Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Grazing

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Grazing”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 30 lipca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Grazing"

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Conlan, DJ, BS Dear i NE Coombes. "Effect of grazing intensity and number of grazings on herbage production and seed yields of Trifolium subterraneum, Medicago murex, and Ornithopus compressus". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, nr 2 (1994): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940181.

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The impact of grazing intensity and number of grazings was assessed on the growth and seed production of 5 annual pasture legumes [Trifoliunz subterraneum var. subterraneum cv. Karridale, var. brachycalycinum cv. Clare, var. yanninicum cv. Trikkala; Medicago murex (murex medic) cv. Zodiac; Ornithopus compressus L. (yellow serradella) cv. Avila]. There were 7 grazing treatments: an ungrazed control; and 2 grazing intensities (light and heavy), each for 3 periods of grazing (winter, winter-early spring, winter-late spring). Tethered sheep in small experimental plots were used to provide controlled herbage removal across all cultivars through winter and winter-spring grazing. This grazing system resulted in significantly different levels of herbage being present in the light and heavy grazing treatments following each grazing period. Grazing had variable effects on seed production: <35% increase for Trikkala, and no significant effect for Karridale. Both cultivars continued growth and seed production late in the season after grazing pressure was removed on 8 November. Seed yield of Clare was reduced by 46-49% by heavy grazing treatments. Seed yield of murex medic was not significantly affected by grazing, while that of serradella was reduced by 30-55% by grazing late in the season. The seed yield responses show that cultivar and species responses to grazing may be highly variable. Under favourable spring conditions, Trikkala, Karridale, and murex medic can be grazed heavily until late in the season without adversely affecting seed yield, whilst Clare and Avila cannot.
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Devantier, B. P., D. R. Stevens, G. M. Rennie i K. N. Tozer. "The effect of deferred grazing in spring and early summer pastures on pasture growth rate and feed quality". Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 79 (1.01.2017): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2017.79.550.

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Abstract Maintaining pasture quality in late spring and early summer is a challenge in many hill country farming systems where pasture growth often exceeds animal demand. One possible management tool is to defer grazing on a portion of the farm to enable the desired grazing management and animal performance on the remainder. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of timing and duration of deferred grazing in mid-spring to early-summer on subsequent pasture accumulation rates, composition and quality, from mid-spring through to the following winter. A factorial design (3 durations x 3 closing times) in eight replicates compared withholding grazing (nil, 1 or 3 grazings), in three closing periods, mid spring, late spring, and early summer. Grazing pasture when covers reached 2500 - 3000 kg DM/ha to a residual of 1500 kg DM/ha was the standard grazing regimen used. Grazing after the exclusion period aimed to achieve the same residual as in the control treatment based on a feed budget. Short early closures resulted in little, or no change in pasture quality and quantity for the remainder of the season. Longer closure periods reduced pasture quality due to increases in the proportions of dead and reproductive stem. This effect was reduced with later closings. The control (nil deferred grazings) and mid-spring closings had a net loss of dead matter (-1000 and -420 kg DM/ ha, respectively), while the late -spring and earlysummer closings accumulated 60 and 180 kg DM/ha, respectively. These differences in dead matter were the major driver of the differences of net herbage accumulations (P=0.018), with net accumulations from 7990 kg DM/ha for the control (Nil) closings to 9660 kg DM/ha for the December (late) closings. Deferred grazing can be used to alter feed availability and utilisation while maintaining net pasture production over spring, summer and autumn. Keywords: grazing management, pasture quality, deferred grazing, net pasture accumulation, dead matter, reproductive tillers, metabolisable energy
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Stockdale, CR. "Factors affecting the productivity of irrigated annual pastures. 2. Defoliation by dairy cows". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 26, nr 3 (1986): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9860305.

