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1
Alvarez, Luis Emilio. "Radiation dose to the global flying population". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103443.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 57-60).
Civil airliner passengers and crew are exposed to elevated levels of radiation relative to being at sea level. Previous studies have assessed the radiation dose received in particular cases or for cohort studies. Here we present the first estimate of the total radiation dose received by the worldwide civilian flying population. We simulated flights globally from 2000 to 2013 using schedule data, applying a radiation propagation code to estimate the dose associated with each flight. Passengers flying in Europe and North America exceed the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) annual dose limits at an annual average of 510 or 420 flight hours per year, respectively. However, this falls to 160 or 120 hours on specific routes under maximum exposure conditions.
by Luis Emilio Alvarez.
S.M.
2
Garcia-Carreras, Bernardo. "Global effects of climate change on animal population dynamics". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/14695.
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Climate change affects many statistical descriptions of the environment. The impact of changes in mean environmental conditions on animal populations has been widely reported. The variability and autocorrelation of environmental variables are also changing over time, yet less research has focussed on what impact these changes may have on populations. Is the research focus on changes in mean conditions justified? How do changes in different statistical descriptions of climate change affect populations, and how do the impacts compare? To answer these questions, we developed a simple stochastic population model, explicitly linked to the environment, and compared the impacts of changes in environmental mean and variability. We found, using both the long-term stochastic growth rate and extinction risk as proxies for population fitness, that changes in variability have a significant impact on population dynamics. The main gradient along which the relative importance of changes in environmental mean and variability varied was the population's distance from its ideal environment. We also re-analysed existing population models to yield the sensitivity of the population to changes in environmental mean and variability. Results support the findings from our model, and confirm the importance of changes in variability for population dynamics. Previous theoretical and laboratory studies concluded that the autocorrelation in the environment in part affects the autocorrelation in population time series. So far, this hypothesis has not been tested using empirical data. We used a database of population time series to find that the autocorrelation in mean summer temperature is significantly correlated with the autocorrelation in population time series. Results also show that environmental variables have become less autocorrelated in most geographical regions, suggesting that populations' autocorrelation may also be changing. Autocorrelation in population time series has been linked to extinction; these results may therefore have important implications for animal populations.
3
Lutz, Wolfgang, i Samir KC. "Dimensions of global population projections: what do we know about future population trends and structures?" The Royal Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0133.
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The total size of the world population is likely to increase from its current 7 billion to 8-10 billion by 2050. This uncertainty is because of unknown future fertility and mortality trends in different parts of the world. But the young age structure of the population and the fact that in much of Africa and Western Asia, fertility is still very high makes an increase by at least one more billion almost certain. Virtually, all the increase will happen in the developing world. For the second half of the century, population stabilization and the onset of a decline are likely. In addition to the future size of the population, its distribution by age, sex, level of educational attainment and place of residence are of specific importance for studying future food security. The paper provides a detailed discussion of different relevant dimensions in population projections and an evaluation of the methods and assumptions used in current global population projections and in particular those produced by the United Nations and by IIASA.
4
Liddle, Brantley T. (Brantley Thomas). "The environment-development-population system : a treatment of global sustainability". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10004.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1998.Includes bibliographical references (v. 2, p. [268]-278).
by Brantley T. Liddle.
Ph.D.
5
Mishra, Amrit Kumar. "Global change effects on seagrass ecosystem". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/11296.
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Rising carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the atmosphere will increase the average pCO2 level in the world oceans, which will have a knock-on effect on the marine ecosystem. Coastal seagrass communities one of the most productive marine ecosystems are predicted to benefit from the increase in CO2 levels, but long-term effects of elevated CO2 on seagrass communities are less understood. Population reconstruction techniques was used to investigate the population dynamics of Cymodocea nodosa meadows, exposed to long term elevated CO2 at volcanic seeps off Greece and Italy. Effect of elevated CO2 was noticed on the growth, morphometry, density, biomass and age structure at CO2 seeps. Above to below ground biomass ratio of C. nodosa were higher at CO2 seeps than at reference sites. The plastochrome interval were similar at all CO2 seeps. The shoot age and shoot longevity of plants were lower at seeps than reference sites. The present recruitment (sampled year) of the seagrass were higher than long-term average recruitment of the communities near the seeps. Carbon to nitrogen ratios (%DW) of C. nodosa were higher in leaves at seeps. Annual leaf production was higher near the seeps. This study suggests increased production of C. nodosa under elevated CO2 levels, but other co-factors such as nutrients, trace metal toxicity must also be taken into consideration while predicting effects of future CO2 concentrations. Volcanic CO2 seeps are now being used as natural analogues for ocean acidification studies although these areas can be affected by trace element input and may alter ecosystem responses to gradient in carbonate chemistry. Here Fe and a range of trace elements (Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Ni and Zn) were analysed from sediments and from the roots, rhizomes and leaves of seagrass at six CO2 seeps and reference sites off Greece and Italy. There were higher metal levels in sediment and seagrasses at all CO2 seeps than reference sites. Sediment Quality Guideline Quotient, a commonly used pollution index, indicated that some of the metals (Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni) were in high enough concentrations to have adverse biological effects, such as Cu at Ischia site and Hg at Vulcano. Higher accumulation of elements from sediments in roots and leaves at CO2 seeps were found from Bio Sediment Accumulation Factor index. There were higher levels of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn in leaves and rhizomes for P. oceanica and higher levels of Cd, Co, Cu, Fe and Zn in C. nodosa compartments at CO2 seeps. Fe and Mn were found with positive correlation within sediment-roots and sediment-rhizomes, whereas Cd, Co and Pb were found with positive correlation in compartments of C. nodosa. In P. oceanica positive correlation were only observed for Cd within sediment-roots and plant compartments. Low pH and ocean acidification increased the concentration of elements at CO2 seeps than reference sites. Thus, caution is needed, when using volcanic seep systems as analogue for the effects of rising CO2, as metals can reach levels that are toxic to seagrass, masking any potential benefits of increased levels of carbon dioxide for seagrass productivity. Net community production (NCP) and community respiration (CR) were measured under air exposed and CO2 enriched conditions for intertidal Z. noltei meadows and unvegetated sediment communities during emersion in summer and winter seasons. Community production and respiration were measured in-situ using benthic chambers. CO2 flux under air and CO2 enriched conditions were measured over a series of short term incubations (30min) using an infra-red gas analyser. Incident photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was recorded during the incubations covering the daily and seasonal variation. Linear regression model was used to test the effects of irradiance on net community production. NCP of Z. noltei community were higher under CO2 enriched conditions than air exposed conditions in both summer and winter seasons. There was no effect of CO2 on the CR rate of Z. noltei community in summer season. NCP of sediment community were higher in summer season and winter season under CO2 enriched conditions. Sediment CR rates were higher in winter than summer season. The light compensation point of Z. noltei and sediment community were lower in both seasons under CO2 enriched conditions. Seasonal budget of community production was higher in Z. noltei than sediment communities. A clear effect of PAR was noticed on the net community production of both communities. Higher PAR intensities resulted in higher NCP under CO2 enriched conditions for both communities. CO2 enrichment will have a positive effect on the intertidal communities during emersion.
6
Dodgson, Richard Paul. "The women's health movement and the international conference on population and development : global social movement, population and the changing nature of international relations". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285376.
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Fitzpatrick, S. F. "Global population genetic structure of the pelagic blue shark (Prionace glauca)". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557408.
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The blue shark, Prionace glauca, a large oceanic/pelagic predator with a continuous circumglobal distribution in temperate and tropical waters, is the most abundant and widespread of all extant shark species. They are heavily exploited in targeted and incidental fisheries worldwide. Concerns have been raised over the sustainability of such exploitation as severe declines in numbers have been recently observed. Sound management of any exploited fishery requires a proper understanding of the population sub structuring and basic breeding biology of the species involved. This is lacking for this ecological and economically important inhabitant of the open seas. In this study, we have developed nuclear microsatellite and mitochondrial (mtDNA) molecular markers for blue sharks. These were used in an assessment of the global population genetic structure of the species involving over 900 specimens sampled over its distribution range. Based on micro satellite data and 21 blue shark litters (N = 578 embryos), we have characterised the mating system ofthe species. Results from the analyses of microsatellite (16 loci) and mtDNA sequence (3,1 07bp) data indicate the presence of multiple stocks on a global scale (i.e. genetic substructuring). These genetic stocks were defined by major oceanic regions, thus confirming earlier physical tagging studies, which suggest that the equator acts as a barrier to dispersal between northern and southern oceans. Analysis of data comprising 32 complete mtDNA genomes, representing the distribution range species, provides new insights into the evolutionary history of blue sharks. Microsatellite DNA profiling of blue shark litters revealed a high incidence of polyandry (80.0%) in the species. Females of multiply sired litters were larger than those of single paternity litters. Furthermore, females demonstrated a tendency to have litters sired by more males as they became older and larger. Results are discussed in light of the high energetic cost associated with the aggressive nature of copulations.
8
Saebelfeld, Manja [Verfasser]. "Community and population dynamics in lakes under global change / Manja Saebelfeld". Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1149050667/34.
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Webb, Michael William S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Population strategies to decrease sodium intake : a global cost-effectiveness analysis". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/84846.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 2013.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 69-77).
