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1

Yari, Zahra, Vahideh Behrouz, Hamid Zand i Katayoun Pourvali. "New Insight into Diabetes Management: From Glycemic Index to Dietary Insulin Index". Current Diabetes Reviews 16, nr 4 (28.04.2020): 293–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573399815666190614122626.

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Background: Despite efforts to control hyperglycemia, diabetes management is still challenging. This may be due to focusing on reducing hyperglycemia and neglecting the importance of hyperinsulinemia; while insulin resistance and resultant hyperinsulinemia preceded diabetes onset and may contribute to disease pathogenesis. Objective: The present narrative review attempts to provide a new insight into the management of diabetes by exploring different aspects of glycemic index and dietary insulin index. Results: The current data available on this topic is limited and heterogeneous. Conventional diet therapy for diabetes management is based on reducing postprandial glycemia through carbohydrate counting, choosing foods with low-glycemic index and low-glycemic load. Since these indicators are only reliant on the carbohydrate content of foods and do not consider the effects of protein and fat on the stimulation of insulin secretion, they cannot provide a comprehensive approach to determine the insulin requirements. Conclusion: Selecting foods based on carbohydrate counting, glycemic index or glycemic load are common guides to control glycemia in diabetic patients, but neglect the insulin response, thus leading to failure in diabetes management. Therefore, paying attention to insulinemic response along with glycemic response seems to be more effective in managing diabetes.
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Dickinson, Scott, i Jennie Brand-Miller. "Glycemic index, postprandial glycemia and cardiovascular disease". Current Opinion in Lipidology 16, nr 1 (luty 2005): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00041433-200502000-00012.

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Wong, Stephen H., i John O'Reilly. "GLYCEMIC INDEX AND GLYCEMIC LOAD". ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal 14, nr 6 (listopad 2010): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/fit.0b013e3181f87400.

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4

Rizkalla, Salwa W. "Glycemic index". Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care 17, nr 4 (lipiec 2014): 373–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mco.0000000000000070.

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5

Reimers, Kristin J. "Glycemic Index". Strength and Conditioning Journal 23, nr 5 (październik 2001): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200110000-00019.

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6

Jones, Julie Miller. "Glycemic Index". Nutrition Today 47, nr 5 (2012): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nt.0b013e31826c4fc4.

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7

Wolever, Thomas M. S. "Glycemic Index". Nutrition Today 47, nr 5 (2012): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nt.0b013e31826de5ec.

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Jones, Julie M. "Glycemic Index". Nutrition Today 48, nr 2 (2013): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nt.0b013e31827d841b.

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Jones, Julie M. "Glycemic Index". Nutrition Today 48, nr 1 (2013): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nt.0b013e31827d8515.

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10

Jones, Julie M. "Glycemic Index". Nutrition Today 48, nr 3 (2013): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nt.0b013e31827d8571.

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&NA;. "Glycemic Index". Nutrition Today 48, nr 1 (2013): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nt.0b013e3182855787.

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12

Quarta, Alessia, Miriana Guarino, Roberta Tripodi, Cosimo Giannini, Francesco Chiarelli i Annalisa Blasetti. "Diet and Glycemic Index in Children with Type 1 Diabetes". Nutrients 15, nr 16 (9.08.2023): 3507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15163507.

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In children with type 1 diabetes, a healthy lifestyle is important to control postprandial glycemia and to avoid hyperglycemic peaks that worsen the inflammatory state of vessels and tissues. Glycemic index and glycemic load are two important indexes which assess the quality and quantity of foods consumed during meals. The main macronutrients of the diet have a different effect on postprandial blood glucose levels, so it is important that diabetic children consume foods which determine a slower and steadier glycemic peak. In this review, we present the results of the most recent studies carried out in the pediatric population with T1D, whose aim was to analyze the effects of low-glycemic-index foods on glycemic control. The results are promising and demonstrate that diets promoting low-glycemic-index foods guarantee a greater glycemic stability with a reduction in postprandial hyperglycemic peaks. However, one of the main limitations is represented by the poor adherence of children to a healthy diet. In order to obtain satisfactory results, a possibility might be to ensure a balanced intake of low-, moderate- and high-glycemic-index foods, preferring those with a low glycemic index and limiting the consumption of the high- and moderate-glycemic-index types.
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13

Derdemezis, Christos, i Julie Lovegrove. "Glycemic Index, Glycemic Control and Beyond". Current Pharmaceutical Design 20, nr 22 (czerwiec 2014): 3620–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/13816128113196660670.

