Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Governement policyS”

Austerity is a permanent policy through which a government tries to cut enought aggregate domestic spending so as to adjust the economy to the so-called market laws. It is proved that what is really at stake in austerity programs is the ability for a governement to control the financial markets. It is shown that austerity is guilty of the growth of unemployment, and of the long run quasi stagnation of the economy. It is also responsible for the increasing destabilization of financial markets.

SummaryThe ability of fiscal policies to smooth macroeconomic fluctuations under the constraints imposed by the Maastricht Treaty is at the heart of the current policy debate in Europe. A two-country intertemporal stochastic general equilibrium model is used in order to evaluate the efficiency of fiscal policy. First, it reveals the importance of the nature of the shocks hitting European countries : asymmetrical shocks actually strengthen the national fluctuations. Then, constraints on public deficit imposed by the Maastricht Treaty limit the ability of national governements to stabilize their économies. Furthermore, they can lead the european countries to adopt pro-cyclical budget rules.

Abstract: Applying the tools of evaluation to State-owned-corporations (SOCs) is a recent phenomena. SOCs present new difficulties if evaluation is to be both rigourous and policy relevant. The paper explores evaluation problems associated with the mandated objectives for SOCs and their usefulness as evaluation criteria. From an empirical analysis of energy related SOCs in Quebec (1977-1983), the author concludes that these problems are major and that fuzziness in SOCs' objectives is probably deliberate and is quite rational from the point of view of governements. However, this very fact constitutes a major handicap in trying to evaluate SOCs as instruments of public policy. Some avenues for solution are suggested involving broader evaluation techniques incorporating findings from organization theory.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the tax policy on subsidized fuel of diesel oil in Indonesia. Currently, subsidized fuel in Indonesia are taxed Value Added Tax (VAT) by central government and Vehicle Fuel Tax by local government. This research is using post positivist approach with qualitative method of research. The results of this research conclude tax on subsidized fuel oil are taken by goverment with the purpose of revenue productivity for both central governement and local government. Besides, to control the consumption of subsidized fuel in the public. By taxing 2 kind of taxes on subsidized fuel diesel oil incurring the double taxation and resulting those taxes are not neutral for economic since the subsidized fuel are the vital public needs. Government should evaluate the tax policy on subsidized fuel diesel oil by exempting the VAT on subsidized fuel in order to maintain the economic stability and make a strict policy on controlling the consumption on subsidized fuel diesel oil only for them who reserve to get the subsidy.

In this paper we examine the record of the Conservative administration over the period 1979-88. Having set out the general theoretical case advanced by “new classical” thought, with its emphasis on competition and Walrasian market clearing, we examine the specific content of the arguments of the UK “New Right” ; in particular, its concern with financial and price level stability, the reform of trade unions and the programme of privatization and deregulation. We consider the policies implemented by the governement, discerning a shift towards more overtly supply-side thinking after 1985 after the earlier emphasis on monetary control aimed at controlling inflation. We conclude that the UK “New Right” cannot be considered as simply promoting the interests of capital in general or of finance capital in particular. It is seen more as a reaction against the Keynes-inspired interventionist policies of the post-1945 period and an attempt to restore a pre-Keynesian world, based upon an unquestioning belief in the efficiency and equity of market-based solutions.

This study intends to make a contribution to the literature on Jewish autonomy in the Late Middle Ages by analyzing Jewish political life in the Kingdom of Naples in the fifteenth century. Contrary to Italian and European scholarship which has interpreted Jewry policy in the Kingdom of Naples in the fifteenth century as a direct emanation of the ‘good heart’ of the Aragonese kings, I argue that Jewish charters must be considered the product of Jewish agency. I suggest that the Jewish ruling elites, not the king nor the municipal governmets sought the administrative and juridical separation of the iudece (Jewish Communities) from the municipal governement of southern cities. Considering that Jewish political action, and the administration of the iudeca mirrored that of cities, I argue that Jewish Communities fit perfectly into the Aragonese administrative puzzle.

Crises are often forks into the unknown. When it became increasingly clear at the beginning of 2020 that a very serious wave of infection with a new type of virus was developing in the Chinese region of Wuhan, this was initially only of secondary interest from an economic point of view. At most, the supply chains of companies that are based on preliminary products from or sales to this region seemed to be temporarily endangered by these medical problems. No one expected significant macroeconomic effects, even on a global scale. So far, economic crises have only arisen for economic reasons. This context given the monetary policy on a European level and fiscal policy measures on a German governemental level taken to combat the economic consequences of the so-called “Corona crisis” are presented and in addition their usefulness and impact subsequently assessed.

Ronald McKinnon contributed crucially to our knowledge of the key role of savings, investment and financial intermedication in economic growth. Financial repression by governemt spending on consumption and repressed interest rates leads to low savings which finances investment, thus slowing growth. This is Ron’s message even today. He has castigated the U.S. monetary authorities for falling into a “policy trap” of repressing interest rates, presumably to foster investment and growth. In fact, Ron points out that zero rates deter savings and thus punish both investment and growth.

Institutions are more than mere agents of their creators. They produce unintended consequences by means of their autonomous action. In the context of the European Union (EU), supranational institutions, such as the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the European Commission produce such consequences, even in areas where no direct or overt transfer of powers has taken place, while performing the roles assigned to them by their creators. Using a case study regarding the protection of the free movement of workers, this article demonstrates that supranational institutions circumscribe the use of executive discretion by national governements by blurring the line between ‘safe’ and other issues, that is, the line that distinguishes between the ‘two faces of power’.

Defining a minister's power is not an easy exercise. It bas to be put in a broader framework: a pluralistic democracy, that has respect for human rights and basic freedoms and a market economy that is developping towards a national border crossing competition and cooperation. But there are also some basic rules coming from national but also regional and supranational institutions. There nowadays exists a so called 'Gulliver-effect': the state represented by the governement is like a giant that is threatened by a lot of surrenders whoforce him towards a powerless existence. Although citizens often have the impression politics is capable of doing anything it wants to, policy makers more often have to cope with restrictions that obstruct them in their policy aims.At the beginning of the twenty-first century ministers are heavily counterbalanced by other institions. Trade unions, big lobby groups, administration, the cabinets, the party executive and party president, parliament and the media: they all threaten a minster's power. Also the rising power of regional and supranational decision levels makes the power of a politician decline. In the future, rising information and communication skills will not only change the character of politics but also that of modern society. The internet, the globalisation ofeconomy and other changes will transform politics in a fundamental way. Leadership, power and authority will change strongly and the relationship between the citizens and their authority will never be the same again.