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The influence of grazing intensity on the productivity of an irrigated annual pasture was studied for 3 years in northern Victoria. Lax-, medium- and hard-grazing intensities were described by post-grazing pasture heights of 7.2, 5.2 and 3.0 cm, respectively. Also, one instance of variable grazing frequency occurred, in winter of year 1. Hard-grazed plots produced 1 3 and 17% less herbage in years 1 and 2, respectively, than did lax- and medium-grazed plots, which produced similar amounts of herbage. When the interval between grazings was extended, the variation in productivity was reversed; lax grazing resulted in 9% less total production than heavier grazing. In years 1 and 2, there was little effect of grazing treatment on botanical composition until spring, at which time there was a marked reduction in the amount of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) in the hard-grazed plots, with a concomitant increase in grass content. There were no significant effects of grazing intensity on the amounts of weeds in either year. However, in year 3, weeds were important contributors to pasture production early in the season. This, together with reduced clover seed reserves and increased incidence of disease in subterranean clover with hard grazing, suggests that the long-term regenerating ability of an annual pasture may be impaired if severely grazed at regular intervals.
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Taffarel, Loreno Egidio, Paulo Sérgio Rabello de Oliveira, Jeferson Tiago Piano, Patricia Barcellos Costa, Eduardo Eustáquio Mesquita, Poliana Ferreira da Costa, Deise Dalazen Castagnara, Marcelina Bottoni Horn i Elir De Oliveira. "Productivity and the presence of mycotoxins in oats, wheat, and triticale subjected to grazing". Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, nr 6 (23.11.2017): 3749. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n6p3749.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effects of grazing on the agronomic characteristics, grain yield, and presence of the mycotoxins aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone in IPR 126 oat, BRS Tarumã wheat, and IPR 111 triticale. This study was performed from April 24, 2012 to November 11, 2013 at UNIOESTE’s Experimental Farm in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block in a banded scheme, with four replications. The treatments in the A tracks were the three crops and the B tracks, the treatments: without grazing, one grazing event, or two grazing events. One grazing reduced the productivity of oat by 42.48% and triticale by 28.09% and increased wheat productivity by 24.89%. Two grazings reduced oat productivity by 54.14%, wheat by 40.96%, and triticale by 54.69%. Crops subjected to two grazings should be used for dry matter production for ground cover or partially used for silage when the plant is in the pasty or semi-hard grain stage, as grazing affects the agronomic characteristics and grain yield. The BRS Tarumã wheat, when used in crop-livestock integration systems, should be grazed only once due to increased productivity, while IPR 126 oat and IPR 111 triticale should not be grazed in crop-livestock integration systems for commercial production of grain. Oats from grazed plants should not be added to feeds of poultry in the early stage or pigs in the early and growth stages due to the higher levels of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Grazing of winter crops increases the length of the crop cycle and grain formation will occur under climatic conditions favorable to the mycotoxins. Therefore, when grains are intended for human consumption, grazing is not recommended, as it increases the possibility of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone at levels above the maximum tolerable levels permitted by law. These grains should be supplied to animals only after analysis of the mycotoxin levels present in the grains.
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McCartney, D. H., i S. Bittman. "Persistence of cool-season grasses under grazing using the mob-grazing technique". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, nr 4 (1.10.1994): 723–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-129.

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Evaluation of grass germplasms for pasture is usually done in trials which are harvested mechanically. This study evaluated the persistence of 13 cool-season grass species and germplasms under 4 yr of grazing in northeast Saskatchewan, using the mob-grazing technique. Thirteen grass germplasms were contained within each paddock, and the paddocks were grazed by large groups of cattle so that all the herbage was consumed evenly in 1–2 d. Three grazing intensities (light, moderate and intense) were established by varying the rest period between grazings. Ground cover declined more rapidly under intense than under light grazing, but no interaction was found between grazing intensity and grass germplasm. The ground cover of the seeded grasses generally declined but at different rates during the trial, giving a significant grass × year interaction. Parkway crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Beauv. ssp. pectination (Bieb.) Tzvel.] declined less than Carlton smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and the meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii Roem & Schult.) cultivars. The most rapid stand decline was observed in intermediate wheatgrass [Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski], northern wheatgrass (Elymus lanceoiatus Scribn. & Smith), and hybrid wheatgrass [Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski × E. spicata (Pursh) D. R. Dewey]. Seeded grasses were replaced mainly by bluegrass (Poa spp.). The results suggest that mob grazing is a useful technique for evaluating new species and germplasms intended for long-term pastures. Key words: Grazing tolerance, temperate grasses, pasture, ground cover, bromegrass, wheatgrass, wildrye, bluegrass
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Waterhouse, A., G. Halliday, J. T. Wyllie i S. Horbury. "Strategies to avoid parasitic gastro-enteritis in an intensive organic hill sheep system". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1992 (marzec 1992): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600022753.

