grazed lucerne in temperate Australia: a review". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, nr 5 (1991): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910713.
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The literature relevant to the grazing management of lucerne in temperate Australia is reviewed with emphasis on the factors likely to affect its persistence. Knowledge of lucerne physiology is used to question the validity of the traditional methods of managing grazed stands, which rely mainly on using 10% flowering as a guide to root carbohydrate levels. From these data several alternative management guidelines are proposed that may lead to increased persistence; however, for long-term persistence, there is little doubt that lucerne needs to be grazed leniently and at a late stage of maturity. Several grazing experiments indicate that grazing periods of 16-20 days should have no effect on persistence, provided that the rest period between successive grazings is 35 days or longer. Data from other countries and Australian data from a limited number of experiments also indicate that grazing in either autumn or winter may substantially reduce production and could affect persistence. Three grazing studies in New South Wales were used to highlight critical differences in experimental design which make comparisons among experiments difficult. Standardised sowing rates and grazing management, and statistical procedures which account for the genotype x management x environment interaction, are suggested to improve the extrapolation of results from experiments to other environments. Persistence of different lucerne types under grazing, particularly those recently imported from the U.S.A. or bred in Australia, is considered. While it has been proposed that grazing effects may be related to crown structure, interactions with other factors which affect persistence may also occur. If grazing can be considered to be stressful to a lucerne plant then it could interact with other stresses, caused by moisture deficit, excessive moisture, insect pests and disease, to reduce persistence. Additionally, considerable variation in varietal resistance to some pests and diseases has been recorded in haycut stands, and so there may also be cultivar x grazing effects. All of these factors could combine to affect the persistence of a particular cultivar under grazing. Patterns of lucerne decline were either continuous or step-like. Continuous decline was associated with prolonged grazing, grazing and moisture stress, grazing under waterlogged conditions, or grazing in situations where the incidence of disease was likely to be high. To understand the reasons why plants fail to persist, measurements need to be made frequently and a1 regular intervals, and the moisture and disease status of the site needs to be accurately monitored. The adequacy of different methods of measuring stand persistence is also questioned. The implications for graziers, researchers and lucerne breeders are discussed.
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Lazerson, Barbara Hunt. "Grazing". American Speech 63, nr 2 (1988): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/454425.
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Mattei, Eloisa, Paulo Sérgio Rabello de Oliveira, Leandro Rampim, Carlos Augusto Rocha de Moraes Rego, Jeferson Tiago Piano i Marinez Carpiski Sampaio. "CARBON, NITROGEN, AND ORGANIC MATTER OF SOIL IN AN INTEGRATED CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEM". JOURNAL OF NEOTROPICAL AGRICULTURE 7, nr 4 (30.11.2020): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32404/rean.v7i2.4526.
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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the integrated crop-livestock system on the contents and stocks of total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and soil organic matter. The experiment was carried out between April 2016 and February 2017, in a randomized block design in a strip-block scheme, with additional control treatment (fallow) and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of two densities of oat sowing (40 and 60 kg ha-1) in strips A and different grazing frequencies (without grazing - WG, one grazing - 1G, and two grazing - 2G) in strips B, besides fallow as a control treatment. The determinations of the contents of total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and organic matter (SOM) were carried out in the soil layers of 0-5, 5-10, and 10-20 cm. Samplings were carried out after oat management, in the winter, and after soybean harvest, in the summer. The sowing density of black oats and the grazing frequencies were not able to promote changes in the total organic carbon and in the TOC stock, regardless of the time of evaluation. The use of 40 kg ha-1 of oat seeds would be recommended, as it does not promote changes in the increase in MOS, thus generating savings in the acquisition of seeds. The use of the lowest density of oat without grazing and one grazing promoted changes on the total nitrogen in the 5-10 cm layer after the removal of oats, when compared to the fallow, and it presented content similar to the management with two grazings.
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Brown, RF. "The growth and survival of young Mulga (Acacia aneura F. Muell) trees under different levels of grazing." Rangeland Journal 7, nr 2 (1985): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9850143.
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The effects on the survival and growth of young mulga trees exposed to five levels of sheep graztng were monitored over bur years. The levels ranged from complete exclusion of domest~c stock to continuous grazing at a projected annual consumption rate of 20%, 35%, 50%, or 80% of the total available forage (grass, herbage, and accessible mulga leaf). Innially, all trees were less than 90 cm tall. Four years later, the ungrazed trees had more than doubled in he~ght whereas thegrazed trees were not significantly taller, irrespective of grazing intensity. Over 90% of the ungrazed trees had grown above the upper limit of sheep browsing (I20 cm) and their growth was considered unlikely to be prejudiced by subsequent grazing. Stem diameters nearly trebled in ungrazed mulga but much smaller Increases (averagmg25%) occurred in grazed plants. Overall, 36% of the young trees died. Most deaths occurred during the winter of 1980 and summer of 1982183 after protracted periods of dry weather. Grazing had little or no e,ffect on death rates. Even the lightest grazing arrested mulga growth and prevented the transition from low mulga to the tailer forms used for drought feeding. This is discussed as a possible cause of reported declines in drought reserves of mulga. The results of this study illustrate the need to ensure that grazing strategy is compatible with uninterrupted replacement of umbrella mulga (5-8 m high) cut for drought fodder.
