Artykuły w czasopismach: „Grafted wool”

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McCloghry, C. E., D. E. Hollis, K. A. Raphael, R. C. Marshall, A. Foldes, J. P. Kennedy i P. C. Wynn. "Wool follicles initiate, develop and produce wool fibres in ovine fetal skin grafts". Journal of Agricultural Science 121, nr 2 (październik 1993): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600077121.

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SUMMARYResearch into the mechanisms that control the initiation and development of wool follicles has been severely hampered by the inaccessibility of fetal skin in utero. The aims of this study were to determine whether ovine fetal skin, when grafted onto the athymic nude mouse (nu/nu), could be maintained outside the uterine environment and, if so, whether it would retain its ability to initiate and develop wool follicles capable of producing wool fibres.Skin was removed from the mid-side region of ovine fetuses on days 45, 55, 65, 75, 85 and 95 of gestation, and transferred to graft beds prepared on anaesthetized nude mice. After developing for 20 days on the recipients, the grafts were excised for histological examination. Control ovine fetal skin was also obtained at the above times and from fetuses on days 105 and 115, and similarly processed for histological examination.Fetal skin at all ages was successfully grafted onto nude mice; 90% of all grafts were accepted and maintained by the recipients. Follicle initiation and/or development occurred in all grafts, including those formed from day 45 fetal skin, collected and grafted prior to follicle initiation in vivo. The number of follicles in grafted skin was reduced compared to that in control fetal skin of equivalent age; however, follicle development was generally accelerated. Follicle initiation and development occurred predominantly in the peripheral zone of the grafts. Some of the follicles present in the skin at grafting were lost due to the grafting procedure, while others continued to develop and produce wool fibres. Follicle development varied considerably between grafts. All grafted skin exhibited premature loss of the periderm layer and cornification of the epidermis, probably in response to the exposure of the skin surface to the atmosphere. There was a notable absence of both arrector pili muscles and sweat glands associated with graft follicles, and a retardation of sebaceous gland development.The grafting technique developed in this study has enabled ovine fetal skin to be maintained outside the uterine environment for extended periods of time and may provide an improved means for future investigation of wool follicle initiation and development.

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McCloghry, CE, DE Hollis, A. Foldes, AJ Rintoul, P. Baker, JD Vaughan, CA Maxwell, JP Kennedy i PC Wynn. "The effects of exogenous melatonin and prolactin on wool follicle development in ovine foetal skin grafts". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, nr 5 (1993): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930993.

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The fleece of the Merino sheep is composed predominantly of wool fibres grown from secondary wool follicles. This study investigates the effects of melatonin and prolactin on the development of secondarv follicles in grafted ovine foetal skin. Skin from day 85 ovine foetuses was grafted onto nude mice, developed for 40 days and then excised. Mice received either 30 8g prolactin ip mouse-1 day-1 (P), one melatonin implant (Regulin�) sc mouse -1 (M), commencing at grafting or no further treatment (C). Wool follicle density and development were assessed in grafted skin and compared with day 125 control foetal skin. Cuticle structure of graft fibres was also examined and compared with those of day 125 foetuses. Total follicle density and the rate of follicle initiation were reduced in the grafts compared with control foetal skin. Total follicle density did not vary significantly between treatments, but the number of derived secondary follicles was greater in grafts from mice receiving prolactin (group P). Follicles in grafted skin were larger, produced medullated fibres, and were not grouped, in comparison with follicles in the control foetal skin. Epidermal thickness was greater in grafts than in control foetal skin. The cuticle structure of graft fibres from all groups was similar to the control wool fibres. These findings indicate that prolactin, but not melatonin, may be involved in the regulation of derived secondary follicle development.

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Zhang, Fangjun, Jinping Guan i Guoqiang Chen. "Performance of Flame Retardant Wool Fabric Grafted with Vinyl Phosphate". Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 9, nr 1 (marzec 2014): 155892501400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501400900105.

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In this paper, a flame retardant dimethyl-2–(methacryloyloxyethyl) phosphate (DMMEP) was applied to wool fabrics by the graft copolymerization technique initiated with potassium persulfate (KPS) in water media. FTIR and SEM testing were used to explore the grafting evidence on the fiber surface, the SEM results show chemical deposition on the wool fiber surface and the scales could not be seen clearly. FTIR testing exhibited IR absorption of DMMEP on the wool fiber. Thermal gravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA), and char residue morphology SEM observation show the decomposition mode of wool fabrics and infer the possible flame retardant mechanism. The phosphorus based flame retardant DMMEP was prone to promote more nonflammble char during combustion, and increased add-on of DMMEP produced increased fabric char. With a DMMEP add-on increase from 50% to 100% on the weight of wool fabric, the treated wool fabric demonstrated high flame retardancy with an LOI above 35% which means it can not be ignited with a candle like fire, and could pass the vertical flammability test. DMMEP treatment slightly affected whiteness and moisture regain, but yielded a relatively large decrease in permeability and tensile strength, which should be explored further in later research.

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Hassan, Mohammad Mahbubul, i John Robert McLaughlin. "Multi-functional wool fabrics by graft-copolymerisation with polystyrene sulphonate: their enhanced fire retardancy, mechanical properties, and stain-resistance". New Journal of Chemistry 42, nr 23 (2018): 18919–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj03686a.

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Di Foggia, Michele, Masuhiro Tsukada i Paola Taddei. "Vibrational Study on Structure and Bioactivity of Protein Fibers Grafted with Phosphorylated Methacrylates". Molecules 26, nr 21 (27.10.2021): 6487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216487.

