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1
Swift, Jason. "Locating visual arts education in a post-liberal arts landscape". Visual Inquiry 8, nr 2 (1.06.2019): 149–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/vi_8.2.149_1.
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This article explores the current climate and location of visual arts at post-secondary institutions in a growing post-liberal arts climate in the United States. It discusses the future of visual and liberal arts education in a socio-political climate that appears to value career-ready degrees and profit over scholarship and the cerebral, emotive and visceral importance of education and the arts. The history of conservative efforts to remake post-secondary education and government efforts to defund it are discussed, providing context for the shift to a post-liberal arts landscape. A growing divide and class separation are investigated as an outcome of the efforts made to de-liberalize colleges and universities and defund educational assistance programmes, potentially placing it in the hands of the upper class and out of the hands of the middle and lower classes.
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Preston, Rosemary. "Refugees in Papua New Guinea: Government Response and Assistance, 1984–1988". International Migration Review 26, nr 3 (wrzesień 1992): 843–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600305.
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Melanesian West Papuans have been seeking refuge in Papua New Guinea since Indonesia annexed the province of Irian Jaya in 1962. The slowness of the Papua New Guinean government to respond to the 12,000 who crossed the border in 1984 paved the way for subsequent policy of minimal assistance so as not to jeopardize national security, by antagonizing Indonesia or by exacerbating the jealously of local people. As in other places, the long-term effect for refugees is likely to be social and economic marginalization, combined with insecure residential status.
3
Durfee, Alesha, i Marcia K. Meyers. "Who Gets What From Government? Distributional Consequences of Child-Care Assistance Policies". Journal of Marriage and Family 68, nr 3 (sierpień 2006): 733–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00286.x.
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Puguh, Dhanang Respati, i Mahendra Pudji Utama. "Peranan Pemerintah dalam Pengembangan Wayang Orang Panggung". Jurnal Sejarah Citra Lekha 3, nr 2 (1.09.2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jscl.v3i2.19961.
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This article aims to discuss the role of the government in developing Wayang Orang Panggung especially in the Sriwedari community in Surakarta, Ngesti Pandowo in Semarang, and Bharata in Jakarta. This article based on the historical method. Since the beginning of Indonesian independence, the government carried out its function as a protector to maintain the existence of Wayang Orang Panggung, by improving the management of the performing arts, establishing the performance building, providing funding assistance, giving opportunities to perform at the state capital, and involving the artists of Wayang Orang in cultural missions. However, the government tended to be partial and more often conducted as a momentary response that must be addressed immediately because of it impossible to solve the community itself. Changes happened due to economic globalization and political dynamics in Indonesia that can threaten the existence of wayang orang and various forms of traditional arts. It raised hopes that the government could take the more fundamental role as patron-arts. In carrying out this function, the government requires a formulation on cultural policy as a basis for establishing the direction and strategy for the development and strengthening Wayang Orang Panggung and various forms of local culture, within the framework of national culture. The legal needed to carry out, UU RI No. 17 of 2017 about the Cultural Advancement, and Presidential Regulation No. 65 of 2018 concerning the Procedures for the Principles of Regional Culture and Cultural Strategies.
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Schnepf, J. D. "Collaborative Futures: Arts Funding and Speculative Fictions". Review of International American Studies 13, nr 2 (31.12.2020): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rias.9995.
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According to scholars of literary sociology, US arts institutions—from the federal government to the writers’ colony to the creative writing program—have been central to the shaping of US literature for the better part of a century. This paper offers a preliminary investigation of the global crowdfunding platform Kickstarter as an emerging arts institution. Drawing on Kim Stanley Robinson and Marina Abramović’s artistic collaboration as a case study, the paper argues that the appearance of the Marina Abramović Institute (MAI) in Robinson’s novel New York 2140 troubles the author’s stated generic commitments to “realist speculative fiction”—fiction that bases its vision of the future on the state of things in our present. In addition to furnishing uncertain conditions of production for the novel, Kickstarter’s funding model solicits short-form speculative fiction organized around neoliberal selfhood from its artists. With the assistance of Kickstarter’s networked platform, the MAI’s capital campaign reimagined private funding as public performance art, as dutiful civic engagement, and as reward for artists willing to narrate entrepreneurial optimism.
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Schnepf, J. D. "Collaborative Futures: Arts Funding and Speculative Fictions". Review of International American Studies 13, nr 2 (31.12.2020): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rias.9995.
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According to scholars of literary sociology, US arts institutions—from the federal government to the writers’ colony to the creative writing program—have been central to the shaping of US literature for the better part of a century. This paper offers a preliminary investigation of the global crowdfunding platform Kickstarter as an emerging arts institution. Drawing on Kim Stanley Robinson and Marina Abramović’s artistic collaboration as a case study, the paper argues that the appearance of the Marina Abramović Institute (MAI) in Robinson’s novel New York 2140 troubles the author’s stated generic commitments to “realist speculative fiction”—fiction that bases its vision of the future on the state of things in our present. In addition to furnishing uncertain conditions of production for the novel, Kickstarter’s funding model solicits short-form speculative fiction organized around neoliberal selfhood from its artists. With the assistance of Kickstarter’s networked platform, the MAI’s capital campaign reimagined private funding as public performance art, as dutiful civic engagement, and as reward for artists willing to narrate entrepreneurial optimism.
7
Karbaum, Markus. "Cambodia's Façade Democracy and European Assistance". Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 30, nr 4 (grudzień 2011): 111–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341103000405.
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Although Cambodia adopted a modern democratic constitution in 1993, Prime Minister Hun Sen has consolidated an autocratic regime in which elections are the only way political competition plays out, and even that competition is limited. Freedom of expression, horizontal and vertical control mechanisms, and civil participation have been reduced to almost zero by the Royal Government of Cambodia. Irrespective of the deinstitutionalization of liberal principles, the European Commission and some EU member states still perceive Cambodia as moving toward democratization. In the case of Cambodia, the difficulty of external democracy promotion is compounded by the limited impact of formal state institutions, which are completely undermined by kinship relations, personal networks, clientelism and nepotism. However, one can observe not only non-effective efforts toward European democracy promotion, but also increasing human rights violations due to trade facilitations, namely the EU's “Everything But Arms” initiative.
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Jacobsen, Karen. "Factors Influencing the Policy Responses of Host Governments to Mass Refugee Influxes". International Migration Review 30, nr 3 (wrzesień 1996): 655–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000301.
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The policy responses of asylum governments to mass influxes of refugees have varied considerably. Focusing on less developed countries, this article explores why some host governments respond in relatively generous ways, while other governments act more restrictively. The policy alternatives available to receiving governments are classified, and a set of factors influencing refugee policy formation is explored. These factors include: the costs and benefits of accepting international assistance, relations with the sending country, political calculations about the local community's absorption capacity, and national security considerations. However, the end result is not a neat solution yielding a rationally evolved refugee policy. Host governments also struggle with bureaucratic politics, the position of refugees in domestic politics, power struggles between government ministries and among decisionmakers, paucity of information, bureaucratic inertia, and other complications that must be teased out at the empirical level.
