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1
Khan, U., A. Rauf, S. Feng, A. R. Akbar, R. Wu, M. Khan i F. Liu. "Development of Solar Energy: Current Status and Future Challenges from a Global Perspective". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2356, nr 1 (1.10.2022): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2356/1/012021.
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With the development of civilization and the growth of the world’s population, the need for electricity also increases. Today, the main electricity sources are nuclear power plants (NPPs) and hydroelectric power plants (HPPs) that run on hydrocarbon fuels such as coal, peat, gas, and fuel oil. But these generating electricity methods have serious drawbacks, for example, the depletion of hydrocarbon natural resources, which leads to their shortage and rise in price. Nuclear and hydroelectric power plants cannot fully cover the need for electricity. In addition, the tragic events in the history of nuclear energy, e.g., the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the nuclear power plant disaster in the city of Fukushima, etc., show great risks associated with the operation of nuclear power plants. Thus, solar energy engineering is the most efficient type of alternative, safe energy in the foreseeable future of mankind. This review is an effort to highlight the major progress and future challenges of using renewable energy sources.
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Suleymanov, Salavat, Svetlana Sochneva, Nikolay Trofimov i Elmir Gallyamov. "GLOBAL DECARBONIZATION: CURRENT TRENDS AND FORECASTS". Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 16, nr 3 (21.11.2021): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2021-32-37.
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The scientific article provides an analysis of data on the dynamics of changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere, its relationship with an increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s surface and further measures related to the decarbonization of industry.
When analyzing theoretical materials, it was revealed that the concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere increased from 270 to 419 parts per million (ppm), which ultimately led to an increase in temperature on the planet by 1.1°C over the past 150 years.
If the current rate of growth in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is maintained, the increase in the average global temperature may exceed 4°C, which will have catastrophic consequences.
In terms of CO2 emissions, China ranks first in the world (28,8% of the total global emissions), followed by the United States (14,5%). Next are the European Union (9,7%), India (7,3%), Russia (4.5%) and Japan (3,3%), etc.
To keep the average temperature rise within 1.5°C, the share of renewable energy sources in electricity generation should increase in 2050 to at least 70-85 percent. At the same time, the share of natural gas, provided that technologies for capturing and storing CO2 are used, will decrease to 8% (from 3 to 11% according to different scenarios), while the share of coal will decrease to almost 0% (0-2%)
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Sverdlova, Anastasiia. "Review of the current state and development perspectives of the solar energy in Ukraine". System Research in Energy 2022, nr 1 (27.12.2022): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2022.01.019.
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This paper analyzes the prospects for developing solar power generation systems and the economic feasibility of further industry development. The state of global solar energy, its expansion potential, and Ukraine's position in the total statistics are examined. The rate of increase in the introduction of alternative types of energy has been determined. Statistical data on the number of commissioned power plants and the electricity they produced were analyzed. Solar energy is one of the most promising and powerful renewable energy sources. As a result of the analysis, it was concluded that Ukraine is gradually taking essential steps to expand the use of solar energy, developing a regulatory and legislative basis for the service, implementation, optimization, and stimulation of households to implement and build solar power plants. The relevance and expediency of the use of solar energy in connection with the constant growth of the cost of electricity and the future forecast of the increase of public investments in the industry at the global level are characterized. According to the analysis of statistical data and forthcoming plans for solar energy development, high rates of its growth in Ukraine have been determined. The consequences the war has on the solar energy industry are described. It is explained that, due to the war, half of the renewable energy objects are under threat of complete or partial destruction, in particular, 47% of solar power plants are located in regions where active fighting continues. The general trend of post-war development will be an increase in the share of solar energy in the overall energy balance. This will be facilitated by eliminating financial and legislative restrictions on the development of renewable energy, expanding opportunities for the export of electricity from renewable energy sources, and considering the green course, which is focused on clean energy. Keywords: alternative energy, renewable energy sources, solar power plants, electric energy
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Taslimov, A. D. "Impact of climate change on electrical energy losses in electrical networks". E3S Web of Conferences 384 (2023): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338401036.
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One of the global problems in the world is greenhouse gas emission. There are several reasons for this problem, one of which is electricity. This article provides a brief summary of the current state of electricity waste and analyzes the impact of electricity waste on greenhouse gas emissions, as well as ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the point of view of electricity generation. The situation of greenhouse gas emission in the territory of Uzbekistan and how much of it corresponds to the share of electricity losses is shown.
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Yan, Yushan. "(Invited) AEM Electrolyzers for Green Hydrogen: Current Status and Future Challenges". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, nr 33 (7.07.2022): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01331341mtgabs.
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Green hydrogen from wind and solar electricity is necessary to decarbonize certain sectors of our economy that are inaccessible by renewable electricity, and it has the potential to reduce more than 30% of the global carbon emission. For low temperature membraned electrolyzers, polymer electrolytes play a critical role in controlling their cost, performance, and durability, and consequently their economic viability. In this presentation, I will focus on our work on anion exchange membrane electrolyzers. More specifically I will highlight the progress we have made in developing one of the most stable membranes and the corresponding electrolyzers. Current status and future challenges will be presented.
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Ullah, Aasim, S. M. Shahnewaz Siddiquee, Md Akbar Hossain i Sayan Kumar Ray. "An Ethereum Blockchain-Based Prototype for Data Security of Regulated Electricity Market". Inventions 5, nr 4 (27.11.2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions5040058.
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Data security of present-day power systems, such as the electricity market, has spurred global interest in both industry and academia. The electricity market can either be regulated (state-controlled entrance, policies, and pricing) or deregulated (open for competitors). While the security threats in a deregulated electricity market are commonly known and have been investigated for years, those in a regulated market still have scope for extensive research. Our current work focuses on exploring the data security of the regulated electricity market, and the regulated New Zealand Electricity Market (NZEM) has been considered for this research. Although the chances of cyberattacks on state-controlled regulated electricity market are relatively less, different layers of the current SCADA systems do pose some threats. In this context, we propose a decentralized Ethereum Blockchain-based end-to-end security prototype for a regulated electricity market such as the NZEM. This prototype aims to enhance data security between the different layers of the current SCADA systems. The detailed operation process and features of this prototype are presented in this work. The proposed prototype has prospects of offering improved data security solutions for the regulated electricity market.
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Smal, Tomasz, i Joanna Wieprow. "Energy Security in the Context of Global Energy Crisis: Economic and Financial Conditions". Energies 16, nr 4 (6.02.2023): 1605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041605.
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We have been observing large fluctuations and price increases in electricity markets in recent years. The COVID-19 pandemic, rising energy costs, political instability and increasing demand for electricity have been the factors intensifying the problems. This causes uncertainty related to maintaining energy security. Energy security is an element of the national security system. In this context, the question arises whether Polish energy companies are able to adapt to the growing demand for electricity while meeting the growing environmental requirements. Moreover, it remains to be seen how the current energy crisis will affect the financial condition of energy companies in Poland and whether companies from the energy sector will benefit from this crisis. Another issue is the impact of the current crisis on the sense of energy security of consumers. There are many factors affecting energy security. This study focuses on economic and financial factors. The article aims to assess the energy security of consumers from the perspective of the stability of energy prices and the financial condition of companies from the energy industry in Poland in the context of the global energy crisis.
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Gao, Xumiao, Mingquan Wu, Zheng Niu i Fang Chen. "Global Identification of Unelectrified Built-Up Areas by Remote Sensing". Remote Sensing 14, nr 8 (17.04.2022): 1941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14081941.