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In the last decades, silk fibroin and wool keratin have been considered functional materials for biomedical applications. In this study, fabrics containing silk fibers from Bombyx mori and Tussah silk fibers from Antheraea pernyi, as well as wool keratin fabrics, were grafted with phosmer CL and phosmer M (commercial names, i.e., methacrylate monomers containing phosphate groups in the molecular side chain) with different weight gains. Both phosmers were recently proposed as flame retarding agents, and their chemical composition suggested a possible application in bone tissue engineering. IR and Raman spectroscopy were used to disclose the possible structural changes induced by grafting and identify the most reactive amino acids towards the phosmers. The same techniques were used to investigate the nucleation of a calcium phosphate phase on the surface of the samples (i.e., bioactivity) after ageing in simulated body fluid (SBF). The phosmers were found to polymerize onto the biopolymers efficiently, and tyrosine and serine underwent phosphorylation (monitored through the strengthening of the Raman band at 1600 cm−1 and the weakening of the Raman band at 1400 cm−1, respectively). In grafted wool keratin, cysteic acid and other oxidation products of disulphide bridges were detected together with sulphated residues. Only slight conformational changes were observed upon grafting, generally towards an enrichment in ordered domains, suggesting that the amorphous regions were more prone to react (and, sometimes, degrade). All samples were shown to be bioactive, with a weight gain of up to 8%. The most bioactive samples contained the highest phosmers amounts, i.e., the highest amounts of phosphate nucleating sites. The sulphate/sulphonate groups present in grafted wool samples appeared to increase bioactivity, as shown by the five-fold increase of the IR phosphate band at 1040 cm−1.

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Meng, Xiang-Ying. "Chemical and mechanical properties of butyl methacrylate grafted wool fiber". Journal of Applied Polymer Science 91, nr 6 (2004): 3813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.13567.

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Elangovan, V. J., i S. Saccubai. "Chemical and mechanical properties of methyl methacrylate-grafted wool fiber". Journal of Applied Polymer Science 44, nr 12 (25.04.1992): 2179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1992.070441214.

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Kreševič Vraz, Silva, i Bojana Vončina. "Wool Fabric Treated With Eco – Friendly Insect Repellent". Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 25 (31.08.2017): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.2845.

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In the research work presented, fabric made of wool was grafted with β-cyclodextrine (β-CD) using 1, 2, 3, 4 butanetetracarboxlic acid (BTCA) as a polyfunctional reagent. To reduce the grafting curing temperature, which could damage the wool fabric if too high, cyanamide (CA) in combination with ammonium dihydrogen phosphat (ADHP) were used as catalysts. The presence of cedar oil applied onto textile materials was determined by ATR FT-IR spectroscopy, as well as estimation of the add-on of cedar oil with the gravimetric approach, respectively. Finally the reduction in moths after being exposed to wool treated with a separate treatment formulation i.e. β-CD, cedar oil, and β-CD in combination with cedar oil was assessed visually after different time periods. Results showed that the wool after being treated with β-CD in combination with cedar oil shows significantly prolonged moth oppression activity compared to the wool treated with cedar oil only.

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Wang, Shuhua, Wensheng Hou, Liqiao Wei, Husheng Jia, Xuguang Liu i Bingshe Xu. "Antibacterial activity of nano-SiO2 antibacterial agent grafted on wool surface". Surface and Coatings Technology 202, nr 3 (grudzień 2007): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2007.06.012.

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Zhang, Hui, Zhenwei Yang i Xingtao Zhang. "A One-step Process for the Modification of Wool Fibers with Titanate Tetrabutyl by Low Temperature Hydrothermal Method". Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 18, nr 2 (1.05.2014): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-18-02-2014-b004.

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In this paper, wool fibers are modified with titanate tetrabutyl by coating and grafting titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles under low temperature hydrothermal conditions. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy are used as the characterization techniques. It is found that anatase TiO2 nanocrystals with crystal sizes smaller than 10 nm can be synthesized and simultaneously grafted onto fiber surfaces. In comparison with pristine wool fibers, the thermal stability for the TiO2-coated wool fibers is slightly changed. The ability to block ultraviolet radiation is improved. The volume density is slightly increased. The tensile properties are enhanced, while the crimp properties worsened. A photocatalytic degradation process of methylene blue dye and a decoloration rocess of chlorophyll are developed.

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Niu, Mei, Xuguang Liu, Jinming Dai, Wensheng Hou, Liqiao Wei i Bingshe Xu. "Molecular structure and properties of wool fiber surface-grafted with nano-antibacterial materials". Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 86 (luty 2012): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2011.10.038.

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Gu, Haoshuai, Hui Zhang, Xinyue Zhang, Yani Guo, Limeng Yang, Hailiang Wu i Ningtao Mao. "Photocatalytic Properties of Core-Shell Structured Wool-TiO2 Hybrid Composite Powders". Catalysts 11, nr 1 (24.12.2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11010012.

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In this study, a special core–shell structured wool-TiO2 (WT) hybrid composite powder also having TiO2 nanoparticles incorporated inside cortical cells was reported. The wool pallets were pulverized from wool fibers using vibration-assisted ball milling technique and the WT powders having mesopores and macropores were produced in hydrothermal process. Experimental results indicated that the infiltrated TiO2 nanoparticles were amorphous structure, while the coated TiO2 nanoparticles were anatase phase structure. The crystallized TiO2 nanoparticles were grafted with wool pallets by the N−Ti4+/S−Ti4+/O−Ti4+ bonds. The BET surface area was measured as 153.5 m2/g and the particle sizes were in the 600–3600 nm and 4000–6500 nm ranges. The main reactive radical species of the WT powders were holes, and •O2−, 1O2, and •OH were also involved in the photodegradation of MB dye under visible light irradiation. The experimental parameters for photodegradation of MB dye solution were optimized as follows: 0.25 g/L of WT powders was added in 40 mL of 3 mg/L MB dye solution containing 50 mL/L H2O2, which resulted in the increases of COD value of degraded MB dye solution up to 916.9 mg/L at 120 min. The WT powders could be used for repeatedly photodegradation of both anionic and cationic dyes.

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Hassan, Mohammad Mahbubul. "Binding of a quaternary ammonium polymer-grafted-chitosan onto a chemically modified wool fabric surface: assessment of mechanical, antibacterial and antifungal properties". RSC Advances 5, nr 45 (2015): 35497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra03073k.

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Niu, Mei, Xuguang Liu, Jinming Dai, Husheng Jia, Liqiao Wei i Bingshe Xu. "The structure of wool fibers grafted with chitosan coated Ag-loading nano-SiO2 antibacterial composites". Fibers and Polymers 11, nr 8 (grudzień 2010): 1201–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-010-1201-7.

