Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Global Change National Program (U.S.)”

<p>A quarter century ago the landmark report from the U. S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine entitled <em>“</em><em>Emerging Infections, Microbial Threats to Health in the United States” </em>was released. This classic study captured the societal changes then underway in our rapidly growing world: The growth of the world’s population and changing human behavior; the advances and globalization of technology and industry; the changes in economic development and land use; the dramatic increase in speed and frequency of international travel and commerce; the adaptation of microbes and the appearance of never before seen pathogens; and the breakdown of traditional public health measures. This societal evolution has only increased and the growing frequency of outbreaks foretold in the report has come to pass. Each new disaster has precipitated changes and adaptations in our global response to infectious diseases designed to reduce risks and avoid future outbreaks. We discuss these past events and how each led to change in an effort to mitigate future threats. We also look to the future to consider what challenges might lay ahead.</p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>Major outbreaks over the past quarter century validated the concept of emerging infectious diseases and led to improvements in global policies and national public health programs; however, there will likely always be new diseases and the threat of reemergence of diseases once thought controlled leading to a constant need for vigilance in public health preparedness.</p>

Akhter, J., & Cheng, K. (2020). Sustainable empowerment initiatives among rural women through microcredit borrowings in Bangladesh. Sustainability, 12: 2275. Ani, F., Ramlan, N., Yusoff, R., & Damin, Z.A. (2018). Measuring the level of participation and its relationship with psychological empowerment through community based organisation (CBO) activities. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 8: 647-658. Barker, J., & Thomson, L. (2015). Helpful relationships with service users: Linking social capital. Australian Social Work, 68: 130-145. Bisaga, I., Parikh, P., & Loggia, C. (2019). Challenges and opportunities for sustainable urban farming in South African low-income settlements: A case study in Durban. Sustainability, 11: 5660. Cheah, J.H., Thurasamy, R., Memon, M.A., Chuah, F., & Ting, H. (2020). Multigroup analysis using SmartPLS: Step-by-step guidelines for business research. Asian Journal of Business Research, 10: I-XIX. Claridge, T. (2018). Functions of social capital–bonding, bridging, linking. Social Capital Research, 20: 1-7. Cohen, J. M., & Uphoff, N. T. (1977). Rural development participation: concepts and measures for project design, implementation and evaluation. Rural development participation: concepts and measures for project design, implementation and evaluation., 2: 29-46. Díaz-Gibson, J., Zaragoza, M.C., Daly, A.J., Mayayo, J.L., & Romaní, J. R. (2017). Networked leadership in educational collaborative networks. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 45: 1040-1059. Eryanto, H., Swaramarinda, D.R., & Nurmalasari, D. (2019). Effectiveness of entrepreneurship practice program: using CIPP program evaluation. Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 22: 1-10. Evans, P. (1997). State-society synergy: Government and social capital in development. FAO. (2019). Urban and peri-urban agriculture in Asia and the Pacific: Opportunities, challenges and policy implications. Bangkok: FAO Regional Office for Asia Guitart D., Pickering C., Byrne J. (2012). Past results and future directions in urban community gardens research. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 11: 364-373. Gunasekara, R.W.M.N., Premaratne, S.P., & Priyanath, H.M.S. (2017). Impact of social capital on livelihood success of the members of community-based organizations in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7: 1156-1167. Hair Jr, J. F., Howard, M. C., & Nitzl, C. (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109: 101-110. Haldane, V., Chuah, F. L., Srivastava, A., Singh, S. R., Koh, G. C., Seng, C. K., & Legido-Quigley, H. (2019). Community participation in health services development, implementation, and evaluation: A systematic review of empowerment, health, community, and process outcomes. PloS one, 14: e0216112. Ibrahim, M. B. (2016). Role of participation in decision making and social capital on sustainability of watershed usage among peri-urban agricultural farmers of Kwadon, Gombe State, Nigeria. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Jackson, K. T., Burgess, S., Toms, F., & Cuthbertson, E. L. (2018). Community engagement: Using feedback loops to empower residents and influence systemic change in culturally diverse communities. Global Journal of Community Psychology Practice, 9: 1-21. Jiang, J., & Wang, P. (2020). Is linking social capital more beneficial to the health promotion of the poor? Evidence from China. Social Indicators Research, 147: 45-71. Kieffer, C. H. (1984). Citizen empowerment: A developmental perspective. Prevention in Human Services, 3: 9-36. Kilpatrick, S. U. E., Field, J., & Falk, I. A. N. (2003). Social capital: An analytical tool for exploring lifelong learning and community development. British Educational Research Journal, 29: 417-433. Mai, V. N., Nguyen, Q. N., & Hien, L. T. D. (2023). Citizen Participation in Community-Based Tourism Development in the Mekong Delta. Vietnam. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(5), e749. Manurung, A., & Lubis, S. (2023). The Potential of Budget Participation and Dalihan Natolu Leadership Style to Improve Community Welfare in the Toba Caldera Tourism Geography Area. Journal of Law and Sustainable Development, 11(9), e573-e573. Menasseri-Aubry, S., Viaud, V., Santillàn-Carvantes, P., Akkal-Corfini, N., Le Guillou, C., Prévost-Bouré, N. C., & Ranjard, L. (2018). Landscape-scale analysis of cropping system effects on soil quality in a context of crop-livestock farming. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 265: 166-177. Nakagawa, Y., & Shaw, R. (2004). Social capital: A missing link to disaster recovery. International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters, 22(1): 5-34. National Agrofood Policy (NAFP). Malaysia’s Agrofood Policy (NAP 2011–2020). Available online: https://ap.fftc.org.tw/article/1368 (accessed on 20 September 2021). Nazuri, N. S., Rosnon, M. R., Ahmad, N., Suhaimi, S. S. A., Sharifuddin, J., & Wijekoon, R. (2022). Vindication of linking social capital capacity to urban agriculture: A paradigm of participation based on social empowerment in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Sustainability, 14: 1509. Ndaeji, M. N. (2014). Participation in self-help groups and empowerment among rural women in Niger state, Nigeria. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Pereira, V. A., dos Santos Brandalize, M., Grosko, S., de Oliveira, I. C., Zitkoski, J. J., Corbari, F., & Zonin, W. J. (2023). Extension, popular education and agroecology in family agriculture: experience report of students and graduate teachers. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 17(7), 1-17. Purwanto, A. (2021). Partial least squares structural squation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis for social and management research: a literature review. Journal of Industrial Engineering & Management Research, 21: 65-84 Putnam, R. (2001). Social capital: Measurement and consequences. Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 2: 41-51. Rappaport, J., & Seidman, E. (2000). Handbook of community psychology. Springer Science & Business Media. Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). Gain more insight from your PLS-SEM results: The importance-performance map analysis. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 116: 1865-1886. Riwalnu S. (2014). Community empowerment through participatory approach of Indonesia poverty reduction program. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 153: 209-220. Siegner, A., Sowerwine, J., & Acey, C. (2018). Does urban agriculture improve food security? Examining the nexus of food access and distribution of urban produced foods in the United States: A systematic review. Sustainability, 10: 2988. Siwar, C., Ahmed, F., Bashawir, A., & Mia, M. S. (2016). Urbanization and urban poverty in Malaysia: consequences and vulnerability. Journal of Applied Sciences, 16: 154-160. Smit, J., Bailkey, M., & Van Veenhuizen, R. (2006). Urban agriculture and the building of communities. Van Veenhuizen, R. Cities farming for the future, urban agriculture for green and productive cities, pp. 146-171, Leusden: RUAF Foundation Press. United Nations. (2018). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Woolcock, M. (2001). The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes. Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 2: 11-17. Yan, X., Lin, H., & Clarke, A. (2018). Cross-sector social partnerships for social change: The roles of non-governmental organizations. Sustainability, 10: 558. Yapanto, L. M., Fadhli, A., Tamod, Z. E., Warouw, F. F., Musa, D. T., & Tenda, M. P. (2023). Community Participation in the Management of Tourist Areas (Case Study in the Tourist Area of Bongo, Gorontalo District) Indonesia. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 17(5), e03460-e03460. Yusoff, N. H., Hussain, M. R. M., & Tukiman, I. (2017). Roles of community towards urban farming activities. Planning Malaysia, 15: 4-10. Zaidi, N. A. M., Yusoff, S., Ismail, M. H. S., Ismail, S. A., Harun, S. N. S., Latif, M. A. (2019). Urban agriculture in Malaysia: Issues, prospects and sustainability. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 26: 17-25. Zainal, M., & Hamzah, S. R. A. (2018). Urban agriculture: The role of knowledge among farmer in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7: 77-85. Zainoddin, A. I., Shaharudin, M. R., Hassim, N. H., Haniff, W. A. A. W., Shaari, N. F., & Legino, R. (2022). The mediating effects of capability development on the relationships between social capital and the effectiveness of community development programme among farmers in malaysia. Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 12: 28-44.