Excessive sodium consumption is both prevalent and very costly in many countries around the world. Recent research has found that more than 90% of the world's adult population live in countries with mean intakes exceeding the World Health Organization's recommendation, and that more than a million deaths every year may be attributable to excess sodium. This study uses a simulation model to estimate, for the first time, the cost-effectiveness of government interventions to reduce population sodium consumption in every country in the world. It reveals substantial heterogeneity in cost-effectiveness by country that has never before been identified, and illustrates, also for the first time, the sensitivity of intervention efficacy to the theoretical-minimum-risk exposure distribution of sodium intake. The study makes a number of additional contributions. It offers a comprehensive appraisal of the methodological strengths and limitations of the surveys, imputation models, randomized controlled trials, prospective cohort studies, meta-analyses, and simulation models that together constitute the evidence base for public health recommendations on sodium intake, as well as for this study's own analysis. These methodological issues, some raised for the first time, are evaluated systematically to allow the relative quality of each input to be assessed and to inform prioritization of further research. The study also uses economic theory to ground a discussion of the proper nature and scope of government policies targeting population sodium consumption, and presents an up-to-date survey of sodium reduction initiatives around the world.
by Michael William Webb.
S.M.
10
Juzak, Damian. "Effect of population characteristics and seasonal variation on anthrax epidemiology". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Internationell hälsa, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-41631.
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Introduction Anthrax is a disease caused by the spores of Bacillus anthracis and can have a high fatality rate. It is a zoonosis and mostly affecting animals. In this study I want to find out risk factors on population scale for anthrax cases and deaths in humans and animals, and look at the relation of anthrax with weather patterns. Methods I searched for anthrax outbreaks in different countries, mainly yearly reports. I looked at human cases, human deaths, livestock deaths and wildlife deaths. Different risk factors were considered: country size, population characteristics, Human Development Index (HDI), total cattle number, cattle per human ratio, mean annual temperature, mean temperature of the warmest 1 and 3 months, annual precipitation and minimum and maximum precipitation in 1 month and 3 months. Linear regression was used. Statistics were repeated without China because it was often the single outlier in the figures. Statistics were also repeated with the countries aggregated in continents because of the modifiable area unit problem. Results Data was found for 28 countries resulting in 36 data points. There was a significant relation between human cases and cattle number, human deaths, country size and population size. There were also significant relations between wildlife deaths and population size, country size and mean temperature of the warmest month. Without China relations between human cases and maximum precipitation in 1 and 3 months, and between livestock deaths and country size were significant. For continents a significant relation between human cases and cattle ratio, cattle deaths and HDI. Conclusion This study mainly shows that high cattle numbers and cattle deaths due to anthrax are risk factors for human cases. Also seasonal precipitation is a risk factor. Bigger country size and population size may be indirect risk factors as these usually accompany higher cattle numbers.
11
Abel, Guy. "Non-zero trajectories for long-run net migration assumptions in global population projection models". Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2018. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6387/1/38%2D54.pdf.
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BACKGROUND
Little attention is given to the role of migration in global population projection models.
Most demographers set future levels of net migration on trajectories towards zero in all
countries, nullifying the impact of migration on long-run projected populations. Yet as
fertility and mortality rates fall, the role of migration on future population change is
becoming more pronounced.
OBJECTIVES
In this paper we develop future long-run migration scenarios to provide a range of
possible outcomes.
METHODS
Our alternative migration scenarios are linked to the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
(SSP), widely used in research on global environmental change. These are utilized as
inputs for a global cohort component projection model to obtain population totals up
until 2100 for all countries.
CONTRIBUTION
The results illustrate the important role of migration assumptions in long-run
projections, especially in post-demographic-transition countries. Further, they provide
plausible alternatives to projections based on the commonly used, but poorly justified,
convergence towards a zero net migration assumption.
12
Murray, Steven James. "Future global water resources with respect to climate change and population dynamics". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546185.
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Jaberi, Bouraki Majid. "Behaviors and global dynamics of population models living in periodically fluctuating environments". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20967.
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Dans ce projet, nous étudions certaines classes d équations non-linéaires aux différences pour toutes les valeurs non-négatives admissibles de paramètres et de conditions initiales. Dans la première partie, nous présentons quelques définitions initiales et nécessaires de la stabilité dans la littérature des équations aux différences. Nous exprimons également plusieurs résultats connus et quelques théorèmes qui seront utiles dans notre recherche à la suite. Dans le deuxièllle chapitre, on étudie l'intervalle invariant, le caractère des sellli-cycles, la stabilité globale, et le "boundedness" de l'équation aux différences [Formule mathématique]. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, nous étudions la famille de modèles de la population, d'ordre supérieur, de l'équation logistique non-autonorne [Formule mathématique]. En particulier, le comporternent périodique, l'attractivité des solutions et la stabilité de solutions sont examinés en détail. Ce modèle représente les différentes croissances de population telles que la plupart des saumons et "spruce budworms" ayant assez de nourriture (feuillage). L'impact du caractère saisonnier , qui est indubitablenlent présent dans la croissance de la population, sur le comporternent des solutions (croissance de la population) est également envisagé. Enfin, nous présentons un modèle déterministe de l'infection par le VIH (virus d'immunodéficience hurnaine) en présence de la trithérapie. Puis la stabilité globale asymptotique de l'équilibre "disease-free" et l'équilibre endémique sont étudiés pour le modèle continu. En outre, le modèle est implicitement estimé par la méthode des différences finies, un système d'équations aux différences, afin de résoudre le système d 'IVP (problème aux valeurs initiales) . La dynamique du modèle estimé est complètement déterminée par une quantité de seuil R appelée le "basic reproduction number". Lorsque le nombre associé à la reproduction est inférieur à l'unité, le résultat indique que l'infection par le VIH peut être éliminée de la personne infectée. Un équilibre stable endémique existe lorsque le nombre associé à la reproduction est supérieur à l'unité (conduisant à la persistance et l'existence du VIH au sein de la personne infectée, puis de la communauté) .
14
Meissen, Emily P., Kehinde R. Salau i Jim M. Cushing. "A global bifurcation theorem for Darwinian matrix models". TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622524.
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Motivated by models from evolutionary population dynamics, we study a general class of nonlinear difference equations called matrix models. Under the assumption that the projection matrix is non-negative and irreducible, we prove a theorem that establishes the global existence of a continuum with positive equilibria that bifurcates from an extinction equilibrium at a value of a model parameter at which the extinction equilibrium destabilizes. We give criteria for the global shape of the continuum, including local direction of bifurcation and its relationship to the local stability of the bifurcating positive equilibria. We discuss a relationship between backward bifurcations and Allee effects. Illustrative examples are given
15
Rodigas, Colleen Shortall. "Assessing Nutritional Risk of the Post-Acute Liver Transplant Population". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555988.
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Background. Although nutritional deficiency is known to be both common and multifactorial in the post-liver transplant population, a global systematic method of assessing nutritional status has not been widely implemented. The Subjective Global Assessment has been validated in many clinical populations, but to this investigator's knowledge there are no reports on its use in the post-acute liver transplant population. The purpose of this Doctorate of Nursing Practice project was to assess nutritional risk using a Nutritional Assessment Tool, consisting of the Subjective Global Assessment plus additional indicators, for use in the post-acute liver transplant population, defined as one week or less after hospital discharge from liver transplant. The additional indicators consist of age, body mass index, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, hospital length of stay for liver transplant, and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Methods. This was a practicality study in which a Nutritional Assessment Tool was administered by advanced practice nurses to post-acute liver transplant patients in an outpatient clinic. Each advanced practice nurse completed a practicality survey. Dependence of the additional indicators on the Subjective Global Assessment classification was evaluated using ANOVA and Fisher's exact test. Time to administer the tool was also collected. Results. Seventeen participants were enrolled over a period of three months. Among these, 70.5% were ranked as well-nourished, 23.5% as moderately malnourished, and 5.9% as severely malnourished. No statistically significant dependence of the indicators on the Subjective Global Assessment classification was found. The average time to administer the tool was 9.7+/- 2.4 minutes. Based on the survey from advanced practice nurses, the Nutritional Assessment Tool was found to be practical in this outpatient clinic setting. Conclusions. Implementing a Nutritional Assessment Tool, or the Subjective Global Assessment at minimum, in the post-acute liver transplant population in this setting served to be a practical method of evaluating global nutritional risk.
16
Jaberi, Douraki Majid. "Behaviors and Global Dynamics of Population Models Living in a Periodically Fluctuating Environments". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26355/26355.pdf.
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Koenraads, Stijn. "Reduction of the Global Human Population : A Rectificatory Argument based on Environmental Considerations". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Centrum för tillämpad etik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129026.
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Contrary to what many scholars hold, a case can be made for human population reduction (the practice of artificially decreasing the number of human beings on the Earth). Robin Attfield's, Paul Taylor's, Arne Næss's and J. Baird Callicott's theories are considered for justifying human population reduction; however, only Næss's actually justifies reduction. Another argument for human population reduction is developed, based on rectification: humans have unjustly harmed other living entities and themselves, and they should provide rectification for the harm done. Human population reduction is a way in which this rectification can be given.
18
Canonne, Coline. "Impact des changements globaux sur la dynamique de population des galliformes de montagne". Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03177344.
