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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Global norms”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 2 lutego 2022

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1

Finnemore, Martha, i Duncan B. Hollis. "Constructing Norms for Global Cybersecurity". American Journal of International Law 110, nr 3 (lipiec 2016): 425–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000016894.

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On February 16, 2016, a U.S. court ordered Apple to circumvent the security features of an iPhone 5C used by one of the terrorists who committed the San Bernardino shootings. Apple refused. It argued that breaking encryption for one phone could not be done without undermining the security of encryption more generally. It made a public appeal for “everyone to step back and consider the implications” of having a “back door” key to unlock any phone—which governments (and others) could deploy to track users or access their data. The U.S. government eventually withdrew its suit after the F.B.I. hired an outside party to access the phone. But the incident sparked a wide-ranging debate over the appropriate standards of behavior for companies like Apple and for their customers in constructing and using information and communication technologies (ICTs). That debate, in turn, is part of a much larger conversation. Essential as the Internet is, “rules of the road” for cyberspace are often unclear and have become the focus of serious conflicts.

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Trenin, Dmitri. "Russia and global security norms". Washington Quarterly 27, nr 2 (marzec 2004): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016366004773097713.

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Skurko, E. V. "DEGLOBALIZATION: FROM GLOBAL LEGAL NORMS TO GLOBAL LEGAL PLURALISM". Pravovedenie IAZH, nr 1 (2021): 160–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31249/rgpravo/2021.01.17.

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The review examines the current problems of globalization in the legal sphere: the issue of global legal norms, legal globalization, modern processes of de-globalization and their «normative project».

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Vesely, Stepan, i Christian A. Klöckner. "Global Social Norms and Environmental Behavior". Environment and Behavior 50, nr 3 (11.04.2017): 247–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916517702190.

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We adopt a recently introduced incentivized method to elicit widely shared beliefs concerning (a) social norms, (b) environmental effect, and (c) difficulty of a wide range of environmental behaviors. We establish that these characteristics, as reflected in elicited beliefs recorded in one sample, predict (out-of-sample) environmental behaviors in a second separate sample. Pro-environmental behaviors perceived to be more socially appropriate and easier to perform, in particular, are more likely to be chosen. We show that subjective social norms mediate the effect of “global” (widely shared) social norms on behavior, which improves our understanding of the normative processes underlying pro-environmental action. Our use of an incentivized elicitation method might moreover mitigate problems associated with conventional surveys, such as social desirability bias, consistency bias, and inattentive responding, as discussed in the article.

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Okereke, Chukwumerije. "Equity Norms in Global Environmental Governance". Global Environmental Politics 8, nr 3 (sierpień 2008): 25–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2008.8.3.25.

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Contestations over justice and equity in international environmental regimes present striking evidence of the struggle to create institutions for global environmental governance that are based on widely shared ethical standards of responsibility and accountability. Focusing on two key equity norms—the common heritage of mankind (CHM) and common but differentiated responsibility (CDR)—this paper highlights four factors that affect the influence of moral responsibility norms in global environmental regimes: (i) source and force of articulation; (ii) nature of issue-area; (iii) “moral temper” of the international community; and (iv) “fitness” of norms with the prevailing neoliberal economic idea and structure. Consequent upon the argument that the most important of all these factors is the “fitness” with the extant neoliberal order, the paper questions the assumptions of the burgeoning constructivist scholarship that tends to overemphasize the independent role of intersubjective beliefs in international politics. Further, it is suggested that the abiding “responsibility deficit” in institutions for global environmental governance is due mostly to the successful co-optation of equity norms for neoliberal ends.

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Caldwell, Marc. "Proto-norms and global media ethics". Communicatio 40, nr 3 (3.07.2014): 239–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02500167.2014.932296.

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Cold-Ravnkilde, Signe Marie, Lars Engberg-Pedersen i Adam Moe Fejerskov. "Global norms and heterogeneous development organizations". Progress in Development Studies 18, nr 2 (25.01.2018): 77–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464993417750289.