As the fifth largest tobacco market in the world, most of the tobacco raw material in Indonesia is utilized for cigarette production. People still unfamiliar with the notion of utilizing tobacco leaves for another purpose. This paper will try to propose a new way to derive benefit from tobacco leaves into biofuel. The method will be done through literature review. The study was focused on 3 things, mainly the potency of tobacco leaves in Indonesia, obtaining and handling raw material and potential market of biodiesel itself. This research resulted that currently, tobacco need to develop in Indonesia because Indonesia is a potential country in the development of biodiesel, especially biodiesel made from tobacco. We also concluded that biodiesel from tobacco has an advantage in terms of increased productivity of oil and biodiesel from tobacco mixed by ordinary diesel can produce lower combustion emissions and improve the performance of diesel engines. Also the market of biodiesel products is still wide open. This market covers the domestic market and international market. In the end of this paper we recomended, the governementt must increase the socialization of the benefits tobacco oil, more tobacco biodiesel industry investment, the new tax policy on tobacco biodiesel and create research agreement with Pertamina or other petroleum industries to build biodiesel industry of tobacco in national scale or international scale.

Abstract: Social distancing are a form of policy that made by the government in order to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus. This method, that was made by Indonesian government has implications for the method of working in the pandemic era, namely working from home. The application of social distancing then causes an increase in household activities that increase women's responsibilities in parenting and household work. Through the concept of symbolic violence, this article tries to explain the impact of social distancing restrictions on working women. This article finds that symbolic violence occurs through habitus that shapes women's mindsets so that they feel that caregiving and household work are women's responsibilities. This article also finds various gender inequalities that are increasingly visible with the social distancing restrictions that implemented by Indonesian governement. Keywords: Gender; pandemic; symbolic violence Abstrak: Pembatasan jarak sosial menjadi salah satu kebijakan yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah untuk mencegah persebaran COVID-19. Metode ini dijalankan di Indonesia yang berimplikasi pada metode bekerja era pandemi yaitu work from home atau bekerja dari rumah. Penerapan social distancing kemudian menyebabkan bertambahkan kegiatan rumah tangga yang memperbesar tanggung jawab perempuan dalam kerja pengasuhan dan kerja rumah tangga. Melalui konsep kekerasan simbolik artikel ini mencoba memaparkan dampak dari pembatasan jarak sosial pada perempuan bekerja. Artikel ini menemukan bahwa kekerasan simbolik terjadi melalui habitus yang menyusun pola pikir perempuan sehingga merasa kerja pengasuhan dan kerja rumah tangga merupakan tanggung jawab perempuan. Artikel ini juga menemukan berbagai ketimpangan gender yang semakin terlihat dengan adanya pembatasan jarak sosial yang dilakukan di Indonesia. Kata kunci: Gender; kekerasan simbolik; pandemi

The article analyzes the principle of transparency of the budget system, which requires a different scope in the context of application of information technologies. The author disputes the elements of this principle fixed in the current version of the Budget Code of the Russian Federation, while other elements in the context of digitalization should undergo an appropriate transformation. Reflections of the authors are based on the study of the current financial legislation, normative legal acts and program documents accompanying the processes of formation of the information society including the area of budgetary technologies. Relevant research has been carried out in the context of studying modern budgetary and legal policy. The paper suggests the conceptual model for possible legislative initiatives, as well as for the theory of budgetary law. In addition, the paper considers the phenomenon of e-governement. The composition of traditionally allocated components of e-government (e-democracy, e-government, e-justice) is proposed to be supplemented with another one, namely: e-budget. Such a proposal has been based on certain budget characteristics. First, this concerns how it implements the functions of the state sovereignty, as well as the functionality of feedback in the performance of the overall tax obligation. From the standpoint of legislative technique, the e-budget can be attributed to the group of legal symbols. Therefore, the paper proposes the characteristics of the e-budget given withen the framework of characteristics developed in the theory of types of legal symbols. As a result, the authors have drawn a conclusion about the transformation of the budgetary legal personality of such participants of absolute budgetary and legal relations as the state (public legal entities) and society (citizens and organization).

Purpose of the Study Technology revolution have made the communication and information sharing quite easy and approachable around the world. Such technology platforms comes under the category of social media. However, social media bring the ease of the communication and information sharing along with negative effects on health in case of extreme usage. Especially, youngsters have encounter with negative effects of the social media platforms like bad academics performance and health (Murray et al., 2012). Therefore, increase in the number of the psychiatrist patients has occur especially of young age including college and university students. This negative effect of extreme use of social media on society cannot be ignored. Thus, current study examines the association of social media usage with depression among the collge students. Methodology The correlational study design are used and data was getheared through self administered questionnaire. Respondents were selected through simple random sampling and questionnaire were distributed to 155 students of Nisa girls college and Nursing College, Allama Iqbal Medical College through . SPSS version 21 apply the tests of frequency distribution, reliability and validiy, correlation and regression. Findings The results reveal that there exists positive and significant relationship between social media usage and depression (P<0.000) among the college students. It is the responsibility of the parents and management of educational institutes to spread the awareness and focus on the measures to avoid its extensive usage among the young adults. Significance The increase of depression among the young adults have severe damages to the society and raise the concens of the parents. This study will enhance the knowledge of parents that extreme usage of social media can cause problems of health to their childeren. Likewise, educational institutes can take the benefits of these findings to avoid such technology at their campus. Meanwhile, the policy makers of governement can take the guide while designing the regulatory policies for institutes and awareness compaigns. Future directions and limitations are provided at the end of the this study. Key Words: Social Media Usage, Depreesion, Young adults.