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Ward, G. N., i J. L. Jacobs. "Effects of defoliation intensity at the first grazing of forage rape (Brassica napus L.) by dairy cattle on subsequent regrowth potential, total DM consumed, nutritive characteristics and nutrient selection". Animal Production Science 53, nr 3 (2013): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12107.
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The use of summer brassica forage crops in dryland dairy systems in southern Victoria is considered a key component of the feed base as they provide home-grown forage with high nutritive characteristics during a period where perennial ryegrass growth is limited due to high summer temperatures and low soil water content. Current knowledge on the use of single-grazing brassica crops such as turnips (Brassica rapa L.) is well defined; however, information on the management of regrowth brassica species that can provide multiple grazings is more limited. The present experiment determined the effect of different grazing regimes (high, medium and low defoliation intensity) at the first grazing on subsequent regrowth capability and nutritive characteristics of Winfred (Brassica napus L.) over the summer growing period across 2 years. We hypothesised that intensive defoliation of a summer regrowth brassica at the first grazing will result in lower total DM yields and harvested estimated metabolisable energy (ME) and crude protein per hectare for the growing season than do more lax grazing options that results in less DM removal at the first grazing. Total DM and estimated ME consumed over the growing period varied between years. In Year 1, more (P < 0.05) DM was consumed at the first grazing and less (P < 0.05) at the subsequent grazing for the high-intensity treatment. However, both total DM and estimated ME consumed were higher (P < 0.05) for the high-intensity treatment than for the low-intensity treatment, while in Year 2, there were no differences between the treatments. Nutritive characteristics and mineral concentrations were relatively unaffected by grazing regimes. The results of the present experiment indicated that the optimum grazing management to maximise total DM yields and consumption of spring-sown Winfred will vary depending on the seasonal growing conditions. In years where moisture stress will be limiting crop growth, a high defoliation-intensity first grazing that consumes a high proportion of DM on offer, including some of the main stem, will maximise the total DM grown and consumed from the crop. Care, however, should be taken not to remove all axillary buds from the remaining stems. In summers where moisture stress is not likely to seriously restrict crop growth, a medium defoliation-intensity grazing where the leaf and petiole, but little of the stem, are removed will maximise DM regrowth, leading to maximum total DM grown for the season. A high defoliation-intensity first grazing that removes at least half the stem is, under these conditions, likely to remove too many axillary buds and reduce water-soluble carbohydrate reserves required for DM regrowth, while a lax first grazing will result in a lower DM regrowth.
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Johnston, PW, PR Tannock i IF Beale. "Objective `Safe' Grazing Capacities for South-West Queensland Australia: Model Application and Evaluation." Rangeland Journal 18, nr 2 (1996): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9960259.
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This paper describes the employment of two experienced graziers as consultants to apply and evaluate a model for calculating 'safe' long-term grazing capacities of individual properties. The model was based on ecological principles and entailed estimates of average annual forage grown (kglha) on the different land systems on each property and the calculation of the number of livestock (dry sheep equivalents, DSE) required to 'safely' utilise this forage. The grazier consultants applied and evaluated the 'safe' grazing capacity model on 20 properties of their choosing. For evaluation, model results were compared with; (a) the Department of Lands rated carrying capacities for those properties and (b) the grazing capacity assessed independently by the owners of those properties. For the 20 properties, the average 'safe' grazing capacity calculated by the model (21.0 DSE/kmZ) was 8% lighter than the average of the owner assessed capacities (22.7 DSE/kmZ), which in tum was 37% lighter than the average of the pre-1989 Department of Lands rated carrying capacity (31.0 DSE/kmZ). The grazing land management and administrative implications of these results and the role graziers played as consultants are discussed.
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Tueller, Paul T. "Terminology for Grazing Lands and Grazing Animals". Journal of Environmental Quality 21, nr 2 (kwiecień 1992): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1992.00472425002100020034x.
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Large, R. V., J. M. Cobby i R. D. Baker. "The design and conduct of experiments to measure animal and herbage production responses to fertilizer nitrogen under cutting and grazing managements". Journal of Agricultural Science 104, nr 1 (luty 1985): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185960004301x.
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SummaryTwo experiments were conducted to provide information on the precision of herbage sampling, the degree of replication and the logistics of managing rotational and continuous grazing experiments. In a third experiment the possibility of estimating herbage growth, during the rotational grazing of paddocks for 4 days, by linear extrapolation of measured growth estimates made during the interval between grazings was investigated. A fourth experiment was then conducted to investigate animal and herbage production responses to nitrogen applied at five levels over the range 80–900 kg N/ha with three replicates per treatment.Results from Expts 1 and 2 showed that similar precision could be obtained under both rotational and continuous systems of grazing with the same number of replicates and samples of herbage. There was little advantage in having more than three replicates and four samples per paddock or two replicates and eight samples per paddock. Under continuous grazing a 3-weekly sampling and movement of exclosure cages was indicated. It was also found, from Expt 3 that, under rotational grazing, linear extrapolation of growth from 0–24 days did not reflect growth to 28 days in a consistent manner. Six animals per treatment, permanently in the paddocks, proved adequate for the estimation of live-weight gain.Experiment 4 confirmed that response curves could be fitted with an acceptable degree of precision if there was one low, one very high, and two intermediate levels of nitrogen. Adjustment of the number of animals to maintain sward height at between 5 and 7 cm ensured similar sward conditions and rates of live-weight gain across all treatments.The problems associated with the measurement of herbage production under grazing are discussed.