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Contemporary development cooperation is characterized by an increasing tension between a growing diversity of actors and significant attempts at homogenizing development practices through global norms prescribing ‘good development’. This special issue shows empirically how diverse development organizations engage with global norms on gender equality. To understand this diversity of norm-engagement conceptually, this introductory article proposes four explanatory dimensions: (i) organizational history, culture and structures; (ii) actor strategies, emotions and relationships; (iii) organizational pressures and priorities; and (iv) the normativeenvironment and stakeholders. We argue that, while development organizations cannot avoid addressing global norms regarding gender equality, they do so in considerably divergent ways. However, the differences are explained less by whether these organizations constitute ‘new’ or ‘old’ donors than by the four identified dimensions.

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Chorev, Nitsan. "Changing Global Norms through Reactive Diffusion". American Sociological Review 77, nr 5 (30.09.2012): 831–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122412457156.

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This article explores conditions under which global norms change. I use a case study in which the original interpretation of an international agreement on intellectual property rights was modified to address demands for improved access to affordable AIDS drugs. Conventional theories that focus on international negotiations cannot fully account for the events in this case. Drawing on the theory of recursivity and insights from the literature on diffusion, I suggest that shifts in global norms occur through reactive diffusion of policies across states. Experiences accumulated in this ongoing process of reinvention eventually lead to a new, globally accepted reinterpretation of the original obligation.

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9

Toope, Stephen J. "Internationalism and Global Norms for Neuroethics". American Journal of Bioethics 9, nr 1 (5.01.2009): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265160802617902.

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Bartram, Dave. "Global Norms: Towards Some Guidelines for Aggregating Personality Norms Across Countries". International Journal of Testing 8, nr 4 (13.11.2008): 315–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15305050802435037.

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Collins, A. "Norm diffusion and ASEAN's adoption and adaption of global HIV/AIDS norms". International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 13, nr 3 (30.07.2013): 369–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/irap/lct012.

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Hensengerth, Oliver. "Global norms in domestic politics: environmental norm contestation in Cambodia's hydropower sector". Pacific Review 28, nr 4 (20.02.2015): 505–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2015.1012107.

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Folk, David. "When are global units norms of units?" Acta Arithmetica 76, nr 2 (1996): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/aa-76-2-145-147.

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Ratner, Steven R. "International Law: The Trials of Global Norms". Foreign Policy, nr 110 (1998): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1149277.

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Tarullo, Daniel K. "Norms and Institutions in Global Competition Policy". American Journal of International Law 94, nr 3 (lipiec 2000): 478–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2555320.

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Over the last several years, a chorus of voices have called for international action in the area of competition policy. A good deal of dissonance, however, can be discerned among these voices. Most who have joined in share at least a stated commitment to promoting competition principles, as embodied in the antitrust laws of many countries. Yet their policy prescriptions differ dramatically, as evidenced by the divergent views of the United States and Europe. The European Commission proposes that the member states of the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiate a binding competition code. The United States has rejected this idea and counterproposes increased bilateral cooperation between national competition authorities and continued study of the issue. Of course, national differences may arise as much from negotiating tactics as from disagreement on the analytics of which kind of arrangements are most likely to advance competition principles; but for those interested in law and policy, these analytics should be central to choosing among varying proposals. Since competition policy was one of the many issues left unresolved by the failed Seattle ministerial meeting of the WTO in late 1999, and will surely be revisited, how and why certain institutional configurations advance or retard agreed policy aims are questions ripe for attention. The answers will help define the possibilities for competition policy in an era of globalizing markets and contribute to a broader debate over the limits of trade policy in reconciling national economic policies.

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Oswald, Frederick L. "Global Personality Norms: Multicultural, Multinational, and Managerial". International Journal of Testing 8, nr 4 (13.11.2008): 400–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15305050802435201.

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George, Alexander L. "US-Soviet Global Rivalry: Norms of Competition". Journal of Peace Research 23, nr 3 (wrzesień 1986): 247–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002234338602300304.