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Les montagnes sont des réservoirs de biodiversité dont les forts gradients altitudinaux sur de faibles distances sont associés à une forte hétérogénéité spatiale des conditions environnementales locales. Si la biodiversité y a été jusqu’ici plutôt bien préservée du fait de la faible accessibilité, les prédictions concernant les changements climatiques en cours suggèrent des effets encore plus rapides et marqués en montagne qu’en plaine. Mon objectif général est de comprendre comment les changements globaux impactent la dynamique des populations de galliformes de montagne. Mes travaux ont montré (1) une forte hétérogénéité des stratégies démographiques entre populations de Lagopède alpin (Lagopus muta) (2) que les populations de tétras lyre (Tetrao tetrix) présentent des tendances spatialement très hétérogènes, influencées par les conditions locales (3) que pour ces espèces difficiles à compter et qui présentent de fortes variabilité spatiales et interannuelles il est nécessaire de miser sur des suivis à long terme pour atteindre une puissance statistique permettant de conclure à un déclinMountains are reservoirs of biodiversity whose strong altitudinal gradients over short distances are associated with strong spatial heterogeneity of local environmental conditions. While biodiversity has so far been rather well preserved in mountains due to poor accessibility, predictions of ongoing climate change suggest even more rapid and marked effects in mountains than in plains. My main objective is to understand how global change are impacting the population dynamics of mountain galliformes. My work has shown (1) a strong heterogeneity of demographic strategies between populations of rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) (2) that black grouse populations (Tetrao tetrix) show spatially very heterogeneous trends, influenced by local conditions (3) that for such species that are difficult to count and show strong spatial and interannual variability it is necessary to rely on long-term monitoring to reach a satifactory statistical power to detect a decline
19
Lutz, Wolfgang. "Global Sustainable Development priorities 500 y after Luther: Sola schola et sanitate". The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2017. http://epub.wu.ac.at/6402/1/6904.full.pdf.
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Martin Luther succinctly summarized his theology in sola statements, such as sola scriptura, viewing the Bible (scriptura) as the only valid source of information about God rather than what he viewed as the extraneous, corrupting church doctrine of the time. As a secular side effect of this focus on individual reading skills, the Protestant territories were the first to acquire high literacy rates, which subsequently fostered health, economic growth, and good governance. Here I argue that a similar priority focus on empowerment of all segments of all populations through education and health (sola schola et sanitate) is needed today for sustainable development. According to decades of research, education and health are essential prerequisites for ending poverty and hunger, for improving institutions and participation in society, for voluntary fertility declines and ending world population growth, for changing behavior and adoption of new and clean technologies, and for enhancing adaptive capacity to already unavoidable climate change. This approach avoids paternalistic imposition of development policies by focusing external aid on enabling people to help themselves, their families, and communities. Prioritizing education and health also helps move more industrialized, aging societies from a focus on material consumption to one on quality of life. Sola schola et sanitate suggests that well-being will increasingly be based on health, continued mental stimulation, and consumption of cultural products, rather than fossil fuels and materials. Thus, cognition - or brain power - can be viewed as the zero-emissions energy for sustainable development.
20
Perez, Eddy Nelson. "A Human Security Population-Based Approach to Achieve Equity, Solidarity and Gender Sensitivity for the Population Living in Southwestern Bateyes of the Dominican Republic". Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/418.
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The present study was designed to contribute to the application of human security principles in vulnerable populations, using the Bateyes (sugar mill camps) from the Dominican Republic (DR) as a case study. Following the Robin Hood principle of using resources allocated for the identification and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as a base from which to build infrastructure for other health and human security needs, this project sought to reduce inequalities and promote equal rights in a vulnerable population living in isolated rural areas of the DR. The impact of a human security model versus non-intervention (standard of care) was examined longitudinally in relationship to the outcomes (prevention of morbid events such as HIV, tuberculosis, diarrhea, dengue, malaria, and model impact on breastfeeding and vaccines rates). The project was implemented in three phases: baseline assessments, implementation of a human security model over a six month period, and evaluation of the interventions at six and twelve months after the initiation of the intervention. Qualitative evaluation methods were used to complement quantitative assessments. An economic analysis was also conducted to evaluate the costs of the intervention and potential sources of economic benefits. Overall, at baseline, the owners of the houses from Batey A (Case) were more likely to respond incorrectly than the residents of Batey B (Control) questions about knowledge, attitudes and practices, for the most prevalent infectious diseases of the southwestern area of the Dominican Republic. To control for baseline differences between the study groups, a Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) score system was created. The KAP score system showed that the people living in Batey A had a higher percentage of right answers than residents of Batey B, six months after the intervention. These findings, however, were not observed at the 12 month follow-up visit, suggesting that future studies using the human security intervention model may need to be maintained for more than 6 months, to promote sustainability. Economic analysis revealed that the total cost-savings of the Program to the Ministry of Health and society overall to be 252,399USD. In addition, at the follow-up visits, morbidity and mortality rates of the study population were lower than the rates reported in a recent Demographic Health Survey conducted in the Southwestern Bateyes of the DR. The qualitative interviews allowed for the identification of community perceptions of the model, as well as the necessity for an interdisciplinary approach, including structural interventions (i.e. water pump, construction of latrines, etc) and monitoring community security-related issues through household monthly visits. The use of HIV resources demonstrated that the money allocated for HIV prevention could be utilized, not only to reduce the burden of disease, but also to invest in health systems and services. Applied to other settings, the design and outcomes of this study could have a beneficial impact on refugee and undocumented populations in other countries under the impact of the structural violence observed in the Bateyes of the DR.
21
Conway, Carole Anne. "Global population structure of blue whales, Balaenoptera musculus ssp., based on nuclear genetic variation /". Restricted to UC campuses, 2005. http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/21163.
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Pecoraro, Carlo <1986>. "Global Population Genomic Structure and Life History Trait Analysis of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus Albacares)". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7537/.
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Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares; YFT) represents one of the most important seafood commodities in the world. The rationale of this Ph.D. project was identified by prioritizing key issues as objectives for contributing to the conservation of YFT and helping to develop a more realistic stock assessment and sustainable management of this species. Specifically, in this work the current mismatch between the biology and/or ecology and the realized management strategies was highlighted, putting particular emphasis on YFT population structure, which is currently characterized by a high degree of uncertainty at both local and global scale. This general pattern was confirmed by the results obtained using a panel of microsatellite loci, which cannot reject the null hypothesis of the existence of only one panmictic population at the global scale. On the contrary, the access to more powerful and cost effective genetic tools would represent the first step for resolving YFT population structure at both global and local scale. After having evaluated the efficiency and usefulness of 2b-RAD genotyping technique for investigating population genetic structure in highly migratory fish species, a panel of 972 SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) was generated. Using this panel, three distinct populations were identified in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Additionally, it was possible to define a subset of 33 outlier loci putatively under selection to delineate and separate sub-populations within both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans (following an east-west division). Finally, it was emphasized for the first time that in the Atlantic Ocean larger YFT females allocate a greater fraction of surplus energy to egg production than smaller ones, improving noticeably the spawning quality. This result sheds light on the important contribution that larger and most experienced spawners have for the YFT productivity.
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Hadjistylli, Margarita, George K. Roderick i Judith K. Brown. "Global Population Structure of a Worldwide Pest and Virus Vector: Genetic Diversity and Population History of the Bemisia tabaci Sibling Species Group". PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622407.
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The whitefly Bemisia tabaci sibling species (sibsp.) group comprises morphologically indiscernible lineages of well-known exemplars referred to as biotypes. It is distributed throughout tropical and subtropical latitudes and includes the contemporary invasive haplotypes, termed B and Q. Several well-studied B. tabaci biotypes exhibit ecological and biological diversity, however, most members are poorly studied or completely uncharacterized. Genetic studies have revealed substantial diversity within the group based on a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) sequence (haplotypes), with other tested markers being less useful for deep phylogenetic comparisons. The view of global relationships within the B. tabaci sibsp. group is largely derived from this single marker, making assessment of gene flow and genetic structure difficult at the population level. Here, the population structure was explored for B. tabaci in a global context using nuclear data from variable microsatellite markers. Worldwide collections were examined representing most of the available diversity, including known monophagous, polyphagous, invasive, and indigenous haplotypes. Well-characterized biotypes and other related geographic lineages discovered represented highly differentiated genetic clusters with little or no evidence of gene flow. The invasive B and Q biotypes exhibited moderate to high levels of genetic diversity, suggesting that they stemmed from large founding populations that have maintained ancestral variation, despite homogenizing effects, possibly due to human-mediated among-population gene flow. Results of the microsatellite analyses are in general agreement with published mtCOI phylogenies; however, notable conflicts exist between the nuclear and mitochondrial relationships, highlighting the need for a multifaceted approach to delineate the evolutionary history of the group. This study supports the hypothesis that the extant B. tabaci sibsp. group contains ancient genetic entities and highlights the vast cryptic diversity throughout the genome in the group.
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Graymore, Michelle, i n/a. "Journey to Sustainability: Small Regions, Sustainable Carrying Capacity and Sustainability Assessment Methods". Griffith University. Australian School of Environmental Studies, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060303.132137.
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Small region sustainability is an extremely important part of the journey to sustainability of the global population, as the most difference can be made at this spatial level through decision making and community choice. However, small regions have not been the focus of sustainability literature. Therefore, this thesis develops theory to explain what small region sustainability involves and tested the applicability of current sustainability assessment methods to find an effective tool for the journey to sustainability that can be used for social learning, decision making, policy development, research and monitoring of sustainability in small regions. It was found through the development of a model of sustainable carrying capacity and the major pressures of human activities on the environment, that sustainability for small regions means living equitably with the impacts of human activities in the region within the limits of its ecosystems. This thesis also found that none of the current sustainability methods tested were effective or useful as a tool for small regions. Therefore, a new sustainability assessment method was developed, the Sustainable Carrying Capacity Assessment (SCCA), which assesses the equitability and size of the major pressures that the human activities are causing and determines if this pressure exceeds the sustainable carrying capacity of the region, and thus, the sustainability of the population. Thus, for small regions to become sustainable, they must live equitably within the sustainable carrying capacity of the region's ecosystems, and a tool that can help them achieve this is the SCCA. By raising social awareness, guiding policy development and decision making this method can help guide small regions, and other spatial levels on their journey to sustainability. Therefore, it is recommended that Local Government Areas, Regional Organisation of Councils, schools, local community groups and anyone who wants to learn more about sustainability use this method. This thesis, therefore, makes a significant contribution to the field of sustainability.