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Access to electricity (the proportion of the population with access to electricity) is a key indica for of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7), which aims to provide affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy services for all. Accurate and timely global data on access to electricity in all countries is important for the achievement of SDG7. Current survey-based access to electricity datasets suffers from short time spans, slow updates, high acquisition costs, and a lack of location data. Accordingly, a new method for identifying the electrification status of built-up areas based on the remote sensing of nighttime light is proposed in this study. More specifically, the method overlays global built-up area data with night-time light remote sensing data to determine whether built-up areas are electrified based on a threshold night-time light value. By using our approach, electrified and unelectrified built-up areas were extracted at 500 m resolution on a global scale for the years 2014 and 2020. The acquired results show a significant reduction in an unelectrified built-up area between 2014 and 2020, from 51,301.14 km2 to 22,192.52 km2, or from 3.05% to 1.32% of the total built-up area. Compared to 2014, 117 countries or territories had improved access to electricity, and 18 increased their proportion of unelectrified built-up area by >0.1%. The identification accuracy was evaluated by using a random sample of 10,106 points. The accuracies in 2014 and 2020 were 97.29% and 98.9%, respectively, with an average of 98.1%. The outcomes of this method are in high agreement with the spatial distribution of access to electricity data reported by the World Bank. This study is the first to investigate the global electrification of built-up areas by using remote sensing. It makes an important supplement to global data on access to electricity, which can aid in the achievement of SDG7.
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Shadman, Milad, Corbiniano Silva, Daiane Faller, Zhijia Wu, Luiz de Freitas Assad, Luiz Landau, Carlos Levi i Segen Estefen. "Ocean Renewable Energy Potential, Technology, and Deployments: A Case Study of Brazil". Energies 12, nr 19 (25.09.2019): 3658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193658.
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This study, firstly, provides an up-to-date global review of the potential, technologies, prototypes, installed capacities, and projects related to ocean renewable energy including wave, tidal, and thermal, and salinity gradient sources. Secondly, as a case study, we present a preliminary assessment of the wave, ocean current, and thermal gradient sources along the Brazilian coastline. The global status of the technological maturity of the projects, their different stages of development, and the current global installed capacity for different sources indicate the most promising technologies considering the trend of global interest. In Brazil, despite the extensive coastline and the fact that almost 82% of the Brazilian electricity matrix is renewable, ocean renewable energy resources are still unexplored. The results, using oceanographic fields produced by numerical models, show the significant potential of ocean thermal and wave energy sources in the northern and southern regions of the Brazilian coast, which could contribute as complementary supply sources in the national electricity matrix.
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Imdadullah, Basem Alamri, Md Alamgir Hossain i M. S. Jamil Asghar. "Electric Power Network Interconnection: A Review on Current Status, Future Prospects and Research Direction". Electronics 10, nr 17 (6.09.2021): 2179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10172179.
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An interconnection of electric power networks enables decarbonization of the electricity system by harnessing and sharing large amounts of renewable energy. The highest potential renewable energy areas are often far from load centers, integrated through long-distance transmission interconnections. The transmission interconnection mitigates the variability of renewable energy sources by importing and exporting electricity between neighbouring regions. This paper presents an overview of regional and global energy consumption trends by use of fuel. A large power grid interconnection, including renewable energy and its integration into the utility grid, and globally existing large power grid interconnections are also presented. The technologies used for power grid interconnections include HVAC, HVDC (including LCC, VSC comprising of MMC-VSC, HVDC light), VFT, and newly proposed FASAL are discussed with their potential projects. Future trends of grid interconnection, including clean energy initiatives and developments, UHV AC and DC transmission systems, and smart grid developments, are presented in detail. A review of regional and global initiatives in the context of a sustainable future by implementing electric energy interconnections is presented. It presents the associated challenges and benefits of globally interconnected power grids and intercontinental interconnectors. Finally, in this paper, research directions in clean and sustainable energy, smart grid, UHV transmission systems that facilitate the global future grid interconnection goal are addressed.
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Sotnyk, Iryna, Tetiana Kurbatova, Oleksandr Kubatko, Olha Prokopenko, Gunnar Prause, Yevhen Kovalenko, Galyna Trypolska i Uliana Pysmenna. "Energy Security Assessment of Emerging Economies under Global and Local Challenges". Energies 14, nr 18 (16.09.2021): 5860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185860.
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This paper proposes methodological approaches to assessing the impact of renewable energy and energy efficiency development on emerging economies’ energy security. It is suggested to supplement the current methodology for assessing energy security with the decoupling index of the renewable energy financial burden on the state budget, the energy efficiency decoupling index, the households’ energy poverty indicator, the index of capacity development for balancing electricity generation volumes, and the energy fluctuations indicator. These indices provide a comprehensive assessment of energy security under the latest challenges. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic in the Ukrainian energy sector led to the “green and coal paradox”, when the government decided to keep green electricity generation but limit nuclear generation. It required increased flexible capacities (thermal generation) and led to a rise in electricity prices and environmental pollution. Forecasting energy fluctuations with Butterworth filters allows minimizing the risks of maximum peak loads on the grid and timely prevention of emergencies. The energy fluctuations within the 20% range guarantee energy security and optimal energy companies’ operation. It is proposed to smooth out energy consumption fluctuations through green energy development, smart grids formation, energy efficiency improvements, and energy capacities balancing to ensure energy and economic sustainability.
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Baldwin, Ian. "Discovery of Electricity and the Electromagnetic Force: Its Importance for Environmentalists, Educators, Physicians, Politicians, and Citizens". Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, nr 12 (25.12.2020): 362–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.712.9532.
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The discovery of static electricity in the 18th century and electromagnetism in the 19th was one of the most momentous scientific-technological events in human history. In the 21st century our way of life depends on the electromagnetic force so totally that were our electromagnetic infrastructure to collapse, our civilization would collapse virtually simultaneously. Despite this situation of profound dependency, few citizens understand the electromagnetic force, how it was discovered, how it works, and what wonders of modern life it controls. Nor do citizens understand the roles that Earth’s magnetosphere, ionosphere, and global electric circuit play in making electricity and life possible. Here, I review Earth’s natural electric environment and how electricity first began to be scientifically understood with the innovation of the Leyden jar in the mid-18th century; Franklin’s insights about electricity’s positive and negative poles, and its movement (later named a “current”); Galvani’s discovery of bioelectricity; and Volta’s seminal invention of the bi-metallic electrochemical battery in 1800. Ørsted’s discovery that an electric current affected a magnetized needle, causing it to swivel, in 1820 led to experiments with electromagnets by Schweigger, Arago, Ampère, Sturgeon, Henry, Faraday, and others over the course of the next decade. Observing how conducting wires induced magnetism in iron bars whenever the wires were electrified, Faraday and Henry separately discovered the principle of induction, whereby a moving magnetic field could reciprocally induce electricity in a coiled wire. Out of these momentous discoveries the “magneto-electric” telegraph was invented, and, within a single generation, the world was wired.
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McLachlan, H. "The Use of Electricity to Kill Minke Whales: Humane Considerations". Animal Welfare 4, nr 2 (maj 1995): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096272860001753x.
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AbstractWhaling continues despite a global moratorium, and the methods of slaughter used are a controversial welfare issue. If a whale is not killed instantly by an explosive harpoon, the Japanese use electric lances as a secondary killing device.Video footage was obtained which documented the sequence of events in Japanese whaling operations, including the harpooning and application of electric lances to seven whales. A minimum time to death of each whale was estimated. To achieve immediate insensibility using electrical stunning, the electrodes must span the brain. This video revealed that electrodes tend to be placed between the pectoral and dorsal fins, and on the same side of the whale. In this case only a small proportion of current would pass through the brain, and ventricular fibrillation is unlikely. Previous work has shown that the currents used were likely to be 50-100 times too small to cause cardiac fibrillation or cerebral dysfunction.A humane death cannot be achieved with inappropriate placement of lances and inadequate current application. A more effective secondary killing method is necessary.
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Barthelmie, Rebecca J., i Sara C. Pryor. "Climate Change Mitigation Potential of Wind Energy". Climate 9, nr 9 (28.08.2021): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli9090136.