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Dembinski, Matthias. "Procedural justice and global order: Explaining African reaction to the application of global protection norms". European Journal of International Relations 23, nr 4 (21.12.2016): 809–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066116681059.

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Persistent tensions between the international norm of state sovereignty and emerging human rights norms, including the Responsibility to Protect and the protection of civilians during international peacekeeping, raise the question of when and under what circumstances local and regional actors are more likely to respect global norms. These tensions are particularly stark in Africa. On the one hand, African states and regional organizations were among the first proponents of liberal protection norms in the non-Western world. On the other hand, many African leaders view state sovereignty as indispensable. Building on established empirical justice research in neighboring fields, this article makes an important contribution to the literature by demonstrating that African states are more likely to accept interventionist human rights norms when standards of procedural justice have been observed. The article demonstrates the relevance of procedural justice by examining the puzzle of divergent African reactions to two similar instances of regime change in Libya and the Ivory Coast that were enforced by extra-continental actors in the name of global protection norms.

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19

Lochter, Manfred. "Weakly Kronecker equivalent number fields and global norms". Acta Arithmetica 67, nr 2 (1994): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4064/aa-67-2-105-121.

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Goodhart, Michael. "Democratic Accountability in Global Politics: Norms, not Agents". Journal of Politics 73, nr 1 (styczeń 2011): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002238161000085x.

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Petersen, Marie Juul. "Translating global gender norms in Islamic Relief Worldwide". Progress in Development Studies 18, nr 3 (10.05.2018): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464993418766586.

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Based on a case study of Islamic Relief Worldwide (IRW), this article analyses organizational processes of norm translation, asking how IRW understands and employs global norms of gender equality. Approaching IRW as an organization positioned in between two different normative environments, the analysis explores the ways in which it seeks to align different sets of norms, balance between different kinds of expectations and create resonance with different audiences. In these processes, actors make use of a range of different strategies, including bridging, thinning and parallel co-existence, testifying to the complexities involved in translating organizational norms.

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22

Ooms, Gorik. "Disease diplomacy: international norms and global health security". Global Change, Peace & Security 28, nr 3 (10.06.2016): 334–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2016.1195805.

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Roberts, Stephen L. "Disease diplomacy: international norms and global health security". Medicine, Conflict and Survival 32, nr 3 (2.07.2016): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13623699.2016.1252516.

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Brewis, Alexandra A., Amber Wutich, Ashlan Falletta-Cowden i Isa Rodriguez-Soto. "Body Norms and Fat Stigma in Global Perspective". Current Anthropology 52, nr 2 (kwiecień 2011): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/659309.

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Choukroune, Leïla. "“Harmonious” Norms for Global Marketing the Chinese Way". Journal of Business Ethics 88, S3 (październik 2009): 411–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0305-8.

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Rebrova, Elizaveta, i Roman Vershynin. "Norms of random matrices: Local and global problems". Advances in Mathematics 324 (styczeń 2018): 40–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aim.2017.11.001.

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Manaysay, Ferth Vandensteen. "Norms from Above, Movements from Below". Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights 4, nr 1 (28.06.2020): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v4i1.15952.

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This article seeks to analyse how conceptions of global climate change norms have contributed to the framing strategies and tactics of local indigenous people’s rights movements using the cases of Cordillera Peoples’ Alliance (CPA) from the Philippines and the Aliansi Masyarakat Adat Nusantara (AMAN) from Indonesia. Drawing on the combined theoretical frameworks of the world society approach and the social movement framing theory, this article argues that global climate change norms have provided indigenous people’s rights movements in Indonesia and the Philippines with new sources of vocabularies towards collective action. In theoretical and empirical terms, it contends that the exposure of the local indigenous social movements to global normative mechanisms have shifted local activism, as the world society approach envisages, while framing theory elucidates the manner in which movement-actors are able to interpret and transform the ideas they receive. A paired comparison, based on data collected from the CPA and AMAN’s public pronouncements as well as in-depth interviews with local indigenous movement leaders and members, shows material ideas and instruments that social movements receive from global institutional sources (such as the United Nations climate change agreements, global indigenous declarations, and international climate justice coalitions) have enabled them to produce novel frames for collective action at the local level. Contrastingly, it demonstrates how indigenous climate justice activists have also been able to frame their contentions against the prevailing global norms and ideas about climate change.

