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1
Office, General Accounting. Foreign assistance: Any further aid to Haitian justice system should be linked to performance-related conditions : report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): U.S. General Accounting Office, 2000.
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Warnes, Andrew. How the Shopping Cart Explains Global Consumerism. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520295285.001.0001.
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The book argues that the invention and popularization of the shopping cart from the 1940s onward provided the final link in the chain for the new system of industrialized food flow. First in the United States and then around the world, these carts enabled supermarkets to move their goods even faster off their shelves—in a sense, completing the revolution in mechanized farming, electric refrigeration, and road distribution that had occurred during the 1930s. Yet the cart, a basic machine among modernity’s new systems, also recast the work of food shopping in ways that attracted ambivalence and unease. In urging customers to buy all their groceries at once, it radically accelerated the consumerist experience of self-service, creating a new mode of accelerated shopping on impulse that often felt, ironically, far from “convenient.” Above all, as a host of U.S. cultural responses have suggested, the sheer uniformity of the shopping cart has unsettled the individualistic rhetoric of the supermarket industry. Increasingly omnipresent in online shopping, its basic form, defined as a void waiting to be filled, uncomfortably reveals the parallels that exist between human and nonhuman participants in the modern circuit of food flow.
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Caroline, Shenaz Hossein, i Christabell P.J., red. Community Economies in the Global South. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865629.001.0001.
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People everywhere engage in social and solidarity economics to help themselves, community, and society on their own terms. Through a specific form of mutual aid, we examine the people who conscientiously organize financial cooperatives known as rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs) to bring positive changes to their own lives as well as others. ROSCAs are an ancient practice which are well documented, especially among Global Majority people. This book spotlights people in Latin America, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Asia who organize and use ROSCAs, commoning and similar cooperative systems, which are made up of voluntary members who cooperatively make regular contributions to a fund that is given in whole or in part to each member in turn. These collective money structures vary greatly across countries in the Global South, composed of ordinary people belonging to similar class origins. People who take up these systems decide on the rules jointly and in the interests of the collective, the members. The book is organized into case studies, and each case engages with J. K. Gibson-Graham’s community economies theory, as well as drawing on local theories and ideas to recognize distinct cultural contexts. This edited collection is the first of its kind organized by scholars concerned about empirical research, and mostly written by Global Majority scholars and activists to write stories using community economies theories about how people, no matter where they live, do their part to make business inclusive.
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Atun, Rifat, i Gordon Moore. Building a High-Value Health System. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197528549.001.0001.
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Building a High-Value Health System presents a practical, general approach to designing a health system that provides comprehensive, effective, and affordable healthcare for nations across the globe. This book systematically leads readers through the steps of designing a system around a developed country’s needs by describing what a health systems is, how to analyze a country’s health system performance, how to evaluate the needs of a population, how to assess the key capacities available, and how to develop and implement health system improvements tailored to a constituent population. A textually rich workbook drawing on case examples from across the globe, Building a High-Value Health System will provide readers with a deeper understanding of their own health system and provide the framework for the necessary actions toward building a better one.
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Swanepoel, Frans, Aldo Stroebel i Siboniso Moyo, red. The Role of Livestock in Developing Communities: Enhancing Multifunctionality. SunBonani Media, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18820/9781928424819.
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The book provides critical information and knowledge on the importance of livestock in the global effort to alleviate poverty and promote human health. It describes and evaluates case studies, examines theoretical frameworks, and discusses key global policy development issues, challenges and constraints related to smallholder livestock-production systems around the globe. The book is written for academic professionals, industry experts, government officials and other scholars interested in the facts and issues concerning the contribution of livestock to the social and economic progress of developing countries.
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Mevorach, Irit. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782896.003.0007.
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This chapter provides a summary and concluding remarks regarding the future of cross-border insolvency. It argues based on the analysis in the previous chapters that a regime that fits current market conditions and increases global and local welfare is within reach, and is founded on the emerging norms of modified universalism. Persisting territorial inclinations should not cast a shadow over the desirability of modified universalism. Rather than yielding to territorialist inclinations, international actors should strengthen modified universalism by attempting to close gaps in the system to reflect agreed norms and by working to overcome negative biases in favour of positive ones. Modified universalism can crystallize into binding law in the form of customary international law (CIL), which can close gaps and overcome biases. The system can further foster compliance with the norms through a range of measures. While cross-border insolvency is already governed by proper instruments, certain gaps remain. It is suggested that there is room for additional work on the instruments and generally on strengthening the cross-border insolvency system. Future reform should continue to be multifaceted, with different roles assigned to different actors.
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Devereux, Michael P., Alan J. Auerbach, Michael Keen, Paul Oosterhuis, Wolfgang Schön i John Vella. Taxing Profit in a Global Economy. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808060.001.0001.
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This book undertakes a fundamental review of the existing international regime for taxing business profit. It steps back from the current political debates on how to combat profit shifting and how taxing rights over the profits of the digitalized economy should be allocated. Instead, it starts from first principles to ask how we should evaluate a tax on business profit—and whether there is any good rationale for such a tax in the first place. It then goes on to evaluate the existing regime and a number of alternatives that have been proposed. It argues that the existing regime is fundamentally flawed, and that there is a need for radical reform. The key conclusion from the analysis is that there would be significant gains from a reform that moved the regime towards taxing profit in the country in which a business made its sales to third parties. That conclusion informs two proposals that are put forward in detail and evaluated: the Residual Profit Allocation by Income (RPAI) and the Destination-based Cash Flow Tax (DBCFT). The book is authored by group of economists and lawyers—the Oxford International Tax Group, chaired by Michael Devereux. It draws insights from both economics and law—including economic theory, empirical evidence on the impact of taxes, and a detailed examination of practical issues of implementation—to assess the existing system and to consider fundamental reforms. This book will be useful to tax policy makers, tax professionals, academics, and anyone interested in tax policy.
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Quaglia, Lucia. The Perils of International Regime Complexity in Shadow Banking. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866523.001.0001.