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Global wind resources greatly exceed current electricity demand and the levelized cost of energy from wind turbines has shown precipitous declines. Accordingly, the installed capacity of wind turbines grew at an annualized rate of about 14% during the last two decades and wind turbines now provide ~6–7% of the global electricity supply. This renewable electricity generation source is thus already playing a role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the energy sector. Here we document trends within the industry, examine projections of future installed capacity increases and compute the associated climate change mitigation potential at the global and regional levels. Key countries (the USA, UK and China) and regions (e.g., EU27) have developed ambitious plans to expand wind energy penetration as core aspects of their net-zero emissions strategies. The projected climate change mitigation from wind energy by 2100 ranges from 0.3–0.8 °C depending on the precise socio-economic pathway and wind energy expansion scenario followed. The rapid expansion of annual increments to wind energy installed capacity by approximately two times current rates can greatly delay the passing of the 2 °C warming threshold relative to pre-industrial levels. To achieve the required expansion of this cost-effective, low-carbon energy source, there is a need for electrification of the energy system and for expansion of manufacturing and installation capacity.
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Serrenho, André Cabrera, Jonathan B. Norman i Julian M. Allwood. "The impact of reducing car weight on global emissions: the future fleet in Great Britain". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, nr 2095 (maj 2017): 20160364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0364.
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Current European policies define targets for future direct emissions of new car sales that foster a fast transition to electric drivetrain technologies. However, these targets do not consider the emissions produced in electricity generation and material production, and therefore fail to incentivise car manufacturers to consider the benefits of vehicle weight reduction. In this paper, we examine the potential benefits of limiting the average weight and altering the material composition of new cars in terms of global greenhouse gas emissions produced during the use phase, electricity generation and material production. We anticipate the emissions savings for the future car fleet in Great Britain until 2050 for various alternative futures, using a dynamic material flow analysis of ferrous metals and aluminium, and considering an evolving demand for car use. The results suggest that fostering vehicle weight reduction could produce greater cumulative emissions savings by 2050 than those obtained by incentivising a fast transition to electric drivetrains, unless there is an extreme decarbonization of the electricity grid. Savings promoted by weight reduction are immediate and do not depend on the pace of decarbonization of the electricity grid. Weight reduction may produce the greatest savings when mild steel in the car body is replaced with high-strength steel. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Material demand reduction’.
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Fall, Latsoucabe. "Energy Access: Illusion or Reality for the Poor?" Energy & Environment 16, nr 5 (wrzesień 2005): 743–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/095830505774478594.
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Electricity access is vital for alleviating poverty, and reversing the past and current negative economic and social trends in developing countries. However, despite efforts undertaken so far, the technological accomplishments and so-called breakthroughs, as well as global wealth, the population without electricity access in developing countries is still tremendous. In Sub-Saharan Africa, at least three-quarters of the population currently have no access to electricity; and over the past three decades, the number of people without access to electricity in this region has doubled. Moreover, if we applied the electricity connection rates of the past decade, one must wait until at least the end of this century, before achieving the electricity access objective set for the region. Some experts contend that electricity reform options experienced in Africa have not yet reached the expected beneficial effects, in terms of improvement of the electricity access rate for the poor, and that they were not designed to address the energy problems of the poor, but were explicitly aimed at achieving other objectives. It is thus well founded to raise the following questions: Is the WSSD objective of energy access realistic or utopian, particularly for Africa? Is the UN Millennium Development Goal of halving the number of African poor by 2015 a ‘white vow’? How can we reverse the past and current negative trends and move towards the achievement of ambitious yet realistic objectives of widespread energy access?
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Adamov, Evgeny O., Valeriy I. Rachkov, Andrey A. Kashirsky i Alexander I. Orlov. "Global outlook on large-scale nuclear power development strategies". Nuclear Energy and Technology 7, nr 4 (9.12.2021): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nucet.7.74217.
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As of today, nuclear power together with hydropower provides three-quarters of global low-carbon electricity generation. Over the past 60 years since the time of its inception, the use of nuclear power has reduced CO2 emissions by over 60 gigatonnes. There is no doubt that nuclear power can play a major, and maybe even a decisive role in decarbonizing the electricity sector, as it is evident from the current energy mix of some European countries, especially France, and major economic powers like the Unites States, Russia and South Korea. It is also evident that in most advanced economies nuclear power has entered a phase of gradual decline with little new investment coming into new projects, regardless of the world’s desperate need for more low-carbon electricity. Although existing reactor and their corresponding fuel cycle technologies have enabled the global nuclear power fleet to reach ~ 400 GWe of net installed capacity, there is growing concern that the scale of NPP shutdowns expected in Europe and North America could offset new capacity additions in Asian markets. Theoretically, renewable energy could fill the void left by reactors taken offline but there is strong evidence that the potential of wind and solar for global decarbonization is limited by material, land and economic constraints. Large-scale renewable systems would also require massive energy storage capacity that would hamper economic sustainability of the energy supply for developing countries. Taking into account the potential benefits of developing nuclear power, some countries are determined to expand its share in their energy mix through technological innovation and application of new strategies, directed at improving or completely resolving current issues related to economics, environmental concerns or non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. There are many states in the world today pursuing some sort of nuclear power development. A limited number of countries envision expanding or transforming their nuclear energy system using truly game-changing strategies based on innovative reactor, fuel cycle and waste management technologies. The focus of this paper is to give an overview of the approaches to large-scale nuclear power development being applied today in Russia, China, USA and India.
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Xu, Yang, Jiahua Hu, Yizheng Wang, Weiwei Zhang i Wei Wu. "Understanding the Economic Responses to China’s Electricity Price-Cutting Policy: Evidence from Zhejiang Province". Sustainability 14, nr 18 (18.09.2022): 11701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811701.
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As a critical pattern to promote industrial growth and recover the economy, China has widely applied an electricity price-cutting policy, especially after the global spread of COVID-19. However, the current insufficient research indicates a noticeable knowledge gap around the actual outcome of this policy measure. This paper, therefore, aimed at filling this gap by focusing on the case of Zhejiang province. Recently, there have been three main kinds of price-cutting policies employed in Zhejiang, decreasing the general industrial electricity price, temporary electricity price-cutting, and targeted price reduction for large industries. Using a computable general equilibrium model that incorporates the Zhejiang electricity system’s operating characteristics, we simulated the economic impact of these electricity price adjustment policies. The results indicate that it was practical to promote the economy by reducing electricity prices, but the specific arrangements of policy have led to differences in economic stimulus consequences. This paper further obtained the multiplier effect in each industry. If electricity price adjustment policies were introduced only for industries with a higher comprehensive multiplier effect, the policy effectiveness would be further optimized.
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Xavier, Sandra de Sousa, Mariana Padilha Campos Lopes i Monique Pinheiro Coimbra. "Concentration in the electricity market: a return to the old paradigm?" Revista Caribeña de Ciencias Sociales 12, nr 2 (20.07.2023): 832–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/rcssv12n2-023.
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The market structure of the electricity distribution segment is delineated through mergers and acquisitions. These movements are affected by the current regulatory model, which may favor a certain scale size over another. Although several papers analyze the Brazilian electricity distribution segment, Business Groups (BGs) are usually neglected in efficiency analysis. In this context, the paper evaluates the efficiency of the BGs that make up the Brazilian electricity distribution segment. To this end, three models - based on the Data Envelopment Analysis - were developed to evaluate global, technical, and scale efficiency. On average, the groups obtained the value of 0.60 for global efficiency, 0.76 for technical efficiency, and 0.80 for scale efficiency. Under the technical efficiency frontier, approximately 24% of operating costs could be reduced, translating into an average drop in the tariff of R$ 65 in the year 2017. This study contributes, in an empirical manner, to a greater understanding of the phenomenon of market concentration in natural monopolies.
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Kraft, Johann, i Matthias Luh. "Dimensioning Microgrids for Productive Use of Energy in the Global South—Considering Demand Side Flexibility to Reduce the Cost of Energy". Energies 15, nr 20 (12.10.2022): 7500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207500.