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14

Brand-Miller, Jennie, Scott Dickinson, Alan Barclay i Margaret Allman-Farinelli. "Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Thrombogenesis". Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis 35, nr 01 (luty 2009): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1214154.

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15

Kim, In Joo. "Glycemic Index Revisited". Korean Diabetes Journal 33, nr 4 (2009): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2009.33.4.261.

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16

Lomangino, Kevin. "The Glycemic Index". Clinical Nutrition INSIGHT 37, nr 2 (luty 2011): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000394375.27901.95.

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17

Ludwig, David S. "The Glycemic Index". JAMA 287, nr 18 (8.05.2002): 2414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.18.2414.

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18

Samoylova, Yu G., M. V. Matveeva, N. G. Zhukova i M. A. Rokank. "Variability of glycemia and cognitive impairment in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1." Clinical Medicine (Russian Journal) 96, nr 8 (20.12.2018): 741–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0023-2149-2018-96-8-741-745.

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Diabetes mellitus type 1 is associated with impaired cognitive function. Based on the results of systematic reviews and meta-analyzes, the most likely modifiable risk factor is the degree of metabolic control, in particular the variability of glycemia. Aims: to determine the influence of the variability of glycemia on cognitive functions in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Material and methods. Design-observational, one-stage, cross-sectional research. We examined 30 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus who were divided into 2 groups: 1 group (main) with cognitive impairment, and 2 (control) with normal cognitive functions. All patients were screened for cognitive functions using the Montreal scale (MoCa test). For the diagnosis of fluctuations in glucose level, continuous monitoring of glycemia was carried out using the iPro-2 device (Medtronic, USA): mean glycemic mean (MEAN), standard deviation (SD), mean amplitude of glycemic fluctuation (MAGE), long-term glycemic index (CONGA) Glycemia lability index (LI), hypoglycemia risk index (LBGI), hyperglycemia risk index (HBGI), mean hourly rate of glycemic change (MAG). Results. The study revealed that in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, cognitive impairment was dominated by a violation of constructive praxis, memory and attention. Recorded a significant difference in MEAN, SD, CONGA, Gindex, LBGI, HBGI, MAGE, Mvalue and MAG. Correlation analysis revealed the relationship of cognitive impairments with the level of HbA1c, as well as the variability parameters MEAN, SD, CONGA, Gindex, LBGI, HBGI, MAGE, Mvalue, MAG. Conclusions. The relationship between the variability of glycemia and cognitive impairment was registered in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus
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19

Wolever, T. M. S. "Glycemic Index Versus Glycemic Response: Nonsynonymous terms". Diabetes Care 15, nr 10 (1.10.1992): 1436–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.15.10.1436.

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20

Hu, J., C. La Vecchia, L. S. Augustin, E. Negri, M. de Groh, H. Morrison i L. Mery. "Glycemic index, glycemic load and cancer risk". Annals of Oncology 24, nr 1 (styczeń 2013): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mds235.

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21

&NA;. "Measuring the Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load". Clinical Nutrition INSIGHT 34, nr 6 (czerwiec 2008): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000320499.33437.85.

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22

Lin, Meng-Hsueh Amanda. "Glycemic index, glycemic load and insulinemic index of Chinese starchy foods". World Journal of Gastroenterology 16, nr 39 (2010): 4973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v16.i39.4973.

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23

Mendez, Michelle A., Maria Isabel Covas, Jaume Marrugat, Joan Vila i Helmut Schröder. "Glycemic load, glycemic index, and body mass index in Spanish adults". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89, nr 1 (3.12.2008): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26444.