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In hill sheep systems, a major concern for health and welfare is for lambs grazing improved land at higher stocking rates and succumbing to parasitic gastro-enteritis. With only a small amount of improved land available, there is little or no scope for ‘clean grazing’ systems as access to this better land is crucial on an annual basis to achieve better performance from the flock. Access at lambing and at ewe mating is of particular value. There may however be some scope for reduced parasitic challenge to lambs during the summer grazing period because of the differential in stocking densities between the hill and the improved grazings.
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Tozer, K. N., C. A. Cameron i L. Matthews. "Grazing defoliation and nutritive value of Setaria pumila and Digitaria sanguinalis in Lolium perenne-based swards". Crop and Pasture Science 66, nr 2 (2015): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14079.

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Setaria pumila and Digitaria sanguinalis are undesirable, C4 annual grass species in intensively managed temperate and subtropical dairy pastures. A comparative, small-plot study was established in Lolium perenne-based dairy pastures to determine the extent to which these species are grazed and how this relates to changes in their nutritive value over summer–early autumn. Setaria pumila was taller than D. sanguinalis before grazing (16–24 and 10–17 cm, respectively) and was grazed to lower post-grazing height and less post-grazing groundcover than D. sanguinalis: height 4.1 and 4.7 cm, cover 67 and 83%, respectively, averaged over January–March (summer–early autumn). Nutritive quality was similar for both species (with metabolisable energy values for December–March averaging 11.1, 10.0, 8.5 and 9.0 MJ kg DM–1) and is unlikely to be a key determinant of differences in grazing defoliation. In addition, post-grazing cover and post-grazing height for both annual grasses increased over the grazing season and were associated with declining nutritive value of both species. The nutritive value of L. perenne was higher than that of both S. pumila and D. sanguinalis and it did not decline over the grazing season (December–March: 11.3, 11.5, 9.3 and 11.4 MJ kg DM–1). Although S. pumila and D. sanguinalis were grazed in all months, they readily produced new panicles between grazings. Given this, these annual grasses are likely to spread in Lolium perenne-based dairy pastures unless interventions are used.
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Bittman, S., i D. H. McCartney. "Evaluating alfalfa cultivars and germplasms for pastures using the mob-grazing technique". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, nr 1 (1.01.1994): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-019.

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There is growing evidence that alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. sensu lato) germplasms that perform well in trials that are mechanically clipped may not persist well under grazing. This trial assessed the persistence of nine alfalfa germplasms under grazing over a period of 4 yr in northeast Saskatchewan. The germplasms included registered cultivars and experimental strains of M. sativa ssp. media Pers. and M. sativa ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang. with a range of growth habits and winterhardiness. Each paddock was seeded with all entries in mixture with smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and grazed repeatedly for 1- to 2-d periods, using high stocking rates, to ensure that all entries were grazed uniformly. Three grazing intensities — light, moderate and intense — were set by varying the rest period between grazings. Ground cover of all the currently recommended alfalfa cultivars of the media ssp. declined during the trial; the germplasms of falcata ssp. increased; and two media ssp. strains from northern Alberta maintained fairly constant ground cover. Grazing intensity affected rate of stand decline but not final ranking of germplasms, so there was no grazing × germplasm interaction. Seeded and volunteer smooth bromegrass maintained better stands under light than intense grazing, whereas volunteer bluegrass (Poa spp.) performed better under intense grazing. Ground cover of alfalfa germplasms was generally correlated with their annual yield and proportion of total dry matter yield. The results suggest that falcata germplasms should be included in seed mixes for long-term pastures and that mob grazing be used to assess the persistence of alfalfa germplasms before they are recommended for use in pastures. Key words:Medicago sativa L., Medicago sativa ssp. falcata (L.) Arcang., persistence, grazing tolerance.
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Bai, Zhenyin, Aomei Jia, Dongwei Liu, Chengyu Zhang i Mingjun Wang. "How Seasonal Grazing Exclusion Affects Grassland Productivity and Plant Community Diversity". Grasses 1, nr 1 (10.11.2022): 12–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/grasses1010002.