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Harrington, John. "Grazing Prairies". Ecological Restoration 16, nr 1 (1998): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/er.16.1.5.
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George, Melvin R., Stephanie Larson-Praplan, Morgan Doran i Kenneth W. Tate. "Grazing Nassella". Rangelands 35, nr 2 (kwiecień 2013): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2111/rangelands-d-12-00077.1.
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Bilgere, George. "Sheep Grazing". Chicago Review 35, nr 4 (1987): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25305395.
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Louault, F. "Grazing effects". Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 86, nr 1 (styczeń 2005): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623(2005)86[26:ge]2.0.co;2.
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Südekum, Karl-Heinz. "Grazing Management". Animal Feed Science and Technology 92, nr 3-4 (sierpień 2001): 262–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-8401(01)00263-2.
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Hosking, Julian. "Conservation grazing". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (kwiecień 2007): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620002158x.
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‘Conservation grazing’ is normally interpreted to mean livestock grazing for wildlife conservation purposes. Farm livestock grazing is essential for the management of many of the United Kingdom’s most important habitats. For example, permanent grassland, heathland, wood pasture, floodplain and coastal marshes all require some grazing to maintain the structure and composition upon which a wide variety of wild plants and animals depend for their survival. Farming activities have played a significant role in shaping these habitats over time and the continuation of certain livestock husbandry practices is often crucial for their sustained existence. The key livestock species utilised for conservation grazing are cattle, equines (mainly ponies), sheep, goats and occasionally pigs. Wild herbivores (e.g. deer and rabbits) may also play a significant part in conservation grazing outcomes.
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Penning, P. D. "Grazing behaviour". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (marzec 1986): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600015592.
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Intake of herbage by grazing animals is determined by the weight of herbage harvested per bite and the number of bites taken. A knowledge of ingestive behaviour can, therefore, play a valuable role in understanding animal responses to changes in sward conditions and management practices and thus aid the interpretation of results from grazing experiments. This paper will firstly consider briefly some methods of recording behaviour and, secondly, present some results illustrating the use of behaviour recording within a grazing experiment.Direct observation is the most frequently used method of recording behaviour. It is, however, laborious and often carried out under unpleasant conditions; it is difficult to record activities continuously and in some cases it is not possible to directly observe a particular behaviour. These limitations have led to numerous attempts to record grazing behaviour automatically.
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Pulido, Manuel, Jesús Barrena-González, Warwick Badgery, Jesús Rodrigo-Comino i Artemi Cerdà. "Sustainable grazing". Current Opinion in Environmental Science & Health 5 (październik 2018): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coesh.2018.04.004.
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Scarnecchia, David L. "Grazing, Stocking, and Production Efficiencies in Grazing Research". Journal of Range Management 41, nr 4 (lipiec 1988): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899378.
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Stone, G., B. Zhang, J. Carter, G. Fraser, G. Whish, C. Paton i G. McKeon. "An online system for calculating and delivering long-term carrying capacity information for Queensland grazing properties. Part 1: background and development". Rangeland Journal 43, nr 3 (2021): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj20084.
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This paper (Part 1) describes the development of a new online system that estimates long-term carrying capacity (LTCC) for grazing properties across Queensland, Australia. High year-to-year and multi-year rainfall variability is a dominating feature of the climate of Queensland’s grazing lands, and poses major challenges for extensive livestock production. The use of LTCC is one approach used by graziers to reduce the impact of rainfall variability on land condition and financial performance. Over the past 30 years, scientists, graziers and their advisors have developed a simple approach to calculating LTCC ((average annual pasture growth × safe pasture utilisation) ÷ annual animal intake). This approach has been successful at a property scale (regional south-west Queensland) and in a wider application through Grazing Land Management (GLM) regional workshops. We have built on these experiences to develop an online system (as described in detail in Part 2; Zhang et al. 2021; this issue) that incorporates the simple LTCC approach with advances in technology and grazing science to provide LTCC information for Queensland grazing properties. Features of the LTCC system are: (1) assimilation of spatial datasets (cadastral data, grazing land types, climate data, remotely-sensed woody vegetation cover); (2) a pasture growth simulation model; (3) land type parameter sets of biophysical attributes; and (4) estimates of safe pasture utilisation. The ‘FORAGE LTCC report’ is a major product of the system, describing individual property information that allows detailed analysis and explanation of the components of the LTCC calculation by land type and land condition. The online system rapidly analyses property spatial data and calculates paddock/property LTCC information. For the 10 months between November 2020 and August 2021, over 4000 grazing property reports have been requested in Queensland, and has proven to be a sound basis for ‘discussion support’ with grazier managers and their advisors.