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Zabawa, Robert. "Government Programs, Small Farm Research, and Assistance for Limited Resource Black Farmers in Alabama". Human Organization 48, nr 1 (1.03.1989): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.48.1.q2970314j0802510.
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Black farmers have witnessed their numbers and land disappear at an alarming rate. Including the most recent downturn in agriculture experienced by farmers in the United States, Black farmers have been in an agricultural "depression" for decades, where farm programs have not reached them via research, teaching, and extension from the federal to the local levels. This paper examines a federally funded small farm research and extension project at Tuskegee University. Though not a traditional Farming Systems Research project, the program at Tuskegee utilized a multidisciplinary approach to help target assistance, both technical and social, at a farming clientele.
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Peng, Li, Qianyu Li, Wei Deng i Ying Liu. "What Promotes Post-Earthquake Economic Recovery: The Role of Counterpart Assistance Policy After the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake, China". SAGE Open 11, nr 3 (lipiec 2021): 215824402110335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211033573.
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Despite the economic statistics from recent years indicating outstanding economic recovery in disaster-affected areas after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake, the causes of these macro-economic changes remain ambiguous. The Chinese Government set up the counterpart assistance policy to aid post-disaster reconstruction after the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake in 2008; however, whether the changes seen in the economic statistics can be attributed to this policy remains unclear. This article uses the difference-in-differences model to evaluate the effects of counterpart assistance on economic development in disaster areas. Thirty-nine severely affected counties were chosen as research objects and divided into a treatment group (18 recipient counties) and a control group (non-recipient counties). Empirical results indicate the counterpart assistance policy helped to significantly improve the real GDP and GDP growth rate per capita in the treatment group. Counterpart assistance influenced the real GDP principally by increasing investment in fixed assets, employment, urbanization level, and fiscal expenditure. The findings of this study deepen our understanding of counterpart assistance within the Chinese context.
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BAWDEN, JOHN R. "Cutting Off the Dictator: The United States Arms Embargo of the Pinochet Regime, 1974–1988". Journal of Latin American Studies 45, nr 3 (sierpień 2013): 513–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x13000783.
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AbstractIn 1976, the US Congress halted arms sales to Chile. This paper examines the congressional debate over arms sales to Chile and the political and military consequences of the action. Recent scholarship has largely overlooked the embargo and its implications for regional security dynamics in South America. Initially US sanctions increased Chile's diplomatic isolation and military vulnerability, which made regional conflict more likely. However, Chile's ability to surmount the effects of the embargo eventually increased Augusto Pinochet's independence vis-à-vis Washington. When the Reagan administration began pushing for a transition to democracy, it lacked two key instruments for influencing a military government: weapons sales and security assistance.
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Moinifar, Heshmat S. "Gamete Donation and the Role of Religious Leaders in Iran". Hawwa 8, nr 3 (2010): 247–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920810x549730.
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AbstractIn recent years, infertility has been considered as a medical problem as well as a social problem, thus couples have sought medical assistance to overcome childlessness. The introduction, however, of a third party in the creation of a child is supposedly highly problematic in many developing countries, including Iran. After the Islamic Revolution in Iran in 1979, the government dismantled family planning programs, although at the time there were no serious debates and policies on assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). In 1989, the government reversed its policies and since then has had one of the most successful family planning programs in the region. In this regard, other than socio-economic factors, opinion of jurists have influenced family planning programs and related issues like ARTs in Iran, thus the position of religious leaders has had a direct effect on how Iran has achieved its development goals including ARTs. Iran is the only Muslim country in the world in which ARTs using donor gametes and embryos have been legitimized by religious authorities and passed into law. This has placed Iran as a Shi‘a-dominant country in a quite distinguished position vis-à-vis the Sunni Islamic world, where all forms of gamete donation, based on many studies, are strictly prohibited.In this article, the “Iranian ART Revolution” that has allowed donor technologies to be admitted as a form of assisted reproduction technology will be examined. In this regard, an attempt is made to explore religious leaders’ positive and negative views toward this issue. Thus, the verdicts or fatwas of mojtahedin in the context will be discussed. After providing a brief review of different opinions of mojtahedin, these differentiations through in-depth interviews with two prominent mojtaheds, Ayatollahs Mousavi Ardabili and Sobhani in 2007 on ARTs will be discussed to enrich the argument.
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Wu, Shiyou, Mimi V. Chapman, Meihua Zhu i Xiafei Wang. "Household Assets, the Role of Government Assistance, and Depression Among Low-Income Families in Shanghai". Social Indicators Research 149, nr 2 (2.01.2020): 571–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02251-4.
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Gorman, Robert F. "Beyond ICARA II: Implementing Refugee-Related Development Assistance". International Migration Review 20, nr 2 (czerwiec 1986): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838602000209.
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This article reviews the evolution of the Second International Conference on Assistance to Refugees in Africa, which advanced discussions on the connection between refugees and the development process and provided a forum to address refugee-related development burdens in Africa. A consensus now exists regarding how to address these burdens. But several challenges complicate realization of the ICARA II agenda, including: 1) the need for greater coordination between development and refugee agencies in the U.N. system and governments; 2) the need for provision of adequate resources by donors; 3) weakness of host country capacity to absorb and manage assistance in the context of overall development planning, and; 4) poor visibility of refugee-related development needs as compared to emergency ones.
15
Liang, Ying, i Runxia Cao. "Employment assistance policies of Chinese government play positive roles! The impact of post-earthquake employment assistance policies on the health-related quality of life of Chinese earthquake populations". Social Indicators Research 120, nr 3 (7.05.2014): 835–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0620-z.
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YEH, CHIOU-LING. "Images of Equality and Freedom: the Representation of Chinese American Men, America Today Magazine, and the Cultural Cold War in Asia". Journal of American Studies 53, nr 2 (23.01.2018): 507–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875817001840.
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This article analyzesAmerica Today, a United States Information Service publication circulated to Southeast Asian Chinese between 1949 and 1952. Although the federal government had no intention of lifting immigration restrictions, the magazine promoted the idea that the United States provided humanitarian assistance and abundant opportunities to Chinese immigrants as well as their American-born Chinese counterparts to achieve upward mobility, form a conjugal family, and enjoy patriarchal authority. The stories demonstrated an attempt to inspire Chinese male readers in Southeast Asia to support the United States and the “free world,” rather than Communism and the People's Republic of China.
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Walker, Robert, i Meg Huby. "Escaping Financial Dependency in Old Age". Ageing and Society 9, nr 1 (marzec 1989): 17–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00013349.
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ABSTRACTOne of the principal motives behind pension reform in Britain in the post-war era has been to reduce dependence on means-tested assistance. Alternating attempts have been made to attain this objective through State and occupational collectivism but with only partial success. The present Government has shifted the emphasis away from collective provision towards individual saving promoted in the form of portable pensions. However, recent research has underlined the importance of structural determinants of dependency on means-tested assistance in retirement and of other factors over which individuals have little if any control. In the light of these findings questions are raised about the potential effectiveness of portable and occupational pensions as mechanisms for reducing future dependency on means-tested supplementation.