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Dubash, Navroz K. "Global Norms Through Global Deliberation? Reflections on the World Commission on Dams". Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 15, nr 2 (12.08.2009): 219–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-01502006.

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Berliner, Daniel, i Aseem Prakash. "From norms to programs: The United Nations Global Compact and global governance". Regulation & Governance 6, nr 2 (19.03.2012): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5991.2012.01130.x.

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Park, Nara. "Global Environment and Local Governments: Global Norms, Policy Adoption, and Local Diffusion". Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 19, nr 2 (29.04.2021): 279–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/19.2.279-303(2021).

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This article investigates a central question in modern organization theory, how organizations adapt to environmental changes by examining the diffusion of environmental ordinances among Korean local governments, 1995 to 2016. There are two waves in the diffusion; ‘Environment Basic Ordinance (1996-2007)’ and ‘Green Growth Ordinance (2010-2013).’ We argue that Korean local governments have increasingly become autonomous and accountable actors that respond to diversified stimulus from surrounding environments, while also concerning about their own needs and capacity. Hence, in adopting ‘Green Growth Ordinances,’ competitively adopted in the 2010s, Korean local governments considered more factors than they had done for ‘Environment Basic Ordinances.’ Employing event history analysis, we find empirical support for this argument. By comparing the diffusion pattern of the two environmental ordinances, this paper traces changing mechanisms of local environmental governance as well as policy diffusion among Korean local governments.

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Green, Fergus. "Anti-fossil fuel norms". Climatic Change 150, nr 1-2 (1.02.2018): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-2134-6.

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Bernstein, Steven. "Liberal Environmentalism and Global Environmental Governance". Global Environmental Politics 2, nr 3 (sierpień 2002): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152638002320310509.

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Global environmental governance rests on a set of norms best characterized by the label “liberal environmentalism.” The 1992 Earth Summit catalyzed the process of institutionalizing these norms, which predicate environmental pro tection on the promotion and maintenance of a liberal economic order. To support this claim, this article identifies the specific norms institutionalized since Rio that undergird international environmental treaties, policies and programs. It also explains why a shift toward liberal environmentalism occurred from earlier, very different, bases of environmental governance. The implications of this shift are then outlined, with examples drawn from responses to climate change, forest protection and use, and biosafety. The article is not an endorsement of liberal environmentalism. Rather, it shows that institutions that have developed in response to global environmental problems support particular kinds of values and goals, with important implications for the constraints and opportunities to combat the world's most serious environmental problems.

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Gorman, Brandon. "Global Norms vs. Global Actors: International Politics, Muslim Identity, and Support for Shariʿa". Sociological Forum 34, nr 1 (19.12.2018): 91–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/socf.12482.

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de Silva, Tiloka, i Silvana Tenreyro. "The Fall in Global Fertility: A Quantitative Model". American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 12, nr 3 (1.07.2020): 77–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.20180296.

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Over the past six decades, fertility rates have fallen dramatically in most middle- and low-income countries. To analyze these developments, we study a quantitative model of endogenous human capital and fertility choice, augmented to allow for social norms over family size. We parametrize the model using data on socioeconomic variables and information on funding for population-control policies aimed at affecting social norms and improving access to contraceptives. We simulate the implementation of population-control policies to gauge their contribution to the decline in fertility. We find that policies aimed at altering family-size norms accelerated and strengthened the decline in fertility, which would have otherwise taken place much more gradually. (JEL J10, J13, J18, J24, O15, Z13)

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Slayton, Caleb. "SOVEREIGNTY, GLOBAL NORMS AND SECURITY COOPERATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA". JWP (Jurnal Wacana Politik) 3, nr 2 (2.10.2018): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jwp.v3i2.19118.