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Abstract Despite the role of shadow banking in the building up of the 2008 international financial crisis, the massive size of this sector, its cross-border nature, and the risks it entails for financial stability, the post-crisis regulation of shadow banking has remained rather feeble. Why? This book identifies a ‘game of shadows’, which unfolded recursively concerning the definition, monitoring, and regulation of shadow banking internationally. Thus, states, regulators, and private actors tended to cast light away from various parts of the shadow banking system—shadow banking was (re)fined over time, its measurement was narrowed down, lessening the (perceived) need for regulation. The playing out of such a game was facilitated by the international architecture for shadow banking governance, which is a ‘regime complex’ characterized by the presence of multiple institutions and elemental regimes governing a set of related issues. Indeed, shadow banking is a quintessential case for demonstrating the perils of international regime complexity, which magnifies problems that are endemic in governing global finance—namely, interstate competition, disagreement between technocratic bodies, and the power of the financial industry—while splintering solutions, due to the fragmentation of regulatory authority. Empirically, this book examines various elemental regimes concerning different aspects of shadow banking, namely: international standards for defining, measuring, and monitoring global shadow banking; international standards for shadow banking entities, including money market funds, hedge funds, and investment funds; international standards for shadow banking activities, such as securitization, securities lending, and repos; international standards for bank capital exposures to shadow banking.
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Kabay, Sarah. Access, Quality, and the Global Learning Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896865.001.0001.
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Around the world, 250 million children cannot read, write, or perform basic mathematics. They represent almost 40 percent of all primary school-aged children. This situation has come to be called the “Global Learning Crisis,” and it is one of the most critical challenges facing the world today. Work to address this situation depends on how it is understood. Typically, the Global Learning Crisis and efforts to improve primary education are defined in relation to two terms: access and quality. This book is focused on the connection between them. In a mixed-methods case study, this book provides detailed, contextualized analysis of Ugandan primary education. As one of the first countries in sub-Saharan Africa to enact dramatic and far-reaching primary education policy, Uganda serves as a compelling case study. With both quantitative and qualitative data from over 400 Ugandan schools and communities, the book analyzes grade repetition, private primary schools, and school fees, viewing each issue as an illustration of the connection between access to education and education quality. This analysis finds evidence of a positive association, challenging a key assumption that there is a trade-off or disconnect between efforts to improve access to education and efforts to improve education quality. The book concludes that embracing the complexity of education systems and focusing on dynamics where improvements in access and quality can be mutually reinforcing can be a new approach for improving basic education in contexts around the world.
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Berg, Maxine. Global History and the Transformation of Early Modern Europe. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198768784.003.0008.
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The Industrial Revolution was not only about the conditions of supply in the West. It was also about the development of global trading systems that positioned the West as a nodal point in a global exchange of goods and materials. This chapter makes a clear case for the significance of trade with Asia in the development of the European economies. It examines critically the historiography on the world and the Industrial Revolution: it contrasts the fairly expansive view that Hobsbawm gave to the Industrial Revolution with historiography’s turning first inwards, to Europe only (Landes) and to Britain only (Wrigley, Allen), then outward again, in recent approaches. By emphasizing the interconnectedness of economic development, it raises significant questions about how all scholars should approach the global nature of the modern capitalist economy.
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Drezner, Daniel W. Mercantilist and Realist Perspectives on the Global Political Economy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.260.
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Mercantilism and realism would appear to go hand in glove with each other. If realism represents both a systemic worldview and explanatory model for world politics, then mercantilism would appear to be the paradigm’s default foreign economic policy doctrine. And, to be sure, there are obvious and strong areas of overlap. Both paradigms stress the autonomous role of the state—and warn against capture by particularistic interests. Both also stress the conditioning effects of the distribution of power in defining national economic interests. Despite these constants, however, over time, the two approaches diverged more and more. Most modern-day writers who sympathize with mercantilism do so from perspectives ranging from left-leaning social democracy to more radical Gramscian critiques. Realists, on the other hand, have tended to gravitate towards the conservative, Burkean side of the political spectrum. While realists and mercantilists might agree on the role that power plays in the global economy, they do not necessarily agree on the normative implications of that insight. Paradoxically, as realism has acquired a more “scientific” cast, it has become less influential in international political economy (IPE) scholarship. For realism to maintain its relevancy in IPE, it must reacquire its deftness in incorporating nonstructural variables into its explanatory framework. The paradigm retains some useful predictive power for how systemic political variables affect global economic outcomes, but it is of little use in discussing the reverse causal effects.
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Slingenbergh, Jan, Giuliano Cecchi i Marjan Leneman. Human activities and disease transmission: the agriculture case. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789833.003.0017.
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The time is right to fight poverty, food insecurity and disease. The nexus of agriculture, development and health is presented, highlighting global health security threats of animal origin. Food and Agriculture Organization data illustrate how dynamic farming landscapes modulate livestock disease mosaics. In Latin America, lowland pressures facilitate successful transformation from extensive to intensive agricultural production. In South Asia, smallholders produce the bulk of milk in Asia, despite high disease prevalence and low productivity levels. Disease control improves food security and human and animal health and reduces land and water resources use. A One Health approach is called for to address the health of humans, animals and the environment, as part of sustainable development efforts. The perspective varies by location. Ecology, farming systems, economics and markets differ among world regions, as do the challenges. Despite emerging health security threats, progress has been made toward attaining the 2030 sustainable development goals.
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Cabrera, Luis. The Case for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly as a Means of Promoting Just Security. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805373.003.0016.
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This chapter explores the case for a more formalized United Nations parliamentary assembly, including the potential oversight, accountability, and (ultimately) co-decision roles that such a body could play alongside the UN General Assembly. Given difficulties in expecting national parliamentarians to perform such functions continuously, a UN assembly is found to hold greater potential for promoting key UN system aims in the areas of security, justice, and democratic accountability, even as the existing Inter-Parliamentary Union continued to play some important complementary roles. Learning from relevant global and regional parliamentary bodies, the chapter outlines concrete steps toward developing a parliamentary assembly over time, including the creation of a more informal UN network of UN-focused national parliamentarians in the near term.