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Wang, C. X., M. Du, J. C. Lv, Q. Q. Zhou, D. W. Gao, G. L. Liu, L. M. Jin, Y. Ren i J. H. Liu. "Effect of wetting pretreatment on structure and properties of plasma induced chitosan grafted wool fabric". Fibers and Polymers 16, nr 2 (luty 2015): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-015-0404-3.

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Turky, G. M., M. M. Madani, M. H. Abdel-Rehim i A. S. Badran. "Preparation, characterization, and some physical properties of polypropylene/poly(methyl acrylate)-grafted glass wool composites". Journal of Applied Polymer Science 87, nr 5 (3.12.2002): 723–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.11185.

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Zhang, Pan, Qiang Wang, Jinsong Shen, Ping Wang, Jiugang Yuan i Xuerong Fan. "Enzymatic Thiol–Ene Click Reaction: An Eco-Friendly Approach for MPEGMA-Grafted Modification of Wool Fibers". ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 7, nr 15 (12.07.2019): 13446–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b02902.

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El-Mosallamy, El-Said. "IMPROVED DYEABILITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOL FIBERS GRAFTED WITH POLY(ACRYLIC ACID) BY GAMMA-RADIATION". Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 38, nr 11 (31.10.2001): 1167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ma-100107136.

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THOMAS, V. M., E. AYERS, K. HANFORD i R. KOTT. "INFLUENCE OF LASALOCID ON THE PRODUCTION OF GESTATING EWES IN AN EXTENSIVE GRAZING SYSTEM". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, nr 2 (1.06.1988): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-049.

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A winter feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of lasalocid (L) on the production of gestating ewes in an extensive grazing system. Six hundred and sixty ewes were randomized within age and breed and allotted to feed supplements (0.23 kg head−1 d−1) containing either no L (C) or L at 308 mg kg−1 and fed for 84 d during gestation. Ewe weight change within periods (three, 28-d periods) was similar (P > 0.10) with the exception of period 2 where L-supplemented ewes tended to gain more (P < 0.10) weight than C ewes. Total ewe weight change during the wintering period and yearly wool production were not affected (P > 0.10) by treatment. Treatment had no affect (P > 0.10) on the percentage or kilograms of lamb weaned for ewes starting the experiment. Ewes suckling twins and fed L during gestation had less (P < 0.05) lambs bummed (lamb removed from the ewe and sold) or grafted (lamb removal from the ewe and raised by a foster mother) than those in C group and suckling twins. In conclusion, providing L in a supplement to gestating ewes grazing winter range did not significantly alter production with the exception of less twin born lambs being bummed or grafted. Key words: Sheep, lasalocid, gestation, winter range, ewe, lamb

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Li, Bing, Yongchun Dong i Zhizhong Ding. "Recycling wool-dyeing effluents after renovation through photocatalysis with Cu-Fe bimetallic-grafted polytetrafluoroethylene fiber complex and H2O2". Fibers and Polymers 16, nr 4 (kwiecień 2015): 794–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-015-0794-2.

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El Naggar, A. M., M. M. Marie, E. H. El Gendy i A. A. El Miligy. "Dyeing, moisture regain and mechanical properties of wool fabric grafted with PMMA by chemical and radiation-initiated methods". Radiation Physics and Chemistry 47, nr 4 (kwiecień 1996): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-806x(95)00106-8.

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Tsukada, Masuhiro, Md Majibur Rahman Khan, Tomohiro Miura, Ronald Postle i Akio Sakaguchi. "Mechanical performance of wool fabrics grafted with methacrylamide and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate by the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric method". Textile Research Journal 83, nr 12 (11.01.2013): 1242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517512458338.

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Dikobe, DG, i AS Luyt. "Investigation of the morphology and properties of the polypropylene/low-density polyethylene/wood powder and the maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene/low-density polyethylene/wood powder polymer blend composites". Journal of Composite Materials 51, nr 14 (14.09.2016): 2045–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316668399.

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The properties of polypropylene/low-density polyethylene and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene/low-density polyethylene blends, and their wood powder composites are compared in this study. The blends contained equal amounts of polymers, and the wood powder was added into the blends to form polypropylene/low-density polyethylene/wood powder and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene/low-density polyethylene/wood powder ternary systems. The Fourier-transform infrared analysis of the blends and composites did not provide any evidence of significant interactions between the different components, although the rest of the results clearly showed that maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene and wood powder significantly interacted, and that there was some interaction between maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene and low-density polyethylene. The differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis results confirmed the immiscibility of polypropylene and low-density polyethylene, and polypropylene and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene, and indicated that wood powder was distributed in both the low-density polyethylene and polypropylene phases in the polypropylene/low-density polyethylene blend, but most probably only in the maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene phase in the maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene/low-density polyethylene blend. The polypropylene/low-density polyethylene and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene/low-density polyethylene blends were found to be more thermally stable than the neat polymers, while the presence of wood powder in both polymer blends further increased the thermal stability of the polymers. The blends and composites with maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene showed higher tensile modulus values and lower elongation at break values than the composites with polypropylene, while the stress at break values of the two sets of samples were comparable.

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Susilowati, Arida, Apri Heri Iswanto, Imam Wahyudi, Supriyanto Supriyanto i Iskandar Z. Siregar. "Morphological and Anatomical Evaluation of Grafted Pinus merkusii". Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 44, nr 6 (25.11.2016): 903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2016.44.6.903.

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De Micco, Veronica, Enrica Zalloni, Giovanna Battipaglia, Arturo Erbaggio, Pasquale Scognamiglio, Rosanna Caputo i Chiara Cirillo. "Rootstock effect on tree-ring traits in grapevine under a climate change scenario". IAWA Journal 39, nr 2 (13.06.2018): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20170199.