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Perini Vengen, Andressa, Bruna Thaina Bartzen, Eloisa Mattei, Carlos Augusto Rocha de Moraes Rego, Jeferson Tiago Piano i Paulo Sergio Rabello de Oliveira. "CYCLING OF WINTER FORAGE NUTRIENTS UNDER INTEGRATED CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS". JOURNAL OF NEOTROPICAL AGRICULTURE 7, nr 4 (30.11.2020): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32404/rean.v7i4.4963.
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This study aimed to evaluate the decomposition and release of nutrients from the remaining straw of two annual forage species conducted in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS). The experimental design used was randomized blocks, in split plots, with three replicates. The managements were allocated in the plots (52 m2): without grazing, one grazing, and two grazings. Subplots were defined by material collection times after the forage’s desiccation (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after desiccation). Dry matter yield, amounts of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and half-life time were evaluated. Oat cultivar IPR Esmeralda had the highest initial dry matter yield (6,099 kg ha-1) when not grazed, while triticale cultivar IPR 111 showed the highest average values when subjected to grazing (8,088 kg ha-1). The amounts of N, P, and K released from the remaining dry matter, regardless of the management adopted, decreased over time. Potassium was the nutrient that presented the most accelerated release, with an average half-life of 14 days. When subjected to grazing, triticale is more efficient in nutrient cycling, providing 197, 38, and 231 kg ha-1 of N, P, and K, respectively, with a half-life time of 10, 37, and 25 days, respectively. Forage species can improve the cycling of nutrients and make them available to crops in succession in the ICLS.
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Gosselain, V., C. Joaquim-Justo, L. Viroux, M. Mena, A. Metens, J. P. Descy i J. P. Thome. "Laboratory and in situ grazing rates of freshwater rotifers and their contribution to community grazing rates". River Systems 10, nr 1-4 (18.09.1996): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/lr/10/1996/353.
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Burnett, Vivianne, Jeff Hirth, Kym Butler, Meredith Mitchell, Steve Clark i Zhongnan Nie. "Sensitivity of Winter-Active Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) to Different Grazing Regimes". Agronomy 8, nr 7 (19.07.2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8070124.
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Lucerne (alfalfa; Medicago sativa L.) is the key forage for grazing in dryland temperate regions around the world. While rotational grazing of lucerne is recommended, in southern Australia the intervals between grazing events are often chosen in an opportunistic manner, to meet livestock production targets and utilise excessive spring and summer growth. To assess whether the persistence of lucerne is sensitive to variations in rotational grazing management practice, we report on an experiment with four sheep grazing treatments that was conducted for 2.5 years, including three summers, in southern New South Wales. The grazing management treatments were a crash-grazing control, frequent grazing, feed-based rotational grazing and time-based rotational grazing, replicated four times. The number of grazing events, percentage of time under grazing, lucerne top dry matter (DM) at the beginning and end of grazing periods and plant density were measured. The results relating to number of grazing events, percentage of time grazing and DM removed during grazing indicated that four grazing practices had been achieved. The treatments all had significant periods of rest for at least 73% of time and were empirically different in their approach but resulted in similar grazing pressures, in terms of overall pasture removed during grazing. Nevertheless, there was little difference in lucerne densities between grazing treatments over the life of the experiment. We conclude that there is flexibility in the rotational management of grazed lucerne provided adequate rest periods are part of the management program.
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Hai, Tang. "The Response of Plant-Parasitic Community to Grazing Disturbance Gradien of Meadow Grassland". Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (grudzień 2012): 630–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.630.
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The correlation between the number, variety dominance of plant nematode community and cover standing vegetation of plant community in Meadow grassland soil was studied under Grazing Disturbance Gradien, namely,Light grazing Moderate grazing Excessive grazing rest-grazing respectively.The result is as follows: in regions of different grazing systems the species of Plant-parasitic nematode were similar, while the total number of nematodes was significant. The plant-parasit nematode dominance was in following sequence under different grazing systems: excessive grazing site> Moderate grazing site > Light grazing > rest-grazing;The dominant genus of excessive grazing site is Xiphinema、Tylenchus、Helicotylenchus.The dominant genuses of the are rest-grazing Xiphinema、Tylenchus、Ditylenchu、Helicotylenchus、Longidorus ,plant parasite nematode sweremore sensitive to the excessive grazing site，correlation of plant-parasit nematode number with plant community standing vegetation was significantly positive, while that of plant-parasite dominance(%) was significantly negative.
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Evans, Robert. "Some Impacts of Overgrazing by Reindeer in Finnmark, Norway". Rangifer 16, nr 1 (1.01.1996): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.16.1.1177.