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Vaidhyanathan, Siva. 3. Patents and their discontents. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780195372779.003.0003.
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No truly global patent system exists; some treaties ensure that there is mutual respect for patents, but unlike copyright, patents must be registered in individual states to ensure maximum protection. “Patents and their discontents” outlines how patents work, how a patent is acquired, and how it is enforced. Using the case of nanotechnology, which bridges the conceptual gaps between substance and information, hardware and software, and technology and science, it examines the complexities and contradictions of the patent system. It concludes that the struggle to design an ideal patent system—one that creates just enough incentive to drive invention forward yet does not stifle markets nor drive up prices for important products—continues.
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Vittoria, Barsotti, Carozza Paolo G, Cartabia Marta i Simoncini Andrea. II Constitutional Jurisprudence, 4 Key Rights and Freedoms. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780190214555.003.0004.
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Every constitutional system today presents major controversies and encounters significant challenges in the protection and guarantees of fundamental rights, and for that reason they constitute the most lively subject of transnational constitutional dialogue. The Italian Constitutional Court has a highly developed body of jurisprudence on fundamental rights, starting with its very first decision examining the validity of Fascist laws limiting freedom of expression. This chapter provides a broad overview of some of the constitutional principles that ground fundamental rights in Italian constitutional law, such as human dignity and equality, and then presents the Court’s case law in a selected set of problem areas: personal liberty; freedom of religion; protection of the family; reproduction; social rights; immigration. These are areas with which many other constitutional systems are struggling, and the Italian Court’s particular way of conceptualizing and addressing these issues provides a welcome new voice in the global dialogue.
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Schanbacher, William D. Food as a Human Right. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400652318.
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This important work addresses the difficult ethical issues surrounding the accessibility of food to all people as a human right, and not a privilege that emerges because of social structure or benefit of geography. Food sovereignty—the right of peoples to define their own chosen food and agriculture, free of monopolization or threats—is the path to stopping global hunger. This book approaches the topic from a solutions-based perspective, discussing concrete policy providing for sovereignty, or control, of one's own food sources as a solution that, while controversial, offers more promise than do the actions of international organizations and trade agreements. Providing access to safe, healthy food is an ethical responsibility of the world's nations, not just a right of the elite or wealthy. This book presses the need to formulate policies that address the problems of poverty and hunger on a more humane and meaningful level. Organized thematically, chapters are based on such topics as food security, food sovereignty, human rights, and sustainability that focus on the global food system. Specific case studies provide examples of global hunger and poverty issues. Taken in its entirety, the book informs readers of how their food consumption might negatively affect the global poor, while its concluding chapters offer solutions for alleviating problems in the global food system.
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Chalabi, Azadeh. National Human Rights Action Planning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822844.001.0001.
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This book deals with human rights action planning, as a largely under-researched area, from theoretical, doctrinal, empirical, and practical perspectives in order to put forward a new account of such planning. As such, the present work provides one of the most comprehensive studies of human rights planning to date. At the theoretical level, by advancing a novel general theory of human rights planning, it offers an alternative to the traditional state-centric model of planning. This new theory contains four sub-theories: contextual, substantive, procedural, and analytical ones. At the doctrinal level, a textual analysis of core human rights conventions is conducted in order to reveal the scope and nature of the obligation to adopt a national human rights action plan and to consider how to ensure that states are in compliance with this obligation. At the empirical level, a cross-case analysis of national human rights action plans of fifty-three countries is conducted exploring the major problems of these plans in different phases and uncovering the underlying causes. At the practical level, both national and supra-national human rights governance systems are examined. At the supra-national level, a networked model of global human rights governance is suggested as a practical response strategy against the extant global governance system which hardly works as an integrated system. At the national level, after suggesting the establishment of a nation-wide network for implementing human rights, the essential parts of human rights action planning are probed in four phases putting forward some methodological techniques for each phase.
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Axworthy, Lloyd. Resetting the Narrative on Peace and Security. Redaktorzy Alex J. Bellamy i Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.52.
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In little more than a decade, the responsibility to protect (R2P) has evolved from a concept that grew out of early discussions on human security to become an accepted part of global security considerations. Its adoption by the UN World Summit in 2005 introduced a different lens for looking at the threats to people and the need for international action to prevent atrocities. This chapter looks at how to broaden the scope of R2P in the next decade, as a way of responding to the multiple global risks faced by people and as an antidote to the present limitations of the Westphalian, national sovereignty based system. Innovative digital technologies and reformed global governance are especially important in driving the enhanced utility of R2P. A case is made that there are political trends that can aid in advancing such changes, using R2P as lever in reshaping global order and security.
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Karp, Jeffrey A., i Jack Vowles. Cross-National Surveys and the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. Redaktorzy Lonna Rae Atkeson i R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.9.
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This chapter examines the development of cross-national survey research in political science and the challenges that it brings. Cross-national surveys have proliferated across the globe and arguably now form one of the most important frontiers in the development of survey research in political science. Cross-national comparison allows researchers to investigate the importance of institutional and cultural contexts that shape public opinion and political behavior. The chapter traces the development of such instruments for the purposes of comparative analysis in political science, in the context of more general developments in polling and survey research. As an example, it focuses on the case of the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES), an international collaboration active since 1996, examining the development of the project and evaluating issues such as cross-cultural equivalence in questionnaire design, survey mode and response rates, and case selection.
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Lewis, David G. Russia's New Authoritarianism. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474454766.001.0001.