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ABSTRACTProjected changes in drought occurrence in the Mediterranean region are raising concerns about the adaptive capability of rainfed crops, such as grapevine, to increasing aridity. Cultivation management, especially the techniques influencing the hydraulic pathway, can play a role in plant adaptation to drought for the consequent changes in wood anatomical functional traits. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of grafting on wood anatomy in tree-ring series ofVitis vini-feraL. ‘Piedirosso’ grapevine cultivated in a volcanic area in Southern Italy. Tree-ring anatomy was analysed in vines grown on their own roots or grafted onto 420A rootstock. Results showed that grafted vines had a higher occurrence of wood traits linked with safety of water transport if compared with non-grafted vines. Grafting induced the formation of tree rings with higher incidence of latewood also characterised by narrower and more frequent vessels if compared with non-grafted vines. This study suggested a different regulation of water flow in the grafted and non-grafted vines. Such findings support the analysis of wood anatomy as a tool to drive decisions linked with plant cultivation management. In this specific case, our results encourage to further explore the change from a traditional cultivation with own-rooted grapevines towards grafted models inducing better xylem adaptation to increasing drought.

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Lee, S. J., J. Woolliams, C. J. A. Samuel i D. C. Malcolm. "A Study of Population Variation and Inheritance in Sitka Spruce". Silvae Genetica 56, nr 1-6 (1.12.2007): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2007-0006.

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Summary This study investigated the potential benefits to a tree breeding programme of selection based on height in the original ortet population, and on diameter and wood density of grafted-ramets representing the same ortets growing in a clone bank. The trees studied were a large, randomly selected same-aged population of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) individuals of known origin growing on a single site in North-West Scotland. Estimates of correlated response indicated the value of including ortet height when adjusted for an environmental variable (in this case height above sea level), and grafted-ramet wood density and diameter in the estimation of breeding values. A selection intensity of 1 in 20 for height amongst ortets in the forest or grafted-ramets in the clone bank each gave a correlated increase in mid-rotation diameter of around 6% in the next generation. A similar selection intensity for wood density in the grafted-ramet population would give a 15% increase of wood density in the next generation. The study indicates worthwhile gain can be achieved at the stage of plus-tree selection when moderate single tree heritability is combined with sufficiently high selection intensity.

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Normuratov, Ilkhom, Ikhtiyor Namozov i Dilnoza Ergasheva. "Improvement of tree growth technology in weakly growing grafting points of apple tree (Malus mill)". E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 03022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128403022.

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This article studies the technology of growing seedlings of different varieties of apples at vegetatively propagated low-growing M-IX and medium-sized MM109 grafting points and provides scientifically based data. Grafting the upper-grafted bud by removing the wooden part resulted in a significant increase in its grip. When apple varieties were grafted to M-IX grafting point without removal of the wood part, the total amount of preserved upper-grafted buds ranged from 76% to 80% by variety, while in the experimental variant of grafting without wood, this figure ranged from 85% to 95% and observed to vary in this interval. When the bud graft is made to the root collar of the grafting point, this figure does not exceed 61.7-68.6% by variety. When the bud was grafted 10 cm above the root collar, it was found to be in the range of 67.5 to 75.9%, respectively.

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Kaymakci, Alperen, Nadir Ayrilmis, Turker Gulec i Mursit Tufan. "Preparation and characterization of high-performance wood polymer nanocomposites using multi-walled carbon nanotubes". Journal of Composite Materials 51, nr 9 (13.10.2016): 1187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316674265.

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Effect of industrial grade multi-walled carbon nanotubes on mechanical, decay, and thermal properties of wood polymer nanocomposites was investigated. To meet this objective, pine wood flour, polypropylene with and without coupling agent (maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene), and multi-walled carbon nanotube (0, 1, 3, 5 wt%) were compounded in a twin screw co-rotating extruder. The mass ratio of the wood flour to polypropylene was 50/50 (w/w) in all compounds. Test specimens were produced using injection molding machine from the pellets. The flexural and tensile properties, biological durability, and thermal analysis (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry) of the nanocomposites were investigated. The flexural and tensile properties of the wood polymer nanocomposites increased with increasing content of the industrial grade multi-walled carbon nanotubes (from 1 to 5 wt%) and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (3 wt%). The mass loss rates of the wood polymer nanocomposites decreased with increasing amounts of the maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene and industrial grade multi-walled carbon nanotube. The differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that the melt crystallization enthalpies of the wood polymer nanocomposites increased with increasing amount of the industrial grade multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The increase in the Tc indicated that the industrial grade multi-walled carbon nanotubes were the efficient nucleating agent for the wood polymer nanocomposites.

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Gao, Hua, Qing Wen Wang, Hai Gang Wang i Yong Ming Song. "Properties of Highly Filled Wood Fiber-Maleic Anhydride Grafted Thermoplastic Blends Composites". Advanced Materials Research 113-116 (czerwiec 2010): 1856–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.113-116.1856.

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In order to make high performance wood-plastic composites (WPCs) from wood-fiber and mixed plastic wastes, virgin resins were compounded to simulate mixed plastic wastes, which included polypropylene, polyethylene and/or polystyrene, then grafted with maleic anhydride (MAH) by reactive extrusion. Highly filled WPCs were prepared by extruding. Mechanical testing results showed that the mechanical properties of the composites based on grafted virgin and waste plastics both significantly enhanced. The compatibility between the different plastics in the blend system and the interfacial adhesion between wood fibers and the blends were both improved with the modification of the blends, as evidenced by SEM. For the composites based on MAH grafted plastics, the water absorption and thickness swell decreased, which is true for the composite made from both virgin and recycled plastics. This blending-grafting modification method can be considered as a feasible approach to use mixed plastic wastes in the manufacture of high performance WPCs.

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dos Santos, Glaycianne Christine Vieira, João Vicente de Figueiredo Latorraca, Lívia Fernanda Lavrador Toniasso, Letícia Maria Alves Ramos, José Henrique Camargo Pace, Sabrina Mayer de Almeida i Thayanne Caroline Castor Neto. "Does a graft located in the canopy of a rubber tree affect the morphologies of cells in the adjacent wood?" BioResources 14, nr 1 (17.01.2019): 1794–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.1.1794-1818.