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Microgrids using renewable energy sources play an important role in providing universal electricity access in rural areas in the Global South. Current methods of system dimensioning rely on stochastic load profile modeling, which has limitations in microgrids with industrial consumers due to high demand side uncertainties. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach considering demand side management during system design which we implemented using a genetic scheduling algorithm. The developed method is applied to a test case system on Idjwi Island, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), which is to be powered by a micro hydropower plant (MHP) in combination with a photovoltaic (PV) system and a battery energy storage system (BESS). The results show that the increased flexibility of industrial consumers can significantly reduce the cost of electricity. Most importantly, the presented method quantifies the trade-off between electricity cost and consumer flexibility. This gives local stakeholders the ability to make an informed compromise and design an off-grid system that covers their electricity needs in the most cost-efficient way.
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Estévez-Bén, Adyr A., Alfredo Alvarez-Diazcomas i Juvenal Rodríguez-Reséndiz. "Transformerless Multilevel Voltage-Source Inverter Topology Comparative Study for PV Systems". Energies 13, nr 12 (24.06.2020): 3261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123261.
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At present, renewable energies represent 25% of the global power generation capacity. The increase in clean energy facilities is mainly due to the high levels of pollution generated by the burning of fossil fuels to satisfy the growing electricity demand. The global capacity of generating electricity from solar energy has experienced a significant increase, reaching 505 GW in 2018. Today, multilevel inverters are used in PV systems to convert direct current into alternating current. However, the use of multilevel inverters in renewable energies applications presents different challenges; for example, grid-connected systems use a transformer to avoid the presence of leakage currents. The grid-connected systems must meet at least two international standards analyzed in this work: VDE 0126-1-1 and VDE-AR-N 4105, which establish a maximum leakage current of 300 mA and harmonic distortion maximum of 5%. Previously, DC/AC converters have been studied in different industrial applications. The state-of-the-art presented in the work is due to the growing need for a greater use of clean energy and the use of inverters as an interface between these technologies and the grid. Also, the paper presents a comparative analysis of the main multilevel inverter voltage-source topologies used in transformerless PV systems. In each scheme, the advantages and disadvantages are presented, as well as the main challenges. In addition, current trends in grid-connected systems using these schemes are discussed. Finally, a comparative table based on input voltage, switching frequency, output levels, control strategy used, efficiency, and leakage current is shown.
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Davis, Lucas W., i Paul J. Gertler. "Contribution of air conditioning adoption to future energy use under global warming". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, nr 19 (27.04.2015): 5962–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423558112.
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As household incomes rise around the world and global temperatures go up, the use of air conditioning is poised to increase dramatically. Air conditioning growth is expected to be particularly strong in middle-income countries, but direct empirical evidence is scarce. In this paper we use high-quality microdata from Mexico to describe the relationship between temperature, income, and air conditioning. We describe both how electricity consumption increases with temperature given current levels of air conditioning, and how climate and income drive air conditioning adoption decisions. We then combine these estimates with predicted end-of-century temperature changes to forecast future energy consumption. Under conservative assumptions about household income, our model predicts near-universal saturation of air conditioning in all warm areas within just a few decades. Temperature increases contribute to this surge in adoption, but income growth by itself explains most of the increase. What this will mean for electricity consumption and carbon dioxide emissions depends on the pace of technological change. Continued advances in energy efficiency or the development of new cooling technologies could reduce the energy consumption impacts. Similarly, growth in low-carbon electricity generation could mitigate the increases in carbon dioxide emissions. However, the paper illustrates the enormous potential impacts in this sector, highlighting the importance of future research on adaptation and underscoring the urgent need for global action on climate change.
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Schernikau, L., i W. H. Smith. "Climate impacts of fossil fuels in todays electricity systems". Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 122, nr 3 (31.03.2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/1874/2022.
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Oil, coal, and gas account for approximately 80% of global primary energy, but only a portion of total airborne CO2eq (approx. 35% at GWP20 to 65% at GWP100), even though they account for 95% of total measured CO2 emissions. The benefits of these energy sources, as well as their related costs, are not all incorporated in current energy policy discussions. Global greenhouse gas policies must include documented changes in measured airborne CO2eq to avoid spending large amounts of public funds on ineffective or sub-optimal policies. The authors examined airborne CO2, which is less than half of emitted CO2, as well as reported CH4 emissions and the global warming potential of CH4 as published by the IPCC for coal and natural gas. The surprising conclusion is that surfaced-mined coal appears 'better for the climate' than the average natural gas, and all coal appears beneficial over LNG. Therefore, current CO2-only reduction policies and CO2 taxes are leading to unintended consequences and the switch from coal to natural gas, especially LNG, will not have the desired impact of reducing predicted future global warming; in fact, quite the contrary. A large portion of anthropogenic global warming is attributed by the IPCC and IEA to CH4, but it must be noted that CH4 emissions from natural sources and from agriculture account for approximately 40% and 25% of annual global CH4 emissions respectively. Energy accounts for about 20% of documented CH4 emissions. CO2 contributes only approximately 35% of annual airborne anthropogenic GHG emissions after accounting for CH4, over a 20-year horizon. At a 100-year horizon, the contribution of CO2 increases to approximately 60%. Energy policies that do not consider all GHG emissions along the entire value chain will lead to undesired economic and environmental distortions. All carbon taxation and CO2 pricing schemes are incorrect and need to be revised. At IPCC's GWP20 an approximately 2%1 higher loss of CH4 across the value chain prior to combustion of natural gas versus coal will lead to 'climate parity' of coal with natural gas. According to public data, natural gas value chains have high CH4 and undocumented CO2 losses. On a global average, using only IEA-documented CH4 data, natural gas emits approximately 15% more CO2eq than surface-mined coal, over a 20-year horizon. This difference will increase as the use of shale gas and LNG expands. Investors should support all energy systems in a manner that avoids an energy crisis, including intermittent renewable energy systems where they make sense. If CO2 emissions need to be reduced, one of the most effective ways would be to install ultra-supercritical power plants with CCUS technology. However, the undisputed benefits of increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere because of its promotion of photosynthesis and plant growth effects (fertilization) need to be considered in energy policy decisions as well. The authors suggest that future research and development should concentrate on reducing net emissions from fossil fuel power plants and providing cost-effective and reliable new conventional power generation capacity, utilizing clean coal and clean natural gas technology.
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Yazdani, Zeynab, Amirreza Naderipour i Mohd Zaki Kamsah. "Renewable Energy and Carbon Footprint Emission at University Technology Malaysia (UTM)". Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (sierpień 2013): 1861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.1861.
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The addition of renewable energy as the fifth source of Fuel Policy which was formulated under the 8th Malaysia Plan (20012005) to reduce dependency on fossil fuel and to address the rising global concern about climate change. This study is specifically on the GHG emissions from the consumption electricity are considered to be indirect emissions by the GHG Protocol guideline and effectiveness of using solar power Energy in order to calculate the current carbon footprint from electricity consumed at UTM and using Photo Voltaic (PV) as a renewable energy for reduce CO2 emission.
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Peterson, Michael, Wiebke Deierling, Chuntao Liu, Douglas Mach i Christina Kalb. "Retrieving Global Wilson Currents from Electrified Clouds Using Satellite Passive Microwave Observations". Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 35, nr 7 (lipiec 2018): 1487–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-18-0038.1.
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AbstractHigh-altitude atmospheric electricity measurements have been used to calculate the conduction (Wilson) currents that are supplied to the global electric circuit (GEC) by individual electrified clouds. Quantifying the global average current and assessing its temporal variability is a challenge, however, because it requires measurements in every stormy region of the world. Thus, a retrieval algorithm has been developed to infer the electric fields and Wilson currents above electrified weather from NASA ER-2 passive microwave high-altitude aircraft observations that are also common satellite products.This study documents the adaptation of the passive microwave electric field and the Wilson current retrieval algorithm for use with satellite platforms. Three distinct variants on the algorithm are produced to respond to specific use cases that differ in 1) whether swath or microwave feature data are available to describe the lateral extent of electrified clouds, 2) the availability of coincident radar data to characterize the vertical structure of electrified clouds, and 3) the prioritization of scientific accuracy or computational expense and product latency. The Wilson currents produced by the satellite retrievals are compared with each other and also with coincident lightning measurements and the Carnegie curve. The advantages, caveats, and limitations of each variant are discussed.