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24

Barclay, A. W., J. C. Brand-Miller i T. M. S. Wolever. "Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Glycemic Response Are Not the Same". Diabetes Care 28, nr 7 (27.06.2005): 1839–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.7.1839.

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25

Cai, Xianlei, Chen Wang, Shan Wang, Gaoyang Cao, Chao Jin, Jiawei Yu, Xiuyang Li i in. "Carbohydrate Intake, Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Stroke". Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 27, nr 5 (14.01.2015): 486–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539514566742.

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Haghighatdoost, Fahimeh, Leila Azadbakht, Ammar Hassanzadeh Keshteli, Christine Feinle-Bisset, Hamed Daghaghzadeh, Hamid Afshar, Awat Feizi, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh i Peyman Adibi. "Glycemic index, glycemic load, and common psychological disorders". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 103, nr 1 (25.11.2015): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.105445.

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27

Mulholland, Helen G., Liam J. Murray i Marie M. Cantwell. "Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease risk". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88, nr 2 (1.08.2008): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/88.2.475.

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28

Zerlin, Alona, i Zhaoping Li. "Glycemic Index Versus Glycemic Load for Weight Management". Obesity Management 4, nr 6 (grudzień 2008): 326–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/obe.2008.0243.

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29

Randi, G., M. Ferraroni, R. Talamini, W. Garavello, S. Deandrea, A. Decarli, S. Franceschi i C. La Vecchia. "Glycemic index, glycemic load and thyroid cancer risk". Annals of Oncology 19, nr 2 (luty 2008): 380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdm433.

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30

Augustin, Livia S. A., Silvano Gallus, Cristina Bosetti, Fabio Levi, Eva Negri, Silvia Franceschi, Luigino Dal Maso, David J. A. Jenkins, Cyril W. C. Kendall i Carlo La Vecchia. "Glycemic index and glycemic load in endometrial cancer". International Journal of Cancer 105, nr 3 (14.04.2003): 404–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11089.

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31

Dreval', A. V., B. P. Kovachev, I. V. Misnikova, Yu A. Kovaleva i O. A. Dreval'. "Study of new capacities in the evaluation of glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes". Problems of Endocrinology 55, nr 2 (15.04.2009): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl200955235-40.

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The purpose of the study was to comprehensively analyze glycemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients who were first given glucose-reducing therapy. Glidiab MB and Diabeton MB caused a comparable reduction in glycemic control parameters: the level of HbA1c, fasting glycemia, and mean glycemic levels as shown by the results of its continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) study. The lower glycemic level was not accompanied by weight gain and it improved lipid spectrum parameters. The readings of monthly self-control of glycemia were transformed to its deviation from the goal range (ADRR) that and the hyper- and hypoglycemia indices calculated from the continuous glycemic control were used to evaluate glycemic lability not reflected by HbA1c. In this connection ADRR may be used to evaluate the efficiency of sugar-reducing therapy and in the examined groups it proved to be low, which generally reflects the stable course of the disease in new cases of T2D. The mean glycemic value calculated from CGMS data virtually coincides with the mean glycemia estimated from glycemic self-control readings both on the day of continuous glucose monitoring and in the month to come before and after CGMS study. In this connection the latter is justified only when the continuous glycemic curve undergoes a complex analysis. The complex analysis of the continuous glycemic curve includes symmetrization of the continuous glycemia scale; calculation of hyper- and hypoglycemic indices, hourly diurnal hyperglycemic index and hourly glycemic variations (Poincare method). The use of this procedure could compare the glucose-reducing effect of the two drugs within the framework of a short-term study.
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32

Monro, John A., i Mick Shaw. "Glycemic impact, glycemic glucose equivalents, glycemic index, and glycemic load: definitions, distinctions, and implications". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 87, nr 1 (1.01.2008): 237S—243S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.1.237s.

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33

Wong, S. H. S., P. M. F. Siu, J. G. Morris i S. Chung. "HIGH GLYCEMIC INDEX FOOD". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 34, nr 5 (maj 2002): S230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200205001-01291.