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The objective of this study was to characterize the wood anatomical structure of a rubber tree clone, under the influence of two different canopy grafts. The following rubber trees were selected in the system of a double-grafted PB 311 + FX 2784 and PB 311 + MDF 180. For each tree, discs of wood were cut from the affected branch immediately below the insertion of clone at right angles to the axis, from which the regions corresponding to tension, in opposite and normal wood, were identified. The anatomical analyses were conducted in accordance with the standards established by the International Association of Wood Anatomy Committee. The Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric test was applied for multiple comparisons among the types of woods and radial positions studied, at 5% of significance. Still, multivariate associations were assessed among the anatomical characteristics of both double-grafted rubber trees, by means of a two-step cluster analysis. Quantitative morphological differences were observed in the wood cells of the double-grafted studied clones. The ray height and the vessels diameter were the most important morphologic characteristics for the distinction. The canopy clone exhibited the ability to modulate the quantitative anatomical characters of the panel clone, depending on the plant’s needs.

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Sèbe, Gilles, Philippe Tingaut, Rodrigue Safou-Tchiama, Michel Pétraud, Stéphane Grelier i Bernard De Jéso. "Chemical reaction of maritime pine sapwood (Pinus pinaster Soland) with alkoxysilane molecules: A study of chemical pathways". Holzforschung 58, nr 5 (1.08.2004): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2004.078.

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Abstract The chemical modification of maritime pine sapwood (Pinus pinaster) with alkoxysilanes was studied according to three different pathways: carbamoylation with 3-isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane, etherification with 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane and alcoholysis of n-propyltrimethoxysilane. Grafting was confirmed by weight percent gain calculations (WPG), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as 13C and 29Si NMR CP MAS analysis. Signals of the grafted groups in the different spectra were assigned and the reactivity of the trialkoxysilane moieties towards wood was discussed. Experiments with model wood blocks showed that the reactions investigated occurred within the wood cell walls. Grafted chemicals were found to be relatively stable with regard to water leaching but only slight dimensional stabilisation was noted after treatment.

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Amponsah, N. T., R. W. A. Scheper, B. M. Fisher, M. Walter, J. M. Smits i L. K. Jesson. "The effect of wood age on infection by Neonectria ditissima through artificial wounds on different apple cultivars". New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (8.08.2017): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.34.

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The age of apple wood may affect its susceptibility to European canker (Neonectria ditissima). Therefore, a glasshouse experiment was conducted with potted trees of six apple cultivars (‘Braeburn’, ‘Scilate’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Jonathan’ and ‘Royal Gala’) grafted onto two rootstocks (‘M793’ and ‘M9’) to study the effect of 3-, 2- or 1-year-old wood on incidence and disease progression following inoculation with conidia of N. ditissima. Initial analyses of cultivars on ‘M793’ showed a significant wood age effect on disease incidence and lesion length, which was similar to cultivars grafted on ‘M9’. Three-year-old wood developed more and longer lesions than either the 2- or the 1-year-old wood. A significant cultivar effect was observed with ‘Royal Gala’ developing more lesions than the other cultivars tested. More than half of asymptomatic wounds placed onto apple sap-amended water agar for pathogen isolation yielded N. ditissima.

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Ko, R. V. K., K. H. Soon, B. M. Siddique, E. Jayamani, X. Y. Lee i S. Palanisamy. "A comparative study on graft copolymerization of MMA onto wood fiber under microwave and conventional heating". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2484, nr 1 (1.05.2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2484/1/012010.

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Abstract Wood polymer composites (WPC) are gaining popularity and widespread usage due to an increased awareness of human population towards the importance of environmental effects and green eco-friendly materials. Mechanical properties of WPC could be improved through graft copolymerization of monomer onto wood fiber to improve interfacial bonding. In this study, a comparison of free radical graft copolymerization using microwave-assisted and conventional heating method was performed. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer is used in graft copolymerization of Meranti wood using a free radical initiator system consisting of ferrous sulfate and hydrogen peroxide. Grafting reaction time was varied while other graft parameters were kept constant including monomer concentration, initiator molar ratio, reaction temperature and solvent volume. Maximum graft yield of 11.75% and 10.17% were obtained for water bath heated and microwave-assisted method respectively. The presence of grafted monomer was proven by FTIR spectra analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis performed on grafted wood fibers showed improved thermal resistance compared to ungrafted wood fiber.

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Zhang, Rui, Fang-Ren Peng, Dong-Liang Le, Zhuang-Zhuang Liu, Hai-Yang He, You-Wang Liang, Peng-Peng Tan, Ming-Zhuo Hao i Yong-Rong Li. "Evaluation of Epicotyl Grafting on 25- to 55-day-old Pecan Seedlings". HortTechnology 25, nr 3 (czerwiec 2015): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.3.392.

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Scion wood of ‘Caddo’ and ‘Desirable’ pecan (Carya illinoinensis) was grafted onto the epicotyl of 1-month-old, open-pollinated ‘Shaoxing’ pecan seedlings for evaluation as a grafting technique to reduce the time to produce grafted trees. The results showed that seedlings grafted with “base scions” had higher survival than those grafted with “terminal scions” for both ‘Caddo’ and ‘Desirable’. Also, grafting with paraffinic tape could achieve greater success rate than that with medical tape. The most ideal time to perform this grafting was late April in Nanjing, China, when pecan seedlings were about 35 days old. This study demonstrated that the technique yielded successful epicotyl grafting of >70%, and it could thus be applied in practice.

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Kong, Fan Long, Jun Song, Bo Wen Cheng i Yun Bo Zheng. "Synthesis and Characterization of Cellulose/Quaternary Phosphonium Salt". Advanced Materials Research 842 (listopad 2013): 138–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.842.138.

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This paper investigates imparting antibacterial properties to wood pulp cellulose via introducing quaternary phosphonium salt groups in/onto the cellulose structure to get biocidal material. The 4-carboxybutyltriphenylphosphonium bromide was grafted to cellulose in an esterification at 70°C with mechanical stirring 5h.The grafted cellulose were evaluated with FTIR and 1H NMR. The product shows good antibacterial property against E. coli.