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Some impacts of reindeer grazing on Finnmark's landscape are briefly described. Information on the impacts was gathered mostly by surveying 17 sample transects in the field, often 90 m in length; as well as by examining other localities in Finnmark, particularly the area around Ifjordfjellet. The results of the surveys along fences as well as in the open countryside are given. These show that much degradation has taken place along fences and that adjacent to the fence more than half the soil can be exposed to trampling and the weather. At Ifjordfjellet damage along 22.4 km of fence separating summer grazings from spring and winter grazings was severe or very severe (> 30% bare soil exposed) over 39% of its distance. Land alongside an 8.0 km long fence built to aid management of the reindeer herds in summer was even more degraded, with 56% of its length on the 'inner' side severely or worse damaged, and 70% on the 'outer' side. In open landscapes erosion by tracking, trampling and the weather is most likely in wet peaty hollows; on slopes steeper than 7 degrees where soils are peaty or 13 degrees where they are mineral-based; at the edge of terrace landforms or where drumlins occur; and especially where deep sandy soils occur in eskers or other fluvioglacial land-forms. Soil is being denuded at rates of 1-3 mm per year. Evidence for reindeer grazing is widespread throughout Finnmark: from the almost ubiquitious presence of dung; to the disappearance of lichens by trampling in summer grazings and by overgrazing in winter grazings; to the presence of bare soil in many localities. Where reindeer grazing is confined either by fences or topography, degradational thresholds are lowered so that, for instance, peaty and mineral soils begin to erode on slopes as low as 4 degrees. This degradation has mostly come about in the last two or three decades as reindeer numbers have increased markedly, often by a factor of 2 or 3.
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Na, Yintai, Jinxia Li, Buho Hoshino, Saixialt Bao, Fuying Qin i Purevtseren Myagmartseren. "Effects of Different Grazing Systems on Aboveground Biomass and Plant Species Dominance in Typical Chinese and Mongolian Steppes". Sustainability 10, nr 12 (13.12.2018): 4753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124753.
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This study investigated the effects of different grazing systems on plant communities, and examined the causes of Mongolian grassland desertification. The typical steppes near the Chinese-Mongolian border were studied using quadrat sampling and remote sensing methods. Aboveground biomass in the steppe areas differed significantly among the three grazing systems (p < 0.05): Biomass in the grazing-prohibited areas (455.9 g) was greater than that in the rotational-grazing areas (268.4 g) and the continuous grazing areas (122.2 g). Aboveground biomass was well correlated with the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI; y = 5600x2 + 260x + 110; R2 = 0.67; p < 0.05). The relative mean deviation between the aboveground biomass was calculated using this regression and the measured biomass was 29.1%. The Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) values for nomadic-grazing areas were greater than those for continuous-grazing areas in 1989, 2005, 2011, and 2016, and were significantly greater in 2011 and 2016. The SAVI values for the continuous-grazing areas were slightly, but not significantly greater, than those for the nomadic-grazing areas in 1993. Plant species that dominated in moderately degraded areas were most dominant in nomadic-grazing areas, followed by continuous-grazing areas and grazing-prohibited areas. Plant species that dominated in lightly and heavily degraded areas were most dominant in continuous-grazing areas, followed by nomadic-grazing areas and grazing-prohibited areas. Generally, continuous grazing caused more serious grassland degradation than did nomadic grazing, and nomadic-grazing areas tolerated more intense grazing than did continuous-grazing areas.
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Lawson, A. R., K. B. Kelly i M. E. Rogers. "Grazing management of dairy pastures based on tall fescue in southern Australia". Crop and Pasture Science 68, nr 12 (2017): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp16375.
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Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea (Schreb) Darbysh.) has the potential to become a useful component of irrigated dairy pastures in northern Victoria owing to its high dry matter (DM) production compared with perennial ryegrass. However, tall fescue is not widely grown because its grazing management is perceived as difficult. In October 2010, a tall fescue–white clover pasture was established and irrigated. In September 2011, six grazing-management treatments were imposed over 3 years, involving grazing: at 1-leaf stage; at 2-leaf stage (1.5-leaf stage during spring); at 3-leaf stage (2.5-leaf stage during spring); at intervals based upon days between grazings ranging from 15 days in October–December to 60 days in winter; at intervals as above except for 21 days in October–December; and at intervals approximating that of a well-managed perennial-ryegrass-based pasture . Measurements included pre- and post-grazing pasture mass, nutritive characteristics, botanical composition and plant frequency. Pasture consumption from the treatment grazed at the 3-leaf stage was >3.5 t DM ha–1 year–1 (30%) greater than from the three most frequently grazed treatments. However, crude protein content was 1–3% DM units lower when grazed at the 3-leaf stage compared with the two most frequently grazed treatments. There was no effect on estimated metabolisable energy or neutral detergent fibre contents of the pasture on offer. Differences in pasture composition between the pastures grazed at the 3-leaf stage and those most frequently grazed emerged over time and were most conspicuous in the third year, with a greater plant frequency (79% v. 66%) and tall fescue content (61% v. 40% DM) and lower weed content (14% v. 28% DM). From the study, a grazing regime for tall fescue based on the 3-leaf stage appears promising because it produced the most DM over the experiment. A disadvantage of this regime was the need for an extra mowing each year. The practicality of this approach to grazing tall fescue needs to be tested at the whole-farm level.
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Nie, Cheng, Yue Li, Lei Niu, Yinghui Liu, Rui Shao, Xia Xu i Yuqiang Tian. "Soil respiration and its Q10 response to various grazing systems of a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia, China". PeerJ 7 (13.06.2019): e7112. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7112.