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Graymore, Michelle. "Journey to Sustainability: Small Regions, Sustainable Carrying Capacity and Sustainability Assessment Methods". Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367280.
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Small region sustainability is an extremely important part of the journey to sustainability of the global population, as the most difference can be made at this spatial level through decision making and community choice. However, small regions have not been the focus of sustainability literature. Therefore, this thesis develops theory to explain what small region sustainability involves and tested the applicability of current sustainability assessment methods to find an effective tool for the journey to sustainability that can be used for social learning, decision making, policy development, research and monitoring of sustainability in small regions. It was found through the development of a model of sustainable carrying capacity and the major pressures of human activities on the environment, that sustainability for small regions means living equitably with the impacts of human activities in the region within the limits of its ecosystems. This thesis also found that none of the current sustainability methods tested were effective or useful as a tool for small regions. Therefore, a new sustainability assessment method was developed, the Sustainable Carrying Capacity Assessment (SCCA), which assesses the equitability and size of the major pressures that the human activities are causing and determines if this pressure exceeds the sustainable carrying capacity of the region, and thus, the sustainability of the population. Thus, for small regions to become sustainable, they must live equitably within the sustainable carrying capacity of the region's ecosystems, and a tool that can help them achieve this is the SCCA. By raising social awareness, guiding policy development and decision making this method can help guide small regions, and other spatial levels on their journey to sustainability. Therefore, it is recommended that Local Government Areas, Regional Organisation of Councils, schools, local community groups and anyone who wants to learn more about sustainability use this method. This thesis, therefore, makes a significant contribution to the field of sustainability.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
Full Text
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Wiréhn, Ann-Britt. "A Data-Rich World : Population‐based registers in healthcare research". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Hälsa och samhälle, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10207.
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Advances and integration of information and communication technologies into healthcare systems offer new opportunities to improve public health worldwide. In Sweden, there are already unique possibilities for epidemiological research from registers because of a long tradition of centralized data collection into population-based registers and their allowance for linkage. The growing efficiency of automated digital storage provides growing volumes of archived data that increases the potential of analyses further. The purpose of this thesis can be divided into two parallel themes: illustrations and discussions of the use and usefulness of population-based registers on the one hand, and specific research questions in epidemiology and healthcare research on the other. The research questions are addressed in separate papers. From the Swedish Cancer Registry, 25 years of incidence data on testicular cancer was extracted for a large cohort. Record linkage to survey data on serum cholesterol showed a highly significant positive association, suggesting that elevated serum cholesterol concentration is a risk factor for testicular cancer. Since the finding is the first of its kind and because of wide confidence intervals further studies are needed to confirm the association. Östergötland County council’s administra-tive database (the Care Data Warehouse in Östergötland (CDWÖ)) provided data for preva-lence estimations of four common chronic diseases. The prevalence rate agreed very well with previous estimates for diabetes and fairly well with those for asthma. For hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the observed rates were lower than previous prevalence estimates. Data on several consecutive years covering all healthcare levels are needed to achieve valid prevalence estimates. CDWÖ data was also used to analyse the impact of diabetes on the prevalence of ischemic heart disease. Women had higher diabetes/non-diabetes prevalence rate ratios across all ages. The relative gender difference remained up to the age of 65 years and thereafter decreased considerably. The age-specific direct healthcare cost of diabetes was explored using data from the CDWÖ, the county council’s Cost Per Patient database and the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. The cost per patient and the relative magnitude of different cost components varied considerably by age, which is important to consider in the future planning of diabetes management. The Cancer Registry was established mainly as a basis for epidemiological surveillance and research, exemplified in this thesis by a study on testicular cancer. In contrast, the newly established and planned healthcare databases in different Swedish counties are mainly for managerial purposes. As is shown in this thesis, these new databases may also be used to address problems in epidemiology and healthcare research.
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Lutz, Wolfgang, Stuart Basten i Sergei Scherbov. "Very long range global Population Scenarios to 2300 and the Implications of Sustained low Fertility". Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2013. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5607/1/28%2D39.pdf.
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Depending on whether the global level of fertility is assumed to converge to the current European TFR (~1.5) or that of Southeast Asia or Central America (~2.5), global population will either decline to 2.3-2.9 billion by 2200 or increase to 33-37 billion, if mortality continues to decline. Furthermore, sizeable human populations exist when the 'voluntary chosen' ideal family size is heavily concentrated around one child per woman with TFRs as low as 0.6-0.8. However, the UN population projections to 2300 use a much narrower band of possible future TFRs.
If the two-child norm is not necessarily the end-point transition, what would be the consequences of the currently reported low fertility rates being sustained and becoming widespread?
We present new projections for 13 IPCC world regions with scenarios calculated on the basis of regular cohort-component projections by age and sex in single-year time steps up to 2300, each based upon a much broader set of fertility assumptions than currently employed. We create three mortality scenarios based upon maximum life expectancies of 90, 100, 110, as well as a series of "Special" scenarios.
Even under conditions of further substantial increases in life expectancy, world population size would decline significantly if the world in the longer run followed the examples of Europe and East Asia.
In contrast to Malthusian disaster scenarios, our exercise illustrates the distinct possibility of significant population shrinking associated with increasing life expectancy and human well-being.
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Lamkin, Megan K. "The Extent of Contemporary Species Loss and the Effects of Local Extinction in Spatial Population Networks". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1468337029.
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Wisper, Lāsma. "Satisfaction of the full time employed Latvian adult population with general practitioners". Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för hälsovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-20200.
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Introduction: Satisfaction of primary care is important factor that improve persons trust to primary care and encourage visiting their GP more often. Therefore it is one of key point to provide society with lasting and continuous medical care. Good access to GPs is even more important to full time employed persons because of limited time resources. However, there is a lack of studies about factors that influence Latvian full time employed adult population satisfaction with GPs.Objective: The aim of the study was to analyse socio economics factors, usage of the health care resources, GP availability and communication influence to full time employed adult satisfaction with GP in Latvia.Method: Quantitative survey study design was used based on data from Health Behaviour among Latvian Adult Population 2016 survey (FINBALT). Data from 1864 persons were used for data analysis with SPSS Statistic 25,0.Result: Opening (contact) hours, way of contacting GP practice, seeing GP in the appointed time, GP characteristics, patient’s self-assessed health condition and visiting GP in last year were factors that affected full time employed person’s satisfaction with GP in Latvia.Conclusion: Targeted measures in stately, praxis and individual level could be introduced to improve full time employed person’s satisfaction with GP.
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Ouayjan, Adib. "Dendroécologie et génétique d'une population de hêtre (Fagus sylvatica) en marge chaude de l'aire de répartition de l'espèce". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0798/document.