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The Sanjiang Plain is famous for its concentrated distribution of natural wet grasslands. These wet grasslands are an important source of seasonal pasture or hay in the area. However, changes in community structure and ecosystem function have already occurred in wet grasslands because of overgrazing and climate change, resulting in severe grassland degradation. Exploring a reasonable grazing management strategy is crucial for improving grassland species diversity, increasing grassland productivity, and maintaining sustainable grassland utilization. We investigated the effects of five grazing management (GM) strategies (no grazing through the growing season (CK), spring grazing exclusion (Spr-GE), summer grazing exclusion (Sum-GE)), autumn grazing exclusion (Aut-GE), and grazing through the growing season (G)) on the productivity, community composition and structure of wet grasslands in the Sanjiang Plain under three grazing intensities (GI) (light (L), moderate (M), and heavy (H)). Results showed that Spr-GE and Sum-GE were beneficial in increasing total aboveground biomass (AGB), but decreased plant community diversity in Spr-GE due to increased intraspecies and interspecies competition. The exclusion of different seasonal grazings changed the composition of plant communities. At the level of functional groups and dominant species, Spr-GE had a significant effect on most functional groups and dominant species’ characteristics, while Aut-GE had little effect on most functional groups and dominant species’ characteristics. However, different functional groups and dominant species had different responses to seasonal grazing exclusion. In addition, under M, there were significantly improved grassland total AGB and PF AGB. The results indicated that Spr-GE with M may be an effective livestock-management strategy to protect grassland vegetation and community diversity, as well as to restore degraded grassland.
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REAL, D., I. L. GORDON i J. HODGSON. "Statistical modelling of grazing preference of sheep when presented with a range of plant types". Journal of Agricultural Science 136, nr 1 (luty 2001): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600008418.

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A statistical model of the grazing preference of sheep is presented for the evaluation of spaced plants in small plots for plant breeding purposes. Plants are located randomly to reduce the effect of external factors on diet selection, and to differentiate between discriminatory and random grazing. Consistency of discrimination among grazings and sites (Massey University, New Zealand and INIA La Estanzuela, Uruguay) was tested. The statistical design and subsequent analyses considered all sources of variation to minimize error, and to separate genetic effects from environment effects. Clonal replicates were used to enhance error-control, and hence the precision of heritability estimates, as most characters are inherited quantitatively. Post-grazing leafiness is considered the best character to select and breed for animal preference in a red clover germplasm.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Grazing"

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Alshehabi, Abbas. "Grazing X-Ray Analysis". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157580.

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Claire, Olivia Mary. "Effect of Time of Supplementation on Performance and Grazing Behavior of Grazing Steers". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/98826.