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Background As one of the important management practices of grassland ecosystems, grazing has fundamental effects on soil properties, vegetation, and soil microbes. Grazing can thus alter soil respiration (Rs) and the soil carbon cycle, yet its impacts and mechanisms remain unclear. Methods To explore the response of soil carbon flux and temperature sensitivity to different grazing systems, Rs, soil temperature (ST), and soil moisture (SM) were observed from December 2014 to September 2015 in a typical steppe of Inner Mongolia under three grazing systems: year-long grazing, rest-rotation grazing, and grazing exclusion. In addition, plant aboveground and root biomass, soil microbial biomass and community composition, and soil nutrients were measured during the pilot period. Results Soil respiration was significantly different among the three grazing systems. The average Rs was highest under rest-rotation grazing (1.26 μmol·m−2·s−1), followed by grazing exclusion (0.98 μmol·m−2·s−1) and year-long grazing (0.94 μmol·m−2·s−1). Rs was closely associated with ST, SM, potential substrate and root, and soil microbe activity. The effects of grazing among two grazing systems had generality, but were different due to grazing intensity. The root biomass was stimulated by grazing, and the rest-rotation grazing system resulted in the highest Rs. Grazing led to decreases in aboveground and microbial biomass as well as the loss of soil total nitrogen and total phosphorus from the steppe ecosystem, which explained the negative effect of grazing on Rs in the year-long grazing system compared to the grazing exclusion system. The temperature sensitivity of Rs (Q10) was higher in the rest-rotation and year-long grazing systems, likely due to the higher temperature sensitivity of rhizosphere respiration and higher “rhizosphere priming effect” in the promoted root biomass. The structural equation model analysis showed that while grazing inhibited Rs by reducing soil aeration porosity, ground biomass and SM, it increased Q10 but had a lower effect than other factors. A better understanding of the effects of grazing on soil respiration has important practical implications.
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Davies, Kirk W., Amanda Gearhart, Chad S. Boyd i Jon D. Bates. "Fall and spring grazing influence fire ignitability and initial spread in shrub steppe communities". International Journal of Wildland Fire 26, nr 6 (2017): 485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf17065.
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The interaction between grazing and fire influences ecosystems around the world. However, little is known about the influence of grazing on fire, in particular ignition and initial spread and how it varies by grazing management differences. We investigated effects of fall (autumn) grazing, spring grazing and not grazing on fuel characteristics, fire ignition and initial spread during the wildfire season (July and August) at five shrub steppe sites in Oregon, USA. Both grazing treatments decreased fine fuel biomass, cover and height, and increased fuel moisture, and thereby decreased ignition and initial spread compared with the ungrazed treatment. However, effects differed between fall and spring grazing. The probability of initial spread was 6-fold greater in the fall-grazed compared with the spring-grazed treatment in August. This suggests that spring grazing may have a greater effect on fires than fall grazing, likely because fall grazing does not influence the current year’s plant growth. Results of this study also highlight that the grazing–fire interaction will vary by grazing management. Grazing either the fall or spring before the wildfire season reduces the probability of fire propagation and, thus, grazing is a potential fuel management tool.
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Allen, V. G., C. Batello, E. J. Berretta, J. Hodgson, M. Kothmann, X. Li, J. McIvor i in. "An international terminology for grazing lands and grazing animals". Grass and Forage Science 66, nr 1 (marzec 2011): 2–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2494.2010.00780.x.
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Teague, W. R., S. L. Dowhower i J. A. Waggoner. "Drought and grazing patch dynamics under different grazing management". Journal of Arid Environments 58, nr 1 (lipiec 2004): 97–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(03)00122-8.
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Hayes∗, S. H., S. R. Smith, G. L. Olson i L. Lawrence. "Relationship of Plant Grazing Tolerance to Equine Grazing Preferences". Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 29, nr 5 (maj 2009): 429–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2009.04.126.
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Guan, Huanhuan, Shangyun Zhang, Yifei Huangpu, Han Yan, Karl J. Niklas, Tserang Donko Mipam i Shucun Sun. "Moderate Grazing Promotes Arthropod Species Diversity in an Alpine Meadow". Biology 12, nr 6 (27.05.2023): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12060778.
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Livestock grazing is an important tool used in grassland land management practices. Studies have substantially addressed the effect of grazing on plant species diversity, revealing that moderate grazing increases plant species diversity. However, few studies have dealt with the relationship between grazing and arthropod species diversity, which remains unclear. Here, we hypothesize that moderate grazing promotes arthropod species diversity because arthropods are directly or indirectly dependent on plant diversity. In this study, we conducted a two-year plant and arthropod survey from 2020 to 2021 at four levels of grazing intensity, i.e., nongrazing (as a control), light grazing, moderate grazing, and heavy grazing, of the long-term grazing experiment starting in 2016. The data show that plant species diversity peaked in the moderate grazing treatment, and herbivore species diversity was positively correlated with plant species diversity (and hence peaked in the moderate grazing treatment). Moderate grazing promoted parasitoid species diversity, which was positively correlated with herbivore species diversity. However, predator species diversity did not significantly differ among the four treatments. In addition, saprophage species diversity decreased, whereas coprophages increased with increasing grazing levels, such that species richness (but not species diversity of detritivores statistically) was highest in the moderate grazing treatment. Consequently, the species diversity of arthropods as a whole peaked at the moderate grazing level, a phenomenology that is consistent with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Considering that moderate grazing has been found to increase plant species diversity, facilitate soil carbon accumulation, and prevent soil erosion, we suggest that moderate grazing would maximize multi-functional ecosystem services.