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Arar, Rawan. "The New Grand Compromise: How Syrian Refugees Changed the Stakes in the Global Refugee Assistance Regime". Middle East Law and Governance 9, nr 3 (11.11.2017): 298–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763375-00903007.
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The influx of asylum seekers in Europe in 2015 and 2016 changed the incentive structure of the “grand compromise” – the system of global refugee management in which states in the Global South host most of the world’s refugees and states in the Global North finance refugee hosting abroad. Asylum seekers interrupted the established status quo, and in doing so, created new opportunities for states in the Global South. I argue that a “new grand compromise” emerged. Major refugee host states in the Global South, especially those with large Syrian refugee populations, were able to leverage the value of their refugee hosting capacity and renegotiate policies to promote state-centric agendas. I elaborate on the case of Jordan to illustrate how government officials strategically capitalized from the influx of asylum seekers in Europe, making Jordanian resilience and development an integral part of the global refugee response.
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Palfreeman, Linda, i Jon Arrizabalaga. "Frida Stewart in Spain: Administering humanitarian aid during the Spanish Civil War". International Journal of Iberian Studies 33, nr 2-3 (1.09.2020): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ijis_00030_7.
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When a failed military coup provoked civil war in Spain in July 1936, the Spanish government made a worldwide plea for assistance. More than 2500 British men answered the call, taking up arms in defence of the democratically-elected Republican government. While this show of international solidarity has been widely documented, much less attention has been given to the massive response made by British women. Thousands of women organized nationwide campaigns to send aid to Spain. One of these women was Frida Stewart (1910–96), a young musician with a strong social conscience. As is the case with so many other women, Frida’s recollections, her memoir and correspondence, upon which the following essay is closely based, constitute a valuable historical resource for the analysis of women’s experiences during the war and give voice to those whose stories have previously gone unheard.
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Mitchell, Roger E., Paul Florin i John F. Stevenson. "Supporting Community-Based Prevention and Health Promotion Initiatives: Developing Effective Technical Assistance Systems". Health Education & Behavior 29, nr 5 (październik 2002): 620–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019802237029.
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As research evidence for the effectiveness of community-based prevention has mounted, so has recognition of the gap between research and community practice. As a result, state and local governments are taking a more active role in building the capacity of community-based organizations to deliver evidence-based prevention interventions. Innovations are taking place in the establishment of technical assistance or support systems to influence the prevention and health education activities of community-based organizations. Several challenges for technical assistance systems are described: (1) setting prevention priorities and allocating limited technical assistance resources, (2) balancing capacity-building versus program dissemination efforts, (3) collaborating across categorical problem areas, (4) designing technical assistance initiatives with enough “dose strength” to have an effect, (5) balancing fidelity versus adaptation in program implementation, (6) building organizational cultures that support innovation, and (7) building local evaluative capacity versus generalizable evaluation findings.
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Redjeki, Dwi Sogi Sri, Agustinus Hermino i Imron Arifin. "Online Learning Challenges in Schools During the Pandemic COVID-19 in Indonesia". Asian Social Science 17, nr 10 (19.09.2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v17n10p53.
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The purpose of this research is to provide information to the Government of Indonesia in particular and observers of education in general regarding the challenges of online learning in schools in remote areas in Indonesia so that there is mutual attention from educational stakeholders to pay attention to students in remote areas to retain their rights in education. This research methodology is qualitative, using the result of previous relevant researchs that support in writing of this research. The research findings include: 1) the importance of the role of school principals as implementers of government policies; 2) teachers' strategies in implementing online learning that are easily understood by students; 3) the importance of the role of parental assistance during online learning; and 4) Regional Government policy strategies for the success of online learning, especially in remote areas. The recommendations of this research are: 1) adjusting online learning based on local conditions; 2) the existence of task forces in the regions to help the online learning process run smoothly; 3) monitoring and evaluation; 4) broad autonomy for school principals to innovate; 5) teacher training program to support the online learning process; 6) the existence of cooperation between the government and the private sector in the telecommunications sector; 7) face-to-face learning for students who do not have telecommunication equipment.
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Surjanti, Jun, Tony Seno Aji, Sanaji Sanaji i Setya Chendra. "Triple Helix: a sustainable economy for hijab SMEs in the new normal". Jurnal Siasat Bisnis 25, nr 1 (1.01.2021): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/jsb.vol25.iss1.art3.
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Although the COVID-19 pandemic has gradually improved, people's activities have not recovered to normal due to various conditions. This period is a transition period known as the "New Normal". Besides its impact on people's health, COVID-19 also affects other aspects, including the economy, education, and law. The economic impact highly touches low-medium class people including SMEs as the business activities which need to be halted due to PSBB (Large-Scale Social Restriction). Triple Helix is a SMEs' development model that links Science (S), Government (G), and Business (B). This article aims to examine whether Triple Helix with SGB Balanced model is possibly utilized to revive the Hijab SMEs business activity. This study is descriptive-qualitative research and analyzed using the Miles and Hubberman techniques. Data were obtained through online questionnaires and interviews from hijab craftsmen associating with two SMEs. The results show that respondents have successfully adapted to the New Normal and resumed their business activity by implementing technology and information given by the S (science) agent and the G (government) agent’s assistance. Therefore, it indicates that implementing Triple Helix provably revives the Hijab SMEs business activities.
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Lebiedieva, Nadiia Anatoliivna. "FEATURES OF THE MAIN APPROACHES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION USE TO PROFESSIONAL AND AMATEUR ARTS". UKRAINIAN ASSEMBLY OF DOCTORS OF SCIENCES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1, nr 12 (14.02.2018): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/vadnd.v1i12.61.
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The article describes some peculiarities of using the basic approaches of state administration for professional and amateur arts. It is established that for the State it is necessary to provide an assistance to artistic development in all spheres of its appearance. The use of an indicative approach to professional and amateur art management is recommended. It is revealed that indicative state management of art will be able to transform the subjects of management into the subjects of responsibility, who will achieve clearly defined spiritual and educational tasks and become accountable. This will contribute to systematic assessment of the practice of state and municipal management of professional and amateur art and will allow to adjust educational policy at all levels of government — the state, the region, the settlement, a separate union of artists. It is proved that the formation of professional and amateur arts in the system of public administration should take place through the process of understanding the aspects of individual and group behavior, the system analysis, planning methods, motivation and control, quantitative methods and decision making. Applying the philosophical approach to the problem under study, I believe that a healthy society can not be imagined without art. Man in its essence tends to be beautiful, to recreate the surrounding world through the prism of their own feelings of objective reality in works of art. That is why, for the state, it is extremely necessary to ensure the promotion of artistic development in all areas of its manifestation. It is noted that one of the main approaches of the state administration to the formation of professional and amateur art is the author of this article considers the philosophical approach. There are also special connections of personality and social factors that determine the spiritual crisis of man.