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Kamdem, D. P., i S. Grelier:. "Surface Roughness and Color Change of Copper-Amine Treated Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Exposed to Artificial Ultraviolet Light". Holzforschung 56, nr 5 (26.08.2002): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2002.073.

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Summary UV absorbers were microwave-grafted onto copper-amine (Cu-MEA) treated maple. The so-treated wood was weathered with UV light for various periods of time. Two weathering cycles were used: one with only an irradiation step using a 175W medium pressure mercury lamp of wavelength higher than 300 nm and a second with irradiation and a water spray step. The surface color and the surface roughness were monitored and the biological performance of the UV absorbers grafted on copper amine-treated maple evaluated as well. ∆E, the total color change was measured and it increased from 0 to 14.7 after 317 h weathering for untreated maple. For Cu-MEA treated and UV absorbers grafted on the surface, the values of ∆E range from 0.7 to 5.7. The higher values of ∆E for both treated and untreated samples were associated with the weathering cycle with the water spray step, suggesting that water plays an important role in the wood discoloration. However, the microwave grafting of UV absorber on Cu-MEA treated maple did not prevent or reduce the formation of rough surface or inhibit the biological performance of Cu-MEA. This laboratory study indicates that phenolic UV absorbers can be microwave grafted on maple to improve the color stability.

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Zhang, Xiu Mei, Jian Feng Ji, Yan Jun Tang i Yu Zhao. "Wood Pulp Fibers Grafted with Polyacrylamide through Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization". Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (listopad 2011): 1458–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.1458.

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Bleached wood pulp fibers grafted with polyacrylamide (PAM) was synthesized through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) to be applied in papermaking. The ATRP macroinitiator was prepared by esterification of hydroxyl groups of wood fibers with α-bromoisobutyryl bromide (α-BIBB). The bromine atoms on the surface of the macroinitiator were characterized and calculated by FT-IR, EDXS and TGA techniques. The ATRP grafting reaction conditions of fiber-PMA were discussed and determined. To optimize the polymerization in the CuBr/PMDETA catalytic system, several influencing factors on grafting yield were investigated, including solvent, reaction temperature, monomer concentration and sacrificial initiator. The PAM grafted fibers were characterized by FT-IR and TGA analyses.

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Matchawet, Suradet, Jobish Johns, Jutatip Artchomphoo, Kwanruethai Boonsong i Uraiwan Sookyung. "Improving the Performance of Wood Adhesive with Waste Rubber Tire". Trends in Sciences 20, nr 9 (26.04.2023): 6826. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.6826.

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Reclaimed rubber (RR) from waste tires was introduced as a wood adhesive by blending with epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). To improve the polarity of RR and compatibility with ENR, maleic anhydride (MA) was grafted onto RR chains. Influences of RR and RR-g-MA (maleic anhydride grafted reclaimed rubber) on the adhesion of wood adhesive along with their properties such as crosslinking, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and wettability were studied. It was found that RR and RR-g-MA affect the vulcanization of ENR by increasing crosslink density. Especially, in the case of using RR-g-MA generates a new form of an ester linkage. The higher crosslink density together with the formation of ester linkages results in superior thermal stability by the addition of RR-g-MA. In addition, the incorporation of RR exhibited an increase in the lap shear strength when compared with the pure ENR. This improvement is due to the increased crosslink density because the presence of RR resulted in the enhanced cohesive strength of rubber adhesive. Additionally, the incorporation of RR-g-MA showed higher efficiency to improve the adhesion of rubber adhesive. The addition of RR-g-MA has not only enhanced the cohesive strength of rubber adhesive, but also increased the adhesive strength from the interaction between the hydroxy group in cellulose on the wood surface and the polar functional group (i.e., oxirane rings of ENR, maleic group of RR-g-MA and ester group of ester linkage) of rubber adhesive. Therefore, the cohesive fracture was observed in ENR/RR-g-MA adhesive. HIGHLIGHTS The worn-out rubber tire as a mass waste can be utilized to develop effective adhesives The addition of maleic anhydride grafted reclaimed rubber caused to generate new ester linkage between epoxidized natural rubber chains The epoxidized natural rubber vulcanizates with maleic anhydride grafted reclaimed rubber showed superior thermal stability The addition of maleic anhydride grafted reclaimed rubber enhanced the adhesive strength of rubber adhesive from the interaction between hydroxy group in cellulose on the wood surface and the polar functional group of rubber adhesive GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Engonga, P. Edou, R. Schneider, P. Gérardin i B. Loubinoux. "Chemical Modification of Wood with Perfluoralkyl Ethanol and 4,4'-Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate". Holzforschung 53, nr 3 (10.05.1999): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.1999.046.

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Summary Grafting of perfluoroalkyl ethanol derivatives on spruce meal (Picea abies) and beech blocks (Fagus sylvatica) was performed using 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). The formation of urethane bonds between MDI, perfluoroalkyl ethanol and wood allowed to increase wood's dimensional stability. Contact angle measurements were also performed. θ values obtained for wood grafted with perfluoroalkyl ethanol derivatives were greater and did not decrease with time compared to those obtained with unmodified wood.

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Wu, Chin-San, i Hsin-Tzu Liao. "Fabrication, characterization, and application of polyester/wood flour composites". Journal of Polymer Engineering 37, nr 7 (28.08.2017): 689–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2016-0284.

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Abstract The mechanical properties, thermal properties, antibacterial activity, and fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) printing strips of composite materials containing polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and wood flour (WF) were evaluated. Maleic anhydride (MA)-grafted PHA (PHA-g-MA) and WF were used to enhance the desired characteristics of these composites. The PHA-g-MA/WF composites had better mechanical properties than the PHA/WF composites did. This effect was attributed to a greater compatibility between the grafted polyester and WF. Additionally, the PHA-g-MA/WF composites provided higher quality 3D printing strips and were more easily processed because of ester formation. The water resistance of the PHA-g-MA/WF composite was greater than that of PHA/WF. Moreover, WF enhanced the antibacterial activity of the composites. Composites of PHA-g-MA or PHA containing WF had better antibacterial activity.