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Beef cattle follow a daily, cyclical pattern of grazing, rumination, and digestion that coincides with their environment and season. Traditionally backgrounding operations hand feed any supplement in the morning. However, this practice may interrupt typical grazing patterns during early morning and subsequent rumination during the heat of the day. Self-fed concentrate feeds containing intake limiters are used to minimize the labor associated with hand feeding and allow cattle to eat throughout the day. The objectives of this experiment were to investigate the effect of supplement feeding time on performance and grazing behavior of backgrounded beef steers. Crossbred beef steers (n = 54; 7 ± 1 m of age; body weight, BW = 243 ± 2 kg) were sourced from a regional cattleman's association and grazed on tall fescue pasture (Festuca arundinacea) at the Southwest Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Glade Spring, VA from October 1 to November 7, 2019. Cattle were stratified by BW and source and allotted to 9 pasture groups (6 steers per pasture) in a randomized design. Pasture groups were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (3 pastures per treatment): 1) steers hand-fed supplement at 0930 h (AM), 2) steers hand-fed supplement at 1330 h (PM), or 3) steers fed a self-feeder supplement with an intake limiter (SELF). Hand-fed groups were fed a commercial commodity blend (38% corn gluten feed pellets, 30% cracked corn, 22% soy hull pellets, and 10% dried distillers grains) daily at 1.5% BW on an as fed basis. The SELF supplement was a blend of 70% cracked corn and 30% of an intake limiter-containing pellet that was formulated to maintain voluntary supplement intake at 1.5% BW on an as fed basis. Cattle were weighed on 2 consecutive days at the start and end of the experiment, and feed adjustments were made following three interim weigh-ins. Motion-sensing cameras were used to monitor cattle visits to the feeder and waterer portions of the pasture. Treatment did not impact (P = 0.13) BW, flesh condition score (FCS), dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and backfat thickness. SELF steers were significantly more feed efficient than the AM supplemented groups (P = 0.03) and tended to be a greater G:F ratio (P = 0.08) for the PM supplemented groups vs. AM supplemented steers. Steers with access to a self-feeder showed behavioral differences to hand supplemented cattle, with more feeder visits in a 24 h period (P = 0.01) compared to AM and PM steers. Despite these behavioral observations, any disruption in natural grazing behavior was not dramatic enough to negatively influence backgrounded cattle growth performance.
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Grazing beef cattle tend to follow a general pattern of grazing, rumination, and digestion that coincides with their environment and the time of year. Backgrounded cattle managed in pasture-based systems are traditionally offered supplemental feedings in the morning. However, this practice could be decreasing how efficiently cattle utilize forage resources. Natural grazing behaviors are more intense preceding the heat of the day and interruption of morning grazing bouts could decrease forage intake by causing cattle to come to the feeder to consume supplement feedings. To examine how feeding time potentially influences performance and grazing behavior of backgrounded beef cattle, 52 crossbred beef steers 7 to 8 months of age and weighing 243 kg were grazed on tall fescue pastures at the Southwest Virginia Agricultural Research and Extension Center from October 1 to November 8, 2019. Cattle were supplemented with either a commodity blend or cracked corn mixed with an intake limiter. Cattle were sourced from 4 local producers and allotted to 9 pastures by body weight (BW) and source. Pasture groups were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (3 pastures per treatment): 1) steers hand-fed supplement at 0930 h (AM), 2) steers hand-fed supplement at 1330 h (PM), or 3) steers fed a self-feeder supplement with an intake limiter (SELF). Hand-fed groups were fed a commercial commodity blend (38% corn gluten feed pellets, 30% cracked corn, 22% soy hull pellets, and 10% dried distillers grains) daily at 1.5% BW on an as fed basis. The SELF supplement was a blend of 70% cracked corn and 30% of an intake limiter-containing pellet that was formulated to maintain voluntary supplement intake at 1.5% BW on an as fed basis. Adjustments were made to the average BW of pasture groups, following three interim weigh dates at d 11, d 21, and d 30, to keep intake levels accurately at 1.5% BW. Flesh condition scores (FCS) were assigned on a scal of 1 to 9, with 1 considered emaciated and 9 excessively fat. 12th rib fat thickness (FT) was measured using an Aloka 500SC ultrasound. Both measurements were taken on the first and final day of the experiment. Motion-sensing cameras were installed in each pasture to capture pictures every one-minute following motion detection. Subsequent pictures were used to analysis the number of feed and water visits, along with time of day, in an attempt to characterize intake behavior. There were no major differences seen by treatment groups for BW, flesh condition score, DMI, ADG, and backfat thickness. Cattle on the SELF treatment had greater G:F than AM, with PM cattle being intermediate and not different than either. Steers with access to a self-feeder visited the feeder more than double the number of times in a 24 h period than either of the hand supplemented group. Despite differences in observed cattle behavior, any disruption in natural grazing behavior did not negatively influence performance of backgrounded steers.
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Rotheray, Timothy Daniel. "Invertebrate grazing during mycelial interactions". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2008. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54800/.