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In this book, David Lewis offers an original interpretation of the Russian political system that developed under Vladimir Putin as a new form of authoritarianism. Lewis argues that the Putinist worldview challenged liberal beliefs about concepts such as sovereignty, the state, and democracy, and instead promoted a set of illiberal norms and ideas that contributed to a global backlash against liberal politics. The book uses the political thought of Carl Schmitt, the Nazi jurist and anti-liberal political theorist, to explore political developments in Russia in the first two decades of the 21st century. Case-studies examine how ideas of sovereign decision-making and exceptionality undermined the rule of law in Russia, producing a system of politicised, selective justice. A striving for national unity degenerated into a search for external and internal enemies. Russia’s democratic institutions were gradually hollowed out as Russia developed a form of “illiberal democracy”. The second part of the book uses Schmitt’s theories of international relations to study Russian foreign policy, including a detailed case-study of the annexation of Crimea, a new interpretation of Russia’s search for a sphere of influence in the former Soviet space, and a study of messianic thinking in Russian policy in the Middle East. The book is a detailed study of contemporary Russian politics, but also draws parallels between developments in Russia and the global growth of right-wing populism and authoritarianism.
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Kanore, Lalit, i Priti Mastakar. Indian Business Case Studies Volume III. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192869395.001.0001.
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Abstract Volume III of Indian Business Cases studies has around 20 compelling cases studies, some of which focuses on topics that are rarely touched upon. These include international taxation issues, effects on emerging markets due to the impending US- China trade, and affluent owners disowning the failure of their companies and putting the burden on the banking system of the country. The volume also has some interesting cases on organizational debts and the two different outcomes of similar type of organization like Starbucks and CCD, and the most talked about OTT platform, the pharma giants and many more. When it comes to India automobile can’t be far behind, this volume too has case studies focusing on the automobile industry which talks about reengineering and rebranding. The undisputed run of public sector banks and the changing scenario too contributes towards making this a fantastic reference book for industry practitioners, academicians, and students. The case volume includes Business Case Studies designed and developed by expert case authors based on current business and economic scenario in India using published data and field search live case studies. These case studies enable effective adoption to case methodology of teaching for UG and PG studies in business management as also best suited for management development programs in business and industry. These case studies offer best of opportunities and tools to be used in offline and online teaching and learning methodology especially help developing analytical skills and problem resolution techniques in the students of business management studies and young and aspiring business executives globally.
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Kreitzer, Mary Jo, i Mary Koithan, red. Integrative Nursing. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199860739.001.0001.
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Integrative medicine is defined as healing-oriented medicine that takes account of the whole person (body, mind, and spirit) as well as all aspects of lifestyle; it emphasizes the therapeutic relationship and makes use of appropriate therapies, both conventional and alternative. This resource is the first complete roadmap to integrative nursing, providing a step-by-step guide to assess and clinically treat conditions through a variety of combined methodologies including wellness, lifestyle enhancement, and nutrition. This resource puts forth both the skills and theoretical frameworks for multidisciplinary leaders to consider and implement integrative healthcare strategies within institutions, including several case studies involving practical nursing-led initiatives. Sections one and two cover the foundations, including principles and best practices, healing environments, whole systems healing, and measurement of outcomes. The third section outlines major areas of system management such as pain, nausea, insomnia, anxiety, depression, stress, and behavioral dysfunction. The fourth and fifth sections address applications to patient populations, models of care, and models of education. The final section collects global perspectives.
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Ward, Elizabeth. Cancer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0024.
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This chapter provides an overview of the mechanisms by which cancer develops and the importance of exogenous exposures in cancer causation. It describes the magnitude of cancer as a public health problem in the United States and globally, highlights temporal trends in cancer rates in the United States and variations in global cancer burden by country, income level, and region. Laboratory methods for identification of potential carcinogens are reviewed with emphasis on recent developments in toxicogenomics and high-throughput screening. The classification system used by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in evaluation of potential carcinogens is described, and data are presented on occupational and environmental agents classified as “carcinogenic to humans” or “probably carcinogenic to humans.” Specific occupational and environmental carcinogens are discussed in greater detail. Topics of interest to clinicians and public health practicioners include the evaluation of occupational and community cancer clusters, primary and secondary prevention of occupational cancer, and four case studies related to cancer prevention and control and risk communication in diverse occupational settings.
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Behrman, Simon, i Avidan Kent, red. Climate Refugees. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108902991.
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The last few years have witnessed a flurry of activity in global governance and international lawseeking to address the protection gaps for people fleeing the effects of climate change. This book discusses cutting-edge developments in law and policy on climate change and forced displacement, including theories and potential solutions, issues of governance, local and regional concerns, and future challenges. Chapters are written by a range of authors from academics to key figures in intergovernmental organisations, and offer detailed case studies of policy developments in the Americas, Europe, South-East Asia, and the Pacific. This is an ideal resource for graduate students and researchers from a range of disciplines, as well as policymakers working in environmental law, environmental governance, and refugee and migration law. This is one of a series of publications associated with the Earth System Governance Project. For more publications, see www.cambridge.org/earth-system-governance.
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Werner, Ann. Digitally Mediated Identity in the Cases of Two Sámi Artists. Redaktorzy Fabian Holt i Antti-Ville Kärjä. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190603908.013.21.
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This chapter explores identity issues in commercial streaming services, which have grown steadily in the 2010s to become the dominant form of music consumption in the Nordic countries, with about 60% of all Internet users in 2015. The chapter offers an alternative to the dominant trend in music industry studies by focusing not on the industry’s interests but instead on broader cultural issues. The chapter presents case studies of two female Sámi artists and their representations on Spotify, YouTube, MySpace, and artists’ websites, taking various aspects of the services into account, including the interface and the algorithm-based recommendations. Informed by feminist cultural studies, the argument is that the industry continues a history of reinforcing stereotypes of ethnicity, indigeneity, and femininity. Thus, commercial streaming is not only making music available to global audiences, it is also selling images of Otherness within an unequal capitalist global media system.
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Haberly, Daniel, i Dariusz Wójcik. Sticky Power. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870982.001.0001.