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Syed, Jawad, i Harry J. Van Buren. "Global Business Norms and Islamic Views of Women’s Employment". Business Ethics Quarterly 24, nr 2 (kwiecień 2014): 251–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201452910.

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ABSTRACT:This article examines the issue of gender equality within Islam in order to develop an ethical framework for businesses operating in Muslim majority countries. We pay attention to the role of women and seemingly inconsistent expectations of Islamic and Western societies with regard to appropriate gender roles. In particular, we contrast a mainstream Western liberal individualist view of freedom and equality—the capability approach, used here as an illustration of mainstream Western liberalism—with an egalitarian Islamic view on gender equality. While the article identifies an opportunity for this particular approach to reform patriarchal interpretations and practices of Islam toward gender egalitarian interpretations and practices, it also contests the notions of adaptation and well-being inherent within the capability approach. We suggest that a dialectical approach to understanding the relationships among religion, culture, and business provides a better guide to responsible business action in Muslim Majority countries than does the capability approach.

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Braband, Gangolf, i Justin J. W. Powell. "Luxembourg’s Expanding Higher Education System: Responding to Global Norms". International Higher Education, nr 86 (25.05.2016): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2016.86.9374.

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Luxembourg has an expanding higher education system, with one of the youngest European national research universities at its center. The University of Luxembourg was founded, against local resistance, as an elite institutional response to global norms and to the Europe-wide Bologna Process.

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Weber, Ann M., Beniamino Cislaghi, Valerie Meausoone, Safa Abdalla, Iván Mejía-Guevara, Pooja Loftus, Emma Hallgren i in. "Gender norms and health: insights from global survey data". Lancet 393, nr 10189 (czerwiec 2019): 2455–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30765-2.

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Bodur Ün, Marella. "Contesting global gender equality norms: the case of Turkey". Review of International Studies 45, nr 5 (20.08.2019): 828–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026021051900024x.

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AbstractOver the past two decades, constructivist International Relations (IR) scholars have produced substantial knowledge on the diffusion and adoption of global norms, emphasising the role of Western norm entrepreneurs in constructing and promoting new norms to passive, generally non-Western, norm takers. An emergent literature on norm dynamics unsettles this narrative of linear progress, highlighting the agency of diverse actors, including the agency of non-Western norm entrepreneurs, in normative change. This article contributes to this recent norm research by exploring the normative agency of local actors in the Turkish context, who have actively engaged in normative contestation over the meaning of gender equality. More specifically, the article reveals the crucial role of a pro-government, conservative women's organisation in subverting global gender equality norms and in promoting a local norm of ‘gender justice’ as an alternative. The article furthers research on norm contestation by analysing the discursive strategies and justifications local norm makers have adopted in the Turkish context upon encountering norms that challenged their normative beliefs and practices. Finally, the article critically engages with postsecular feminism, highlighting the agency of a religiously informed, conservative women's organisation as a non-Western norm entrepreneur.

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Björkdahl, Annika, i Ivan Gusic. "‘Global’ norms and ‘local’ agency: frictional peacebuilding in Kosovo". Journal of International Relations and Development 18, nr 3 (lipiec 2015): 265–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jird.2015.18.

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Agarwal, RaviP, i Shusen Ding. "Global Caccioppoli-Type and Poincaré Inequalities with Orlicz Norms". Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2010, nr 1 (2010): 727954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/727954.

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Brown, Garrett Wallace, i Sagar S. Deva. "Contestation and constitution of norms in global international relations". International Affairs 95, nr 5 (1.09.2019): 1159–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiz165.

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Epstein, Charlotte. "The Making of Global Environmental Norms: Endangered Species Protection". Global Environmental Politics 6, nr 2 (maj 2006): 32–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2006.6.2.32.