Kota Semarang sebagai Ibukota Provinsi Jawa Tengah menjadi magnet yang menarik masyarakat di Jawa Tengah untuk datang dan mengadu nasib demi kehidupan yang lebih baik. Besarnya jumlah penduduk di Semarang tidak diikuti oleh peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusianya. Hal ini mengakibatkan peningkatan jumlah penduduk miskin yang tidak mampu memenuhi kebutuhan dan menjadikan banyaknya warga miskin di Kota Semarang. Hal inilah yang melatarbelakangi munculnya Program Gerdu Kempling dalam usaha mengentaskan kemiskinan di Kota Semarang. Penelitian ini mengkaji efisiensi dan efektivitas penggunaan anggaran Program Gerdu Kempling di Kota Semarang Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui penggunaan dana Gerdu Kempling dalam usaha mengentaskan kemiskinan di Kota Semarang. Data dalam penelitian ini merupakan data sekunder Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif persentase, alat analisis yang digunakan adalah Data Envelope Analysis (DEA). Hasil analisis secara deskriptif persentase menunjukkan bahwa Program Gerdu Kempling belum terselenggara secara efektif. Sedangkan hasil perhitungan data penggunaan anggaran dengan DEA dalam penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa anggaran Gerdu Kempling tidak efisien dan tidak akan pernah mencapai efisiensi karena Gerdu Kempling merupakan kebijakan di sektor publik yang berbeda dengan sektor privat. Saran yang dapat diberikan dari penelitian ini yaitu sebaiknya pemerintah dan para stakeholder mampu mengintegrasikan data penerima bantuan di sistem antar SKPD. Semarang city as a capital city of Central Java Province become a magnet that attract Central Java people for coming and try fortune for a better life. But, huge quantitie of population in Semarang not followed by quality improvement from the human resources. This cause in an increase of the number of poverty population that not able to fulfill and makes many poverty population in the city of Semarang. This research analysis the efficiency and effectiveness of Gerdu Kempling Program budget in the city of Semarang, Central Java Province. This research purposes to knowing the use of Gerdu Kempling budget in an effort to poverty alleviation of Semarang city. The data on this research is secondary data. The method of this research is deskriptive persentage and used Data Envelope Analysis (DEA) as an analysis tool. The result in deskriptive persentage way showed that Gerdu Kempling Program not effective yet. Whereas the result of calculated budget used data with DEA in this research showed that Gerdu Kempling budget not and never be efficience because Gerdu Kempling is policy in the public sector that have a difference with private sector. Advice for this research is governement and stakeholders should able to integrate favor receiver data in inter SKPD system.

AbstractLand is part of the surface of the earth that plays an important role in the life of the people whose control is in the state, one of the forms of state control over land is the management rights. Batam Island is a sucessful example of management rights on land. However, with the presence of the local governemnt, many new issues about the management of law are feared to emerge. The Management Rights on Batam’s land is obtained directly by the President who delegated to the Board of Mastery, so that the status of Batam land is divided into three namely: (1) the land above the management right by Enterprise (in Indonesian we called it Badan Pengusahaan); (2) land above the management of Batam City Local Government; (3) land managed by the state. Dualism of authority to manage Batam’s Land caused problems as follows: Establishment of Kampung Tua, Status quo on land in Rempang Galang area, mismatch of land condition in Batam City with letter of decision by Ministry of Forestry, and the complexity of permit process, which hampered the development of Batam City. So by understanding how the implementation of Management Rights on Land will be enlightment to find a solution to the problem of dualism of land management authority and formulate the right policy in the framework of determining Batam as a Special Economic Zone.Keywords : Batam, Management Rights, Agrarian, Special Economic Zone, Abstrak Tanah merupakan bagian permukaan bumi yang memegang peranan penting dalam kehidupan masyarakat yang penguasaannya diatur oleh negara, salah satu wujud penguasaan negara atas tanah adalah Hak Pengelolaan. Pulau Batam adalah salah satu contoh HPL “sukses”. Namun, dengan hadirnya pemerintah kotamadya Batam, dikhawtirkan banyak persoalan baru di bidang pertanahan yang muncul. Hak Pengelolaan Batam diperoleh langsung oleh Presiden yang dilimpahkan kepada Badan Penguasaan, sehingga status tanah Batam terbagi atas tiga yaitu : (1) tanah diatas Hak Pengelolaan Badan Pengusahaan; (2) tanah diatas pengelolaan Pemerintah Daerah Kota Batam; (3) tanah pengelolaan negara. Dualisme kewenangan pengelolaan lahan terjadi di Kota Batam dan menimbulkan permasalahan sebagai berikut : penetapan Kampung Tua, Status quo pada tanah dikawasan Rempang Galang, ketidakcocokan kondisi pertanahan di Kota batam dengan SK KEMENHUT, serta kerumitan proses perizinan, yangmana menghambat perkembangan Kota Batam. Maka dengan memahami bagaimana penyelenggaran Hak Pengelolaan dapat menemukan penyelesaian permasalahan dualisme kewenangan pengelolaan lahan dan merumuskan kebijakan yang tepat dalam rangka penetapan Batam sebagai Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus.Kata Kunci : Batam, Hak Pengelolaan, Tanah, Agraria, Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus.