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Klein, Axel. "The barracuda's tale: trawlers, the informal sector and a state of classificatory disorder off the Nigerian coast". Africa 69, nr 4 (październik 1999): 555–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1160875.
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AbstractThe expansion of Nigeria's artisanal fisheries has been a rare economic success story during the 1980s. Without assistance from government agencies the canoe fishermen, many of them Ghanaian migrants, have responded successfully to the opportunities offered by the Lagos market. In recent years declining fish stocks and competition from trawlers have forced shore-based fishermen to adapt their operations to changing circumstances. In describing a number of such responses the article tackles a number of wider themes in economic anthropology and African studies. Contrasting the opposition and co-operation of industrial and artisanal fisheries throws an interesting light on the informal sector debates, while the role played by the marine police and the navy feeds into the discussion on the African state.
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Price, David. "Counterinsurgency by Other Names: Complicating Humanitarian Applied Anthropology in Current, Former, and Future War Zones". Human Organization 73, nr 2 (1.05.2014): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.73.2.4n50n51170hg3740.
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This paper draws on three information sources to critically evaluate how new United States counterinsurgency strategies are transforming the delivery of humanitarian aid in war zones. Emerging critiques from within the NGO humanitarian assistance community find growing concern over, and resistance to, the military's use of conflict zone humanitarian assistance to further military goals. Anthropological contributions to past war-related counterinsurgency operations are considered, and patterns of past problems with divergent goals from anthropologists and military sponsors are identified. Newly available military manuals and governmental cables disclosed by WikiLeaks further document how military and civilian governmental agencies use humanitarian aid as a form of counterinsurgency. The paper concludes by reviewing some of the options available to anthropologists working on humanitarian aid projects in conflict zones.
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Sedliar, Yulia. "US policy of economic sanctions against Cuba in 1990s years". Scientific Visnyk V. O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Historical Sciences 48, nr 2 (2019): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2519-2809-2019-48-2-114-118.
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The US economic embargo against Cuba has been in place for fifty years. During that period, its rationale and goals have not changed. As it is stressed in the article, principal purpose of the US sanctions strategy is either to modify the international behavior of Cuba, which Washington regarded as a threat to US strategic interests in the Latin America region, or to eliminate the Cuban political regime entirely. Measured against these goals, the sanctions clearly have failed. Author examines key factors having restricted sanctions’ ability to achieve American proclaimed goals regarding to Cuba. In this context, it is underscored that controversial maintenance of the US embargo against Cuba among US allies directly affected the results of sanctions strategy against Cuba. It is stressed that since the early 1960s, when the United States imposed a trade embargo on Cuba, the centerpiece of U.S. policy toward Cuba has consisted of economic sanctions aimed at isolating the government. The United States embargo against Cuba is a commercial, economic, and financial embargo imposed by the United States on Cuba. An embargo was first imposed by the United States on sale of arms to Cuba on the 14th of March 1958, during the Fulgencio Batista regime. On October 19, 1960 the U.S. placed an embargo on exports to Cuba except for food and medicine after Cuba nationalized American-owned Cuban oil refineries without compensation. On February 7, 1962 the embargo was extended to include almost all imports. Currently, the Cuban embargo is enforced mainly through six statutes: the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the Cuban Assets Control Regulations of 1963, the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, the Helms–Burton Act 1996, and the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000. The stated purpose of the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 is to maintain sanctions on Cuba so long as the Cuban government refuses to move toward democratization and greater respect for human rights. The article emphasizes that The Helms–Burton Act further restricted United States citizens from doing business in or with Cuba, and mandated restrictions on giving public or private assistance to any successor government in Havana unless and until certain claims against the Cuban government were met.
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Ali, Jason R., i Peter Cunich. "The Church East and West: Orienting the Queen Anne Churches, 1711-34". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 64, nr 1 (1.03.2005): 56–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25068124.
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This article presents the results of an investigation carried out to determine the orientation of seventeen churches and one church plan that are directly or indirectly associated with the 1711 and 1712 Acts for Building Fifty New Churches (for London). The buildings represent an important episode in the history of western ecclesiastical architecture, the visible manifestation of a Tory government-High Church plan to rekindle a "purer form of Christianity" based on the "primitive churches" of the Near East. Our data indicate that few, if any, of the buildings were aligned using the rising or setting sun on important Christian feast days, the method adopted by many of the medieval church builders. Whether this break with tradition was deliberate or not is a matter for conjecture. Nicholas Hawksmoor seemed particularly keen on getting a "correct" alignment and did so for three of his six sole-author buildings. In fact, we suggest that two of Hawksmoor's churches at St. Anne Limehouse and Christchurch Spitalfields, and James Gibbs's St. Martin-in-the-Fields, were so accurately aligned that the only feasible technique for achieving this was through the use of declination-corrected compasses. We speculate that the scientist Edmond Halley provided information and logistical assistance to Hawksmoor.
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Hai-Nyzhnyk, Pavlo. "Diplomacy of Deception and Tactics of Terror: Hybrid Politics in the Strategy and Practice of the Secret War of Soviet Russia against the Hetmanate (April – December 1918)". Diplomatic Ukraine, nr XXI (2020): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2020-1.
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The article highlights the behind-the-scenes policies of hybrid war of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (RSFSR) against the Ukrainian State headed by Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi (April – December 1918). The author examines anti-Ukrainian activities of the Council of People’s Commissars of the RSFSR, the ruling Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), and the allied Russian parties of left and right socialist-revolution-aries and anarchists. These include Soviet Russia’s efforts to undermine social and political stability in Ukraine; organisational, armed, and financial assistance to anti-government insurgent units; guidance of the rebel movement; organisation of large-scale strikes and sabotage via secret agents as well as setting up arms caches and underground networks of revolutionary committees, etc. The article exposes secret aspects of subversive anti-Ukrainian activities of Bolshevik diplomacy in Ukraine, particularly of the Soviet consulate in Odesa, and its assistance to the anti-hetman movement with the acquiescence of German diplomats accredited to the Ukrainian State. Special attention is attached to the Soviet-Bolshevik policy of establishing secret military units of the underground socialist terrorist army in Ukraine and such steps of the Russian Soviet government as supporting and sponsoring mass rebel and terrorist movements and the direct organisation of acts of individual terror against Ukrainian public figures, including several attempts to assassinate Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi. The author notes that Ukrainian security services were aware of the structure, network, subversive activities, and organisation of attempted assassinations of the Ukrainian hetman. The article describes the preparation of the Soviet armed invasion of Ukraine and records the beginning of the military aggression in the autumn of 1918. Keywords: Bolshevik terror, RSFSR, Skoropadskyi, Ukrainian State, hybrid war.