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Endangered species protection represents one of the most enduring paradigms of global environmental governance. From a localized concept rooted in North American conceptions of nature, it evolved over the first half of the 20th century into a norm shaping inter-state behavior. This article analyzes the making of endangered species protection as the first global environmental norm, within a broadly constructivist framework. The central concern is how the “making of” the norm impacted its becoming; and how it continues to determine the current orientation of global environmental policy-making. Three enduring legacies are explored. First, the norm was essentially “made in the North” and for the North. A genealogy of the norm thus brings into sharp relief the North-South tensions that have developed as the norm was extended onto a global level. Second, the article highlights the divide between conservationists and preservationists, which continues to plague much policy-making today, as it leads to conflicting visions of global environmental well-being. In a genealogical perspective, this split appears constitutive of the norm itself, and no closer to being resolved. Third, the article examines the targeted single-species approach that was first ushered in by the norm, and has become entrenched as a template for global environmental policy-making at large. There the article asks whether the norm has in fact precluded the passage to more comprehensive, ecosystemic approaches in the making of global environmental policies. Throughout the discussion the whaling issue takes center stage, because of its role in the emergence of the norm, and because of the way it continues to capture recent developments in global environmental politics.

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Papanikolas, Matthew A. "Universal Norms on Abelian Varieties over Global Function Fields". Journal of Number Theory 94, nr 2 (czerwiec 2002): 326–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jnth.2001.2744.

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Rublee, Maria Rost, i Avner Cohen. "Nuclear norms in global governance: A progressive research agenda". Contemporary Security Policy 39, nr 3 (4.04.2018): 317–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523260.2018.1451428.

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Stephen, Matthew D. "States, Norms and Power: Emerging Powers and Global Order". Millennium: Journal of International Studies 42, nr 3 (czerwiec 2014): 888–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0305829814537363.

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Orentlicher, D. F. "'Settling Accounts' Revisited: Reconciling Global Norms with Local Agency". International Journal of Transitional Justice 1, nr 1 (1.03.2007): 10–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijm010.

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Dimitrov, Radoslav S. "Hostage to Norms: States, Institutions and Global Forest Politics". Global Environmental Politics 5, nr 4 (1.11.2005): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152638005774785499.

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Global forest politics reveal surprising impacts of environmental norms on state behavior at the international level. Negotiations regarding deforestation have repeatedly failed to produce a policy agreement. Instead of abandoning the deadlocked talks, governments created the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF), a hollow entity deliberately deprived of decision-making powers. Various theoretical perspectives fail to explain why states create blank international institutions without policy mandates. Several arguments are advanced here. First, a global norm of environmental multilateralism (NEM) helps explain the creation of the UNFF as well as universal state participation in it. Second, such “good” norms can have negative consequences in world politics. NEM prohibits states from disengaging from failed political initiatives, and fosters the creation of hollow institutions that nourish skepticism about the effectiveness of global governance. Finally, global forestry defies the widespread academic notion that norms, institutions and governance are coterminous. Sometimes states design “decoy” institutions whose function is to preempt governance.

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Löwe, Benedikt. "A Global Wellordering of Norms Defined via Blackwell Games". Order 22, nr 2 (maj 2005): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11083-005-9003-z.

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Gillespie, Kate, Kishore Krishna i Susan Jarvis. "Protecting Global Brands: Toward a Global Norm". Journal of International Marketing 10, nr 2 (czerwiec 2002): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jimk.10.2.99.19539.

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In 1995, the World Trade Organization bound member countries to new standards of foreign trademark protection. Developed countries were given a year to bring their national trademark regimes into compliance. Other countries were allowed from 5 to 11 years. In the past 7 years, governments have taken many steps to reach compliance. Nonetheless, many countries fall short of the envisaged global norm. To better understand the challenges of the past several years, the authors focus on the state of national trademark regimes on the eve of the establishment of the World Trade Organization. The authors particularly address how contagion influence, resource constraints, and xenophobia affected treaty participation, domestic trademark law, application processing, and the relative treatment of foreign and domestic applications. The authors analyze data for 62 countries, which suggest that distinct patterns of foreign trademark protection existed for developed countries, newly industrialized countries, less developed countries, and transitional economies. The authors explain the managerial implications of these findings and argue that there is evidence that countries are moving toward global norms in trademark protection. However, an international treaty is the beginning, not the end, of this process.

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