E-government is a type of bureaucratic reform which not only highlights technological changes but also changes in the government system involving citizens in policy decision-making. Human resources, leadership and community engagement are critical success factors for innovation in e-government. Therefore, a local government innovation strategy is essential to enhance e-government growth through collaboration and e-literacy. Collaboration is a mechanism of collaboration between one government agency and other governments to jointly solve problems. Although e-literacy is a human resource capability in the learning process to understand a media. The methodology used was library research using previous research articles, books and website literature related to e-government innovation. The stage of the e-Government innovation strategy can be clarified by implementing the SWOT analysis of internal factors such as strength and weakness and external factors, namely opportunities and threats to establish SO strategy, ST strategy, WO strategy and WT strategy. The stages of innovation can be done through two processes, namely collaboration and innovation. The mechanism of collaboration is carried out in order to overcome budgetary problems and to strengthen inter-related agencies in the development of e-government. The e-literacy process is conducted to enhance community participation and development of human capital through community socialization, training of trainers and comparative studies. Keywords: Collaboration, E-Literacy, Innovation, Local E-Government Abstrak E-government merupakan sebuah bentuk reformasi birokrasi yang tidak hanya menekankan, baik pada perubahan penggunaan teknologi, tetapi juga perubahan sistem pemerintahan dalam pelibatan masyarakat untuk pengambilan keputusan. Faktor-faktor penentu keberhasilan inovasi e-governement adalah sumber daya manusia, leadership, dan partisipasi masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sebuah strategi inovasi dari Pemerintah Daerah untuk meningkatkan pengembangan e-government melalui kolaborasi dan e-literacy. Kolaborasi merupakan suatu proses tindakan kerjasama antara satu instansi pemerintah dengan pemerintahan lainnya guna memecahkan masalah secara bersama-sama. Sedangkan e-literacy merupakan suatu kemampuan sumber daya manusia untuk memahami suatu media dalam proses pembelajaran. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi pustaka, baik menggunakan jurnal penelitian terdahulu, buku maupun web literature yang berkaitan dengan inovasi e-government Pemerintah Daerah. Tahapan strategi inovasi e-government dapat dijelaskan melalui pengembangan dari analisa SWOT terhadap faktor-faktor internal, yaitu kekuatan dan kelemahan dan faktor eksternal, yaitu peluang dan ancaman sehingga menghasilkan strategi SO, strategi ST, startegi WO, dan strategi WT. Tahapan inovasi dapat dilakukan melalui dua proses yaitu kolaborasi dan inovasi. Proses kolaborasi dilakukan untuk mengatasi masalah anggaran dan penguatan antar instansi terkait dalam pengembangan inovasi e-government. Proses e-literacy dilakukan untuk meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat dan pengembangan sumber daya manusia dengan cara sosialisasi kepada masyarakat, training of trainers, dan studi banding. Kata kunci: Kolaborasi, E-Literacy, Inovasi, E-Government Pemerintah Daerah

There for everyone, with a focus on personal care and support! Who are the Social Service of the Health Insurance Companies? To be able to make use of the Belgian Social Security, every citizen must be affiliated with one of the recognized health insurance funds. This membership makes one eligible for e.g. reimbursement of medical care, benefits due to disability or pregnancy… However, the operation of a Belgian health insurance funds goes beyond these basic services. Every organization has a social service, tasked with the support of people’s request for help concerning matters of health,well-being, care such as the organization of home care, child benefits, complex social administration procedures, … Being subsidized by the Flemisch governement, these services are accessible and free for each citizen or member.Strengths of The Social Service of the Health Insurance Funds! A proactive approach The Social Service of each health insurance fund is committed to prevent underprotection (non-take up) and support the most vulnerable people of society. Each year they choose at least 3 target groups they approach proactively. An example of such a group is people who are hospitalized frequently and/or for a longer period of time. In these cases, the services take the initiative to contact the client and offer them some information about their services. Without obligation, the client can decide whether he/she wants to make use of the services. A guide, a coach, an advocate … The role of The Social Service changes based on what the client wants or needs. On one occasion our social workers can function as a guide in the elaborate and complex field of the available benefits and care on different governmental levels. On another, they can be a coach who empowers the client in achieving or pursuing a life goal. Based on their experiences with clients/members, the social departments have a signaling function to policymakers like the Flemish or Belgian governments. Multi-channel accessibility In order to keep up with an ever-becoming complex world and realize accessible care/support, The Social Services make use of an array of (digital) tools to (stay) connect(ed) with their client. House visits, (E-)mail, (Video) calls, swinging by the local office… there are multiple possibilities to ask/answer questions, exchange information, … The client can choose the medium he or she’s most comfortable with. A partner in health care and wellbeing Throughout the years The Social Services of the Health Insurance Funds have developed a great expertise in helping people with complex, multiple and/or chronic disabilities, health issues, social issues. Our social workers and occupational therapists work together, as a multidisciplinary team, to ensure a qualitive coaching and follow-up of their clients (and their needs). In order to keep providing this quality of care in the future, it has become clear that collaboration with others is necessary. That’s why the Social Services of the Health Insurance Funds have formed strong partnerships with other parties in the primary care such as (the social departments of) local governments or publicly funded wellbeing organizations.