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Moure-Garrido, Marta, Celeste Campo i Carlos Garcia-Rubio. "Entropy-Based Anomaly Detection in Household Electricity Consumption". Energies 15, nr 5 (2.03.2022): 1837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15051837.
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Energy efficiency is one of the most important current challenges, and its impact at a global level is considerable. To solve current challenges, it is critical that consumers are able to control their energy consumption. In this paper, we propose using a time series of window-based entropy to detect anomalies in the electricity consumption of a household when the pattern of consumption behavior exhibits a change. We compare the accuracy of this approach with two machine learning approaches, random forest and neural networks, and with a statistical approach, the ARIMA model. We study whether these approaches detect the same anomalous periods. These different techniques have been evaluated using a real dataset obtained from different households with different consumption profiles from the Madrid Region. The entropy-based algorithm detects more days classified as anomalous according to context information compared to the other algorithms. This approach has the advantages that it does not require a training period and that it adapts dynamically to changes, except in vacation periods when consumption drops drastically and requires some time for adapting to the new situation.
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Bedyk, Oleksandr V. "Analyzing the Innovation Activity in the Development of Solar Energy and Its Impact on the Energy Security of Ukraine". Business Inform 10, nr 537 (2022): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2022-10-33-40.
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The presented article analyzes innovative activity in the development of solar energy and its impact on the energy security of Ukraine. In particular, the innovative processes taking place in the global alternative energy sector and their impact on the management of the Ukrainian energy complex are researched. It is emphasized that innovations in the technological process of manufacturing polycrystalline silicon and increasing the volume of its production made it possible to exponentially reduce the cost of production of photocells from polycrystalline silicon (C-si). An evaluation of the current state of innovation activity and its management in the global alternative energy sector as a tool for ensuring Ukraine’s energy security, competitiveness and economic independence of the country is provided. The world total installed capacity of photovoltaic power plants is outlined with a forecast until 2025. The current legislation of Ukraine on alternative energy, energy conservation, efficient use of energy resources, development of renewable and alternative energy sources is analyzed. It is underlined that today the high self-cost of electricity production is a serious problem of the Ukrainian electric energy sector, so the current trend of reducing the cost of solar electricity production against the background of a constant increase in nominal prices is a positive signal for investors. The outlined statistics of increasing energy production from renewable sources indicate that the government sees its independence in the development of renewable energy sources, and companies developing solar energy are becoming competitive owing to the rapid reduction in the cost of electricity production compared to traditional types of energy, which is a promising direction of work in today’s conditions. The investment attractiveness of electricity production using silicon solar panels is emphasized.
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Zhang, Zhihan, Qiaoyu Wang, Demou Cao i Kai Kang. "Impact of Photovoltaics". Modern Electronic Technology 5, nr 1 (6.05.2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/met.v5i1.6315.
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Photovoltaics (PV) can convert sunlight into electricity by making use of the photovoltaic effect. Solar panels consist of photovoltaic cells made of semiconductor materials (such as silicon) to utilise the photovoltaic effect and convert sunlight into direct current (DC) electricity. Nowadays, PV has become the cheapest electrical power source with low price bids and low panel prices. The competitiveness makes it a potential path to mitigate the global warming. In this paper, we investigate the relationship of PC array output with irradiance and temperature, the performance of PV array over 24 hours period, and the simulation of PV micro grid by MATLAB simulation.
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Khabirov, F. F., i V. S. Vokhmin. "POTENTIAL OF INTRODUCING DIGITAL AND INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS IN ELECTRICITY". RUSSIAN ELECTRONIC SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL 37, nr 3 (1.10.2020): 36–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31563/2308-9644-2020-37-3-36-45.
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The article considers the possibility of introducing digital and intelligent systems in the electric power industry, including the analysis of the consequences after the introduction of new technologies on the economic, social and technological side. Currently, the concept of distributed generation is being used more and more often in the global energy arena. This is certainly a trend in the energy sector. The current level of technological development in the energy sector is quite high, but in order to continue to increase competitiveness, we need a further transition to digital and intelligent energy systems that will increase the reliability, quality, environmental friendliness and automation of energy supply.
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Đurišić, Željko, i Bojana Škrbić. "Potencijal energije sunca i vetra za strateško planiranјe dekarbonizacije proizvodnјe električne energije u Srbiji". Energija, ekonomija, ekologija XXIV, nr 4 (grudzień 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/eee22-4.01d.
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The current structure of electricity production in Serbia is not sustainable and it is necessary to consider the possibilities of decarbonisation of electricity production in the future. Renewable energy sources are the only sustainable resource for implementing the decarbonisation strategy. This paper presents the results of research of the potential of solar and wind energy in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. The spatial depressiveness of these sources is presented and the energy potential is estimated for each region. Based on the available global databases, the potential was considered and the possible installed capacity and gross annual electricity production for each region were defined. It was concluded that the technically usable potential of wind energy in the territory of the Republic of Serbia (excluding Kosovo and Metohija) is about 11,500 MW, from which about 29.5 TWh of electricity could be produced annually. The technically usable solar potential in Serbia is estimated at about 24 GWp, of which about half is on roof surfaces. The estimated production of electricity from solar capacities is about 30.5 TWh per year.
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Puskás-Tompos, András. "DR and Aggregators status in CSE Europe". Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, nr 1 (1.08.2022): 1219–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0112.
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Abstract Global warming is one of the biggest challenges of our times. This phenomenon is largely due to the emissions coming from the burning of polluting fossil fuels in the process of electricity generation. In 2019 generation of electricity and heat, together with transportation accounted for more than two thirds of total emissions from fuel combustion. In addition, these sectors were mainly responsible for most of the global growth since 2010. According to the EU’s green vision, Member States have to decrease their CO2 emissions by 55% until 2030, compared to levels from 1990 and by 2050 they have to become carbon neutral. In recent years we could observe positive trends in the increase of green energy generation. The only issue is that by phasing out dispatchable polluting generation and adding non-dispatchable generation units to the electricity grids more demand flexibility is needed. Low-cost solutions to generate the mandatory flexibility necessary for system stability and reliability are Demand Response (DR) programs. The implementation of DR programs usually is made via a new market participant and new service provider entitled aggregators. Aggregators’ main role is to manage directly or indirectly end consumers’ electricity consumption flexibility. Electricity consumers can obtain incentives or can pay less for their electricity bills if they agree to shift or curtail their electricity consumption. In order to promote DR programs, as well as to increase the contribution of aggregators, the EU supports these programs through Directives. Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU encourages implementation of DR in energy markets, while Directive (EU) 2019/944 defines the independent aggregator. Further, to support these programs, a large-scale smart metre rollout is going on in EU countries. The objective of current research is to analyse the implementation level of DR in Central and South East (CSE) Europe, as well as to provide a comparative analysis in regards of smart metres rollout in developed countries versus those under development. In order to test the hypothesis, during the research the author used qualitative analysis methods such as comparative studies, desk research and case studies. The novelty of this research consists in the presentation of DR programs and aggregators development together with current state in CSE Europe.
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C. Verma, Mukesh, Rakesh Ranjan i Rakesh Kumar. "New Regulatory Tariff Structure for Green Energy and Electric Vehicles in India". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, nr 3.12 (20.07.2018): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.12.17775.