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Wanda listiani, Sri Rustiyanti, Fani Dila Sari i IBG. Surya Peradantha. "APLIKASI TEKNOLOGI AUGMENTED REALITY DALAM KONSERVASI SITUS WARISAN BUDAYA DAN MITIGASI BENCANA GUNUNG GALUNGGUNG JAWA BARAT INDONESIA". Jurnal Budaya Nusantara 4, nr 2 (30.06.2021): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/b.nusantara.vol4.no2.a4054.
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The name Galunggung is very well known to the people of Indonesia as the name of the mountain and the name of an Old Sundanese Manuscript. The ancient manuscript of Amanat Galunggung is a manuscript written in the 16th century and contains the teachings of life or local genius of the Sukapura or Tasikmalaya people. Mount Galunggung has experienced several eruptions from 1822 to 1983. The eruption of Mount Galunggung has had a catastrophic impact on the community and provided long term benefits for improving the soil fertility around the Mount Galunggung site such as the Indihiang site. Various disasters that have occurred due to volcanic eruptions in various regions have become a source of learning for the community to mitigate disasters from an early age. This research uses qualitative methods and digital augmented reality techniques. Augmented Reality can be used in visualizing and simulating mountain sites or other cultural heritage sites. The results of this study recommend the application of Augmented Realty technology in the conservation of cultural heritage sites and disaster mitigation as well as the planning program for the nomination of mountain sites in Indonesia for UNESCO’s world cultural heritage by the Indonesian government. Various efforts to develop site conservation with digital 4.0 technology and assistance for local communities involving universities, local governments, museum communities and the cultural arts tourism industry. The use of Augmented Reality can be useful for increasing understanding and learning experiences about cultural sites and heritage in tertiary, primary and secondary education.
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Zhu, Xiaohong. "Analysis of YBC's “Rebuild Our Home Entrepreneurship Campaign” – A Social Enterprise Perspective". China Nonprofit Review 1, nr 2 (2009): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187651409x462340.
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AbstractDuring the aftermath of the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake, Youth Business China (YBC) quickly launched the “Rebuild Our Home Entrepreneurship Campaign.” With the help of the Mianyang government, YBC set up a local office and brought the campaign directly to the disaster area. YBC took advantage of its social resources and assisted youth affected by the disaster in starting their own businesses, which boosted the local economy and garnered public recognition. YBC's success was due to the combination of rebuilding and aid concepts with their own management ideas. YBC also successfully integrated public resources and private resources with its own unique charity management knowledge and standard operations. This rebuilding assistance model is an innovation in the non-profit sector, as well as an example of successful operation of a social enterprise.
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Klich, Ignacio. "Latin America, the United States and the Birth of Israel: The case of Somoza's Nicaragua". Journal of Latin American Studies 20, nr 2 (listopad 1988): 389–432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00003047.
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With the downfall of the Somoza regime and coming to power of the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) in July 1979, Israeli– Nicaraguan relations declined, to be eventually cut off three years later. An important contributing factor to the deterioration and breach of relations was Israel's involvement with Anastasio (Tachito) Somoza Debayle, in particular the military assistance which his faltering regime received from the Likud government until shortly before the end. By no means Tachito's sole armourer,1 the salience of Israel's role was, nonetheless, noted by many, including Somoza Debayle himself.2 This, however, was justified by Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin as the sole honourable course of action in view of earlier favours to the Zionist cause, going back to the pre-state period, by Tachito's father, Anastasio (Tacho) Somoza García.
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Fedorenko, Irina. "Turning the Tables on Foreign Assistance in Second-Generation Environmentalism in Russia and China". Inner Asia 19, nr 1 (21.04.2017): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340083.
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Civil society and environmentalngos in Russia and China have been facing gradual crackdowns from their governments for the past decade and have been accused of being connected to foreign governments. Due to the changes in political and legal environments and the rise of a new generation of activists, the civil society landscape has been transformed in both countries. Drawing on 14 months of fieldwork, this paper aims to provide an updated account of environmental activism in Russia and China—the post-foreign-funding civil society. It focuses on grass-rootsngos and their relationships with their foreign donors and the consequences of foreign grant withdrawal. The paper aims to understand how foreign support has shaped the image of environmental activism for the generation born shortly after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the crackdown on the students’ protests in Tiananmen Square. It argues that young activists in Russia and China see environmentalism as something ‘foreign’, which also makes it attractive to take part in. The paper suggests that, while in some cases foreign funding and international linkages may have endangered existingngos in Russia and China, the opportunity to meet foreigners attracts the younger generation to environmental movements.
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KEMP, CANDACE L., i MARGARET DENTON. "The allocation of responsibility for later life: Canadian reflections on the roles of individuals, government, employers and families". Ageing and Society 23, nr 6 (29.10.2003): 737–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x03001363.
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Set against the backdrop of an ageing population and the discourse surrounding old age, risk and the welfare state, this paper draws on 51 semi-structured life-history interviews to examine how mid- and late-life Canadians discuss and allocate responsibility for the provision of social, financial and medical supports in later life. Whatever their personal circumstances, most individuals articulated sentiments of personal responsibility for later life. Individual planning and preparation were defined as necessary to secure against the perceived individual and collective risks associated with becoming and being old. The role of the state was intimately connected to individual responsibility, as ‘deserving’ citizens were understood to have legitimate claims to state-supported pensions, health care and social programmes. Although some participants cited the provision of pensions, the least consensus concerned employers' responsibilities. Meanwhile, with the exception of emotional support, most participants had minimal expectations of their relatives or family members. Most rejected the notion that family members should provide housing, financial support or personal care. It is concluded that individual perceptions of risk and responsibility have profound connections to state support, public policy and normative patterns of familial and employer assistance in later life.
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Barrilleaux, Charles, i Ethan Bernick. "Deservingness, Discretion, and the State Politics of Welfare Spending, 1990–96". State Politics & Policy Quarterly 3, nr 1 (marzec 2003): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153244000300300101.
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Are the politics of welfare policy for the “deserving” and “undeserving” poor the same? We use pooled cross-sectional time-series analyses of state government discretionary welfare spending on general assistance (GA) and Supplemental Security Income supplements (SSI-S) to address this question. We find that efforts to assist the GA population decline as electoral competition increases while efforts to assist the SSI-S population increase, providing evidence that only the deserving poor are favored by heightened political competition. We also find that SSI-S benefits rise with ideological liberalism, electoral competition, and the percentage of African Americans in a state. When considered in light of the negative effect of larger African American populations on states' SSI-S efforts, this suggests targeting of particular groups. Finally, we find that SSI-S enrollments are reduced, but the per-recipient payments are increased under state administration, suggesting that state administrators are more likely to provide more services to existing clientele than to expand their client base.
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Rust, Shauna M., Allison E. Myers, Heather D’Angelo, Tara L. Queen, Melissa N. Laska i Kurt M. Ribisl. "Tobacco Marketing at SNAP- and WIC-Authorized Retail Food Stores in the United States". Health Education & Behavior 46, nr 4 (2.03.2019): 541–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198119831759.