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Le changement climatique devrait causer un déclin des populations d'arbres forestiers résidant à des faibles latitudes, en marges chaudes de la distribution de l’espèce. En effet, le réchauffement et le stress dû au changement de l'équilibre hydrique devraient entraîner une réduction de la croissance et de la reproduction des arbres, et une augmentation de la mortalité. Cette thèse de doctorat étudie la structure démographique et génétique d'une population naturelle de hêtre (Fagus sylvatica) située dans un refuge climatique, en marge chaude de la distribution de l’espèce dans le sud-est de la France. Cette population persiste sur les pentes des gorges karstiques le long d’une rivière, le Ciron (Gironde), un lieu qui hébergeait déjà des hêtres pendant la dernière période glaciaire. L'objectif général de la présente thèse est de mieux comprendre comment cette population de refuge climatique a réussi à persister à travers les changements climatiques passés et comment elle pourrait répondre au réchauffement climatique. Le premier chapitre de thèse évalue la structure et la diversité génétique de l'ensemble de la population d'arbres adultes (n = 932) afin d’inférer son histoire postglaciaire. L'étude révèle que la population se compose de deux clusters génétiques avec différents niveaux de diversité. Cela peut refléter une population locale ancienne qui a été successivement colonisée par des génotypes d'immigrés. Le deuxième chapitre de la thèse étudie le système d'accouplement et les modèles de mouvement du pollen au sein de la population. Cela était possible en analysant les progénitures de graines provenant d'arbres mères sélectionnés (n = 30) tout le long de la population. L’étude montre que l'accouplement prédominant entre voisins génétiquement apparentés a entraîné une structure génétique spatiale très forte. Ce phénomène aide à expliquer le brassage lent des deux clusters génétiques présents dans la population. Le troisième chapitre de la thèse consiste en une analyse dendroécologique basée sur un tiers de la population adulte de hêtres (n = 317), plus 79 chênes pédonculés (Quercus robur) échantillonnés pour la comparaison. Les études sur les cernes annuels et la modélisation basée sur les projections climatiques révèlent que la croissance du hêtre a été relativement peu affectée par des conditions climatiques de plus en plus sèches. Une forte augmentation de la croissance radiale a été démontrée pour le hêtre entre 1860 et 1920 qui a atteint un plateau plus tard. Ensuite, la croissance a légèrement diminué depuis les années 1980, et cela ne sera probablement pas accentué à l’avenir d'après les scénarios climatiques futurs de la région. En outre, les analyses à des échelles fines, y compris les isotopes, montrent une grande hétérogénéité de performance entre les arbres en terme de croissance et d'efficience d'utilisation d’eau. Cela est en partie expliqué par la topographie locale de la vallée refuge, et pourrait également être influencé, dans une faible mesure, par le génotype des arbres.La combinaison des deux approches de recherche, la dendroécologie et l’écologie moléculaire, a permis à cette étude d'atteindre des meilleures connaissances sur cette population particulière de hêtres dans la vallée du Ciron et sur sa performance dans un environnement abiotique contraignant. Ces idées représentent des informations de base précieuses pour la conservation et la gestion de cette population et d'autres populations d'arbres forestiers dans un climat en évolution rapideModern climate change is expected to cause a decline of forest tree populations that reside at the current low-latitude margin of species' ranges. Warming and a changing water balance stress are expected to result in reduced tree growth and reproduction and increasing mortality. This doctorate thesis investigates the demographic and genetic structure of a natural beech (Fagus sylvatica) population located in a climate refugium at the species' xeric range margin in SW France. This population persists on the slopes of a karstic canyon along the Ciron River (Gironde), a place that already harboured beech during the past glacial period. The overall goal of the present thesis is to better understand how this refugial population has managed to persist through past climate changes and how it responds to recent global warming.The first thesis chapter assesses the genetic structure and diversity of the entire adult tree population (n = 932) to infer its postglacial history. The study reveals that the stand consists of two genetic clusters with different levels of diversity, which are likely to reflect an ancient local population that is successively being colonized by immigrant genotypes. The second thesis chapter investigates the mating system and patterns of pollen movement within the population by analysing seed progenies from selected mother trees (n = 30). It shows that predominant mating between genetically related neighbours has resulted in a very strong spatial genetic structure, a phenomenon that helps explain the observed slow admixture of the two genetic clusters present in the population. The third thesis chapter performs an extensive dendroecological analysis based on a third of the adult beech population (n = 317), plus 79 Pedunculate oaks (Quercus robur) sampled for comparison. Tree-ring studies and modeling based on climate projections reveal that beech growth has been so far relatively slightly affected in an increasingly xeric climate conditions. A strong increase in radial growth has been shown for beech between 1860 and 1920 that ceased later on. Then growth has declined imperceptibly since the 1980s without showing any accentuated decreasing according to the future climate scenarios data of the region. Fine-scale analyses including carbon stable isotopes show great among-tree heterogeneity in performance (in terms of growth and water use efficiency) that is partly driven by the fine-scale topography of the refugial habitat and might also be influenced to a small extent by the tree genotype.Its combination of dendroecological and molecular ecological research approaches has enabled the thesis to attain important insights into the special character of the Ciron beech population and its performance within a constraining abiotic environment. Such insights represent valuable background information for the conservation and management of this and other refugial forest tree populations in a rapidly changing climate
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Gray, Teagen K. "Global Population Structure of the Dusky Shark and Geographic Sourcing of Shark Fins from Commercial Markets". NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/53.
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The dusky shark, Carcharinus obscurus, is a globally distributed, coastal-pelagic species subject to an apparent high level of exploitation. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists this species as “Vulnerable” globally, and “Endangered” within western North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico waters due to an over 80% decline in this region, with no evidence of population recovery. The extensive exploitation of dusky sharks may partly be attributed to the high market value of its fins, but the contribution of individual dusky shark stocks to the fin markets is unknown. This knowledge would be helpful to detect if specific stocks are experiencing disproportionate levels of exploitation. Due to its susceptibility to overfishing, current dire conservation status and need for additional information on its population dynamics, we analyzed the genetic population structure and genetic diversity of the dusky shark (n = 415) across 8 globally distributed locations utilizing 10 nuclear microsatellite loci. The nuclear marker analyses support and extend previously published mitochondrial marker work, identifying a strong divergence among Atlantic and Indo-Pacific samples. Furthermore, nuclear marker results indicate the presence of six genetically discrete management units for dusky sharks, with significant genetic differentiation between the western North Atlantic, South African, and each of three Australian site collections (N, E and W coasts). Discovery of these nuclear microsatellite-defined, smaller geographic scale management units provides a basis for the assignment of market-derived fins to their population of origin with the use of genetic assignment techniques.
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Helander, Hanna. "Geographic Disparities in Future Global Food Security : Exploring the Impacts of Population Development and Climate Change". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Naturresurser och hållbar utveckling, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-314012.
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Meeting the food demands of a growing population is one of the currently most critical issues for the world community. Additionally, negative impacts of climate change on agriculture are expected in some densely populated regions of developing economies. In this thesis, I examine spatial patterns of future impacts of population development and climate change on food security and how these impacts correlate with current patterns of food security and poverty. I aim to assess the global spatial patterns of food insecurity, concerning the current situation and future prognosis, to quantify the impact of population development and climate change on food security, and to examine to what extent poverty can explain spatial patterns. To identify spatial patterns, I performed a multiple correlation analysis. The aggregated impact estimate of population development and climate change was calculated by adding their respective national predictions. The explanatory power of poverty was evaluated using regression models which contained population development predictions and current food security as functions of poverty rate. Based on the my results and a literature review I discuss the future geographic disparities of food security and the corresponding consequences for combating hunger. My results show that global geographic disparities are likely to increase substantially, mainly because population, and in turn food demand, will increase strongly in sub-Saharan Africa, the region with the highest decline of resources in relation to population. Impacts of climate change show a similar geographic pattern where foodinsecure regions will be affected the most. I found that poverty is a significant explanatory variable for both population growth and food security. The literature review support causality between variables, which places poverty at the core of food security issues. Poverty causes both a barrier to access food markets and population growth,which ultimately decrease food availability. In order to reach zero hunger for the coming generations, there is an urgent need to redistribute resources, change direction in agriculture practices and implement extensive political measures that carefully consider both local and global contexts.
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Lutz, Wolfgang. "Two statements on population and sustainable development produced by global scientific panels in 2002 and 2012". Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/5401/1/70_VYPR13_037%2D045.pdf.
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Leone, Agostino. "Genetic characterisation and global comparison of ancient Mediterranean Great White Sharks population (Carcharodon carcharias, L.1758)". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/5115/.
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This study poses as its objective the genetic characterization of the ancient population of
the Great White shark, Carcharodon carcharias, L.1758, present in the Mediterranean
Sea. Using historical evidence, for the most part buccal arches but also whole, stuffed
examples from various national museums, research institutes and private collections, a
dataset of 18 examples coming from the Mediterranean Sea has been created, in order to
increase the informations regarding this species in the Mediterranean.
The importance of the Mediterranean provenance derives from the fact that a genetic
characterization of this species' population does not exist, and this creates gaps in the
knowledge of this species in the Mediterranean.
The genetic characterization of the individuals will initially take place by the extraction
of the ancient DNA and the analysis of the variations in the sequence markers of the
mitochondrial DNA. This approach has allowed the genetic comparison between
ancient populations of the Mediterranean and contemporary populations of the same
geographical area.
In addition, the genetic characterization of the population of white sharks of the
Mediterranean, has allowed a genetic comparison with populations from global "hot
spots", using published sequences in online databases (NCBI, GenBank).
Analyzing the variability of the dataset, both in terms space and time, I assessed the
evolutionary relationships of the Mediterranean population of Great Whites with the
global populations (Australia/New Zealand, South Africa, Pacific USA, West Atlantic),
and the temporal trend of the Mediterranean population variability.
This method based on the sequencing of two portions of mitochondrial DNA genes,
markers showed us how the population of Great White Sharks in the Mediterranean, is
genetically more similar to the populations of the Australia Pacific ocean, American
Pacific Ocean, rather than the population of South Africa, and showing also how the
population of South Africa is abnormally distant from all other clusters. Interestingly,
these results are inconsistent with the results from tagging of this species.
In addition, there is evidence of differences between the ancient population of the
Mediterranean with the modern one. This differentiation between the ancient and
modern population of white shark can be the result of events impacting on this species
occurred over the last two centuries.
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Wang, Xiao. "Langevin, population density and moment-based modeling of local and global aspects of intercellular calcium signaling". W&M ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539624005.
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Markov chain models of the coupled gating of intracellular calcium (Ca 2+) channels are often used to study the stochastic dynamic of local Ca2+ release events and whole cell Ca2+ homeostasis. However, the runtime of the Markov chain description of Ca2+ channel gating is exponential in the number of Ca2+ channel states and may thus result in a combinatorial state space explosion when the number of channel states is large. This dissertation presents several novel stochastic modeling approaches that capture important aspects of Ca 2+ signaling while improving computational efficiency. This dissertation presents several novel stochastic modeling approaches that capture important aspects of calcium Ca2+ signaling. First, we present a Ca 2+ release site modeling approach based on a Langevin description of stochastic Ca2+ release. This Langevin model facilitates our investigation of correlations between successive puff/spark amplitudes, durations and inter-spark intervals, and how such puff/spark statistics depend on the number of channels per release site and the kinetics of Ca2+ -mediated inactivation of open channels. Second, we show that when the Ca2+ channel model is minimal, Langevin equations in a whole cell model involving a large number of release sites may be replaced by a single Fokker-Planck equation. This yields an extremely compact and efficient local/global whole cell model that reproduces and helps interpret recent experiments investigating Ca2+ homeostasis in permeabilized ventricular myocytes. Last but not least, we present a population density and moment-based approach to modeling L-type Ca2+ channels. Our approaches account for the effect of heterogeneity of local Ca2+ signals on whole cell Ca currents. Moreover, they facilitate the study of domain Ca-mediated inactivation of L-type Ca channels.
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Heming, Meike. "Workplace violence and its association with sleep disturbances in the Swedish working population". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för folkhälsovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-182514.