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41

Zhao, Hui, Yi Long Zhou, Hong Yuan Zhu i Sheng Yuan Zhang. "Research on Tensile Strength in the Ultrasonic Welding Joint of T-Type Wood-Plastic Composites Components". Advanced Materials Research 601 (grudzień 2012): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.601.46.

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Ultrasonic welding technology is applied to the connection of T-type wood-plastic composites components to study its performance. The wood-plastic composite materials are made up of 60% wood-flour (WF), 36% polypropylene (PP) and 4% maleic anhydride grafted PP (MAPP). Tensile strength of the welded joint, which oscillation time is 4 seconds, is analyzed based on experimental data. Welded joint is observed by scanning electron microscope and its connection status is analyzed. Experiment results show that ultrasonic welding technology can be applied to T-type wood-plastic composites component, which has enough tensile strength.

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Kotlyarova, Irina Aleksandrovna. "INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY OF WOOD OF PINE, BIRCH AND OAK, MODIFIED WITH MONOETHANOLA-MINE(N→B)THREEHYDROXYBORATE". chemistry of plant raw material, nr 2 (24.01.2019): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2019024609.

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The article presents the results of IR-spectroscopic study of wood of pine, birch and oak, modified with 50% aqueous solution of monoethanolamine(N→B)threehydroxyborate. IR spectra of the samples of birch and oak, modified by monoethanolamine(N→B)threehydroxyborate havebeen obtained for the first time. It was found that the modifier chemically interacts at room temperature with the reactive groups of the tree species under study; the chemical bonds being formed are hydrolytically stable. It is revealed that the change in the supramolecular structure of the modified wood is associated with a change in the system of hydrogen bonds. It is shown that the in the case of modifyingwith monoethanolamine(N→B)threehydroxyborate, there is no destruction of the aromatic rings of lignin, and the main chains of the macromolecules of cellulose, i.e. modifying is in "soft" conditions. It was found that the modifier interacts with the primary hydroxyl groups of cellulose and carboxyl groups of lignin in the modification of pine wood; when modifying, the wood of birch and oak monoethanolamine(N→B)threehydroxyborate mainly interacts with the carboxyl groups of lignin. The density of the grafting modifier depends on the availability of reactive groups of wood composite, and it decreases with increasing the density of wood. Taking into account that surface grafted compounds determine many properties of wood (specific surface area, water absorption, swelling, bio- and fire-resistance), different grafting density and surface distribution of grafted molecules of modifiers on the surface of wood samples under study will lead to differences in the listed properties of the modified wood materials.

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Ayrilmis, Nadir, Türker Güleç, Emrah Peşman i Alperen Kaymakci. "Potential use of cotton dust as filler in the production of thermoplastic composites". Journal of Composite Materials 51, nr 30 (9.03.2017): 4147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317698750.

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The effect of cotton dust as filler on the mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene composites was investigated and the results were compared with the properties of wood plastic composites. Cotton dust was obtained from the dust filtration system located in a textile manufacturing unit. Different mixtures of cotton dust (30 to 60 wt%) or wood flour (30 to 60 wt%) were compounded with polypropylene with a coupling agent (maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene 3 wt%) in a twin-screw co-rotating extruder. The test specimens were produced by injection molding machine. The tensile strength and flexural modulus of the specimens improved with the increase in the filler content. There was no significant difference in the strength and modulus values between the cotton dust and wood flour filled composites. The highest thermal stability was found to be in the composites produced with 40 wt% of cotton dust according to the results of differential scanning calorimetry analysis. Based on the findings obtained from the present study, the optimum mechanical and thermal properties for the filled polypropylene composites were found to be a 50/50/3 formulation of cotton dust, polypropylene, and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene, respectively.

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PAL, SUBRATA, BHUVNESHWAR RAI, AJAY KUMAR TYAGI, SUNITA RATTAN i VIRENDRA KUMAR. ""ENHANCEMENT OF ANTIBACTERIAL AND WATER ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF WOOD PULP BY GAMMA RADIATION INDUCED GRAFTING WITH QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALT FOR APPLICATION IN HYGIENE PRODUCTS"". Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 56, nr 5-6 (21.06.2022): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2022.56.45.

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"The present work reported the enhancement of antibacterial and water absorption properties of mutually grafted wood pulp with quaternary ammonium-based salts containing 3-acrylamidopropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride (APTAC) monomer induced by gamma radiation. Grafting was qualitatively confirmed by FTIR-ATR, TGA, SEM and quantified by calculating the grafting yield and the grafting efficiency. The performance was examined for water absorbency and antibacterial efficacy (R) against gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli) and and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The results showed that water absorption, grafting yield and grafting efficiency increased steadily with the increase in monomer concentration and absorbed gamma radiation dose up to a certain level, followed by either slowing down or leveling off the increasing trend. The water absorption and antibacterial activity of grafted wood pulp was found to be substantially enhanced compared to its pristine counterpart, showing a remarkable 357% increase in water absorption and four-log cycle decrease in the number of living bacteria after 24 hours of incubation."

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Dodd, Richard S. "Cyclophytic effects on wood structure in Pinusradiata D. Don. II. Tracheid morphology". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 18, nr 4 (1.04.1988): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x88-061.

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The effects of apical ontogeny on xylem morphology in Pinusradiata were examined in grafted trees and in clonal pairs of trees grown from cuttings from hedge- and tree-form donors (H and T). At the time of sampling the grafted rootstocks were 21 years old, and trees from H and T plants were 11 years old from the date of planting rooted cuttings. In grafted trees tracheids were longer, and the rate of increase in tracheid length was greater above the graft. Since growth rings were narrower above the graft, the difference in rate of increase in tracheid length above and below the graft was greater when plotted against distance from pith than against growth ring number. In comparisons of H and T plants, T plants (expected to be at a later stage of apical ontogeny) produced fewer but longer and wider tracheids. Cell wall volumes per tracheid were greater in T plants, but because the tracheid diameters in H plants were smaller, wall volumes per unit tracheid volumes were consistently greater in H plants. The role of apical ontogeny in explaining patterns of anatomical variation within the stem is discussed. H and T plants of radiata pine were from the three mainland populations: Año Nuevo, Monterey, and Cambria. The Año Nuevo population produced the greatest numbers and the largest tracheids. The Monterey population had the shortest tracheids amongst H plants, but their tracheid lengths were equal to those of the Año Nuevo population in T plants.