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34

Burani, Johanna, i Palma J. Longo. "Low-Glycemic Index Carbohydrates". Diabetes Educator 32, nr 1 (styczeń 2006): 78–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145721705284743.

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35

Lomangino, Kevin. "Glycemic Index and Diabetes". Clinical Nutrition INSIGHT 35, nr 3 (marzec 2009): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000346790.66903.5b.

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36

Brand-Miller, Janette C., Susanna HA Holt, Dorota B. Pawlak i Joanna McMillan. "Glycemic index and obesity". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76, nr 1 (1.07.2002): 281S—285S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.1.281s.

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37

Pi-Sunyer, F. Xavier. "Glycemic index and disease". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76, nr 1 (1.07.2002): 290S—298S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.1.290s.

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38

Brand-Miller, Jennie, i Anette E. Buyken. "The glycemic index issue". Current Opinion in Lipidology 23, nr 1 (luty 2012): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mol.0b013e32834ec705.

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39

Brand-Miller, Janette C., Susanna HA Holt, Dorota B. Pawlak i Joanna McMillan. "Glycemic index and obesity,,",. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76, nr 1 (lipiec 2002): 281S—285S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76/1.281s.

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40

Pi-Sunyer, F. Xavier. "Glycemic index and disease,,",. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 76, nr 1 (lipiec 2002): 290S—298S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76/1.290s.

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41

Lai, Ming-Hsin, Kai-Li Liu, Pei-Yin Chen, Nai-Jhen Ke, Junne-Jih Chen, Jih-Min Sung, Yu-Ling Wu i Sheng-Dun Lin. "Predicted Glycemic Index and Glycemic Index of Rice Varieties Grown in Taiwan". Cereal Chemistry Journal 93, nr 2 (marzec 2016): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/cchem-07-15-0144-r.

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42

Monro, John. "Redefining the Glycemic Index for Dietary Management of Postprandial Glycemia". Journal of Nutrition 133, nr 12 (1.12.2003): 4256–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.12.4256.

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43

Tura, Andrea, Johan Farngren, Anja Schweizer, James E. Foley, Giovanni Pacini i Bo Ahrén. "Four-Point Preprandial Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose for the Assessment of Glycemic Control and Variability in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Treated with Insulin and Vildagliptin". International Journal of Endocrinology 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/484231.

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The study explored the utility of four-point preprandial glucose self-monitoring to calculate several indices of glycemic control and variability in a study adding the DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin to ongoing insulin therapy. This analysis utilized data from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study in 29 patients with type 2 diabetes treated with vildagliptin or placebo on top of stable insulin dose. During two 4-week treatment periods, self-monitoring of plasma glucose was undertaken at 4 occasions every day. Glucose values were used to assess several indices of glycemic control quality, such as glucose mean, GRADE, M-VALUE, hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia index, and indices of glycemic variability, such as standard deviation, CONGA, J-INDEX, and MAGE. We found that vildagliptin improved the glycemic condition compared to placebo: mean glycemic levels, and both GRADE and M-VALUE, were reduced by vildagliptin(P<0.01). Indices also showed that vildagliptin reduced glycemia without increasing the risk for hypoglycemia. Almost all indices of glycemic variability showed an improvement of the glycemic condition with vildagliptin(P<0.02), though more marked differences were shown by the more complex indices. In conclusion, the study shows that four-sample preprandial glucose self-monitoring is sufficient to yield information on the vildagliptin effects on glycemic control and variability.
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44

., Kasmiyetti. "KONSUMSI BAHAN MAKANAN SUMBER KARBOHIDRAT DAN BUAH INDEKS GLIKEMIK TINGGI DENGAN KEJADIAN DM". Jurnal Sehat Mandiri 13, nr 2 (28.12.2018): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33761/jsm.v13i2.67.