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Modern civilization revolves around money. However, money is a paradox. It is nothing more than a representation of and medium for decentralized networks of social trust, but its production is controlled by highly centralized networks of firms, places, and governments, and there is never enough of it to go around. Moreover, given that the creation of money, as credit, is based on expectations, money is at its heart an instrument for human agency to change the future. At the same time, however, the financial systems that produce money are deeply rooted in the past, and perpetuate themselves through history. This book seeks to deepen our understanding of the paradox of money, by introducing a novel conceptual lens—that of Global Financial Networks—to cast new light on the geography, history, politics, and sociology of finance from the middle ages to the global financial crisis and beyond. It shows that the power of finance is inherently “sticky”; with what are generally assumed to be new innovations such as “offshore” finance actually dating back centuries, and the architecture of global financial networks more broadly adapting to the rise and fall of empires and new technologies while changing surprisingly little in their basic character; or at most changing very slowly. A recognition of the mechanics of this durability, it is argued, calls for a new approach to reforming finance which is less reactively focused on regulation, and more proactively focused on building new institutional systems with a long-term “sticky power” of their own.
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Haq, Khadija, red. Third World and the Old Economic Order. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474684.003.0012.
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The chapter looks at the existing economic order of the 1970s and how that did not extend a level playing field to the developing countries. He mentions the key areas where the disparity is most evident—in international structure; global monetary system that creates imbalances in distribution of credit; in commodity trading, where developing countries are not given a fair price of their products; in case of free trade, where there is restriction on free movement of labour. He urges the developing countries to come together to demand a re-structuring of international institutions for economic and intellectual liberation and independence of the Third World.
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Horne, Gerald. The World Confronts Jim Crow. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037924.003.0003.
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This chapter argues that the Scottsboro case was profoundly important not least because it was seized upon by the Communist party and its global network of activists to highlight Jim Crow. This placed tremendous pressure on the nation's rulers at a time when national security was being challenged frontally in leading capitals—Moscow particularly—which had decided to focus on Jim Crow, while training talented Negroes like Patterson to subvert this hateful system. For only months after the Scottsboro campaign had been launched, the CP was crowing about the gigantic steps that had been taken on the anti-Jim Crow front. Scottsboro occasioned a massive counterattack by the radical left not only on the antiracist front but with regard to the lineaments of Negro history generally. Ultimately, however, a delicate pas de deux was performed whereby those like Patterson, who had helped to place Jim Crow in the global spotlight, were sidelined, and in compensation, Jim Crow was eroded.
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Cross, Katharine, Katharina Tondera, Anacleto Rizzo, Lisa Andrews, Bernhard Pucher, Darja Istenič, Nathan Karres i Robert McDonald, red. Nature-Based Solutions for Wastewater Treatment. IWA Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789062267.
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There are 2.4 billion people without improved sanitation and another 2.1 billion with inadequate sanitation (i.e. wastewater drains directly into surface waters), and despite improvements over the past decades, the unsafe management of fecal waste and wastewater continues to present a major risk to public health and the environment (UN, 2016). There is growing interest in low cost sanitation solutions which harness natural systems. However, it can be difficult for wastewater utility managers to understand under what conditions such nature-based solutions (NBS) might be applicable and how best to combine traditional infrastructure, for example an activated sludge treatment plant, with an NBS such as treatment wetlands. There is increasing scientific evidence that treatment systems with designs inspired by nature are highly efficient treatment technologies. The cost-effective design and implementation of ecosystems in wastewater treatment is something that exists and has the potential to be further promoted globally as both a sustainable and practical solution. This book serves as a compilation of technical references, case examples and guidance for applying nature-based solutions for treatment of domestic wastewater, and enables a wide variety of stakeholders to understand the design parameters, removal efficiencies, costs, co-benefits for both people and nature and trade-offs for consideration in their local context. Examples through case studies are from across the globe and provide practical insights into the variety of potentially applicable solutions. ISBN: 9781789062250 (Paperback) ISBN: 9781789062267 (eBook)
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Gao, Qin. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190218133.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 introduces the Chinese case of welfare, work, and poverty in the global context. It provides an overview of China’s social assistance system, which centers around the Minimum Livelihood Guarantee, or Dibao, currently the world’s largest such program and the focus of this book. The chapter then discusses the four core values and principles that guide the design, implementation, and development of Dibao, including family and community, work and self-sufficiency, paternalist role of the government, and social harmony. It outlines the scope of the book, which is to provide a systematic evaluation of the impact and effectiveness of China’s primary social assistance program, Dibao, and to draw useful policy lessons for China and other countries. The chapter also previews the main findings.
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Kamiński, Tomasz, red. Overcoming Controversies in East Asia. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/8088-758-9.
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Controversies, sometimes bitter controversies, are an inherent element of international relations. Conflicting interests, different values, overlapping spheres of influences… all this make dispute settlement mechanisms crucial elements of international system. Searching for cooperation mechanisms that may help in overcoming existing controversies in Asia is the main topic of this monograph. The monograph is based on the case studies in which authors analyse disagreements as well as collaborations between different actors in Asia. They are chosen different point of views that might be roughly divided into two groups. The first set of authors tries to look at regional or even internal problems that have international impact. The second group gives an outlook on the controversies linked to rising global presence of Asian countries, in particular China.
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Bivins, Roberta. Histories of Heterodoxy. Redaktor Mark Jackson. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199546497.013.0032.
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Heterodox captures the oppositional qualities of ‘alternative’ without insisting on them and thereby ruling out complementarity. This article summarizes the history of heterodox medicine. This survey uses brief case studies to examine the emergence of a global medical marketplace and ideas from the Age of Exploration to the end of the Enlightenment. It focuses on heterodox medicine in Europe and the post-Columbian Americas because it is in these cultures that a self-identified and deliberately exclusive orthodoxy has been at the heart of medical ideology and professional development and fundamental to medical consumerism. This article then turns to the rise of explicitly ‘alternative’ systems like mesmerism and homoeopathy in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and the incorporation of some of those systems into biomedicine in the twentieth century. Finally, it looks at the recent historiography of heterodox medicine, and lays out potential directions for future scholarship.
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Simmonds, Bethany. Ageing and the Crisis in Health and Social Care. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447348597.001.0001.