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Saprotrophic cord-forming basidiomycete fungi are major agents of wood decomposition in woodland and support the decomposer food-web. Limited resource availability and the abundance of mycelium in soil leads to competition between fungi. These fungal interactions are aggressive involving reallocation of mycelial biomass, pigment formation, changes in gene expression and enzyme synthesis. Collembola are abundant mycophagous invertebrates in woodlands and affect fungal morphology and growth. Experiments investigated the effects of collembola grazing on fungal interaction progression and the effects of these interactions on collembola behaviour and mortality. In British woodlands, the collembola Folsomia Candida and Protaphorura armata are common as are the cord-forming fungi Hypholoma fasciculare, Phallus impudicus, Phanerochaete velutina and Resinicium bicolor. Pairwise interactions between these fungi were investigated in agar and compressed soil microcosms. Multiple genetic isolates of two of the fungi studied were also used. Fungal morphology was affected by collembola grazing in soil- but less so in agar- microcosms. In particular, when interacting with H. fasciculare, grazing of P. velutina mycelia accelerated growth over the opposing mycelium but reduced extension over soil. This was associated with an increased ability to colonise the wood resource of H. fasciculare. Grazing did not reduce the transport efficiency of P. velutina but the estimated cost of biomass production rose more steeply with increasing area than in ungrazed systems. Despite changes in progression, interaction outcome was not generally substantially altered by grazing. Collembola exhibited strong preferences for certain mycelia during interactions but showed a change in preference in others. Collembola mortality on fungal interactions in agar microcosms also varied with the species interacting. There was limited evidence of attraction of collembola to the fungal interaction zone. Overall, the results suggest that collembola grazing may have important impacts on fungal species assemblage and their ability to extend in search of new resources.
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Ross, Claire Armine. "Ammonia deposition from grazing animals". Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288069.

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Jenner, Mark W. "Economics of annual grazing systems /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9717179.

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Marberg, Mikael. "Climate, grazing and plant interactions : Does climate and grazing shape plant interactions in alpine environments?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-75722.

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Increased knowledge of plant interactions is important for our understanding of how ecosystems will respond to climate changes. Using four common low-herb and three tall- herb species as phytometers I measured the net outcome of plant interactions in an alpine environment by a neighbour removal experiment. Grazing and climate were tested as explanatory factors for differences in the outcome of plant interactions, with two altitudes representing different climates. The most important finding in this experiment is that competition is the dominating interaction among plants in this habitat, regardless of plant size, climate and grazing. Climatic exposure and grazing only influenced tall-herb species while low-herbs were mainly limited by competition, presumably for light. These results are important since facilitative interactions and net facilitation in plant communities are often reported to become more common in severe climates.
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Moore, Emily Kathryn. "Red deer (Cervus elaphus) grazing on vegetation mosaics : grazing patterns and implications for conservation management". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10488.

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Grazing is widely used as a tool in conservation management. Many plant communities of conservation importance are dependent on grazing for their existence, maintenance of species diversity and other valued characteristics. Plant community response to grazing depends on many factors, including site productivity and dominant plant species; setting appropriate grazing levels can therefore be challenging. The problems are magnified when more than one species or plant community is the target of conservation goals as they may need different levels of grazing. Where multiple plant communities are present in a mosaic, grazing pressure on the higher productivity community (usually the more attractive to herbivores) can affect the utilisation of the lower productivity communities: grazing on the less productive community is elevated in close proximity (a few metres) to the productive community. This increases the possibility of conflict in managing grazing for the conservation of both communities as low productivity communities can sustain only low levels of grazing. Less well studied are the effect of community layout at larger spatial scales (100s – 1000s of metres) and the effect of vegetation pattern on grazing on the productive community. It is also not well known how the spatial pattern of grazing is affected by changes in herbivore density. I investigated the consequences of the spatial pattern of plant communities and changing herbivore density for grazing patterns on a complex multi-community mosaic and assessed the probable consequence for conservation of these plant communities. The plant mosaic comprised a mixture of species-rich grassland and several less productive communities, primarily heaths and bogs; the main grazers were red deer (Cervus elaphus). The grassland needs higher grazing levels than the others to meet management goals. I used small scale experiments to investigate the effects of reducing grazing on grassland and how the effects varied within the grassland community. Elimination of grazing caused a rapid switch from short, herb-rich grassland towards a graminoid dominated, less diverse sward, as expected. The degree of change in diversity and herb cover was dependent on productivity. Experimental reduction in grazing had mixed consequences for grassland in relation to conservation goals due to pre-existing variation in intensity of grazing on the grassland. The condition of areas of initially heavily grazed and short vegetation improved, whilst taller grasslands deteriorated. Analysis of large-scale datasets was used to investigate the influence of spatial pattern of community types and differences in large scale deer density on the distribution of grazing. There was increased grazing pressure on less productive plant communities where grassland was abundant within 1km and this was fairly consistent across communities and across different grazing indicators. There was an effect on grazing levels on grassland, but the explanatory power was generally lower and the effect less consistently present across indicators of grazing. Sward height and litter depth measures from one dataset indicated heavier grazing with more grassland present nearby (250m); however, lower grazing pressure was indicated by sward height and a combined grazing index when there was more grassland in a more distant zone (500-1000m). Deer density had limited power to explain large scale variation in impacts, probably due to the coarse scale of the information available and correlation with other variables. This limited the ability to thoroughly test the consequences of changes in deer density on the spatial pattern of impacts or investigate whether there was an interaction between deer density and spatial pattern. The inherent conflict in conservation management of grazed communities of different productivities is increased by the influence of the spatial distribution of plant communities on the distribution of grazing; conservation management goals need to account for this and identify a suitable trade-off.
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Gibigaye, Adam Boukary Nagnimi Idrissou Bio Imorou. "Les aspects socio-economiques des champs fourragers du projet promotion élevage Atacora cas des sous-préfectures de Kouande et Ouassa-Pehunco /". [Benin] : Université nationale du Bénin, 1991. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/37686716.html.