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Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between workplace violence and sleep disturbances in the Swedish working population, and to estimate potential dose-response relationships. Methods: Data were derived from two waves (2014 and 2016) of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (n=9364). Sleep disturbances were measured with four items of the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire and one question asked whether the participants were exposed to violence or threats of at the workplace in the past six months. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Exposure to workplace violence was associated with higher odds of concurrent sleep disturbances (cross-sectional approach). Workplace violence was also associated with higher odds of subsequent sleep disturbances, but only when covariates were not adjusted for (prospective approach). Sleep disturbances were associated with higher odds of subsequent workplace violence (reverse approach). A dose-response relationship was found in the cross-sectional approach but not in the prospective and reverse approach. Conclusion: The findings suggested that there was a cross-sectional association between workplace violence and sleep disturbances, and that sleep disturbances were prospectively associated with exposure to workplace violence, but the results did not support a statistically significant prospective association between workplace violence and sleep disturbances.
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Uhre, Andreas Nordang. "On Transnational Actor Participation in Global Environmental Governance". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-89748.
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The formal access of transnational actors (TNA) to international organizations (IO) has increased steadily over the past five decades, and a growing body of literature is at the moment concerned with the theoretical and normative implications of these developments. However, very little is known as of yet about who the TNAs in global governance are, where they come from, which issue areas they focus on, and when and where they choose to participate. Using analytical tools from interest group theory, in particular a subfield called population ecology, this study describes and explains the chronological development of two populations of TNAs in global governance, namely the observer communities of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. TNAs’ financial resources and their geographical proximity to global governance venues emerge as important factors influencing their capacity to participate, causing these TNA populations to be stratified and volatile.
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Mirella, Veras. "Global Health Competencies for Family Physician Residents, Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy Students: A Province-Wide Study". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24924.
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Introduction: In the new century, worldwide health professionals face new pressures for changes towards more cost-effective and sustainable health care for all populations. Globalization creates daunting challenges as well as new opportunities for institutions and health professionals being more connected and rethink their strategies toward an interprofessional practice. Although Health professionals are paying increased attention to issues of global health, there are no current competency assessment tools appropriate for evaluating their competency in global health. This study aims to assess global health competencies of family medicine residents, nursing, physiotherapy and occupational therapy students in five universities across Ontario, Canada
Methods: A total of 429 students participated in the Global Health Competency Survey, drawn from family medicine residency, nursing, physiotherapy and occupational therapy programs of five universities in Ontario, Canada. The surveys were evaluated for face and content validity and reliability.
Results: Factor analysis was used to identify the main factors to be included in the reliability analysis. Content validity was supported with one floor effect in the “racial/ethnic disparities” variable (36.1%), and few ceiling effects. Seven of the twenty-two variables performed the best (between 34% and 59.6%). For the overall rating score, no participants had floor or ceiling effects. Five factors were identified which accounted for 95% of the variance. Cronbach’s alpha was >0.8 indicating that the survey items had good internal consistency and represent a homogeneous construct. The results of the survey demonstrated that self-reported knowledge
confidence in global health issues and global health skills were low for family medicine residents, nursing, physiotherapy and occupational therapy’ students. The percentage of residents and students who self-reported themselves confident was less than 60% for all global health issues.
Conclusion: The Global Health Competency Survey demonstrated good internal consistency and face and content validity. The new century requires professionals competent in global health. Improvements in the core competencies in global health can be a bridge to a more equal world. Institutions must offer interprofessional approaches and a curriculum that exposes them to a varied learning methods and opportunities to improve their knowledge and skills in global health.
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Peso, Fernández Marcos. "Conservation Planning of the Endangered Pyrenean frog by integratingnatural history, landscape and population genomics under Global Changes Scenarios". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666635.
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The Pyrenean frog (Rana pyrenaica) is a Pyrenees endemic species, mostly distributed between Navarra and Aragón, and recently was described in few streams of France. The typical habitat of the species is mountain streams. It is cataloged as an Endangered, by IUCN, however we not know some aspects about it biology, natural history, as well as the current populations stats and precise distribution range. In this thesis we were done an intensive fieldwork that has allowed us collect data of distribution and density population, genetics, special connectivity and the real populations status of rana pirenaica (Rana pyrenaica) populations. About conservation status, we have increased the known distribution range of the species with new localities, even if the species was disappeared in many historical localities, for not known reasons. The estimated population size is low in many localities, so local extinctions probabilities is higher. The rana pirenaica is genetically homogeneous, both using mitochondrial genomes and nuclear marker (SNPs), and has suffered a bottleneck with subsequent geographical expansion since the Last Glacial Maximum. The differences between western and east populations cores are minimal for Mitochondrial DNA, and there has been a recent gene flow between populations through the pre-Pyrenees. In Nuclear genes is observed a population division during the Holocene in five or six genetically differentiation cores. The landscape genetics analyses suggest that big rivers and pronounced unevenness have acted as barriers that allowed this differentiation, and exist an effectiveness separation between the species eastern and western cores. The lethal amphibian fungi Batrachoquitrium dendrobatidis was massively detected throughout the occurrence area of R. pyrenaica, even though the fungi impact on the specie is not known. The forecast climate models predict that growth chytrid conditions will be better in high elevation under Global Change scenarios, that high elevation populations of many amphibians’ species may be affected. The obtained data confirmed rana pirenaica as an Endangered species. A series of management measures of in situ conservation is proposed, as well as conservation unities in the whole distribution area. This work has made possible identify management measures for these species as well as assessing their current conservation status, which we hope will help the conservation of the species in Navarra and Aragón and especially in the Ordesa and Monte Perdido National Park, which is the only one that harbors Pyrenean frog populations.La rana pirenaica (Rana pyrenaica) es una especie endémica de los Pirineos, que se distribuye principalmente entre Navarra y Aragón, y habita en ríos de montaña. Ha sido catalogada por la IUCN como una especie en Peligro de Extinción, si bien se desconocen muchos aspectos de su biología, historia natural, así como el estado actual de sus poblaciones y distribución precisa. En esta tesis se ha realizado un trabajo de campo intenso que nos ha permitido recabar datos de distribución y densidad poblacional, genética, conectividad espacial y estado de las poblaciones de la rana pirenaica (Rana pyrenaica). En cuanto al estado de conservación, hemos incrementado el área de distribución conocida de esta especie con nuevas localidades, si bien varias poblaciones históricas han desaparecido por causas desconocidas. El tamaño poblacional estimado es bajo en muchas localidades, por lo que la probabilidad de extinción local es elevada. La rana pirenaica es muy homogénea genéticamente, tanto empleando genomas mitocondriales como con marcadores nucleares (SNPs), y ha sufrido un cuello de botella con posterior expansión geográfica desde la última glaciación. Las diferencias entre el núcleo oriental y occidental son mínimas en ADN mitocondrial, y ha existido un flujo genético reciente entre poblaciones a través del pre-Pirineo. En genes nucleares se observa una división poblacional durante el Holoceno en 5 o 6 núcleos genéticamente diferenciados. Los análisis de genética del paisaje sugieren que los principales ríos y desniveles pronunciados han actuado como barreras que permitieron esta diferenciación, y existe una separación efectiva entre el núcleo oriental y occidental de la especie. Se ha detectado la presencia masiva del hongo Batrachoquitrium dendrobatidis en todo el área de distribución de rana pirenaica, si bien su impacto en la especie es desconocido. Los modelos de clima futuro predicen que las condiciones de crecimiento del quítrido serán mejores en altitudes mayores bajo escenarios de cambio global, de forma que las poblaciones de altitud de muchas especies de anfibios se podrán ver afectadas. Los datos obtenidos confirman a rana pirenaica como en Peligro de Extinción. Se proponen una serie de medidas de gestión para la conservación in situ de la especie, así como unidades de gestión en toda el área de distribución. Este trabajo ha permitido identificar medidas de gestión de estas especies así como valorar su situación actual de conservación, las cuales esperamos que sirvan de ayuda a la gestión de la especie en Navarra y Aragón y especialmente en el Parque Nacional de Ordesa y Monte Perdido que es el único que alberga poblaciones de rana pirenaica.
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Arias, Mella Maria Belen. "Global and local population genetics of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, an invasive pest of fruit crops". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/64776.
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Invasive species are recognised as one of the most important, growing threat to food biosecurity, causing a significant economic loss in agricultural systems. Despite their damaging effect, they are attractive models for the study of evolution and adaptation in newly colonised environments. Currently, the global climate represents one key potential stressors to impact the food biosecurity because of its influence in the distribution and change in the abundance of agricultural pests. The tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) contain some of the most successful invaders and most devastating agricultural pests recognised worldwide. Among them, the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata and the South American fruit flies in the genus Anastrepha are particularly important for crop production. Insecticides have been used extensively for their control. This thesis investigates factors that are related to invasiveness in these species, in order to provide novel information that will ultimately improve management control methods. First, environmental niche modelling was used to determine the influence of climate change in the potential habitat distribution of C. capitata, predicting both polewards expansion as well as greater connectivity. Next, historical global dispersal patterns of the medfly over the past two centuries were investigated using molecular and genetic approaches. In Chapter 4, different attempts to identify the point mutation G328A Ccace2 gene that confers resistance to insecticides were assessed at local and intercontinental scale, in part by studying museum specimens from before and after the use of pesticides. Additionally, to improve genetic knowledge of this invasive species, the mitogenome of different species of Anastrepha were sequenced and analysed together with others tephritid. This investigation provides crucial information revealing the evolutionary factors that influence the medfly’s successful invasions and will contribute to the development of evidence-driven pest management protocols, especially in the Americas, including the choice among different control methods as well as the establishment of quarantine procedures to interrupt colonisation routes.