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Background. Lower-income families in the United States are at increased risk for food insecurity and have higher rates of tobacco use. Many retailers accepting government food assistance benefits also sell tobacco products, whose marketing promotes smoking initiation and undermines quit attempts. We examined the presence of tobacco marketing in authorized retailers in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and/or Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), compared with nonauthorized retailers. Method. A nationally representative sample of tobacco retailers in the contiguous United States ( N = 2,054) were audited for tobacco marketing in 2015. Using generalized estimating equations, we examined the association between WIC and SNAP authorization and presence of tobacco marketing, adjusted for store type and neighborhood demographics. Results. Both WIC-authorized (odds ratio [OR] 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.1, 2.4]) and SNAP-authorized retailers (OR 2.3, 95% CI [1.7, 3.1]) had greater odds of displaying interior tobacco price promotions, compared with stores that were not WIC/SNAP authorized. SNAP-authorized stores (compared with nonauthorized) had almost 3 times greater odds of displaying interior tobacco advertisements (OR 2.9, 95% CI [1.9, 4.5]), while WIC-authorized retailers had 80% lower odds of displaying exterior tobacco advertisements (OR 0.2, 95% CI [0.1, 0.3]). Conclusion. Millions of lower-income American families may be disproportionately exposed to tobacco marketing at food retailers. Federal, state, and local policies could create healthier retail environments by restricting the marketing and availability of tobacco products and increasing promotions and access to healthy food options.
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Junkui, Han. "Foreign NGOs in China in the Context of a Global Civil Society—With a Discussion of the Internationalization of Chinese NGOs". China Nonprofit Review 4, nr 1 (2012): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341235.
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Abstract Global civil society should be set up with NGOs and similar entities as organizational vectors, based on cross-border and trans-regional movements that have sprung out of the Millennium Development Goals. In this context, at the same time that foreign NGOs have made contributions to China, they have also encountered a number of obstacles. In the process of providing assistance to the government they have had to deal with the problem of a number of challenges and risks affecting sovereign states. As for Chinese NGOs, we need the help of foreign services to affect public diplomacy and improve China’s public image, however these activities are still in their early stages. Foreign Affairs is no trivial matter. Research into and the formulation of dedicated, specialized methods of administration and service of both external and internal entities urgently needs to be put on the agenda.
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Levine, Nancy E. "Practical Kinship". Inner Asia 23, nr 1 (26.05.2021): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340163.
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Abstract This paper assesses enduring values and on-going changes in kin relationships among eastern Tibetan pastoralists. A key finding is the importance of sibling ties, an aspect of kinship life that was overshadowed by earlier historical and anthropological concerns with clans and tribes. The paper begins by reviewing accounts drawn from premodern times, the problematic terms in which these accounts were couched and some of the presuppositions guiding the authors. Next, it discusses government reforms implemented in pastoralist regions beginning in the 1950s and how these reforms have affected personal life and livelihoods. It then considers how long-standing expectations for kin concerning residence and inheritance have combined with new circumstances to create novel household forms and patterns of mutual aid. Brothers and sisters have facilitated adaptations to these new opportunities by providing chains of assistance across the rural–urban divide. Finally, the paper illustrates how focusing on kinship at a personal and practical level can contribute to our understanding of social change.
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HU, BO, i SAI MA. "Receipt of informal care in the Chinese older population". Ageing and Society 38, nr 4 (29.11.2016): 766–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x16001318.
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ABSTRACTThis paper examines the factors affecting the receipt of informal care among older people in China. It uses the second wave data of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey, which collected ageing and health-related information on a nationally representative sample of 8,906 older people aged 60 and over in 2013. Apart from the factors that have been examined in the contexts of developed countries, the paper further investigates two factors specific to Chinese society: rural–urban residence and regular financial assistance from children. Based on binary and multinomial logit regression analyses, the research findings are threefold: the determinants of receiving informal care differ remarkably according to the sources of care; disability and living arrangements are the most important determinants; rural–urban residence plays a vital role in the Chinese context, but regular financial assistance from children makes little difference. It is estimated that 53 million older people are receiving informal care each year, a figure equivalent to the entire population of England. With continuous population ageing, Chinese society will face huge pressure to meet the demand for social care among older people in the future. The Chinese government needs to build a well-rounded welfare system that tackles this challenge from multiple dimensions. The formal care services should aim to complement informal care in the short run and reduce inequality in social care in the long run.
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Sutan, Rosnah, i Pinta Pudiyanti Siregar. "ACCESS TO REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH SERVICES AMONG MIGRANT INDONESIAN FEMALE WORKERS IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA". Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 21, nr 2 (28.08.2021): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37268/mjphm/vol.21/no.2/art.1133.
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This study aims to measure the prevalence of reproductive health services accessibility based on the perception of Indonesian migrant female workers in Malaysia and its influencing factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the 593 respondents using a semi-guided questionnaire. Participation for this study came from Kuala Lumpur (230 respondents), Johor Bahru (181 respondents) and Penang (182 respondents). The mean age was 26.8 (SD 6.7) years. Their origin area in Indonesia was from Central Java, North Sumatra, and East Java. The prevalence of easy access to reproductive health services was 66.9%. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that marital status (aOR=0.389, 95% CI:0.201, p=0.751), good reproductive health knowledge (aOR=1.123,95%CI:1.071,1.177), depression (aOR=0.934, 95%CI:0.884, p=0.986) were the predictors for the good perceptions of reproductive health services accessibility in Peninsular Malaysia. This study depicted that two-third of Indonesian migrant women have an excellent perception of reproductive health services access in Malaysia. Obstacles identified for poor access to the facility were related to time, immigration permit status, and awareness of the assistance needed. Strategies to enhance the accessibility of reproductive health services require collaboration from Indonesian government representatives and non-governmental organisations in Malaysia to help advocate reproductive health services for all, including the Indonesian women workers.
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Burkitt, Brian, i Mark Baimbridge. "The Performance of British Agriculture and the Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy: An Historical Review". Rural History 1, nr 2 (październik 1990): 265–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300003344.
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United Kingdom (UK) accession into the European Economic Community (EEC), which became a political likelihood in 1970 and an actuality in 1973, led to a major change in agricultural policy away from a deficiency payments system supporting farmers' incomes towards the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) method of assistance through farm prices above the market level. Such a basic alteration in government activity not only imposed well-known and thoroughly researched costs on the British economy in the form of higher food prices and an additional burden of protection, it also undermined dominant post-1945 historical trends.Firstly, it reversed a thirty year old process towards greater British self-sufficiency Between 1938 and 1946 UK agricultural production rose in value from 42% to 52% of the country's food imports, while under the deficiency payments scheme, permanently established in peacetime by the 1947 Agriculture Act, the proportion of UK food consumption supplied by domestic producers grew steadily until it reached a level of just under 72% in 1972. EEC membership, involving compulsory adoption of the CAP, initially reversed this movement; British agricultural self-sufficiency fell to 66% in 1977, the year when the Common External Tariff (CET) was first applied in full. The higher import bill that inevitably resulted imposed a severe strain on the UK balance of payments, estimated by the pro-market. Heath government in 1970 at a net annual deterioration in the range of 18% to 26%.