The social and political changes in Poland led to abolition of Realsozialismus which is now being replaced with a democratic country governed by Rechtostaat (Art. 1 of the Constitution) from aspirations after national freedom and respect of human rights in public life. The problem of protection of individual freedom made itself particularly felt here; it is also subject of the present paper which discusses the protection of individual subjectivity in the light or the institutions of arrest and detention awaiting trial. Until quite recently, Poland was one of the many Communist countries where human rights were violated much too often, also on the occasion of arrest and detention awaiting trial. Many factors were conductive to this situation, such as faulty legislation; inadequate socjal consciousness; depreciation of the authorities, law and other norms; prevalence of repressiveness in dealing with social pathologies; and absence of social control of the activity of law enforcement agencies, the police and prison staff in particular. But the weakness of legal protection of individual resulted also from a strong relation of the activities of practically all governemental and social bodies those dealing with prosecution and investigation as well as administration of justice included, to politics. This political nature of functioning of those agencies, resulting monopolistic power of the Communist party, led to a limitation of the independance of the judiciary. The adoption of new political principles of Polish State and election of the new Parliament (on June 4, 1989), together with formaion of the non-Communist Cabinet, created the conditions for a new criminal policy based step by step on European standards. The institutions of arrest and detention awaiting trial well illustrate the pathology of functioning of the agencies of legal order and the direction of changes taking place in criminal policy. They also demonstrate a specific paradox; the Polish people’s great devotion to freedom and the simultaneous unfeeling tramling of that freedom. The two institutions have been discussed from the viewpoint of protection of human rights on both the normative plane and in the practice of the years 1980–1990. Arrest is one of the forms of coercion which consists in a short-term deprivation of liberty. The Polish legal system provides for procedural, preventive and administrative arrest. Each of these types has a separate legal regulation (procedural arrest, the Act of 19 April 1969 – Code of criminal procedure; preventive arrest, the Act of 6 June 1990 on the police and another Act bearing that same date on State Protection Office, together with their executory acts; and administrative arrest, the Act of 28 October 1982 on education to sobriety and control of alcoholism). Moreover, each type of arrest is to serve different aims (procedural arrest, protection of propriety of criminal proceedings; preventive arrest, protectton of order and public safety, human life and health, and property; and administrative arrest, control of alcoholism). Also different are the conditions of arrest, the agencies authorized to apply it, and the period for which a person can be detained. The present authors focus mainly on preventive arrest related to the administrative function of the police as guardian of order. That form was particularly abused and human rights were often violated in the course of its execution. Preventive arrest has recently undergone significant changes both in the normative sphere and in practice. As compared to the former one, its present regulation: 1. defines its legal grounds with greater accuracy; 2. broadens the detainee’s rights; and 3. introduced judicial review. This has contributed to the curbing of arbitrary police activities in this sphere. Duration of arrest is specified in the Constitution (Art. 87) and in the provision of Art. 207 of the code of criminal procedure. It cannot be londer than 48 hours from the moment of detention, and 24 hours in the case of administrative arrest (Art. 40 of the act on education to sobriety and control of alcoholism). Violations of these provisions have so far been frequent. In the case of procedural and preventive arrest, the rights of the detainee are the same. According to the valid provisions, the detainee has the following rights among others: the right to be informed in writing as to the time and reasons of arrest; the right to be advised as to the possibility of complaining to the court against the application of that measure, and to the public prosecutor against the way of its execution: the right to health care. The catalogue of the detainee’s rights is insufficient: e.g. it does not contain the right, to legal assistance (conseul). What particularly impairs the protection of the detainee’s personal interests is the absence of by-laws concerning the execution of arrest in the police house of detention, as the duplicated set of provisions called ,,By-laws for Detainees”, introduced by an order of the Chief of Civic Militia in 1959, hardly comes up to the standards. The provisions now in force have broadened the range of legal means of vindication of his rights that are at the detainee’s disposal. Particularly notable here is the reintroduction of the institution of habeas corpus. Namely, the detainee has been granted the right to complain to the court against arrest (Art. 207 point ”a,, of the Code of criminal procedure) and to the public prosecutor against the way of execution of arrest (Art. 15.7 of the Act on the police). If the arrest has been obviously unjustified, the detainee is due indemnity from the Treasury and monetary compensation of moral injury (Art. 487 of the Code of criminal procedure); the same concerns the situation where he has suffered damage or injury as a result of an improper execution of arest (Art.Art. 417-419 of the Civil code). Besides, the detainee may approach the court with a claim in virtue of protection of his personal interests (Art.Art. 23 and 24 of the civil code). In the latter half of 1990, arrest was executed in 798 police houses of detention all over the country, that is fewer by a whole 71,7 per cent as compared to 1989. The recent changes have made it possible to abolish the division of houses of detention into categories (of which there used to be three according to the duration of detention). The number of arrests amounted to over 500,000 a year at times (with the peak of 572,220 in 1982 – see Table 1). Starting from 1988, it gradually went down to nearly one-third of its original value which reflects above all the general liberalization of the police approach towards crime and other deviations. In the period under analysis, the living conditions in the police jails were – and still are primitive and many a time offensive to human dignity. This has been confirmed by the present author’s own study and two surveys of those jails carried out by the National Ombudsperson. An acute problem is the right to apply constraint during and upon detention. It is regulated by provisions of the police Act and an Ordinance of the Council of Ministere of 17 September 1990 which specifies the situations, conditions and ways in which direct coercion can be used by the police. Without questioning the grounds for such coercion, not only the legal conditions of its application but also the faults or even abuses in this sphere have been pointed out. What the authors find the most severe violation of human dignity are neither humiliating conditions of isolation nor illicit prolongation of detention but first and foremost beating of a person after he has surrendered to the power of enforcement officers. Cases of beating have again started growing in number this year (as has been found by the Helsinki Committee in PoIand and the National Ombudsperson). The activities of the public prosecutor’s office in this sphere have been criticised in the article. The paper also discusses the consequences of the introduction of Art. 209 of the Code of criminal procedure which made it possible to commit to the police jails persons detained awaiting trial (for up to ten days or three months), and even those sentenced to a prison term (of up to six months). This provision has recently been quashed, but the police press for its reintroduction. Until quite recently, the police jails were submitted to no supervision whatever. The public prosecutor’s. office remained passive and carried out but most perfunctory supervision, if any. This situation hardly served the protection of detainees’ rights. It was only improved in 1988 when the police