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Almagro-Garcia, Jacob. "Global and local patterns of population structure and their role in the evolution and demography of Plasmodium falciparum". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:665fd1aa-bcdd-4b05-8db0-868cf0a6572b.
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In this thesis, I study the role of genetic population structure in the evolution and demography of Plasmodium falciparum by focusing on the recent onset of artemisinin resistance in Southeast Asia, an alarming event for global public health. I describe the population structure of Plasmodium falciparum in the Thai-Cambodian border region, characterizing sympatric but differentiated subpopulations associated with artemisinin resistance. I show evidence that they are the product of recent founder events and seem the primary force spreading resistance. Next, I study a superset of the kelch13 mutations associated with artemisinin resistance, assessing their relationship with population structure and recent founder effects. Each resistant subpopulation possesses a distinct kelch13 allele that, in conjunction with a particular genetic background, seem to have driven recent founder effects. I examine the demography of these resistance alleles using patterns of haplotype sharing and show that the primary mode of spread consists of independent mutational events, with limited gene flow within countries in East Southeast Asia. Subsequently, I assess the origin of kelch13 mutations observed in African isolates, concluding that they are indigenous and have originated independently. These observations undermine localized resistance containment as a strategy for malaria control and suggest that population structure and founder effects may predate and facilitate the emergence of resistance. Therefore, monitoring these phenomena could warn about the development of resistance before phenotypic evidence materializes. Next, given the importance of demographic inference to inform malaria control programs and the advent of large genomic datasets, I develop a fast and scalable method to build the ancestral haplotype graph. I show that this data structure, composed of a collection of local haplotype trees, is informative about the recent genealogical history of the sequences and can be used to summarize and study shared haplotype patterns along the genome. I describe a set of algorithms with quasilinear time complexity as a first step in the development of scalable demographic inferential methods that can be applied to several thousands of sequences. I also evaluate how mixed infections affect the analysis of deep sequencing data and review the FWS statistic, a relative measure of inbreeding and complexity of infection. In doing so, I show that the original FWS estimator discards the diversity encoded by rare variants and provide an alternative estimator without such bias that is simpler, more intuitive and has a better resolution.
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Figueres, Fernando, i Elena Popova. "Environmental Kuznets Curve for Carbon Intensity : a Global Survey". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15656.
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The Environmental Kuznets Curve is an inverted U-shaped relationship which demonstrates how environmental degradation increases as countries begin to develop and lowers as they become wealthier. The classical EKC measures the effects of GDP per capita (a country’s wealth) on pollu-tion. This paper is a study of the connection of a number of factors- GDP per capita, fossil fuels, al-ternative and nuclear energy, rural population and life expectancy at birth to the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Two econometric approaches are applied in order to test whether the variables have a more pronounced linear or quadratic form. Four income groups of countries are investigated in order to check if the state of development plays a crucial role in environmental deterioration. The results of the study point out that EKC does not apply for the chosen variables. From the regression for GDP, however, it can be concluded that EKC forms in 1990s.
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Lithner, Ellinor. "Association between work-time control and sickness absence : A longitudinal study among the Swedish working population". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för folkhälsovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157581.
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In Sweden, sickness absence due to mental disorder is increasing for both men and women, although more among women. The psychosocial work environment is acknowledged as an important predictor for sickness absence. Employee based work-time control is beneficial for the balance between job stress and recovery and could therefore be of interest when aiming to prevent sickness absence. The aim is to investigate the association between control over daily hours (CoDH) and control over time off (CoT), respectively, and sickness absence. The study also examine whether the association differ by gender and if burnout or depression mediates the associations. Data was derived from two waves of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH) which is an approximate representation of the Swedish working population (n=8418, of which 4936 were females). Binary logistic regression was used as method of analysis. After adjustment for possible confounders, no association between CoDH and sickness absence was found. Low CoT was significantly associated with sickness absence among men (OR=0.90 [0.84, 0.96]), but not among women. Neither burnout nor depression mediates the associations. CoT is stronger associated with sickness absence than CoDH. CoT with regard to sickness absence is of greater importance for men than women.
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De, Biasi Juliana Beltramin. "Diversidade e estrutura populacional global do tubarão azul (Prionace glauca) utilizando marcadores moleculares". Botucatu, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/157111.
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Orientador: Fernando Fernandes MendonçaResumo: Tubarões são organismos amplamente reconhecidos como predadores de topo de cadeia e sua distribuição geográfica associada à capacidade migratória em diversas espécies, principalmente pelágicas, tornam as avaliações e monitorias de suas populações uma tarefa complexa. O tubarão-azul, Prionace glauca, é uma espécie globalmente distribuída e altamente migradora, classificado como “Quase Ameaçado” na Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN. No entanto, ao longo de sua história, P. glauca vem sendo frequentemente associado a capturas da pesca industrial e, seus registros recentes, apontam declínios relevantes em suas populações em algumas localidades. Dentre o conhecimento necessário para a gestão adequada e conservação de espécies amplamente exploradas, podemos ressaltar que as informações sobre a variabilidade genética e dinâmica populacional são de grande valia, principalmente quando se trata de uma espécie de elevada capacidade de dispersão. Assim, este estudo é o primeiro a caracterizar a biodiversidade molecular e a estrutura populacional desta espécie globalmente, a partir de 534 indivíduos provenientes de diferentes localidades nos oceanos Atlântico, Índico e Pacífico. Utilizando a região controle de DNA mitocondrial (CR), encontramos 43 haplótipos com diversidade Hd=0,778, diversidade de nucleotídeos de π=0,005 e índice de estrutura populacional global de ΦST=0,054 (P=0,0001). Estes resultados indicam que P. glauca está entre as espécies de tubarões com os maiores ín... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Sharks are organisms widely recognised as top-chain predators and their geographic distribution associated with migratory capacity in several species, mainly pelagic, make evaluations and monitoring of their populations a complex task. The blue shark (Prionace glauca) is a globally distributed and highly migratory species, classified as "Near Threatened" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. However, throughout its history, P. glauca has been frequently associated with industrial fisheries catches, and its recent records indicate relative declines in their populations in some localities. Among the knowledge necessary for the proper management and conservation of widely exploited species, we can highlight the information about genetic variability and population dynamics are of great value, especially when it is a species of high dispersion capacity. Thus, this study is the first to characterise the molecular biodiversity and population structure of this species globally, from 534 individuals from different locations in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. Using the mitochondrial DNA control region (CR), we found 43 haplotypes with diversity Hd = 0.778, nucleotide diversity of π = 0.005 and a global population structure index of ΦST = 0.054 (P = 0.0001). These results indicate that P. glauca is among the species of sharks with the highest indexes of genetic variability and high gene flow among the oceans, with low geographic delimitation and moderate population struct... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor
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Coetzee, Bernard W. T. "Implications of global change for important bird areas in South Africa". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29591.
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The Important Bird Areas (IBAs) network of BirdLife International aims to identify sites that are essential for the long-term conservation of the world’s avifauna. A number of global change events have the potential to negatively affect, either directly or indirectly, most bird species, biodiversity in general and associated ecological processes in these areas identified as IBAs. To assist conservation decisions, I assessed a suite of ten landscape scale anthropogenic pressures to 115 Important Bird Areas (IBAs) in South Africa, both those currently placing pressures on IBAs and those that constitute likely future vulnerability to transformation. These threats are combined with irreplaceability, a frequently used measure of conservation importance, to identify the suite of IBAs which are high priority sites for conservation interventions: those with high irreplaceability and are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. A total of 22 (19%) of the South African IBAs are highly irreplaceable and are highly vulnerable to at least some of the pressures assessed. Afforestation, current and potential future patterns of alien plant invasions affect the largest number of highly irreplaceable IBAs. Only 9% of the area of highly irreplaceable IBAs is formally protected. A total of 81 IBAs (71%) are less than 5% degraded or transformed. This result, together with seven highly irreplaceable IBAs found outside of formally protected areas with lower human densities than expected by chance provides an ideal opportunity for conservation interventions. However, all the pressures assessed vary geographically, with no discernible systematic pattern that might assist conservation managers to design effective regional interventions. Furthermore, I used the newly emerging technique of ensemble forecasting to assess the impact of climate change on endemic birds in relation to the IBAs network. I used 50 endemic species, eight bioclimatic envelope models, four climate change models and two methods of transformation to presence or absence, which essentially creates 2400 projections for the years 2070-2100. The consensual projection shows that climate change impacts are very likely to be severe. The majority of species (62%) lose climatically suitable space and 99% of grid cells show species turnover. Five species lose at least 85% of climatically suitable space. The current locations of the South African Important Bird Areas network is very likely ineffective to conserve endemic birds under climate change along a “business a usual” emissions scenario. Many IBAs show species loss (41%; 47 IBAs) and species turnover (77%; 95 IBAs). However, an irreplaceability analysis identified mountainous regions in South Africa as irreplaceable refugia for endemic species, and some of these regions are existing IBAs. These IBAs should receive renewed conservation attention, as they have the potential to substantially contribute to a flexible conservation network under realistic scenarios of climate change. Considering all the global change threats assessed in this study, the Amersfoort-Bethal-Carolina District and the Grassland Biosphere Reserve (IBA codes: SA018; SA020) are the key IBAs in South Africa for conservation prioritisation.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Zoology and Entomology
unrestricted
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Nussbaum, Gabrielle. "Answers to the tragedy of the commons /". Norton, MA : Wheaton College, 2008. http://dspace.nitle.org/handle/10090/6485.
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Sahin, Oz. "Dynamic Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability and Adaptation to Sea Level Rise: An Integrated Spatial-Temporal Decision Making Approach". Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/368117.