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Developing a trilayer analysis of global, national and individual perspectives, this book examines ageing and the health and social care crisis. It begins with an examination of how broad structural and discursive trends, such as neoliberalism and globalisation, have influenced the financing and provision of health and social care for older people in Western countries including Germany, Sweden and the UK. It then goes onto discuss the impact that privatisation, ‘choice’ and competition has had on service provision, including how declining social protections have impacted upon employment practices. Three UK case studies (active ageing, pre-emergency, and end of life care) provide insight into individual’s (both older people and health care workers) experiences of navigating the risky, fragmented and complex health and social care system. Then the UK’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic is compared with Sweden and Germany’s, and the UK government’s intended solutions to the health and social care crisis is discussed. Finally, the book ends by showcasing examples of innovative care solutions that have been trialled in the UK, and what broader cultural and political changes are necessary to provide a more sustainable and dignified health and social care system for older people.
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Kaza, Stephanie. Buddhist Environmental Ethics. Redaktorzy Daniel Cozort i James Mark Shields. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198746140.013.17.
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Global pressures on human–environment systems are higher than ever before in human history, generating broad ethical engagement in many quarters. Citizen calls for moral response from world religious and political leaders have grown more urgent as pressures mount. Buddhist philosophy contains a wealth of insight and moral guidance regarding human–environment relations, offering a promising avenue for ethical response. This chapter reviews work to date in Buddhist environmental ethics, noting influences from and on Western ethics and areas of tension in current thinking. Arguments are made for complementary development of both individual virtue ethics and constructivist social ethics. Moral dimensions of consumerism and climate change are examined as case studies, drawing on Buddhist values such as non-harming, compassion, meditative awareness, and skilful means.
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Hägel, Peter. Billionaires in World Politics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198852711.001.0001.
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This book shows how the privatization of politics assumes a new dimension when billionaires wield power in world politics, which requires a re-thinking of individual agency in International Relations. Structural changes (globalization, neoliberalism, competition states, and global governance) have generated new opportunities for individuals to become extremely rich and to engage in politics across borders. The political agency of billionaires is being conceptualized in terms of capacities, goals, and power, which is contingent upon the specific political field a billionaire is trying to enter. Six case studies explore the power of billionaires in their pursuit of security, wealth, and esteem. The chapter on security analyzes Raj Rajaratnam’s relationship to the Tamil cause in Sri Lanka, and Sheldon Adelson's transnational electioneering in the Israel-Palestine conflict. Regarding the economy, the book studies how the Koch brothers' political protection of fossil fuels is affecting climate change mitigation, and how Rupert Murdoch's opinion-shaping is valorizing conservatism across borders. The chapter on social entrepreneurship and esteem examines the role of Bill Gates in the governance of global health and George Soros's attempts to build open societies as a 'stateless statesman'. An analytical conclusion evaluates the prior findings in order to address three major questions: Is it more appropriate to see billionaires as 'super-actors', or as a global 'super-class'? What is the relative power of billionaires within the international system? What does the power of billionaires mean for the liberal norms of legitimate political order?
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Keiser, Sandra, Deborah Vandermar i Myrna B. Garner. Beyond Design. Wyd. 5. Fairchild Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501366581.
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Beyond Design: The Synergy of Apparel Product Development, Fifth Edition maps the processes required to bring apparel products from concept to consumer. This full-color text takes students step-by-step through the decision-making involved in the pre-production processes of apparel product development including business, creative, technical, and production planning. Updated chapter content reflects evolving industry practice. It demonstrates how these processes must be coordinated to get the right product to market, when consumers want it, and at a price they are willing to pay in an increasingly digital environment. The text seeks to address how functional approaches vary depending on a business’s size and fashion focus. More global in scope, the fifth edition includes examples and case studies of multi-national companies and incorporates global nomenclature when it differs from the US industry. This new edition also advances its discussion of how new technologies continue to shorten the product development calendar. The book is written to help students anticipate the chaotic pace of change not only in fashion trends, but also in the fashion system itself. New to this Edition • Updated references and examples demonstrate how industry practice is changing to meet market demands • New case studies illustrate the impact of new technology and an evolving fashion system • An understanding of a circular economy expands upon how sustainability and social justice issues impact every function of product development, distribution, and consumption • The slow fashion/fast fashion dichotomy is considered as it impacts the fashion ecosystem • The issues of cultural appropriation and influencer culture are discussed Beyond Design STUDIO • Study smarter with self-quizzes featuring scored results and personalized study tips • Review concepts with flashcards of essential vocabulary Instructor Resources • Instructor's Guide provides suggestions for planning the course and using the text in the classroom, supplemental assignments, and lecture notes • PowerPoint® presentations include images from the book and provide a framework for lecture and discussion
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Lisa, Sachs, Toledano Perrine, Mandelbaum Jacky i Otto James. Impacts of Fiscal Reforms on Country Attractiveness. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-iic/9780199983025.016.0008.
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This chapter considers the global trend of fiscal reforms in the natural resource sector, in which governments are seeking to claim a larger portion of the windfall profits of recent years. More specifically, it surveys fiscal reforms in the oil, gas, and mining sector through seven case studies, and analyzes investors' responses to these reforms as well as the change in a country's attractiveness for existing and potential investors as a result of reforms. The chapter also highlights differences in the reform processes in the countries studied and examines their potential implications for the outcomes of the reform processes and the investors' reactions. It considers the implications of the system of regulation (contract-based versus legislated), the consultative process, the role of external parties and expert reports, and the threat of investor-state arbitration. Finally, it explains why fiscal reforms are more likely in the natural resource sector.
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Christopherson, Susan. Outside Regional Paths: Constructing an Economic Geography of Energy Transitions. Redaktorzy Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler i Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.52.
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Moving beyond theories of socio-technical adaptation, a new economic geography of energy transitions is developing that contributes to a deeper understanding of adaptation and change in energy systems. This new geography of energy transitions draws on concepts in evolutionary economic geography but moves beyond regional analysis to recognize the nation state as a critical venue for strategic action by firms. The dependence on the nation state for access to the resource; financing of exploration and production; favourable regulatory oversight; and the infrastructure to transport the commodity to profitable markets, make it the essential venue for strategic action. Drawing on the US case of shale gas and oil extraction, this chapter argues that, despite the emergence of global production networks in the oil and gas industry, national-scale governance remains central to understanding energy transitions.