The Covid-19 pandemic had a dangerous impact on early-childhood education, lost learning in almost all aspects of child development. The house-to-house learning, with the name Moving Home Learning Program (MHLP), is an attractive offer as an emergency remote teaching solution. This study aims to describe the application of MHLP designed by early-childhood education institutions during the learning process at home. This study used a qualitative approach with data collection using interviews, observation, and documentation. The respondents involved in the interview were a kindergarten principal and four teachers. The research data were analyzed using the data content analysis. The Findings show that the MHLP has proven to be sufficiently in line with the learning needs of early childhood during the Covid-19 pandemic. Although, the application of the MHLP learning model has limitations such as the distance from the house that is far away, the number of meetings that are only once a week, the number of food and toy sellers passing by, disturbing children's concentration, and the risk of damage to goods at home. The implication of this research can be the basis for evaluating MHLP as an adaptive strategy that requires the attention of related parties, including policy makers, school principals, and teachers for the development of new, more effective online learning models. Keywords: Moving Home Learning Program (MHLP), Children Remote Teaching References:Abdollahi, E., Haworth-Brockman, M., Keynan, Y., Langley, M. J., & Oghadas, S. M. (2020). Simulating the effect of school closure during COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario , Canada. BMC Medicine, 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01705-8 Arends, R. I., & Kilcher, A. (2010). Teaching for Student Learning: Becoming an Accomplished Teacher (1st ed.). Routledge. Arysandhi, K. N., & Meitriana, M. A. (2014). Studi Komparatif Motivasi Belajar Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran IPS antara Moving Class dengan Kelas Menetap di SMPN 1 Kerambitan dan SMPN 2 Tabanan Tahun Pelajaran 2013/2014. Ekuitas-Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi, 2(1), 30–39. Bawa, P. (2020). Learning in the age of SARS-COV-2 : A quantitative study of learners ’ performance in the age of emergency remote teaching. Computers and Education Open, 1(October), 100016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2020.100016 Bialek, S., Gierke, R., Hughes, M., McNamara, L., Pilishvili, T., & Skoff, T. (2020). Morbidity and mortality weekly report (mmwr) - Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children — United States, February 12–April 2, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69, 2–6. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/pui-form.pdf. Boardman, M. (2003). Changing Times: Changing Challenges for Early Childhood Leaders. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 28(2), 20–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693910302800205 Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development (1st ed.). Harvard University Press. Chen, Y. T. (2020). An investigation of young children’s science and aesthetic learning through a science aesthetic thematic curriculum: A mixed-methods study. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 45(2), 127–141. https://doi.org/10.1177/1836939120918503 Choi, N., & Jung, H. (2020). Temperament and Home Environment Characteristics as Predictors of Young Children ’ s Learning Motivation. Early Childhood Education Journal, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-020-01019-7 Counselman, K. P., & Jones, E. (2001). Distance learning in early childhood teacher education: The experience of Pacific Oaks College. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 22(4), 225–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/1090102010220402 Daniel, S. J. (2020). Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. PROSPECTS, 6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11125-020-09464-3 Dick, W., Carey, L., & Carey, J. O. (2015). The Systematic Design of Instruction (8th ed.). Pearson. Diningrat, S. W. M., Nindya, M. A., & Salwa. (2020). Cakrawala Pendidikan ,. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 39(3), 705–719. https://doi.org/10.21831/cp.v39i3.32304 Dong, C., Cao, S., & Li, H. (2020). Young children’s online learning during COVID-19 pandemic: Chinese parents’ beliefs and attitudes. Children and Youth Services Review, 118(June), 105440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105440 Dong, Y., Dong, Y., Mo, X., Hu, Y., Qi, X., Jiang, F., Jiang, Z., Jiang, Z., Tong, S., Tong, S., & Tong, S. (2020). Epidemiology of COVID-19 among children in China. Pediatrics, 145(6). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0702 Eliza, D. (2013). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kontekstual Learning (CTL) Berbasis Centra di Taman Kanak-Kanak. Pedagogi: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, XIII(2), 93–106. Fadlilah, azizah nurul. (2021). Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Strategi Menghidupkan Motivasi Belajar Anak Usia Dini Selama Pandemi COVID-19 melalui Publikasi Abstrak. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(1), 373–384. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i1.548 Fenech, M. (2013). Quality early childhood education for my child or for all children?: Parents as activists for equitable, high-quality early childhood education in Australia. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 38(4), 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693911303800413 Gibson, M. (2013). “I want to educate school-age children”: Producing early childhood teacher professional identities. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 14(2), 127–137. https://doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2013.14.2.127 Hamzah, N. (2016). Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran BCCT Bagi Anak Usia Dini ; Study Pelaksanaan BCCT Di Tk Islam Mujahidin Pontianak. At-Turats: Jurnal Pemikiran Pendidikan Islama, 10(2), 119–131. Hasan, M. S., & Saputri, D. E. (2020). Pembelajaran PAI Berbasis Moving Class di SMP Negeri 1 Gudo Jombang. Attaqwa: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Islam, 16(September), 113–125. Hew, K. F., Jia, C., Gonda, D. E., & Bai, S. (2020). Transitioning to the “new normal” of learning in unpredictable times: pedagogical practices and learning performance in fully online flipped classrooms. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-020-00234-x Hodges, C. B., Moore, S., Lockee, B., Trust, T., & Bond, A. (2020). The Difference Between Emergency Remote Teaching and Online Learning. Educase Review. Hussein, E., Daoud, S., Alrabaiah, H., & Badawi, R. (2020). Children and Youth Services Review Exploring undergraduate students ’ attitudes towards emergency online learning during COVID-19 : A case from the UAE. Children and Youth Services Review, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105699 Işıkoğlu, N., Ero, A., Atan, A., & Aytekin, S. (2021). A qualitative case study about overuse of digital play at home. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01442-y A Kilgallon, P., Maloney, C., & Lock, G. (2008). Early childhood teachers coping with educational change. Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 33(1), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/183693910803300105 Kim, J. (2020). Learning and Teaching Online During Covid ‑ 19 : Experiences of Student Teachers in an Early Childhood Education Practicum. International Journal of Early Childhood, 52(2), 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-020-00272-6 Kurniati, E., Kusumanita, D., Alfaeni, N., & Andriani, F. (2021). Analisis Peran Orang Tua dalam Mendampingi Anak di Masa Abstrak. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(1), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i1.541 Lopes, H., & Mckay, V. (2020). pandemics : The COVID ‑ 19 experience. International Review of Education, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-020-09843-0 Macartney, K., Quinn, H. E., Pillsbury, A. J., Koirala, A., Deng, L., Winkler, N., Katelaris, A. L., & Sullivan, M. V. N. O. (2020). Articles Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Australian educational settings : a prospective cohort study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2020, 4642(20), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30251-0 Marina, Indrawati, H., & Suarman. (2019). Application of Moving Class Learning Models and Teacher Pedagogical Competence on Learning Motivation and Student Learning Discipline. Journal of Educational Sciences, 3(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/doi.org/10.31258/jes.3.1.p.72-83 McLean, K., Edwards, S., & Mantilla, A. (2020). A review of community playgroup participation. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 45(2), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1177/1836939120918484 Muhdi, Nurkolis, & Yuliejantiningsih, Y. (2020). The Implementation of Online Learning in Early Childhood Education During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 14(2), 248–261. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21009/JPUD.142.04 Panovska-griffiths, J., Kerr, C. C., Stuart, R. M., Mistry, D., Klein, D. J., Viner, R. M., & Bonell, C. (2020). Articles Determining the optimal strategy for reopening schools , the impact of test and trace interventions , and the risk of occurrence of a second COVID-19 epidemic wave in the UK : a modelling study. The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health, 4642(20), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30250-9 Piquero, A. R., Riddell, J. R., Bishopp, S. A., Narvey, C., Reid, J. A., & Piquero, N. L. (2020). Staying Home , Staying Safe ? A Short-Term Analysis of COVID-19 on Dallas Domestic Violence. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 601–635. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09531-7 Pramling, I., Judith, S., Elin, T. W., & Ødegaard, E. (2020). The Coronavirus Pandemic and Lessons Learned in Preschools in Norway , Sweden and the United States : OMEP Policy Forum. International Journal of Early Childhood, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-020-00267-3 Pribadi, H., & Harjati, P. (2013). Analisis Pembelajaran Fisika dalam Sistem Moving Class di SMP Negeri 1 Pekalongan Lampung Timur Tahun Pelajaran 2012/2013. JPF, 32–41. Project Tommorow & Blackboard. (2017). Trends in Digital Learning: Building teachers’ capacity and competency to create new learning experiences for students. https://tomorrow.org/speakup/speak-up-2016-trends-digital-learning-june-2017.html Rahiem, M. D. H. (2020). The Emergency Remote Learning Experience of University Students in Indonesia amidst the COVID-19 Crisis. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 19(6), 1–26. http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5618-2486%0AAbstract. Ramdhani, M. T. (2016). Model Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam dengan Sistem Moving Class dalam Meningkatkan Motivasi dan Prestasi Belajar Siswa SMP IT Sahabat Alam. Anterior Jurnal, 15(2), 212–221. Reigeluth, C. M., Beatty, B. J., & Myers, R. D. (2017). Instructional-Design Theories and Models (R. D. Myers (Ed.); IV). Routledge. Sangsawang, T. (2020). Indonesian Journal of Science & Technology An Instructional Design for Online Learning in Vocational Education according to a Self-Regulated Learning Framework for Problem Solving during the CoViD-19 Crisis. 5. Schmerse, D., Anders, Y., Wieduwilt, N., & Tietze, W. (2018). Differential effects of home and preschool learning environments on early language development. British Educational Research Journal, 44(2), 338–357. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3332 Schreier, M. (2013). Qualitative Content Analysis (First Edit). SAGE Publications. Shisley, S. (2020). Emergency Remote Learning Compared to Online Learning. Learning Solution. https://learningsolutionsmag.com/articles/emergency-remote-learning-compared-to-online-learning Son, S., & Morrison, F. J. (2010). The Nature and Impact of Changes in Home Learning Environment on Development of Language and Academic Skills in Preschool Children. 46(5), 1103–1118. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020065 Stephen, C., Ellis, J., & Martlew, J. (2010). Taking active learning into the primary school: A matter of new practices? International Journal of Early Years Education, 18(4), 315–329. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669760.2010.531916 Sudrajat, C. J., Agustin, M., Kurniati, L., & Karsa, D. (2021). Strategi Kepala TK dalam Meningkatkan Mutu Pendidikan pada Masa Pandemi Covid 19 Abstrak. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(1), 508–520. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i1.582 Sumindar, A., & Wahyu, L. (2012). Model Pembelajaran Moving Class Mata Pelajaran Seni Budaya dan Implikasinya terhadap Kemandirian Siswa (Kajian Kasus) di SMA Karangturi Semarang. Catharsis: Journal of Arts Education, 1(2), 21. Supriatna, R., Hafidhuddin, D., & Syafri, U. A. (2018). Model Pembelajaran Beyond Center and Circle Time (BCCT) Berbasis Q.S Lukman Ayat 12-19. Tawazun: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 11(2), 1–11. Syarah, E. S. (2020). Understanding Teacher ’ s Perspectives in Media Literacy Education as an Empowerment Instrument of Blended Learning in Early Childhood Classroom. Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 14(2), 202–214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.21009/JPUD.142.01 Tang, Y., & Hew, K. F. (2020). Does mobile instant messaging facilitate social presence in online communication? A two-stage study of higher education students. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-020-00188-0 Thompson, M. (2019). Early Childhood Pedagogy in a Socio ‑ cultural Medley in Ghana : Case Studies in Kindergarten. International Journal of Early Childhood, 51(2), 177–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-019-00242-7 Togher, M., & Fenech, M. (2020). Ongoing quality improvement in the context of the National Quality Framework: Exploring the perspectives of educators in ‘Working Towards’ services. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 45(3), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1836939120936003 UNESCO. (2020). UNESCO’s support: Educational response to COVID-19. Unesco. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse/support Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Harvard University Press. Wiresti, R. D. (2021). Analisis Dampak Work From Home pada Anak Usia Dini di Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(1), 641–653. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i1.563 Wiwatowski, M., Page, J., & Young, S. (2020). Examining early childhood teachers’ attitudes and responses to superhero play. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 45(2), 170–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/1836939120918486 Yin, R. K. (2018). Case Study Research and Applications Design and Methods (Eliza Wells (Ed.); Sixth Edit). SAGE Publications. Yoshikawa, H., Wuermli, A. J., Britto, P. R., Dreyer, B., Leckman, J. F., Lye, S. J., Ponguta, L. A., Richter, L. M., & Stein, A. (2020). Effects of the Global Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic on Early Childhood Development: Short- and Long-Term Risks and Mitigating Program and Policy Actions. The Journal of Pediatrics, 223(1), 188–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.020 Zhu, X., & Liu, J. (2020). Education in and After Covid-19 : Immediate Responses and Long-Term Visions. Postdigital Science and Education. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s42438-020-00126-3

Curriculum material is generally considered the subject matter of information, talents, dispositions, understandings, and principles that make up research programs in the field. At a more complex level, the curricula need to contain historical and socio-political strengths, traditions, cultural views, and goals with wide differences in sovereignty, adaptation, and local understanding that encompass a diversity of cultures, laws, metaphysics, and political discourse This study aims to develop a curriculum with local content as a new approach in early childhood science learning. The Local Content Curriculum (LCC) is compiled and developed to preserve the uniqueness of local culture, natural environment, and community crafts for early childhood teachers so that they can introduce local content to early childhood. Research and model development combines the design of the Dick-Carey and Dabbagh models with qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that local content curriculum products can be supplemented into early childhood curricula in institutions according to local conditions. Curricula with local content can be used as a reinforcement for the introduction of science in early childhood. The research implication demands the concern of all stakeholders to see that the introduction of local content is very important to be given from an early age, so that children know, get used to, like, maintain, and love local wealth from an early age. Keywords: Early Childhood, Scientific Learning, Local Content Curriculum Model References: Agustin, R. S., & Puro, S. (2015). Strategy Of Curriculum Development Based On Project Based Learning (Case Study: SMAN 1 Tanta Tanjung Tabalong South Of Kalimantan ) Halaman : Prosiding Ictte Fkip Uns, 1, 202–206. Agustina, N. Q., & Mukhtaruddin, F. (2019). The Cipp Model-Based Evaluation on Integrated English Learning (IEL) Program at Language Center. English Language Teaching Educational Journal, 2(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.12928/eltej.v2i1.1043 Altinyelken, H.K. (2015). Evolution of Curriculum Systems to Improve Learning Outcomes and Reduce Disparities in School Achievement, in Background paper prepared for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2015. Andrian, D. (2018). International Journal of Instruction. 11(4), 921–934. Andrian, D., Kartowagiran, B., & Hadi, S. (2018). The instrument development to evaluate local curriculum in Indonesia. International Journal of Instruction, 11(4), 921–934. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2018.11458a Aslan, Ö. M. (2018). From an Academician’ s Preschool Diary: Emergent Curriculum and Its Practices in a Qualified Example of Laboratory Preschool. 7(1), 97–110. https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v7n1p97 Bakhtiar, A. M., & Nugroho, A. S. (2016). Curriculum Development of Environmental Education Based on Local Wisdom at Elementary School. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 3(3), 20–28. Barbarin, O. A., & Wasik, B. H. (2009). Handbook of child development and early education. Guilford Press. Baron-gutty, A. (2018). Provision in Thai basic education”. March. Bodrova, E. (2008). Make-believe play versus academic skills: A Vygotskian approach to today’s dilemma of early childhood education. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 16(3), 357–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/13502930802291777 Bohling-philippi, V., Crim, C., Cutter-mackenzie, A., Edwards, C., Desjean-perrotta, B., Finch, K., Brien, L. O., & Wilson, R. (2015). International Journal of Early Childhood. 