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Electricity tariff is the price of electricity to be paid by the electricity consumers. Determination of electricity tariff is major function of the Regulatory Commissions of the concerned states. Tariff is analysed through a rational process including important role of all stakeholders, including electricity users. The regulator follows a set process mentioned in Act and Regulations, conducts public hearings before the tariff is determined. Special tariff rates need to be measured for Green Energy and Electric Vehicles (EVs) because of their sustainability in nature. State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) have a major role to play in promoting Green Energy and EVs for providing optimum tariff structure for EV charging. Despite of new draft model regulations availability, progress is very slow. Regulators need to build a new cadre and capacity for making their regulations and policies to cater future needs. Time to implement new technology is less and utilities are only working on pilot projects. SERCs need to come forward to play leadership role for protecting an environment by promoting sustainability. In my paper, I would like to analyse current scenario and based on the global practice on various tariff structures to optimise electricity use and promote sustainability, will recommend new tariff structure.
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Hertwich, Edgar G., Thomas Gibon, Evert A. Bouman, Anders Arvesen, Sangwon Suh, Garvin A. Heath, Joseph D. Bergesen, Andrea Ramirez, Mabel I. Vega i Lei Shi. "Integrated life-cycle assessment of electricity-supply scenarios confirms global environmental benefit of low-carbon technologies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, nr 20 (6.10.2014): 6277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1312753111.
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Decarbonization of electricity generation can support climate-change mitigation and presents an opportunity to address pollution resulting from fossil-fuel combustion. Generally, renewable technologies require higher initial investments in infrastructure than fossil-based power systems. To assess the tradeoffs of increased up-front emissions and reduced operational emissions, we present, to our knowledge, the first global, integrated life-cycle assessment (LCA) of long-term, wide-scale implementation of electricity generation from renewable sources (i.e., photovoltaic and solar thermal, wind, and hydropower) and of carbon dioxide capture and storage for fossil power generation. We compare emissions causing particulate matter exposure, freshwater ecotoxicity, freshwater eutrophication, and climate change for the climate-change-mitigation (BLUE Map) and business-as-usual (Baseline) scenarios of the International Energy Agency up to 2050. We use a vintage stock model to conduct an LCA of newly installed capacity year-by-year for each region, thus accounting for changes in the energy mix used to manufacture future power plants. Under the Baseline scenario, emissions of air and water pollutants more than double whereas the low-carbon technologies introduced in the BLUE Map scenario allow a doubling of electricity supply while stabilizing or even reducing pollution. Material requirements per unit generation for low-carbon technologies can be higher than for conventional fossil generation: 11–40 times more copper for photovoltaic systems and 6–14 times more iron for wind power plants. However, only two years of current global copper and one year of iron production will suffice to build a low-carbon energy system capable of supplying the world's electricity needs in 2050.
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Cropper, Maureen, Ryna Cui, Sarath Guttikunda, Nate Hultman, Puja Jawahar, Yongjoon Park, Xinlu Yao i Xiao-Peng Song. "The mortality impacts of current and planned coal-fired power plants in India". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, nr 5 (25.01.2021): e2017936118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2017936118.
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We examine the health implications of electricity generation from the 2018 stock of coal-fired power plants in India, as well as the health impacts of the expansion in coal-fired generation capacity expected to occur by 2030. We estimate emissions of SO2, NOX, and particulate matter 2.5 μm (PM2.5) for each plant and use a chemical transport model to estimate the impact of power plant emissions on ambient PM2.5. Concentration-response functions from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) are used to project the impacts of changes in PM2.5 on mortality. Current plus planned plants will contribute, on average, 13% of ambient PM2.5 in India. This reflects large absolute contributions to PM2.5 in central India and parts of the Indo-Gangetic plain (up to 20 μg/m3). In the south of India, coal-fired power plants account for 20–25% of ambient PM2.5. We estimate 112,000 deaths are attributable annually to current plus planned coal-fired power plants. Not building planned plants would avoid at least 844,000 premature deaths over the life of these plants. Imposing a tax on electricity that reflects these local health benefits would incentivize the adoption of renewable energy.
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Flores, Tarcísio Santos. "UM BREVE ESTUDO COMPARATIVO ENTRE AS ENERGIAS EÓLICA E NUCLEAR". Ciência e Natura 37 (18.06.2015): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x18494.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460X18494It is apparent the human need to use electricity in the current globalized world. And along with the social and industrial and beyond the everyday comfort evolution came the abuse of power. Aware that Brazil is used as an energy source originating from hydroelectric and that it does not include all domestic demand, should be studied energy sources that can assist it. Two clean and cheap energy alternatives which can contribute to reducing the environmental impacts such as global warming and water shortages are wind and nuclear energy. Which again, exhibit ideal characteristics to serve as alternative sources for electricity production, mainly in the dry season.
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Dovgaluk, Oksana, i Anton Shmatov. "RENEWABLE ENERGY: CURRENT DEVELOPMENT TRENDS". Energy saving. Power engineering. Energy audit., nr 7-8(173-174) (21.02.2023): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2313-8890.2022.07.03.
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The article summarizes some aspects of the current state of wind energy and outlines possible development prospects. Attention is focused on the requirements of Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of the EU "On integrated pollution prevention and control" and Directive 2010/75/EC of the European Parliament and the Council on industrial emissions (integrated prevention and control of pollution) and compliance with these conditions of the industrial policy of Ukraine . The current state of wind energy is considered, as a significant factor in countering global climate changes and improving the general state of energy security in the world, Europe and Ukraine. Prospects for the further development of wind energy are summarized. Territories of Ukraine, which are characterized by the highest wind energy potential and have favorable conditions for the production of electricity by wind power plants, are highlighted. It was noted that the use of RES is one of the main priorities of energy development for most developed countries. Wind energy is widely available and one of the cheapest sources among RES for the production of electricity in the world. Wind energy occupies the second place in the structure of RES after solar and is characterized by the fastest development of technologies and intensive growth of installed capacities due to the constant development of science and technology, which leads to increased availability, development of a wide range of equipment, as well as a decrease in costs for their production and exploitation. The world experience of implementing low-power wind and solar energy technologies, which can be used to increase the energy autonomy of enterprises, shows that the main advantages of their use, first of all, are the reduction of the ecological burden on the environment compared to traditional methods of obtaining electrical energy, due to the avoidance of emissions of harmful substances (sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, dust, greenhouse gases), as well as the almost complete absence of waste.
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Almutairi, Kamel, Greg Thoma i Alvaro Durand-Morat. "Ex-Ante Analysis of Economic, Social and Environmental Impacts of Large-Scale Renewable and Nuclear Energy Targets for Global Electricity Generation by 2030". Sustainability 10, nr 8 (14.08.2018): 2884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10082884.
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This study assesses the economic, social and environmental impacts of renewable and nuclear energy targets for global electricity generation by 2030. It examines different regions, as they might experience different impacts depending on the structures of their economies and their local natural resources, to understand the impact of these targets on their economics and well-being of their people. These regions are: Saudi Arabia, the United States (US), China, India, Europe and Rest of World (ROW). A well-known Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP), is modified and used to predict global economic shifts that would be triggered by two scenarios. The business as usual (BAU) scenario assumes that the current electricity mix remains unchanged until 2030. The Renewable and Nuclear Energy (RNE) scenario is based on the International Energy Outlook (IEO) 2016 prediction. The analysis shows that the GDP value of all regions, except India, is affected negatively. The study shows a loss of 4.45 million jobs worldwide in the RNE compared to the BAU. Finally, the implementation of planned renewable and nuclear energy slightly benefits the environment but not enough to mitigate rise in global temperature.
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Märcz, F., i R. G. Harrison. "Long-term changes in atmospheric electrical parameters observed at Nagycenk (Hungary) and the UK observatories at Eskdalemuir and Kew". Annales Geophysicae 21, nr 11 (30.11.2003): 2193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-21-2193-2003.