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Asfar, Taghrid, Laura A. McClure, Kristopher L. Arheart, Estefania C. Ruano-Herreria, Clark G. Gilford, Kevin Moore, Noella A. Dietz, Kenneth D. Ward, David J. Lee i Alberto J. Caban-Martinez. "Integrating Worksite Smoking Cessation Services Into the Construction Sector: Opportunities and Challenges". Health Education & Behavior 46, nr 6 (19.08.2019): 1024–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198119866900.
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Background. Smoking prevalence among Hispanic/Latino construction workers in the United States is very high (31%). Aims. To investigate tobacco use profiles in these minority workers and explore their management’s views about implementing sustainable worksite smoking cessation services. Methods. Analysis of baseline data from a smoking cessation trial among Hispanic/Latino construction workers ( n = 134; adult men ≥18 years), and semistructured, 45-minute interviews with 24 key personnel at six construction companies in south Florida were conducted. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed thematically. Results. Overall, 43.3% of workers were Cuban, and 81.3% had low acculturation level. Nicotine dependence levels were “high” in 61.8% of workers. Half of the workers had a successful quit attempt but only 9.9% received advice from a physician to quit smoking, 16.7% used medication to quit, and 79.2% did not receive assistance. Participants in the interviews stated that nothing was provided to help smokers quit smoking and considered distributing self-help materials with free medications as the most appropriate service. Challenges to integrating the service were time restriction and cost. Recommendations for implementing the service were local/state government mandate. Discussion. Tailoring tobacco treatment to Hispanic/Latino construction workers’ job circumstances and culture is essential to support their cessation efforts. Integrating worksite tobacco treatment services into other available health promotion programs (e.g., safety) and enforcing smoke-free legislation in the construction sector can facilitate its adoption. Conclusion. Involving key stakeholders and mandating the service by the State and local government are necessary to integrate sustainable worksite smoking cessation services in the construction sector.
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Jones, Peter Blundell. "The lure of the Orient: Scharoun and Häring's East-West connections". Architectural Research Quarterly 12, nr 1 (marzec 2008): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135508000912.
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Among Hugo Häring's papers in the Häring archive of the Akademie der Künste in Berlin are the minutes of six meetings entitled Discussions about Chinese Architecture held on Fridays and once on a Saturday dating from November 1941 to May 1942. The persons involved are Hugo Häring, Hans Scharoun, Chen Kuan Lee and John Scott. Of Scott, a Germanised American, we know little: it seems his wife Gerda worked at Häring's art school. But Chen Kuan Lee is a key figure in this story. Born in Shanghai in 1919, he had arrived in Berlin in 1935 to study architecture under Hans Poelzig, completing the course in 1939. He then became Scharoun's assistant until 1941, working on the private houses that provided a limited creative opportunity under the Nazis. Lee returned to Scharoun's office in 1949, remaining there until 1953, one of only four assistants during the crucial period of 1951/1952 when Scharoun's new architecture was under development with key projects such as the Darmstadt School and Kassel Theatre. In between, Lee served as an assistant to Ernst Boerschmann (1873–1949), the great German investigator of Chinese culture and author of several books on Chinese architecture. Boerschmann had visited China from 1906 to 1909, when he was sent by the German government to make a comprehensive cultural study, rather as Hermann Muthesius had been sent to England in 1896. To complete Lee's biography, in 1954 he set up as an architect on his own account, building several Chinese restaurants, more than 30 private houses and some apartment blocks in a Scharoun-like manner [1], some spatially very interesting, but this kind of work went out of fashion with the advent of postmodernism in the 1980s and Lee died quite recently in obscurity.
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Ottenberg, Simon. "Further light on W. R. Bascom and the Ife bronzes". Africa 64, nr 4 (październik 1994): 561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161374.
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The publication of Professor Robert L. Tignor's article ‘W. R. Bascom and the Ife bronzes' in Africa a few years ago (1990) aroused my interest, as a former student of this anthropologist, as to whether there was any further correspondence beyond what Tignor employed which would illuminate the controversy, as I felt dissatisfied with some of his interpretations. I was fortunate to have had access to Bascom's personal papers, now on file at the Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology (formerly the Robert Lowie Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley), through the kind assistance of Bascom's widow, Berta Bascom, and of Frank A. Norick at the museum. The letters in the file present a somewhat different view of the role of Bascom in the matter than Tignor does. His article relies largely on US State Department archives (which do include some Bascom correspondence) and upon some published articles by Bascom, by E. H. Duckworth, then editor of Nigeria Magazine and also Nigerian Inspector of Education, and by others. The whole business of the two Ife heads which Bascom acquired throws light on the history of the gradually evolving Nigerian colonial government policy toward antiquities.
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Zhuoyi, Wen, i Ngok Kinglun. "Governing the poor in Guangzhou: Marginalization and the neo-liberal paternalist construction of deservedness". China Information 33, nr 2 (10.07.2018): 210–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x18786876.
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Since the early 21st century, the Chinese government has proactively expanded social protection by providing better benefits and broader coverage for its people. However, a new puzzle has emerged in the Minimum Living Standard Scheme, ‘last resort of social protection’ in China. Normally, when the benefit standard is set higher, relatively more people situated below this line are entitled to receive assistance. However, in reality fewer people than expected receive support. We study the case of Guangzhou, the capital of Guangdong Province, to explain this phenomenon and analyse the social citizenship of marginalized groups in urban China. We reveal the decline in replacement rates and tighter conditionality applied to defining the ‘deserving poor’ by reviewing administrative data and policy documents from 1995 to 2016. Drawing on the longitudinal qualitative study conducted between 2009 and 2011, we further illustrate how the decreased replacement rate and tighter conditionality diminish the well-being of the poor. Our findings on policy changes and their outcomes in Guangzhou provide some important insights into poverty governance and social citizenship under China’s social development in the past decade.
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KIM, ERIN HYE-WON, i PHILIP J. COOK. "The continuing importance of children in relieving elder poverty: evidence from Korea". Ageing and Society 31, nr 6 (11.02.2011): 953–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x10001030.
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ABSTRACTThe population of South Korea is ageing rapidly and government provision for older people is meagre. Hence the erosion of traditional family support for older people is of much concern. Yet relatively little is known about the actual financial status of elderly Koreans or the amount of economic support they receive from children. This paper addresses these issues using data from the 2006 Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. We find that almost 70 per cent of Koreans aged 65 or more years received financial transfers from children and that the transfers accounted for about a quarter of an average elder's income. While over 60 per cent of elders would be poor without private transfers, children's transfers substantially mitigate elder poverty, filling about one-quarter of the poverty gap. Furthermore, children's transfers tend to be proportionally larger to low-income parents, so elder income inequality is reduced by the transfers. Over 40 per cent of elders lived with a child and co-residence helps reduce elder poverty. By showing that Korean children still play a crucial role in providing financial old-age security, we demonstrate how important it is for the Korean government to design old-age policies that preserve the incentives for private assistance. This snapshot of today's Korea also has implications for other rapidly changing Asian countries that are following a similar trajectory.