jails were submitted to supervision by the Ombudsperson and later also by Commissions: of Administration and Internal Affairs of the Diet and of the Rule of Law and Human Rigths of the Senate, and by other agencies and institutions. Also pre-trial detention is a serious interference with human rights. It is one of the preventive measures provided for by the Code of criminal procedure, and at the stage of execution – by the Code of execution of penalties and the Ordinance of Minister of Justice of 2 May 1989 – by-laws of execution of detention awaiting trial. The discussed measure can be applied by the court, and before the indictment also by the public prosecutor. The present authors find the latter’s right to apply pre-trial detention contradictory to provisions of international law, the covenants ratified by Poland included (see Art. 9,3 of the International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights). The legal provisions fail to specify the upper limit of duration of pre-trial detention. The amendement of the Code of criminal procedure and the changed policy of application of dotention resulted in a fall in the number of those detained awaiting trial. There were 9,722 such detainees on July 31, 1989 (see Tables 4–5). There was also a radical drop in the number of persons detained for over 12 months: in 1990, as few as 0,03 per cent of those kept at the public prosecutor’s disposal had been detained for at least 12 months. However, an alarming upward tendency in the number of persons detained awaiting trial can be noted lately. Discussing the conditions for optional or obligatory pre-trial detention, the authors criticize some of them as estimative in nature, and thus involving the danger of arbitrary use of this measure. The reasoning has been based on decisions of the Supreme Court which is of particular importance for the effective protection of the detainee’s rights. There have been a lot of faults in the practice of application and execution of pre-trial detention which was frequently used as a means of pressure aimed at forcing a person to plead guilty or to denounce an accomplice. In Poland, the application of pre-trail detention is the domain of the public prosecutor’s office. In the years 1975–1989, prosecutors applied this measure in nine out of every ten cases. The population of houses of detention and other penitentiary institutions shaped differently starting from 1945. A comparison of changes in the numer in the number of convicted persons with those of persons detained awaiting trial shows that the latter population was more stable starting from the 1960’s and never changed as radically in number as that of prisoners. That was the case despite the increased frequency of application of detention in the 1970’s. What contributed to this situation above all was the shortening of preparatory proceedings. In the period under analysis, the total number of persons detained awaiting trial in a given year largely approximated that of prisoners in that same year, and showed the same fluctuations resulting from the aggravated or relaxed criminal policy in the country. The trends here have nothing in common with the actual dynamics of crime as such. The authors assume that the number of persons detained awaiting trial reflects decisions in the sphere of criminal policy rather than the actual changes in crime, the economic situation, or even severe political tensions. What is also characteristic of the practice in this respect is the fact of a faulty application of the discussed measure. In the years 1975–1989, at least every 111th and at most every 71st person previously detained awaiting trial was subsequently found not guilty by the court. In some years, there were over 500 such persons. The authors discuss preventive barriers defined by the Supreme Court which are to ban clearly unjustified detention. As follows from analysis of the practical application of conditions for pre-trial detention, the one most frequently quoted was the alleged considerable social danger of the crime. Repressive conditions prevailed over the purely procedural ones. ln order to find out about the actual dimensions of the problem of pre-trial detention, the authors consulted the data concerning the use of preventive measure not involving isolation in criminal proceedings (such measures being financial and non-financial pledge, police supervision, and safe-conduct; see Table 6). It turned out that in the years 1978-1990, preventive measures other than detention awaiting trial never amounted to more than 43,5 and to less than 18 per cent of all preventive measures applied. After the above-mentioned Art. 209 of the code of execution of penalties has been quashed, detention awaiting trial can only be executed in the houses of detention created and run by the Ministry of Justice (Art.Art. 4 and 83 of the code of execution of ponalties). On December 31, 1990, there were 65 such institutions in Poland. Twenty-seven of them had additional wards for convicted persons, while 48 prisons had special wards for those detained awaiting trial. Thus pre-trial detention could be executed in the total of 114 of the 151 institutions of the Prison Department. The houses of detention had the total capacity of 18,263 beds, while the number of detainees was 16,200; the discussed institutions were therefore populated in 88,7 per cent. The rights of the discussed category of detainees are specified in the Code of execution of penalties and by-laws of execution of pre-trial deteotion awaiting trial. What is particularly worthy of attention is the provision which states that the detainee enjoys rights that should at least equal those of a convicted person, and that the only limitations allowed in this sphere are those indispensable for securing the proper course of criminal proceedings, maintaining order and safety in the institution, and preventing mutual demoralization of detainees (Art. 86 para 1 of the Code of execution of penalties). A person detained awaiting trial has many legal measures at his disposal to protect his own rights in relation to the application and execution of detention. Thus the detainee can lodge a complaint with a supreme agency of the penitentiary administration (Art. 48 para 4 of the Code of execution of penalties); with the public prosecutor and penitentiary judge (Art.Art. 27–33 and 48 point 5); to the supreme State agencies, the National Ombudsperson included (Art. 48 point 5); he may apeal against a decision of the administration of the house of detention concerning the actual execution of that measure to the penitentiary court (Art. I4,l of the Code of execution of penaltes); he may also sue the Treasury for damage suffered during detention by guilt of functionaries of the penitentiary administration (Art.Art. 417–l9 of the Civil code); he may claim indemnity for obviously unjustified detention (Art.Art. 487–49l of the Code of criminal procedure); and he may bring legal action by virtue of infringement of his personal interests (Art.Art. 23–24 of the Civil code). As shown by experience, the persons detained awaiting trial either never resort to some of these means or do that ineffectively. The living conditions of the discussed category of detainees are specified mainly in the by-laws of pre-trial detention. Many faults and shortcomings have been found here in practice. Some of such faults were so drastic as to make it necessary to close several houses of detention in 1990 to mention just one example (the institutions were either liquidated or designed for repairs). The authors also assume an attitude towards the treatment of some categories of offenders (women, particularly dangerous detainees, persons with mental disorders, HIV carriers), and discuss the treatment of juvenile detainees. Ending the paper, the authors stress the gradual improvement in the treatment of detainees since 1989. It results both from the legislative changes and from a relatively liberal criminal policy. The legal and to some extent also the organizational conditions have been created for implementation of the rule of law. Further changes are necessary, though, including in particular the passing of a new Constitution and penal codes. The drafts of the latter suggest, many new solutions in the sphere of arrest and detention awaiting trial which would make those institutions meet the European standards. What can considered valuable are the trends towards limiting the application of the two measures, specifying the conditions of their application, importantly, extending the guaranties of detainees’ rights.