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Ma, Zhiwen, Wenping Qin, Zhaoqi Wang, Chenglong Han, Xiang Liu i Xiaotao Huang. "A Meta-Analysis of Soil Organic Carbon Response to Livestock Grazing in Grassland of the Tibetan Plateau". Sustainability 14, nr 21 (28.10.2022): 14065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114065.
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Known as the “roof of the world”, the Tibetan Plateau hosts the largest pastoral alpine ecosystem in the world. Nevertheless, there is currently no consensus on how soil organic carbon (SOC) stock changes after livestock grazing on the grassland of this region. Here, a meta-analysis was performed based on 55 published studies to quantify the livestock grazing-induced changes in SOC stock (0–30 cm) in grassland on the Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that livestock grazing significantly increased bulk density by an average of 11.5%, indicating that significant soil compaction was caused by livestock grazing. In contrast, SOC content and stock significantly decreased by 14.4% and 11.9% after livestock grazing, respectively. The decline rate of SOC stock was higher in alpine meadow (−12.4%) than that in alpine steppe (−8.8%), but there was no significant difference between the two rates. The SOC stocks decreased by 10.1%, 6.2% and 20.1% under light grazing, moderate grazing and heavy grazing, respectively. The decline rate of SOC stock under moderate grazing was significantly lower than that under heavy grazing. For different livestock types, it was observed that yak grazing significantly decreased SOC stock by 15.3%. Although the decline rate induced by yak grazing was higher than those induced by Tibetan sheep grazing and mixed grazing, no significant difference was detected among them. Similarly, the grazing-induced SOC declines also did not differ significantly among subgroups of grazing season. The positive relationships between SOC stock and plant biomass indicated that the decreased plant biomass was a likely reason for the declined SOC stock under grazing condition. The findings suggested that moderate grazing with Tibetan sheep in the warm season may minimize SOC losses from grazing activities in alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau.
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Sanjari, Gholamreza, Hossein Ghadiri, Cyril A. A. Ciesiolka i Bofu Yu. "Comparing the effects of continuous and time-controlled grazing systems on soil characteristics in Southeast Queensland". Soil Research 46, nr 4 (2008): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07220.
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Grazing by livestock has a great influence on soil characteristics with major effects on soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in grazing lands. Grazing practices affect soil properties in different ways depending on the prescribed stocking rate and grazing periods. The new grazing system of short, intensive grazing followed by a long period of rest, referred to as time-controlled grazing (TC grazing), has become popular among many graziers in Australia and elsewhere. However, little research has been carried out on the impacts of this grazing system on the physical and chemical health of the soil. To address this issue, a comprehensive field study was carried out on a sheep-grazing property in the south-eastern region of Queensland, Australia, where the 2 grazing systems of continuous and TC grazing were compared. Results over the period 2001–2006 showed an increase in soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the areas with favourable soil condition compared with continuous grazing. There was also an increase in ground-litter accumulation over time and no compaction in TC grazing. Nitrate and extractable P concentrations were reduced by increased grass growth under TC grazing, which in turn decreased the contamination potential for downstream water bodies. This reduction was much more pronounced on a historical sheep aggregation camp, where a large amount of faecal material had been deposited prior to conversion to TC grazing. The smaller size of the paddocks, along with the long rest period provided by TC grazing in this area, are recognised to be the major contributors to both physical and chemical recovery of the soil after each grazing operation.
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Fernandes, Marcia H. M. R., Jalme S. Fernandes Junior, Kleber T. De Resende, Hugo C. Bonfa, Ricardo A. Reis, Ana C. Ruggieri, Juliano J. R. Fernandes i Patrícia M. Santos. "Grazing behavior and intake of goats rotationally grazing Tanzania-grass pasture with different post-grazing residues". Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 4, nr 2 (2016): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(4)91-100.
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Tian, Tian, Jianying Guo, Zhenqi Yang, Zhenyu Yao, Xinyu Liu i Ziwei Wang. "Effects of Different Grazing Treatments on the Root System of Stipa krylovii Steppe". Sustainability 16, nr 10 (9.05.2024): 3975. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16103975.
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Plants’ root properties are closely related to their ecological adaptability. This study aimed to clarify the differences in root properties of Stipa krylovii under different grazing disturbances. The morphological characteristics of root length, root surface area, root volume, root tip number, specific root length, and specific surface area of S. krylovii were compared under no grazing, light grazing, moderate grazing and heavy grazing conditions. The ecological adaptability to grazing pressure was also examined. Results showed that the underground biomass density decreased with the increase in grazing intensity. Grazing disturbance can lead to changes in plant community characteristics, and roots adapt to changes in these environmental factors by adjusting their distribution. Among the six root configuration parameters, those under light grazing were significantly higher than those under the other grazing types. The root length and root surface area were concentrated in the range of 0–2 mm. Mild grazing and moderate grazing were conducive to fine root penetration and contact with soil. Moderate grazing disturbance was beneficial to grassland vegetation productivity and played an important role in the stability and sustainable utilization of grassland ecosystem.