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Bruce, David R. A. "Evaluation for grazing tolerance in alfalfa". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ41683.pdf.

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Fallows, M. S. "Rabbit grazing : An inter-disciplinary approach". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.382830.

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Książki na temat "Grazing"

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Drumbolis, Nicky. Grazing. Wyd. 2. Toronto: Letters, 2008.

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Alberta. Alberta Forestry, Lands and Wildlife. Grazing reserves. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Forestry, Lands and Wildlife, 1987.

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United States. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Grazing lands. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, 1995.

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Tiley, Roger. Grazing slateland. Ystradgynlais, Wales: Incline Publications, 1994.

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Vallentine, John F. Grazing management. San Diego: Academic Press, 1990.

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Vallentine, John F. Grazing management. Wyd. 2. San Diego: Academic Press, 2001.

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Turner, Stephen. Sheep grazing. (Wales): Welsh Office, Agriculture Department, 1985.

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Walker, Larry L. Authorized grazing within grazing districts 1947-1993. [Tillamook, Ore.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State Office, 1995.

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United States. Soil Conservation Service, red. Grazing lands conservation initiative for private grazing lands. [Washington, D.C.?: Soil Conservation Service, 1993.

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Goldberg, Leif. Grazing greener grass. West Charleston, VT: L. Goldberg, 1991.

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Części książek na temat "Grazing"

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Bakker, Jan Pouwel. "Grazing". W Nature Management by Grazing and Cutting, 239–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2255-6_8.

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Weik, Martin H. "grazing emergence". W Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 691. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_8056.

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Weik, Martin H. "grazing incidence". W Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 692. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_8057.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Grazing Angle". W Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 349. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5639.

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Underwood, Antony J. "Grazing". W Encyclopedia of Ecology, 322–28. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.11115-7.

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"Grazing". W Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, 399. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95675-6_300045.

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Underwood, A. J. "Grazing". W Encyclopedia of Ecology, 1765–73. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008045405-4.00274-3.

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"Grazing". W Marine Science. CRC Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420049787.pt2.

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"Grazing". W Never in a Hurry, 82–85. University of South Carolina Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvw1d753.12.

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Finch, H. J. S., A. M. Samuel i G. P. F. Lane. "Grazing". W Lockhart and Wiseman's Crop Husbandry Including Grassland, 435–47. Elsevier, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1533/9781855736504.4.435.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Grazing"

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Benson, Michael R., Michael A. Marciniak i Jeffrey W. Burks. "Measuring grazing-angle DHR with the infrared grazing angle reflectometer". W SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, redaktor Leonard M. Hanssen. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.931512.

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Halich, Greg. "Bale Grazing: Feeding Hay on Pasture Using Rotational Grazing Techniques". W XXV International Grassland Congress. Berea, KY 40403: International Grassland Congress 2023, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.52202/071171-0280.

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Akkapeddi, Prasad R., Paul Glenn, Anthony Fuschetto, Quentin Appert i V. K. Viswanathan. "Grazing Incidence Beam Expander". W 1985 Albuquerque Conferences on Optics, redaktor Susanne C. Stotlar. SPIE, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.976097.

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Hudec, René, Ladislav Pína, Adolf J. Inneman, Veronika Semencova i Libor Sveda. "Replicated grazing incidence micromirrors". W SPIE Europe Optics + Optoelectronics, redaktorzy René Hudec i Ladislav Pina. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.820817.