The refugee crisis that took place within the European Union in 2015 has caused a lot of pressure on the bordering countries of the European Union due to the Dublin Regulation policy and the principle of sharing responsibilities that must be carried out by all EU countries. Unfortunately the countries that feel most disadvantaged are increasingly leaving the existing forms of policy, one of which is by choosing a policy of building the border fences in their border areas where refugees and asylum seekers usually pass. This article will look at how Eastern European countries such as Greece, Hungary and Bulgaria are carrying out a policy of building border fences at their borders in response to their disappointment with the European Union and to kee the refugees and asylum out from entering their territories. This article will give a description of how the policy was taken and illustrate the existence of the supporting factors behind the decision such as populist governement factors, geographical factors, and historical factors. Finally, this article is also considered important to see how a policy can become a trend towards other countries due to the momentum, even though the policy may not be the best.

Ranking of e-Government of Indonesia (PEGI) is a model developed by the Directorate of e-Government, the Directorate General of Telematics Applications, Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (Ministry KOMINFO) to view a map of the condition of usage of Information Technology dam Communication Technologies (ICT) by government agencies nationwide , In this paper, the authors have assessed the use of ICT in the health office (DHO) of the city of Palembang as a government agency in order to facilitate the flow of information and improve the quality of service to the community by using a model approach PEGI. Palembang city health office has e-government index amounted to 1,426, which means the use of ICT in dinkes indkator Palembang city already exists, but is still lacking in terms of quantity and quality. Recommendations are given to dinkes Palembang to increase the index of e-governement it was the preparation of the Master Plan for Information Technology (RITI), preparation of the scale of the policy priorities of ICT implementation, increasing the number of staff in the section on data and health information with a background in IT, the addition of human resources development program with sending employees on section data and health information for training or education in the field of IT and Disaster Recovery planning.

- The relations between Italy and the Ussr, almost absent after WWII began to grow during the years of détente. Their development offers useful insight on the long-term cleavages which led to the fall of the Soviet Union. The documents, published here for the first time, come from Rgani (State Archive of Contemporary History of the Russian Federation) and offer an outline of the crucial period in the mid-1960s. From them, it is possible to grasp the main elements of the Ussr's foreign policy towards Italy: the central role of an explorative diplomacy; a negative attitude towards the center-left governments; the close relations with the large Italian industrial groups; the lasting centrality of the political link with Pci; and, above all, the firm belief of the Kremlin leadership that the economic and cultural détente would have, in the long run, deep political effects. They were right; what they weren't able to predict is that they would be the losers.Key words: Cold War, Détente, European security, economic diplomacy, Center left governements, Cpsu/Cpi.Parole chiave: guerra fredda, distensione, sicurezza europea, diplomazia economica, governi di centrosinistra, Pcus/Pci.

From the beginning of Qajar rule in Iran the Armenian monaste-ries of Syunik and Artaz suffered the hardships of the Russo-Persian conflict and wars for the regions of Transcaucasia. The Persian docu-ments of the Matenadaran throw light on some political and economic developments around the monasteries and help elucidate some aspects of Qajar policy as regards the Armenian sanctuaries under their rule. Tatev monastery, located in the territory subject to the khan of Karabagh had passed under the rule of Russian empire after the treaty concluded in Kurakchay in 1805 and then after the fights of the Russo-Persian war of 1804 - 1813 its annexation to Russia was confirmed by the treaty of Gulistan. The monastery served as a refuge of the Russian troops fighting for the region. The monasteries of Artaz remained under the rule of Qajar Iran after the treaty of Turkmenchay concluded in 1828, at the end of the second Russo-Persian war. The Qajar governement supported the mo-nasteries of St. Thaddeus and St. Stepannos, the apostles, and tried to keep away its Armenian followers, the inhabitants of Azerbayjan from migration to the regions passed under the rule of Russia. In spite of these attempts the major portion of the Armenians of Azerbayjan migrated. However, the Qajar powers granted some estates to the monasteries in the villages around them and protected their rights with royal decrees and other documents in order to secure their survival in later Muslim environment.

IUD is one of the long term contraceptions which its usage is still below the target of Kebumen goverment on 11%. The local government has done a workshop of Contraception Technology Update (CTU) for the midwives in the Kebumen regency so the numbers of the IUD acceptors had increased to 6.57% in June 2012 but however, this is still below the government's target. Some efforts have been done by the local governement but it still can not show a good of IUD contraveption good services. Objective of the research is to give clear descrpition of the analysis of factors relate to intra Uterine Device (IUD) contraception services by midwives in Kebumen Regency.This study this is an observational research with analytic survey method and cross sectional approach. The data were collected using interview consited of strutured questioners to 80 midwives in Kebumen area. The data were analyzed using univariat, bivariat and multivariat analyses techniques.The results show that the variables of knowledge, motivation, acces, human resource availability and policy are in good category but there are still 40% of midwives who have low motivation so they still prefer to give the other more practical contraceptions instead of IUD, and 31% of the places for the IUD services still have not been provided with flipcharts. The variable of IUD contraception has correlation with the variables of knowledge with (p=0.037), motivation (p=0.045), and the availability of the human resources (p=0.021). Meanwhile the variables of service acces (p=0.691) and policy (p=1.000) have no correlation with the behaviour of IUD contraception service. Togetherly the variables of motivation and human resource availability have influenced the behaviour of IUD contraception service p≤ 0.05 with Exp.(B) > 2.It is recomended to midwives to motivate them selves in giving more rasionally Family Planning service and it is necessary to hold an Up to date Contraception Technology Workshops for midwives to increase the quality of IUD contraception services. Keywords : IUD Contraception Services, CTU for midwives

Abstrak Tidak ada yang lebih penting dari sebuah majalah selain halaman mukanya. Sebuah halaman muka menentukan pandangan pertama yang nantinya juga akan mempengaruhi minat baca dari khalayak. Bagi media cetak yang sadar akan arti pentingya, halaman muka didesain sedemikian rupa hingga menjadi sebuah desain sederhana namun kompetitif dan menarik sekaligus mencerminkan filosofi dari media tersebut. Selanjutnya, sebuah teori pendekatan lingkungan menyatakan bahwa sampai pada tingkat tertentu, sistem politik berpengaruh pada komunikasi begitupun sebaliknya. Teori semacam ini menjelaskan bahwa dengan kebijakan-kebijakan yang dilahirkan pada sebuah sistem politik, hingga tingkat tertentu berpengaruh pada pemberitaan sebuah media. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut, masalah yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana kecenderungan pemberitaan majalah berita nasional Tempo yang dapat dilihat dari bagian halaman mukanya pada dua periode yang memiliki karakteristik sistem politik yang berseberangan di Indonesia Kata kunci: Media, Politik, Konten Analisis. Abstract None of the magazine’s part which as important as its cover. The magazine covers determine the people’s first impression futhermore will influence their interest to read. For the press media who realize the importances, the covers will be designed as a simple but competitive and interesting design which representating the media’s philosophy. Futhermore, the theory of Environment states that until specific level, political system influences communication vise versa. This theory describes that the governement policy which is born in a political system, until a specific level, influences the news release. Base from the states, the problem of this research is the preference of Tempo the national news magazine’s news release which can be seen from its covers at two periods which has different political system’s characteristic in Indonesia. Keywords: Media, Politik, Content Analysis