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Carrere, Camille, Anne-Sophie Spilmont, Grégoire Loupit, Philippe Beutin, Cédric Stessels, Nathalie Ollat i Sarah-Jane Cookson. "Evaluation of criteria to assist the selection of good quality grafted grapevines prior to their commercialisation". OENO One 56, nr 2 (8.04.2022): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.2.4792.

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The production of grafted grapevine plant material is a complex process with many steps running over at least one year, from grafting to final sorting in nurseries. To reach the market in France, grafted grapevines must meet three criteria by law: resistance to a manual graft union test (or thumb test), a minimum number of three roots and a woody, lignified stem which has grown from the bud of the scion wood of at least 2 cm long. This study aimed to evaluate the possibility of using visual criteria to select good quality grafted grapevines, without the need to do the thumb test because the thumb test is manual and therefore very subjective; the test depends on the strength applied by the person who realises it. This study was done on 22 scion/rootstock combinations with different degrees of grafting success, i.e., producing different proportions of marketable plants after one year in the nursery. The three legal criteria currently used to select marketable grafted grapevines in France as well as other external and measurable criteria such as the length of lignified stem and diameter, the number of thin and thick roots, and rootstock wood diameter were measured on the 22 scion/rootstock combinations. Variation in the values for these different criteria was observed and correlations between the criteria and the number of marketable plants were studied. This data was then analysed to determine which visible criteria contribute most to identifying marketable grafts. The percentage of marketable grafts was most strongly correlated with the thumb test and positively correlated with the length of the lignified stem. The variables with the highest predictive effect for identifying marketable plants (other than the thumb test) were the number of large roots and the length of the lignified stem. The possibility of using visible criteria to screen for good quality grafted plants is discussed, but no single, or combination of criteria, was sufficiently strongly correlated with the percentage of marketable plants to replace the thumb test.

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Dong, Xiao Ying, Ding Wang Gong, Zhen Bo Liu i Yi Xing Liu. "Wood-Polymer Composite Fabricated by Polymerization of Monomers within Wood Porous Structure". Advanced Materials Research 549 (lipiec 2012): 699–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.549.699.

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A novel composite, wood-polymer composite, was fabricated by polymerization of functional monomers within wood porous structure. The wood was a fast-growing plant wood, Micheliamacclurel wood, which was rarely reported in previous studies, and two functional monomers, glycidyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, were novelly employed. The monomers, added with a few Azo-bis-isobutryonitrile as initiator, and maleic anhydride as catalyst, were first impregnated into wood pores under vacuum/pressure conditions, and then in-situ polymerized into polymers through a catalyst-thermal treatment. After the processes, wood-polymer composite was resulted. SEM and FTIR analysis for the composite indicated that the monomers polymerized into solid polymer, which fully filled up wood pores, and the resulted polymer grafted onto wood matrix, resulting in good interface combination between polymer and wood matrix. Such composite with satisfactory interface can be potentially applied as structural material in construction field.

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Zhang, Jinlong, Qinglin Wu, Guangyao Li, Mei-Chun Li, Xiuxuan Sun i Dennis Ring. "Synergistic influence of halogenated flame retardants and nanoclay on flame performance of high density polyethylene and wood flour composites". RSC Advances 7, nr 40 (2017): 24895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra03327c.

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High density polyethylene and wood flour (HDPE/WF) composites containing three flame modifiers (FMs) (i.e., two fire retardants: 1,2-bis(pentabromophenyl) and ethylene bis(tetrabromophthalimide), and one nanoclay), maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (MAPE) and other processing aids were prepared through twin-screw extrusion, and their properties were characterized.

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Li, Yong Feng, Bao Gang Wang, Qi Liang Fu, Yi Xing Liu i Xiao Ying Dong. "Performance of Wood-Polymer Composite Prepared by In Situ Synthesis of Terpolymer within Wood". Applied Mechanics and Materials 34-35 (październik 2010): 1165–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.34-35.1165.

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In order to improve the value-added applications of low-quality wood, a novel composite, wood-polymer composite, was fabricated by in-situ terpolymerization of MMA, VAc and St within wood porous structure. The structure of the composite and the reaction of monomers within wood were both analyzed by SEM and FTIR, and the mechanical properties were also evaluated. The SEM observation showed that the polymer mainly filled up wood pores, suggesting good polymerizating crafts. The FTIR results indicated that under the employed crafts, three monomers terpolymerized in wood porous structure, and grafted onto wood matrix through reaction of ester group from monomers and hydroxyl group from wood components, suggesting chemical combination between the two phases. The mechanical properties of the wood-polymer composite involving modulus of rupture, compressive strength, wearability and hardness were improved 69%, 68%, 36% and 210% over those of untreated wood, respectively. Such method seems to be an effective way to converting low-quality wood to high-quality wood.

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Palhares, Dario, José Elias de Paula, Luiz Alfredo Rodrigues Pereira i Conceição Eneida dos Santos Silveira. "Comparative Wood Anatomy of Stem, Root and Xylopodium of Brosimum Gaudichaudii (Moraceae)". IAWA Journal 28, nr 1 (2007): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001621.

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Although Brosimum gaudichaudii Tréc. occurs in the Amazon and Atlantic forests, it is the only species of the genus Brosimum found in the Cerrado vegetation. Its roots contain high levels of psoralens. Compared with the wood of stems, the rootwood has more parenchyma and fibers with thinner walls. The stems and their respective piths were naturally 'grafted' into the xylopodium. Xylopodium wood has aberrant parenchyma zones and wood cells orientated in several directions. Xylopodium wood has a stem structure in the superior regions, but a root structure in the inferior parts. Furthermore, laticifers were found in xylopodium wood. Starch is present in the roots, but not in the stems, except for the two plants whose subterranean systems had signs of predatory attack

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