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Luo, Albert C. J., i Arun Rajendran. "Grazing Bifurcations and Parametric Characterization of a Hysterically Damped Semi-Active Suspension System". W ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-34869.

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The criterion for grazing motions in a hysterically damped semi-active suspension system is obtained from the local theory of non-smooth dynamical systems on the connectable and accessible domains. The generic mappings for such a suspension system are introduced. The sufficient and necessary conditions for grazing at the final states of mappings are expressed. The initial and final switching sets of grazing mapping, varying with system parameters, are illustrated for the grazing parametric characteristics. The initial and grazing, switching manifolds in the switching sets are defined through grazing mappings. Finally, numerical illustrations of grazing motions are very easily carried out with help of the analytical predictions. This paper provides a comprehensive investigation of grazing motions in the suspension system for a better understanding of the grazing mechanism of such a discontinuous system.
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Luo, Albert C. J. "Grazing and Chaos in a Periodically Forced, Piecewise Linear System". W ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-59465.

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The criteria for the grazing bifurcation of a periodically forced, piecewise linear system are developed and the initial grazing manifolds are obtained. The grazing flows are illustrated. The mechanism for the fragmentation of the strange attractors caused by the grazing is discussed and the strange attractor fragmentized by grazing is illustrated through the Poincare mapping. This fragmentation phenomenon extensively exists in non-smooth dynamical systems.
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Barnhart, Stephen K. "Basics of Management - Intensive Grazing". W Proceedings of the 10th Annual Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-617.

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Gu, Zu-Han, i Mikael Ciftan. "Enhanced backscattering at grazing angle". W International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, redaktorzy Zu-Han Gu i Alexei A. Maradudin. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.446719.

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Saha, Timo T. "Aberrations For Grazing Incidence Telescopes". W 31st Annual Technical Symposium, redaktor C. Stuart Bowyer. SPIE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.942190.

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Geary, Joseph, i Riki Maeda. "Interferometry On Grazing Incidence Optics". W 31st Annual Technical Symposium, redaktor C. Stuart Bowyer. SPIE, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.942191.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Grazing"

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van den Pol-van Dasselaar, A., A. de Vlieger, D. Hennesy, J. Isselstein i J. L. Peyraud. Grazing and automation : proceedings 4th Meeting EGF Working Group "Grazing" in Wageningen. Wageningen: Wageningen Livestock Research, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/402122.

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Honeyman, Mark S., Russ Bredahl i Dallas L. Maxwell. Organic Beef Cattle Grazing Demonstration. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, styczeń 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-530.

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Honeyman, Mark, Chris Beedle, Dallas Maxwell i Pete Lammers. Grazing Demonstrations in Western Iowa. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1465.

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Honeyman, Mark, Chris Beedle, Dallas Maxwell i Pete Lammers. Grazing Demonstrations in Western Iowa. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1474.

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Honeyman, Mark, i Chris Beedle. Grazing Demonstration in Western Iowa. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1718.

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Honeyman, Mark S., Russell Bredahl i Dennis R. Maxwell. Organic Beef Cattle Grazing Demonstration. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-422.

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van den Pol-van Dasselaar, A., A. de Vliegher, D. Hennessy i J. Isselstein. Grazing in a high-tech world : Proceedings 5th meeting EGF Working Group "Grazing" in Trondheim. Wageningen: Wageningen Livestock Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/431562.

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van den Pol-van Dasselaar, A., A. de Vliegher, D. Hennessy i J. Isselstein. Maximising grazing in ruminant production systems: proceedings 6th Meeting EGF Working Group "Grazing" in Cork. Wageningen: Wageningen Livestock Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/472030.

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Alvez, Juan, James Cropper, Lynn Knight, Ed Rayburn, Howard Skinner, Kathy Soder i Mike Westendorf. Managing Grazing to Improve Climate Resilience. USDA Northeast Climate Hub, luty 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.6956540.ch.

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Heavy rain events have increased dramatically in the Northeastern United States. These downpours are causing more soil erosion and nutrient runoff. Increasing summer temperatures may also amplify plant stress and limit productivity.
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Thoreson, Dale, i Larry Tranel. Northeast Iowa Dairy Foundation Grazing Center. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, styczeń 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-966.

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