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Abstract. The Nagycenk Geophysical Observatory in Hungary (47° 38 ' N, 16° 43 ' E) has made continuous measurements of the vertical atmospheric electric Potential Gradient (PG) since 1962. Global signals have previously been identified in the Nagycenk PG data. A long-term (1920–1981) decrease has been discovered in the PG measured at the Eskdalemuir Observatory, Scotland (55° 19 ' N, 3° 12 ' W), suggesting that this represents a global change in the atmospheric electricity related to a decline in cosmic rays. A 40% decline in PG is shown here to have occurred at Nagycenk between 1962 and 2001, also consistent with changes in the air-Earth current measured at Kew (51° 28 ' N, 0° 19 ' W), London, 1966–1978. Comparison of the long-term PG measurements at both Eskdalemuir and Nagycenk gives further evidence to support the hypothesis of a global atmospheric electrical decline from the early twentieth century to the present time, as it is shown that local effects at Nagycenk are unlikely to have dominated the changes there.Key words. Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (atmospheric electricity)
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Das Gupta, Supratim, i Alejandro Mosiño. "Evaluating India’s energy targets using real options approach". International Journal of Energy Sector Management 14, nr 4 (15.01.2020): 757–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijesm-04-2019-0020.
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Purpose The authors formulate India’s energy targets in light of pushing for renewable energy sources and reducing the dependence on imported coal. Share of imported coal in electricity generation has been approximately 10 per cent in recent years. While investments in renewables have grown in recent years as seen in installed capacities, coal-fired electricity generation has grown because of rising demand for electricity. The purpose of this study is to find a planner solution when high global coal prices force greater investments in renewable energies. Design/methodology/approach The authors use real options approach where global coal prices are the stochastic variable. They present an optimal stopping problem and solving the problem backward, the revenues from continuing with the current energy generation mix and those from replacing imported coal with wind and solar is compared for each period. Findings The “trigger price” for global coal prices when it is optimal for the social planner to invest in additional wind and solar capacities is found. Trigger prices is the threshold when investment must be undertaken whatever be the future evolution of coal prices; this gives the problem a value of waiting. India cannot afford to wait to invest if faced with strict short-term goals. Originality/value The work evaluates India’s domestic targets and its Paris Agreement goals in light of using more of wind and sun and replacing imported coal. Various data sources (government reports, research articles) are consulted to predict shares of electricity from various sources in future and the authors find the operating costs and the investment costs associated with switching to renewables.
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Hunting, Ellard R., James Matthews, Pablo Fernández de Arróyabe Hernáez, Sam J. England, Konstantinos Kourtidis, Kuang Koh, Keri Nicoll i in. "Challenges in coupling atmospheric electricity with biological systems". International Journal of Biometeorology 65, nr 1 (14.07.2020): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01960-7.
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AbstractThe atmosphere is host to a complex electric environment, ranging from a global electric circuit generating fluctuating atmospheric electric fields to local lightning strikes and ions. While research on interactions of organisms with their electrical environment is deeply rooted in the aquatic environment, it has hitherto been confined to interactions with local electrical phenomena and organismal perception of electric fields. However, there is emerging evidence of coupling between large- and small-scale atmospheric electrical phenomena and various biological processes in terrestrial environments that even appear to be tied to continental waters. Here, we synthesize our current understanding of this connectivity, discussing how atmospheric electricity can affect various levels of biological organization across multiple ecosystems. We identify opportunities for research, highlighting its complexity and interdisciplinary nature and draw attention to both conceptual and technical challenges lying ahead of our future understanding of the relationship between atmospheric electricity and the organization and functioning of biological systems.
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Han, Ying, Jianhua Shi, Yuanfan Yang i Yaxin Wang. "Direct Rebound Effect for Electricity Consumption of Urban Residents in China Based on the Spatial Spillover Effect". Energies 12, nr 11 (30.05.2019): 2069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112069.
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Based on methods of price decomposition and spatial econometrics, this paper improves the model for calculating the direct energy rebound effect employing the panel data of China’s urban residents’ electricity consumption for an empirical analysis. Results show that the global spatial correlation of urban residents’ electricity consumption has a significant positive value. The direct rebound effect and its spillover effects are 37% and 13%, respectively. Due to the spatial spillover effects, the realization of energy-saving targets in the local region depends on the implementation effect of energy efficiency policies in the surrounding areas. However, the spatial spillover effect is low, and the direct rebound effect induced by the local region is still the dominant factor affecting the implementation of energy efficiency. The direct rebound effect for urban residents’ electricity consumption eliminating the spatial spillover effect does not show a significant downward trend. The main reason is that the rapid urbanization process at the current stage has caused a rigid residents’ electricity demand and large-scale marginal consumer groups, which offsets the inhibition effect of income growth on the direct rebound effect.
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de Souza Henriques, Rafaella, Rodney Rezende Saldanha i Lineker Max Goulart Coelho. "An Air Pollutant Emission Analysis of Brazilian Electricity Production Projections and Other Countries". Energies 12, nr 15 (24.07.2019): 2851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12152851.
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In the face of the population’s growing awareness about environmental degradation, air pollutant emissions from electricity production become a very relevant issue. Therefore, the present work aims to evaluate the greenhouse gases (GHG), NOx and SO2 emissions in the Brazilian electricity production, using the expected capacity expansion from Ten-Year Energy Expansion Plan-2027, the current installed capacity of power generation and the electrical load factor. This study was based on data provided by official institutions that are responsible for the electricity sector as well as academic studies of the area. In order to obtain a better analysis of the most likely air pollutant emission values bounds, a Monte Carlo simulation was performed. In addition, the 2017 energy production emissions from Brazil, France, China, and the USA were evaluated and compared. The results indicate that non-renewable sources of energy have a negative environmental impact. In general, the emissions of CO2-eq and NOx per MWh are increasing according to Brazilian energy generation projections, but when compared with global indicator Brazil has an affordable electricity mix in terms of air pollutant emissions.
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Carnero, Pablo, i Pilar Calatayud. "A Parametric Analysis for Short-Term Residential Electrification with Electric Water Tanks. The Case of Spain". Sustainability 13, nr 21 (1.11.2021): 12070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112070.
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Buildings are great contributors to global GHG emissions, because they are responsible for direct and indirect emissions. In light of increased renewable energy share in the electricity mix, it is crucial to boost residential electrification for building decarbonization. Consequently, building regulation ought to send the proper signals to the market to encourage electrification and avoid establishing new fossil fuel-based infrastructure, which may lock in future interventions and seriously compromise climate change mitigation. This paper studies short-term residential electrification with electric water tanks in Spain using a parametric analysis considering several water heater configurations with various sizes and management strategies, using different draw-off profiles, actual time-dependent electricity prices, and CO2 factors. The results demonstrate significant GHG savings when substituting fossil fuel boilers for any water heater configuration. However, current electricity prices are such that technology change is only cost effective for low hot water demands (1–2 people) and the provided fossil fuel supply is completely removed from dwellings. The exploitation of implicit demand response increases cost-effectiveness. The analysis of Spanish regulation shows that some elements of current policies on energy efficiency in buildings hamper residential electrification, consequently policy changes are proposed.
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Rychlicki, Stanisław, i Jakub Siemek. "Current conditions and forecasts of natural gas application in the production of electricity". Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management 29, nr 1 (1.03.2013): 5–172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/gospo-2013-0004.
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Abstract In times of global crisis, there is a dynamic change in the European gas market. This leads to: - decline or stagnation in demand for gas in the industrial sector; - growing importance of unconventional natural gas; - LNGmarket development especially in terminal condensing due to the availability of rawmaterials derived from unconventional gas deposits (USA, Canada); - development of regasification terminals in Europe due to the possibility of receiving additionalmaterial; - development of gas exchanges; - development of cross-border gas pipeline connections leading to a progressive increase in the integration and linkages between markets; - emergence of unconventional gas in particular shale gas and coal bed methane; in Poland the potential benefits from shale gas exploitation offering opportunities for its wider use in the energy sector; - attention drawn to the role of unconventional gas, particularly shale gas; - periodic surplus raw materials for the European market; - renegotiation of long-term contracts for European customers; - changes in contracts, which include the introduction of partial indexation to the exchange of gas markets, modification of TorP clauses, contract volume shift to later years; - stronger bargaining position for the buyer of raw materials; - possible long-term changes in the valuation of raw material in Europe; - growing importance of short and medium-term contracts; - changes in distributor relations - [client on national markets (meaning unclear)]; - activity of new entrants to the gas markets. This paper presents the existing situation in the energy market in Poland in terms of the types of fuels used especially natural gas in the generation of electricity. It references Poland’s current energy relations with European countries, particularly with respect to the European Union. The analysis includes the size of unit energy consumption in selected EU countries. In addition, it reviews plans to build a major gas plant in Poland.