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Dobos, R. C., W. J. Fulkerson, K. Sinclair i G. N. Hinch. "Grazing behaviour and pattern of intake of dairy cows grazing kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) grass pastures in relation to sward height and length of grazing session". Animal Production Science 49, nr 3 (2009): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08212.
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To investigate how grazing time, herbage dry matter intake (DMI) and intake rate (IR) are influenced by intensive grazing management, dairy cows strip-grazing subtropical grass pastures (Pennisetum clandestinum) at two compressed sward heights (10 and 13 cm) and at five grazing durations (1, 2, 4, 8 and 15 h) and replicated over 3 days were studied. The study was conducted in summer and the cows were observed every 20 min from 1600 to 0700 hours to calculate the time spent (min/h) grazing, ruminating and resting. Total time spent grazing was 45 min longer for cows grazing the 13-cm sward than for those grazing the 10-cm sward over the 15-h grazing period. The rate of increase in grazing time was 0.64 h/h grazing duration up to 4 h after introduction to fresh pasture. IR of cows grazing the 13-cm sward was significantly higher than those grazing the 10-cm sward (0.17 v. 0.12 kg DM/min spent grazing). The difference in IRs between sward height treatments resulted from the higher DMI in the 13-cm sward within the first 4 h of grazing compared with the 10-cm sward, although following the first 4-h grazing period IR was similar for both sward heights. Grazing time increased with sward height up to a maximum of 4 h after introduction to fresh pasture and had also maximised herbage DMI by this time. These results have important practical implications for dairy cow grazing management systems because they show that dairy managers could remove cows after 4 h with little compromise in production and will help in developing optimum supplementary feeding strategies when pasture availability limits DMI.
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Mccarthy, S., C. Hirst, D. Donaghy, D. Gray i B. Wood. "Opportunities to improve grazing management". Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 76 (1.01.2014): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2014.76.2971.
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Abstract Improved efficiency in growing and converting pasture into product is required to maintain New Zealand's competitive advantage in dairying. This study focused on two areas of grazing management, the first an assessment of the indicators leaf stage, pre-grazing yield and grazing residual. In summary, 49% of measured paddocks were grazed too soon based on leaf stage, 62% were grazed outside the recommended pre-grazing yield, and 48% of measured paddocks were not grazed to a desirable height. The second part of the study provided an insight into farmer decision making at an operational level of grazing management with three key components identified. These were: 1) The recruitment of paddocks into a grazing plan; 2) The shuffling of the paddock grazing sequence within the grazing plan; and 3) The management of individual grazing events before, during and after the event. An improved understanding by rural professionals of grazing management decision making would result in extension strategies which generate increased farmer engagement, adoption of grazing management technologies and improved onfarm productivity. Keywords: dairy, grazing management
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Belteben, Arwa Ahamed, Mamoun Abdullah Gharaibeh i Amar Ali Albalasmeh. "Grazing Effects on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties". Journal of Misurata University for Agricultural Sciences 2, nr 1 (5.09.2020): 29–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36602/jmuas.2020.v02.01.03.
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Uncontrolled grazing can have deteriorative effects on soil properties. This paper studied the effect of different grazing intensities on soil physicochemical and hydraulic properties at Al-Khanasry Agricultural Station, Al-Mafraq, Jordan. In summer 2016. Treatments were (1) no-grazing (NG), (2) controlled grazing (CG), and (3) uncontrolled grazing (UnG) sites. Soil samples were collected from each site to determine bulk density (BD), aggregate stability (AS), soil organic matter (SOM), electrical conductivity (EC), soil acidity (pH), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Infiltration (F (t)) and hydraulic conductivity (HC) were measured in the field. Results showed that UnG significantly increased BD, Controlled and un-controlled grazing sites showed similar BD (P=< 0.05), the highest was in controlled grazing (1.47 g cm-3). Aggregate stability also increased under grazing condition (P=< 0.05) only in the surface layer (AS), The lowest AS in surface layer was observed in no-grazed plot (17.4%), while no significant difference (P=< 0.05) were observed between controlled and un-controlled grazing plots (24.6 and 24.8%), respectively. In significant (P=< 0.05) Grazing increased soil OM in surface layers. Un-controlled grazing area had significantly (P=< 0.05) higher OM content (3.5%) compared to the no-grazed, but not significant (P=< 0.05) from the controlled grazing area (3%). Grazing significantly decreased F(t) and HC when compared to NG. Grazing significantly (P=< 0.05) reduced cumulative infiltration. The highest cumulative infiltration was observed in no-grazed area while the lowest was in un-controlled grazing area. Also, significant results showed that Grazing reduced (HC), however no significant (P=< 0.05) differences were observed between controlled and un-controlled grazing areas (P=< 0.05). The higher HC was in no-grazed site (0.172*103 cm s-1) while the lowest was in un-controlled grazing area (0.034*103 cm s-1). Therefore, controlling grazing intensity is recommended in these dry areas.