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As the globe continues to warm, coastal communities across the world will increasingly be faced with rising sea levels, as well as changes in storm surge frequency and magnitude. Significantly, most infrastructure, settlements and facilities are located near the coast. While coastal communities have benefitted from the many advantages of living and working in these areas, inevitably they also face the threat of natural disasters. With concern for the consequences of sea level rise (SLR) and associated storm surge (SS), the primary, and most urgent topics for decision makers are the assessment of vulnerability and the evaluation of adaptation measures. However, due to uncertainty in climate change predictions, many vulnerability and adaptation assessments and most town planning activities, which are based on an the assumption that the sea level will remain stable in the future, are in a state of flux. Added to the dilemma is the realisation that the impacts of SLR will, most likely, be spatially non-uniform across the world. It is therefore essential for decision-makers to consider the dynamic and spatial characteristics of these changes in assessing the impacts of SLR when making decisions about future infrastructure and community life.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Lundin-Emanuelsson, Madeleine. "Screen time and Mental health problems : A population-based study [SALVe] about screen time contribution to mental health problems among adolescents in Västmanland". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Hälsa och välfärd, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-55158.
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There is an increasing trend of mental health problems both globally and in Sweden. Moreover, in recent decades there has been an increase in screen time among adolescents. The present study aimed to examine the associations between screen time (i.e., smartphone, computer, and TV) and mental health problems among adolescents in Västmanland and to investigate if the association was different due to gender. A quantitative method with a cross-sectional design was applied. The study used secondary data from the Survey of Adolescent Life in Västmanland 2020. The sample consisted of 3880 adolescents from 9th grade in compulsory school and 2nd grade in upper secondary school. The results showed that high screen time on smartphone was associated with an increased probability for mental health problems in the total sample. In contrast, screen time on TV and computer showed no significant association with mental health problems. Thus, smartphone use was a significant contributor to mental health problems. Furthermore, for girls, high screen time on the smartphone, computer, and TV was associated with increased probability of mental health problems, whereas no significant associations were found among boys. In brief, this study’s findings suggest developing Swedish guidelines to regulate harmful effects from screen time.
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David, Mirela Violeta. "Free Love, Marriage, and Eugenics| Global and Local Debates on Sex, Birth Control, Venereal Disease and Population in 1920s-1930s China". Thesis, New York University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3635118.
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This dissertation traces how eugenics came to underpin discourses pertaining to free love, sex and reproduction in 1920s-1930s China. It shows the eugenic and evolutionist limits to radical or liberal intellectuals' understanding of the role of the individual in the pursuit of sex, free love and birth control. The study examines the scientific view of modernity embodied in eugenics, as well as the challenges to this vision based on humanism and sex aestheticism. Bertrand Russell's visit to China in 1920 with his lover Dora Black led to heated discussions surrounding free love and free divorce, where privacy, the eugenic idea of a "robust individual" and science were key. Meanwhile, translations and the reception of Ellen Key and Havelock Ellis's works on eugenics and love underpinned the reconciliation in Chinese liberal intellectuals' thought between individualism/evolutionary humanism and eugenics, particularly in their debates on sexual and emotional ethics in the 1920s. Margaret Sanger's visit to China in 1922 opened up a debate on the suitability of eugenic birth control to solve China's problems, such as overpopulation and venereal disease. By probing into her interactions with Chinese intellectuals in 1922, this study reveals how her eugenic ideas were received, as well as the political tensions regarding her birth control advocacy. The dissertation demonstrates that the sexual reproductive considerations that had been viewed in the 1920s as a problem of the relationship between the individual and nation/race/society, by the 1930s came to completely subordinate the role of the individual to national and racial regeneration concerns. Sanger's continued correspondence with Chinese medical professionals came to shape the birth control movement in the 1930s in more strictly eugenic terms. This research contends that eugenics was not only influential in discourse, but came to be implemented in practice in the fields of sex hygiene, birth control and VD regulation. The agency of pioneer female gynecologists in the 1930s is emphasized by examining how they brought eugenics in practice in their birth control clinics, how they localized global female experience and theories on birth control and hygiene, either through translation or through their attempts to reach working class women with contraceptive sex education. Lastly I argue that eugenics and social hygiene also functioned as a male oriented ideology in VD policies of various colonial powers: British, American, Japanese, and French as part of an economy of empire. By contrast Chinese Nationalist Hygiene Campaigns and female gynecologists' internalizing of eugenics focused on female health.
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Santos, Francine Modesto dos 1985. "Dinâmica populacional e mudanças ambientais : riscos e adaptação em Ilha Comprida, Litoral Sul de São Paulo". [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/281251.
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Orientador: Roberto Luiz do CarmoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T11:50:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_FrancineModestodos_D.pdf: 5124668 bytes, checksum: e47aef7eca4eeb400c5c3d267d431021 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015
Resumo: O objetivo desta tese é estudar as relações entre a dinâmica populacional, a percepção ambiental e as mudanças ambientais em Ilha Comprida, município do Litoral Sul de São Paulo, o qual está sendo fortemente afetado por um processo de erosão acelerada na Ponta Norte que ameaça construções e a população residente nessa área. Com este estudo buscou-se conhecer e analisar como são percebidos e quais ações são realizadas pela população (residente e de veraneio) e pelo governo local para enfrentar a erosão na extremidade norte da Ilha Comprida. A forma como a população percebe e enfrenta os perigos está relacionada ao envolvimento das pessoas com o lugar, que repercute em suas ações de enfrentamento para lidar com os perigos ambientais do município. A percepção ambiental passa por certa diferenciação entre residentes e não residentes, entre alguns componentes da dinâmica demográfica, como sexo, idade e tempo de residência que foram identificados nas categorias de análise da pesquisa. Com este olhar na dinâmica da população, é possível compreender como os perigos ambientais do município são enfrentados pelos sujeitos que os vivenciam. A estratégia metodológica quanti-quali utilizada para caracterizar sociodemograficamente os grupos populacionais expostos aos perigos ambientais da Ilha Comprida e analisar a percepção ambiental da população residente, de veraneio, de gestores e especialistas acerca dos perigos ambientais da área de estudo foi obtida a partir dos dados dos Censos Demográficos (2000-2010) e da realização de entrevistas qualitativas com estes atores sociais. Desse modo, só foi possível alcançar o objetivo da pesquisa estudando a dinâmica populacional desse município e de sua região. A pesquisa empírica proporcionou a compreensão de como se dá a relação entre a população e os fenômenos do ambiente onde estão, como a população conhece os perigos ambientais aos quais está exposta e promove ações de adaptação aos perigos do lugar que ela construiu socialmente. Os resultados indicam que as autoridades governamentais não têm planos de gestão em vigor para lidar com os perigos ambientais atuais e futuros e que as estratégias de enfrentamento ao perigo ambiental da erosão costeira em Ilha Comprida são realizadas principalmente no nível individual e familiar. Há ainda uma resistência tanto da população local para aceitar a realocação como forma de adaptação às mudanças ambientais da Ilha, quanto da gestão local e de órgãos responsáveis pela proteção da área de estudo para gerenciar os problemas ambientais deste ambiente estuarino-lagunar. Desse modo, propõe-se uma ação mais ampla e efetiva que busque conciliar desenvolvimento socioeconômico e proteção ambiental para melhorar tanto a governança ambiental quanto a capacidade adaptativa desse município costeiro e também de outros locais que enfrentam questões ambientais semelhantes às da Ilha Comprida.
Abstract: The objective of this thesis is to study the relations among the population dynamics, the environmental perception and the environmental changes at Ilha Comprida, a municipality from the southern coastline of São Paulo, which is being strongly affected by an accelerated erosion process in Ponte Norte, which is a menace to the constructions and the resident population of this area. The objective of this study was to know and analyze how the local perception is and which actions are being performed by the population (resident and seasonal) and by the government to face the erosion in the northern end of Ilha Comprida. The way the population perceives and faces it is related to the engagement of the people with the place, which impacts in their actions to handle with the environmental hazards of the municipality. The environmental perception goes through the differentiation between residents and non-residents, among some components of the demographic dynamics such as sex, age and years of residence in the area which were identified in the analysis categories of the research. With this view over the population dynamics, it¿s possible to understand how the environmental hazards are faced by the individuals who experience them. The methodological strategy quanti-quali used to characterize socio-demographically the population groups exposed to the environmental hazards at llha Comprida and analyze the environmental perception of the resident population, the seasonal populations, the managers and the specialists concerning the environmental hazards of the area of study was obtained from the data of the Demographic censuses (from 2000 to 2010) and qualitative interviews with this social actors. Thereby, the objective of the research was only possibly achieved by studying the population dynamics of this municipality and its region. The empirical research has provided the understanding of how the relation between the population and the phenomena of the environment where they are works and how the population get to know the environmental hazards which they are exposed to and promote actions of adaptation to the hazards of the place, which they socially brought up. The results indicate that the governmental authorities have no in force management plans to deal with the current and future environmental hazards and the strategies for dealing with this issue of the coastal erosion at Ilha Comprida are mainly carried through the familiar and individual levels. There is also a resistance concerning both the local population, to accept the reallocation as a way of adaptation to the environmental changes of the island and the local management together with the bodies responsible for the protection of the area of study, to manage the environmental issues of this lagoon estuary. Thereby, a more comprehensive and effective plan of action that tries to conciliate socioeconomic development and environmental protection is proposed to improve both the environmental governance and the capacity of adaptation of this coastal municipality, and also other places that face similar issues compared to the ones at Ilha Comprida
Doutorado
Demografia
Doutor em Demografia