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Udayakumar G, Rajesh B, Sahil N, Vinay V N, Prof.Mallikarjun B i Dr.Supanna S Shirguppe. "GSM Based Electricity Meter with Instant Billing System". international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 7, nr 3 (2023): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2023.v07i03.55.
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The GSM-based electricity meter with an instant billing system is a project designed to provide an efficient and convenient method for monitoring and billing electricity consumption. This system utilizes the Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) technology to enable remote monitoring and control of electricity meters. The main objective of this project is to overcome the limitations of traditional electricity metering systems, such as manual meter reading and delayed billing processes. By integrating GSM technology, the system enables real-time communication between the electricity meter and the utility provider, allowing for instant meter readings and billing calculations. The proposed system consists of three main components: the GSM-based electricity meter, a central server, and a user interface. The GSM-based electricity meter is installed at the consumer's location and is equipped with a GSM module, which enables it to transmit meter readings to the central server. The central server receives the meter readings from multiple electricity meters and performs billing calculations based on predefined tariff rates. The server also stores the consumption data for future reference and generates instant bills for each consumer. These bills can be sent to the consumer's mobile phone via SMS or accessed through a web-based user interface. The user interface provides consumers with access to their consumption data, billing information, and payment options. Consumers can view their current and historical electricity usage, monitor their bills, and make payments through various payment gateways integrated into the system. The GSM-based electricity meter with an instant billing system offers several advantages over traditional metering systems. It eliminates the need for manual meter reading, reduces billing errors and delays, and provides consumers with real-time information about their electricity consumption. Additionally, it enables utility providers to optimize their billing processes and improve overall customer satisfaction.
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Mukhtar, Mustapha, Victor Adebayo, Nasser Yimen, Olusola Bamisile, Emmanuel Osei-Mensah, Humphrey Adun, Quixin Zhang i Gexin Luo. "Towards Global Cleaner Energy and Hydrogen Production: A Review and Application ORC Integrality with Multigeneration Systems". Sustainability 14, nr 9 (30.04.2022): 5415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095415.
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The current evidential effect of carbon emissions has become a societal challenge and the need to transition to cleaner energy sources/technologies has attracted wide research attention. Technologies that utilize low-grade heat like the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) and Kalina cycle have been proposed as viable approaches for fossil reduction/carbon mitigation. The development of renewable energy-based multigeneration systems is another alternative solution to this global challenge. Hence, it is important to monitor the development of multigeneration energy systems based on low-grade heat. In this study, a review of the ORC’s application in multigeneration systems is presented to highlight the recent development in ORC integrality/application. Beyond this, a new ORC-CPVT (concentrated photovoltaic/thermal) integrated multigeneration system is also modeled and analyzed using the thermodynamics approach. Since most CPVT systems integrate hot water production in the thermal stem, the proposed multigeneration system is designed to utilize part of the thermal energy to generate electricity and hydrogen. Although the CPVT system can achieve high energetic and exergetic efficiencies while producing thermal energy and electricity, these efficiencies are 47.9% and 37.88%, respectively, for the CPVT-ORC multigeneration configuration. However, it is noteworthy that the electricity generation from the CPVT-ORC configuration in this study is increased by 16%. In addition, the hot water, cooling effect, and hydrogen generated from the multigeneration system are 0.4363 L/s, 161 kW, and 1.515 L/s, respectively. The environmental analysis of the system also shows that the carbon emissions reduction potential is enormous.
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Chygryn, Olena, i Kateryna Shevchenko. "Energy industry development: key trends and the core determinants". SocioEconomic Challenges 7, nr 1 (2023): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.7(1).115-128.2023.
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Energy underpins the development and enables investment, innovation, and new industries that drive jobs, inclusive growth, and the shared prosperity of entire economies. The COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have led to a sharp rise in energy prices, increasing concerns about energy shortages and energy security, and slowing progress toward universal access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy by 2030. The purpose of the article is to study key trends and trends in the development of the global energy sector. Ex-post-economic analysis was used during the retrospective analysis. The conducted analysis made it possible to single out three main trends in the development of the global energy sector: decarbonization, digitalization, and decentralization. The results of the evaluation of statistical information on the development of alternative energy allowed us to draw the following conclusions. The global weighted average current cost of electricity for solar photovoltaic and onshore wind decreased by 77% and 35%, respectively, between 2010 and 2018. Global electricity production from renewable energy sources also increased by 7% in 2018. led by China, which accounted for nearly 37% of offshore wind growth and 44% of solar PV growth. However, significant progress in the use of renewable energy sources is still concentrated in the power industry. The share of renewable energy sources in the transport and heating sectors is still limited, although showing moderate growth. The study of forecast indicators confirmed the steady trend of growth in the demand for renewable energy. Between 2018 and 2030, global demand for renewable energy is projected to grow by 64%. The results of the provided research can be used further in the study of the development of various sectors of the energy industry, in particular, alternative electricity, wind energy, etc.
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Grondys, Katarzyna. "The Use of Smart Grid Technology in the Management of Household Energy". Applied Mechanics and Materials 795 (październik 2015): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.795.92.
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The aim of the paper is the analysis of the development of electricity management in households using modern information technology - Smart Grid. The experiences of the countries which are crucial for the global economy, such as China or the USA, prove that Smart Grid can be used not only in business but also it can be applied in households. Due to the significant share of households in the use of electricity, combining them into a network using modern IT is to optimize the flow of energy in accordance with the current consumption, providing an opportunity of household management. The application of Smart Grid is also another step in the development of the concept of information society and it can enable the transition to a sustainable power system.
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Michaelides, Efstathios. "Transition to Renewable Energy for Communities: Energy Storage Requirements and Dissipation". Energies 15, nr 16 (14.08.2022): 5896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15165896.
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The transition of residential communities to renewable energy sources is one of the first steps for the decarbonization of the energy sector, the reduction of CO2 emissions, and the mitigation of global climate change. This study provides information for the development of a microgrid, supplied by wind and solar energy, which meets the hourly energy demand of a community of 10,000 houses in the North Texas region; hydrogen is used as the energy storage medium. The results are presented for two cases: (a) when the renewable energy sources supply only the electricity demand of the community, and (b) when these sources provide the electricity as well as the heating needs (for space heating and hot water) of the community. The results show that such a community can be decarbonized with combinations of wind and solar installations. The energy storage requirements are between 2.7 m3 per household and 2.2 m3 per household. There is significant dissipation in the storage–regeneration processes—close to 30% of the current annual electricity demand. The entire decarbonization (electricity and heat) of this community will result in approximately 87,500 tons of CO2 emissions avoidance.
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Sawant, Prasad M. "Electrification in Rural India by Renewable Energy". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, nr VIII (15.08.2021): 808–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37491.
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Faced with growing concerns about global warming and the depletion of fossil fuels, the international community has turned its attention to renewable energy research in the past two decades. In India and many other countries, electricity in rural areas is unreliable, inadequate, or without electricity. Remote area electrification is a major concern for the government of any developing nation. In the new microgrid model, renewable energy could be a profitable various to suburbanized power generation. Unlike households, non-agricultural enterprises that have not received due attention and political support have relatively high acceptance of Microgrid. The government has implemented various plans to realize the electrification of these areas by expanding the network, but so far, many areas have not been included in the proposed plan due to economic, environmental, and geographic reasons. In this article, we analyse the implementation and use of Microgrid in rural communities in villages that are powered by the grid. However, the current low electricity demand of non-agricultural enterprises in rural areas indicates that the increase in electricity demand and the increase in enterprise productivity require additional services and infrastructure