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Keleştemur, H. Fahrettin. Endokrin Bozucular ve Sağlık. Redaktor Kazim Şahin. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Yayınları, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.978-625-8352-04-7.
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Endocrine disruptors, which are a global problem for the environment and human health, have attracted more attention, especially in recent years. Endocrine disrupting chemicals accumulate in the environment and ecosystem, threatening the health of living things and causing the extinction of some species. There are endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the structure of some products that we frequently use daily. In this case, there may be chronic exposure to these factors. Studies on the effects of endocrine disruptors on health are increasing daily. Although the first studies on this subject were on the reproductive system, today, there are many studies that reveal its effects on obesity, diabetes, cancer, immune system disorders, and cardiovascular and neurological diseases. As a result, more awareness should be raised about endocrine disruptors, and precautions should be taken in order to protect and improve public health. For this purpose, educating and raising awareness of producers and consumers is among the most important tasks of our present and future. Under the auspices of the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TÜBA), a multidisciplinary and comprehensive approach was used to examine the links between endocrine disruptors and health in this 16-chapter book written by scientists who are experts in their respective disciplines.
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Clapham, Andrew. 8. Discrimination and equality. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198706168.003.0008.
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‘Discrimination and equality’ considers the prohibited grounds of discrimination (based on age, sexuality, religion, nationality, gender, and disability); what new grounds may be emerging; and when distinctions can be drawn between people reasonably and therefore legitimately. Despite the existence of obvious inequalities at birth, justice and fairness demand a system to give everyone equal access to opportunities and, in some versions, redistribute resources to ensure that the least well-off are prioritized in an attempt to achieve equality of outcomes. These philosophical approaches provide much of the ballast for the human rights rules on discrimination—and the moral case for developing these rules to achieve greater social justice globally.
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Epstein, Rachel A. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809968.003.0006.
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The study’s findings from Europe have implications for other major powers, including that: (1) banking sector protectionism became increasingly costly given other liberalizing trends; (2) foreign-owned bank subsidiaries can provide more stable funding in crises than alternative foreign or even domestic bank activity; (3) foreign domination in finance limited catching up in the global economy, but in fact few states showed the capacity to exploit domestic banks for national goals; and (4) centralized bank governance through European Banking Union weakened bank–state ties in Europe, and elevated the role of markets there. This chapter analyzes the relevance of the findings for the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa). China is perhaps the clearest case of a country struggling to both liberalize and retain the economic policy autonomy associated with a largely state-controlled financial system. The conclusion specifies the broader transformation in bank–state ties, but also its limits.
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Ferlie, Ewan, Sue Dopson, Chris Bennett, Michael D. Fischer, Jean Ledger i Gerry McGivern. The Quality, Improvement, Productivity, and Prevention (QIPP) programme in the English National Health Service. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198777212.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on the importance of the QIPP productivity programme, and the techniques underpinning implementation. It offers a historical analysis of the various phases of QIPP. The chronology indicates that QIPP was originally developed in 2009 under a Labour government following the 2008 global financial crisis. QIPP involved three streams of activity: pay restraint and reduced administration costs; lower national tariffs and increased productivity; and system redesign. We note the involvement of external management consultants brought in to advise government. The chapter reviews existing commentaries on QIPP; however, we note that the nature and effects of QIPP have been badly under-researched, despite its major importance. Think tank-based commentaries suggest QIPP relied on crude cost compression, with little evidence of the productivity-enhancing service transformation initially hoped for. The chapter ends by introducing subsequent chapters that explore the career of QIPP in our case-study sites.
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Dietsche, Evelyn. New Industrial Policy and the Extractive Industries. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817369.003.0007.
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Industrial policy is back. Advocates for industrial policy argue that the important question is not whether such policies should be applied at all, but how to design and implement them. This chapter explores the new debate on industrial policy in relation to the extractive industries and the extractives-led development agenda. First, there is the argument that host countries should reduce their dependence on the extractive resources sector and diversify their economies. But there is little consensus over how countries should go about this. Second, the universal climate agreement reached at the Paris COP21 in November 2015 mandates that all economies have to move towards more sustainable and resource-efficient growth, with (green) industrial policy playing a critical part in achieving this structural transformation. Third, the liberal capitalist system underpinning the current global economy is under pressure with some political forces now making the case for more inward-looking economic policies and protectionism.
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Lippell, Helen, red. Taxonomies. Facet, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29085/9781783304837.
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As organisations across the globe commit to digital transformation, well-managed taxonomies are more critical than ever in supporting a wide range of business applications. Amidst growing industry uptake of controlled vocabularies, ontologies and knowledge graphs, taxonomists are at the forefront of helping organisations manage content and data of unprecedented breadth, depth and variety. <br><br><i>Taxonomies: Practical Approaches to Developing and Managing Vocabularies for Digital Information</i> is a comprehensive guide to building, implementing and using taxonomies. Featuring contributions and case examples from some of the world's leading experts, the book supports professional development through practical advice and real-world case studies. Readers will learn best practice for the everyday realities of working with stakeholders, sponsors and systems to ensure that taxonomies remain useful and relevant. <br><br>Addressing all the key stages of the process of building and implementing a taxonomy, including scoping, user testing and validation, and the creation of governance processes, the book is invaluable for the optimisation of systems for users and stakeholders alike.
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Schrag, Brian, i Kathleen J. Van Buren. Improve Results. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190878276.003.0007.