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ABSTRAC Diabetes Mellitus occupy as the fourth largest cause of death in Padang. Based on data from Puskemas Nanggalo Padang in 2013, there were 1.012 people (2.7%) who suffered from diabetes mellitus. The glycemix index is defined as the level of food according to their effect on blood sugar levels. The aim of this research was to determine the relationship of consumption food sources of carbohydrates and fruit high glycemic index of diabetes mellitus tipe II outpatients in Puskesmas Nanggalo Padang in 2016. Using cross sectional design, the participants of this research were taken with accidental sampling method, as may as 50 peoples. Data of patients were collected through interviews, while the consumption patterns measure by using the Form Food Frequency (FFQ). The statistical test used is chi-square test with 95% confidence level. The results of analysis there are significant correlation between consumption food sources of high-glycemic carbohydrate with the incidence of diabetes mellitus tipe II, there are no significant correlation between consumption food sources of high-glycemic fruit with the incidence of diabetes mellitus. Based on the results, the health center was suggested to provide a nutrition counseling of glycemic index and refer diabetes patients to a dietitian for get an education about dietary management to reduce the incidence of diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Carbohydrat ,High Glycemic Index Fruit
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45

Pambudi, Brevi Istu, i Ekha Rifki Fauzi. "Glycemic Index Meals of Anaerobic Shuttle Test in Endurance Badminton Athletes". Jurnal Dunia Gizi 2, nr 2 (31.12.2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33085/jdg.v2i2.4560.

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Background; athletes is a person often doing physical exercise, one of exercise is badminton. Athletes need good diet to increase endurance and delay muscle fatigue. Diet should get glycemic index this is also to determine athlete endurance of muscle fatigue. Diet of low or high glycemic index can determine the level of muscle fatigue and find the level of endurance. Objectives; this study aims to examine and determine important factor of effect of low and high glycemic index meals in badminton athletes of the level muscle fatigue. Material and Method; this study used experimental method to examine effect of low and high glycemic index meals in badminton athletes. Subject of this study, all of male amount 20 athletes in age 19-25 years old. Subject included in criteria inclusion and also subject should consume low and high glycemic index meals around 1-2 weeks in each attempt. Results; experiment result of this study revealed significant different of consumed low and high glycemic index meals when the athletes consumed high glycemic index meals, blood glucose increased more than low glycemic index meals (p= 0.021), whereas effect of high glycemic index meals showed significant of muscle fatigue (p=0.009) than low glycemic index meals. The level of lactate after anaerobic shuttle test, found greater in high glycemic index meals (p=0.02), also high glycemic index meals showed significant reduction of glucose level (p=0.000). Conclusion; low and high glycemic index meals can effect in muscle fatigue of athletes, then low glycemic index meals may increase endurance and delay muscle fatigue.
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46

Jenkins, David J. A., Mahshid Dehghan, Andrew Mente, Shrikant I. Bangdiwala, Sumathy Rangarajan, Kristie Srichaikul, Viswanathan Mohan i in. "Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load, and Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality". New England Journal of Medicine 384, nr 14 (8.04.2021): 1312–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2007123.

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47

Augustin, L. S. A., S. Gallus, E. Negri i C. La Vecchia. "Glycemic index, glycemic load and risk of gastric cancer". Annals of Oncology 15, nr 4 (kwiecień 2004): 581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdh130.

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48

Scazzina, F., M. Dall’Asta, M. C. Casiraghi, S. Sieri, D. Del Rio, N. Pellegrini i F. Brighenti. "Glycemic index and glycemic load of commercial Italian foods". Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases 26, nr 5 (maj 2016): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2016.02.013.

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49

Silvera, Stephanie A. N., Thomas E. Rohan, Meera Jain, Paul D. Terry, Geoffrey R. Howe i Anthony B. Miller. "Glycemic index, glycemic load, and pancreatic cancer risk (Canada)". Cancer Causes & Control 16, nr 4 (maj 2005): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-004-5028-7.

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50

Galeone, C., C. Pelucchi, L. Dal Maso, E. Negri, R. Talamini, M. Montella, V. Ramazzotti, R. Bellocco, S. Franceschi i C. La Vecchia. "Glycemic index, glycemic load and renal cell carcinoma risk". Annals of Oncology 20, nr 11 (listopad 2009): 1881–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdp197.

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