Street vendors are informal types of work (small businesses) that arise primarily in urban areas, carried out by low-income people (daily salaries), have limited capital, and consist of only one worker (self employed). The presence of street vendors in various major cities in Indonesia, including in Denpasar City, has become a dilemma that creates pro-contra, and has the potential to clash between citizens and officials of government. This is because street vendors sell their wares in public places that are considered strategic, thus disrupting public order, and other public peace. On the other hand, according to one of the SDG’s programs, the government has an obligation to realize decent work for everyone. In the effort of structuring street vendors, as well as helping small traders of economic actors in the informal sector, the government of Denpasar City issues Denpasar City Local Law No. 2 of the year 2015 about Street Vendors. Therefore, an analysis is needed to find out the implementation of Denpasar City Local Law No. 2 of the year 2015, as well as to find out the supporting factors and inhibiting factors of its implementation. This research is a qualitative descriptive study, where the data obtained through the process of observation, interviews, and documentation studies. Selection of informants through purposive sampling technique, and data analysis techniques using Merilee S. Grindle's theory of policy implementation and contingency theory by James Lester. The results of the analysis show that the implementation of Denpasar City Local Law No. 2 of the year 2015 for arranging street vendors is still faced with several obstacles such as: lack of location according to allotment, lack of adequate budget, evaluation that is rarely done, and sanctions that are not in accordance with what is written in the Regional Regulation and the lack of understanding of street vendors on the local law. An interesting finding is that it turns out that governemtn of villages and custom village have an important role in organizing street vendors in their areas.

ABSTRAKKebergantungan petani padi terhadap program pemerintah telah berlangsung lama sejak dijalankanRevolusi Hijau digulirkan. Dibalik prestasi peningkatan produksi pangan, terdapat kerusakan-kerusakan yang saat ini disadari atau tidak oleh petani dari aspek sosial dan lingkungan. Sistempertanian organik muncul sebagai inovasi dan solusi bagi persoalan sosial dan lingkungan.Keberdayaan petani yang terdiri dari sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan digambarkan dalam suatustruktur model sistem pertanian organik menggunakan pendekatan berpikir sistem (system thinking).Studi kasus ini dilakukan pada kelompok tani padi organik yang usahanya berskala kecil di DesaSundakerta, Kecamatan Sukahening, Kabupaten Tasikmalaya. Kelembagaan sosial yangditerjemahkan dalam konsep modal sosial menjadi akslerator dalam proses peningkatan keberdayaanpetani. Aksi bersama (collective action) sebagai “buah” dari “pohon” modal sosial (kepercayaan,aturan dan jejaring sosial) memegang peranan penting dalam menggerakan peningkatan keberdayaanpetani dari aspek sosial, eknomi, dan lingkungan.Kata kunci: modal sosial, aksi kolektif, berpikir sistem, kelembagaan sosial, pemberdayaanABSTRACTFarmer dependency toward governemnt policy have been existed in a long period since GreenRevolution started. Behind the food incresed achievement, there was some failure that realized ornot by farmers socially and environmentally. Organic farming system currently emerge as solutionand innovation for social and environemntal failure. Farmer empowerment which consist of social,economics and environemental aspect are illustrated in a model structure of organic farming systemusing system thinking approach. These case study was held in a farmer group with small scaleorganic farming at Sundakerta Village, Kecamatan Sukahening, Kabupaten Tasikmalaya. Socialinstitution which is translated into social capital opperationally, pay role as engine or accelerator inorder to increase the powerment level of farmer. Collective action as “fruit” of social capital “tree”(trust, norm and obligation, and social networking) play an important role in movement of farmerempowerment in social, economics and environement aspects.Keywords: social capital, collective action, system thinking, social institution, empowerment

Abstract Background The Health in All Policies approach has been increasingly used to assess public health impact of rules and regulations. In 2015, all UN member States adopted 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) to achieve the 2030 Global Agenda. SDGs can be conceived in a practical way, as analytic tools to classify existing legislation. In the context of the ASPHER-ASPPH sponsored “This is Public Health in Italy” campaign, the Public Health Schools of University San Raffaele, University of Bologna, University of Pavia and University of Parma decided to monitor their own local governments' level of SDG compliance. The study aims at identifying a procotol for a Health in All Policies, SDG-driven analysis in two Northern Italy Regions: Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna. These two regions 4.45 millions and 10.04 million accounting for over 24% of national population. Methods Between November and December 2019, two teams were established for separate analyses of the 2 Regions. All laws were retrieved from the two Regional Council's offical websites. Exclusion criteria were set by ruling all healthcare-related laws out of the analysis. An agreement was reached to label each law with the most representatives SDG tackled. As a proxy for internal validity, results were double-blinded. Each Regional Group met collectively and double-checked the other group's anlysis. To minimise detection bias, results were sent anonymously to the Scientific Committee, who supervised the analytic process and solved disagreements. Results A total of 57 laws were examined, 26 issued by Lombardy Region and 31 by Emilia-Romagna Region. SDG-related laws number was: 11 (42%) in Lombardy Region, whereas in Emilia-Romagna Region the proportion was much higher (n = 22, 71%). The most addressed SGD in Lombardy Region was number 15 (Life on Land), while in Emilia-Romagna number 8 (Decent Work & Economic Growth). Conclusions SDGs can be considered an innovative indicator to measure governement's activities and monitor the progress towards achieving the 2030 Global Agenda. Key messages Sustainable Development Goals are useful tools for policy analysis. The “This is Public Health in Italy” campaign allowed for a survey of public health legislative initiatives.