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Step 6 helps readers to follow guidelines for determining whether artistic products are effective; design an evaluative process using a conceptual approach; and design a recurring cycle of evaluation. It begins with a case study demonstrating how the Global Alliance to Immunize Against AIDS Vaccine Foundation (GAIA VF) has integrated research and evaluation in their program promoting storytelling cloths to educate communities in Mali about human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination. While pointing out the complexity of assessment processes, this section then offers these broad suggestions: trust local systems for evaluation; consider the effects of new artistry; continue researching local arts to gain deeper understandings of local perspectives; and think about when to evaluate programs. This section also offers practical suggestions for how to evaluate programs and whom to include in evaluation processes. Finally, it features a discussion of how projects can fail and what we can learn from failure.
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Mattar, Karim. Specters of World Literature. Edinburgh University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474467032.001.0001.
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This book draws on Edward Said, Aamir Mufti, Jacques Derrida, and world-systems theory to address the institutionalized construct of “world literature” from its origins in Goethe and Marx to the present day. It argues that through its history, this construct has served to incorporate if not annul local literatures and the concept of “local literature” itself, and to universalize the novel, the lyric poem, and the stage play as the only literary forms appropriate to modernity. It demonstrates this thesis through a comparative reading of the reinscription of the classical Arabic-Islamic concept of “adab” as “literature” in the modern, European sense in Egypt, Turkey, and Iran in the 19th to mid-20th centuries. It then turns to the Middle Eastern novel in the global contexts of its production, translation, circulation, and reception today. Through new readings of novels and other literary works by Abdelrahman Munif, Naguib Mahfouz, Orhan Pamuk, Azar Nafisi, Yasmin Crowther, and Marjane Satrapi, and with reference to landmarks of Middle Eastern and world literary history ranging from the Mu‘allaqāt and Alf Layla wa Layla to Don Quixote, it argues that these texts—like “world literature” itself—are constitutively haunted by specters of the literary forms and traditions, of the life-worlds that they expressed, cast aside by modernity. In the case of the Middle Eastern novel, it is adab and all that it encompassed in the classical Arab-Islamic world that is suppressed or othered, but that spectral, yet returns in new, genuinely worldly constellations of form.
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Barker, Graeme. The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199281091.001.0001.
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The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory addresses one of the most debated and least understood revolutions in the history of our species, the change from hunting and gathering to farming. Graeme Barker takes a global view, and integrates a massive array of information from archaeology and many other disciplines, including anthropology, botany, climatology, genetics, linguistics, and zoology. Against current orthodoxy, Barker develops a strong case for the development of agricultural systems in many areas as transformations in the life-ways of the indigenous forager societies, and argues that these were as much changes in social norms and ideologies as in ways of obtaining food. With a large number of helpful line drawings and photographs as well as a comprehensive bibliography, this authoritative study will appeal to a wide general readership as well as to specialists in a variety of fields.
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The Case for Investment in Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases in Jamaica: Evaluating the return on investment of selected tobacco, alcohol, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease interventions. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275120545.
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Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a major driver of morbidity and mortality in Jamaica. Beyond the toll on health, NCDs also impose a significant burden on the national economy since individuals with NCDs are more likely to exit the labor force, miss days of work, and/or work at reduced capacity. In addition, high expenditures to treat NCDs impose a direct economic burden to the health system, the society and to the nation of Jamaica, which can lead to reduced investments in areas like education and physical capital, which increase gross domestic product (GDP) in the long run. Unless urgently and adequately addressed, the health and economic burden of NCDs will continue to rise. To help strengthen Member States’ capacity to generate and use economic evidence on NCDs, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) partnered with the Ministry of Health of Jamaica, the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and RTI International to develop an Investment Case for NCDs in Jamaica […] It should be noted that the focused nature of the case underestimates the true costs associated with NCDs in Jamaica: only 17 out of the 88 interventions cited in the updated Appendix 3 of the WHO Global NCD Action Plan 2013-2020 are modeled; cancer and chronic respiratory disease interventions are not considered; not all the health benefits of the interventions (for example, the impact of tobacco control policies on lung cancer or chronic respiratory diseases) are accounted for; and for alcohol policies, only the economic impact of adverted mortality is included (the benefits of reducing absenteeism and presenteeism are not) due to methodological limitations. Acknowledgments: We would like to express our appreciation to the following institutions for their contributions to the successful implementation of NCD Investment Case in Jamaica and to the preparation of this Report: Ministry of Health of Jamaica, RTI International, Pan American Health Organization, United Nations Development Programme, and the United Nations Interagency Task Force on Noncommunicable Diseases.
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Lucassen, Ian, i Radhika Seshan, red. Wage Earners in India 1500–1900:Regional Approaches in an International Context. SAGE Publications, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/978-93-5479-364-6.
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The study of wage levels and the purchasing power of wages is often viewed as a specialized academic topic of little concern to the wider public. This is far from being the case, as this book demonstrates. The study of wages opens up vistas of the daily life of the working people, of their standards of living and, therefore, addresses questions of larger economic developments and unequal power relationships in a region. Wage Earners in India 1500–1900: Regional Approaches in an International Context brings together several scholars—young and veteran—to study new data and reinterpret older data from a fresh methodological perspective to locate India within global economic systems more effectively. This book • identifies previously unused and unpublished material for the study of wages • underlines the importance of wages as a source of income for Indians from early times • demonstrates the trends in wages over the period under review • stresses the need to take women into account for the reconstruction of household income
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Weatherall, Kimberlee. The Emergence and Development of Intellectual Property Law in Australia and New Zealand. Redaktorzy Rochelle Dreyfuss i Justine Pila. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198758457.013.17.
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This chapter provides both an overview of the history of intellectual property (IP) laws in Australia and New Zealand, and pathways into existing and emerging scholarship in this area. It discusses convergence and divergence in copyright, patent and trademark legislation and case law between Britain and these two former colonies, from early colonial experimentation to the long period of closely mirroring UK reforms. In the late twentieth century, both countries developed more distinctive IP laws, and diverged on a range of fundamental questions. In the twenty-first century, trade policy—trans-Tasman and global—has created pressures for convergence, but as the countries have grown apart, more perhaps than many realize, so there is considerable resistance to unifying projects. The chapter closes with a discussion of the different trajectories in how IP and indigenous cultural and knowledge systems interface in Australia and New Zealand.