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Patti, Carlo, i Matias Spektor. "“We Are Not a Nonproliferation Agency”: Henry Kissinger's Failed Attempt to Accommodate Nuclear Brazil, 1974–1977". Journal of Cold War Studies 22, nr 2 (maj 2020): 58–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00940.
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In the aftermath of India's first nuclear explosion in 1974, U.S. officials concluded that Brazil posed a growing proliferation risk, and they proposed to target Brazil with a new set of nonproliferation policies that included the denial of fuel-cycle technologies. However, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger expressed doubt that such an approach would curb Brazilian nuclear ambitions. Pushing back against influential voices in the U.S. Congress, the State Department, and the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Kissinger argued that Brazil should be allowed to proceed with its plans to master the nuclear fuel cycle in exchange for U.S. assistance and new nonproliferation commitments. He justified this attitude on the grounds of alliance politics (Brazil was too important a pillar of U.S. Cold War policy in Latin America) and the interests of key domestic constituencies (U.S. private companies eyed Brazil's burgeoning nuclear industry). The Brazilian government responded well to Kissinger's approach and would have struck a deal if the transition to the Carter administration had not rendered the bargain untenable.
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Lochhead, Ian. "Resisting Modernism or the Last Gasp of the Arts and Crafts?: Church Building in Canterbury and North Otago in the 'Thirties". Architectural History Aotearoa 3 (30.10.2006): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/aha.v3i.6797.
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The dominant historical narratives of twentieth-century architecture present the 1930s as the period during which Modernism's claim to be the architectural style of the century was consolidated and when the new architecture began to spread across the globe. In New Zealand, as in the rest of the world, this master narrative has tended to obscure the significance of buildings constructed in more traditional styles. The five New Zealand buildings included in the RIBA's Centennial Exhibition, International Architecture 1924-1934, were not, however, the latest examples of Modernism in this country, but relatively conservative designs, including Cecil Wood's Arts and Crafts inspired St Barnabas's Church at Woodend (1932). Wood's building forms part of an extensive group of small country churches built throughout Canterbury and North Otago during the 'thirties. These include Wood's St Paul's, Tai Tapu (1930-31) and Herbert Hall's St David's Memorial Church at Cave (1930), although by far the best know is RSD Harman's Church of the Good Shepherd at Lake Tekapo (1935). These small, unpretentious churches, many built with assistance from a government fund initiated to stimulate the construction industry, made use of modern materials, especially reinforced concrete, but their mode of expression remained conservative. They were often embellished with furnishings executed in the traditions of the Arts and Crafts movement. In most cases these churches were important statements of local identity while at the same time expressing the diverse cultural origins of those who built them. In style they were invariably Gothic yet within that dominant idiom considerable stylistic diversity was achieved. For both architects and their clients Modernism, with its emphasis on internationalism and the machine, was unable to express the rich veins of meaning which such buildings were required to embody. Yet as expressions of the uncertainties of the time, their conservative aesthetic values, their reassertion of pioneering roots and of an enduring local identity were as significant as Modernism's confident assertion of a better, essentially urban, future. At a time when the approaching Centennial events of 1940 was stimulating a reassessment of the country's past, these buildings also acted as powerful statements of consolidated achievements.
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Laczko, Frank. "New Poverty and the Old Poor: Pensioners' Incomes in the European Community". Ageing and Society 10, nr 3 (wrzesień 1990): 261–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x0000828x.
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ABSTRACTAs we approach 1992, it is likely that elderly people in Britain will increasingly compare themselves with elderly Europeans. In Britain, recent government statements suggest that, for most pensioners, old age is no longer associated with being poor. The purpose of this paper is to compare poverty among elderly people in Britain and other European Community countries. The paper draws upon data from an EC-sponsored study on ‘new poverty’ in the European Community. ‘New poverty’ is not a term commonly used in Britain to describe the changes in poverty that have occurred in the last decade. It is suggested that one of the reasons for this could be because poverty in Britain, more so than in many other EC countries, is still strongly associated with the ‘old poor’. The paper shows that elderly people in the UK are much more dependent on means-tested social assistance (income support) than elderly people in other EC countries.
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Filipiak, Kai. "“Saving Lives”—Lü Kun’s Manual on City Defense". Journal of Chinese Military History 1, nr 2 (2012): 139–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341240.
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AbstractThe subject of this article is theBook on Saving Lives(Jiuming shu) written by the late Ming scholar-official Lü Kun. The book enjoyed great popularity during the Ming and Qing dynasties and offers practical advice for those who were in charge of city defense. Lü wrote this text in anticipation of imminent social crises. His prime motivation was to save the lives of his fellow countrymen when “bandits” attacked the county seat. The book, which is a survival manual rather than a handbook for magistrates, was written for military non-professionals who would lead the civilian population to defend the county. On the other hand, the text is of a military nature and refers to the military function of Chinese towns.The majority of the book deals with military preparedness. Although the book also discusses various aspects of city defense such as weapons, tactics, fortification, training, and military law, Lü himself lacked combat experience. In this respect, the book illustrates a dilemma: The defense of small cities lay beyond the scope of the central government. This placed the responsible officials in a difficult and contradictory situation. The magistrate, for example, was not prepared for the job. He lacked military experience but had to lead the local population into war. Despite his power, he depended on the cooperation of the people, including the assistance of rich families and the support of armed villagers skilled in martial arts. In this way, Lü Kun’s treatise illustrates the consequences of earlier political decisions to concentrate the military on the northern border and around the capital.
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Aroonpipat, Sunida. "Governing aid from China through embedded informality: Institutional response to Chinese development aid in Laos". China Information 32, nr 1 (14.09.2017): 46–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x17730330.
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This study explores how Laos PDR has its adjusted institutional settings in response to China’s aid. The study argues that the donor-oriented approach is not sufficient to explain Chinese overseas development assistance (ODA) to Laos. An alternative explanation, using a recipient-oriented approach, is instead presented so that the divergence of necessity, development paths and norms, and attempts of the recipient country to change its institutional structure in response to the operation of the donor, can enhance understanding of the characteristics of Chinese aid to Laos. The study demonstrates that although Laos has attempted to systematically institutionalize the administration of ODA, the institutional configuration of Chinese ODA is informally embedded and based on flexible strategy, limited transparency, and personal relationships. Chinese ODA disbursements are open to negotiation, even if the purpose of ODA projects contradicts Chinese policy. The ODA framework developed by Laos is limited in transparency and depends on the preferences of donors. This study illustrates that personal relationships have affected the smooth implementation of projects. Such ‘embedded informality’ helps facilitate positive perceptions of high-ranking Laotian government officials towards Chinese ODA in terms of responsiveness to the latter country’s land link strategy, fast project approval periods, and high predictability of project approvals.