3(1), 1–103. Brooker, L., Blaise, M., & Edwards, s. (2014). The SAGE handbook of play and learning in early childhood. Sage. Broström, S. (2015). Science in Early Childhood Education. Journal of Education and Human Development, 4(2(1)). https://doi.org/10.15640/jehd.v4n2_1a12 Childhood, E., Needs, T., & Han, H. S. (2017). Implementing Multicultural Education for Young Children in South Korea: Implementing Multicultural Education for Young Children in South Korea: Early Childhood Teachers’ Needs 1 ). March. Dabbagh, N & Bannan-Ritland, B. (2005). Online Learning: Concepts, Strategies, and Application. Pearson Education, Inc. Dahlberg, G., Moss, P., & Pence, A. (2013). Beyond quality in early childhood education and care: Languages of evaluation. Routledge. Dahlberg, G., Moss, P., & Pence, A. (2013). Beyond quality in early childhood education and care: Languages of evaluation. Routledge. Daryanto. (2014). Pendekatan Pembelajaran Saintifik. Gava Media. Dick, C. & C. (2009). The Sistematic Design of Instruction. Upper Saddle River. Elde Mølstad, C., & Karseth, B. (2016). National curricula in Norway and Finland: The role of learning outcomes. European Educational Research Journal, 15(3), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474904116639311 Eurydice. (2018). Steering Documents and Types of Activities. Farid, MN. (2012). Peranan Muatan Lokal Materi Batik Tulis Lasem Sebagai Bentuk Pelestarian Budaya Lokal. Jurnal Komunitas, 4(1), 90–121. Fisnani, Y., Utanto, Y., Ahmadi, F., Tengah, J., Technology, E., Semarang, U. N., Education, P. T., Semarang, U. N., & Info, A. (2020). The Development of E-Module for Batik Local Content in Pekalongan Elementary. 9(23), 40–47. Fitriani, R. (2018). The Effect of Scientific Approach Applied on Scientific Literacy to Student Competency at Class VIII Junior High School 12 Padang. International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT), 7(1), 97–105. Fleer, M. (2015). Pedagogical positioning in play-teachers being inside and outside of children’s imaginary play. Early Child Development and Care, 185(11–12), 1801–1814. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 03004430.2015.1028393 Hakk, İ. (2011). Curriculum Reform and Teacher Autonomy in Turkey: The Case of the HistoryTeachi̇ng. International Journal of Instruction, 4(2), 113–128. Haridza, R., & Irving, K. E. (2017). The Evolution of Indonesian and American Science Education Curriculum: A Comparison Study. 9(February), 95–110. Hatch, J. A. (2012). From theory to curriculum: Developmental theory and its relationship to curriculum and instruction in early childhood education. In & D. W. N. File, J. Mueller (Ed.), Curriculum in early childhood education: Re-examined, rediscovered, renewed (pp. 42–53). Hos, R., & Kaplan-wolff, B. (2020). On and Off Script: A Teacher’ s Adaptati on of Mandated Curriculum for Refugee Newcomers in an Era of Standardization On and Off Script: A Teacher’ s Adaptati on of Mandated Curriculum for Refugee Newcomers in an Era of Standardization. Journal of Curriculum and Teaching, 9(1), 40–54. https://doi.org/10.5430/jct.v9n1p40 Hosnan, M. (2014). Pendekatan saintifk dan kontekstual dalam pembelajaran abad 21. Ghalia Indonesia. Hussain, A., Dogar, A. H., Azeem, M., & Shakoor, A. (2011). Evaluation of Curriculum Development Process. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(14), 263–271. Maryono. (2016). The implementation of schools’ policy in the development of the local content curriculum in primary schools in Pacitan , Indonesia. Education Research and Reviews, 11(8), 891–906. https://doi.org/10.5897/ERR2016.2660 Masithoh, D. (2018). Teachers’ Scientific Approach Implementation in Inculcating the Students ’ Scientific Attitudes. 6(1), 32–43. Mayfield, B. J. (1995). Educational curriculum. Journal of Nutrition Education, 27(4), 214. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3182(12)80438-9 Muharom Albantani, A., & Madkur, A. (2018). Think Globally, Act Locally: The Strategy of Incorporating Local Wisdom in Foreign Language Teaching in Indonesia. International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature, 7(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.7n.2p.1 Nasir, M. (2013). Pengembangan Kurikulum Muatan Lokal dalam Konteks Pendidikan Islam di Madrasah. Hunafa: Jurnal Studia Islamika, 10(1), 1–18. Nevenglosky, E. A., Cale, C., & Aguilar, S. P. (2019). Barriers to effective curriculum implementation. Research in Higher Education Journal, 36, 31. Nuttal, J. (2013). Weaving Te Whariki: Aotearoa New Zealand’s early childhood curriculum framework in theory and practice (2nd ed.) (2nd ed.). NZCER Press. Oates, T. (2010). Could do better: Using international comparisons to refine the National Curriculum in England. O’Gorman, L., & Ailwood, J. (2012). ‘They get fed up with playing’: Parents’ views on play-based learning in the preparatory year. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 13(4), 266–275. https://doi.org/10.2304/ ciec.2012.13.4.266 Orakci, S., Durnali, M., & Özkan, O. (2018). Curriculum reforms in Turkey. In Economic and Geopolitical Perspectives of the Commonwealth of Independent States and Eurasia (Issue July 2019, pp. 225–251). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-3264-4.ch010 Organization for Economic and Co-Operation and Development. (2019). Change Management: Facilitating and Hindering Factors of Curriculum Implementation. 8th Informal Working Group (IWG) Meeting, 1–25. Poedjiastutie, D., Akhyar, F., Hidayati, D., & Nurul Gasmi, F. (2018). Does Curriculum Help Students to Develop Their English Competence? A Case in Indonesia. Arab World English Journal, 9(2), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol9no2.12 Prasetyo, A. (2015). Curriculum Development of Early Childhood Education through Society Empowerment as Potential Transformation of Local Wisdom in Learning. Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies, 4(1), 30–34. https://doi.org/10.15294/ijeces.v4i1.9450 Ramdhani, S. (2019). Integrative Thematic Learning Model Based on Local Wisdom For Early Childhood Character. Indonesian Journal of Early Childhood Education Studies, 8(1), 38–45. Reifel, S. (2014). Developmental play in the classroom. In & S. E. L. Brooker, M. Blaise (Ed.), The SAGE handbook of play and learning in early childhood (pp. 157–168). Sage. Reunamo, J., & Suomela, L. (2013). Education for sustainable development in early childhood education in finland. Journal of Teacher Education for Sustainability, 15(2), 91–102. https://doi.org/10.2478/jtes-2013-0014 Saefuddin, A., & Berdiati, I. (2014). Pembelajaran efektif. Remaja Rosda Karya. Sagita, N. I., Deliarnoor, N. A., & Afifah, D. (2019). Local content curriculum implementation in the framework of nationalism and national security. Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, 13(4), 91–103. Saracho, O. (2012). An integrated play-based curriculum for young children. Routledge. Schumacher, D. H. (1995). Five Levels of Curriculum Integration Defined, Refined , and Described. Research in Middle Level Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/10825541.1995.11670055 Scott, D. (2014). Knowledge and the curriculum. The Curriculum Journal, 25(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585176.2013.876367 Setiawan, A., Handojo, A., & Hadi, R. (2017). Indonesian Culture Learning Application based on Android. 7(1), 526–535. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i1.pp526-535 Syarifuddin, S. (2018). The effect of using the scientific approach through concept understanding and critical thinking in science. Jurnal Prima Edukasia, 6(1), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.21831/jpe.v6i1.15312 Ulla, M. B., & Winitkun, D. (2017). Thai learners’ linguistic needs and language skills: Implications for curriculum development. International Journal of Instruction, 10(4), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2017.10412a van Oers, B. (2012). Developmental education: Foundations of a play-based curriculum. In B. van Oers (Ed.), Developmental education for young children: Concept, practice, and implementation (pp. 13–26). Springer. Wahyono, Abdulhak, I., & Rusman. (2017). Implementation of scientific approach-based learning. International Journal of Education Research, 5(8), 221–230. Wahyudin, D., & Suwirta, A. (2017). The Curriculum Implementation for Cross-Cultural and Global Citizenship Education in Indonesia Schools. EDUCARE: International Journal for Educational Studies, 10(1), 11–22. Westbrook, J., Brown, R., Pryor, J., & Salvi, F. (2013). Pedagogy, Curriculum , Teaching Practices and Teacher Education in Developing Countries. December. Wood, E., & Hedges, H. (2016). Curriculum in early childhood education: Critical questions about content, coherence, and control. The Curriculum Journal. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585176.2015.1129981

<p><strong>1. How can we maintain a sustainable private practice in the current political and economic climate?</strong></p><p>Eugene Allers</p><p><strong>2. SASOP Clinical guidelines, protocols and algorithms: Development of treatment guidelines for bipolar mood disorder and major depression</strong></p><p> Eugene Allers, Margaret Nair, Gerhard Grobler</p><p><strong>3. The revolving door phenomenon in psychiatry: Comparing low-frequency and high-frequency users of psychiatric inpatient services in a developing country</strong></p><p>U A Botha, P Oosthuien, L Koen, J A Joska, J Parker, N Horn</p><p><strong>4. Neurophysiology of emotion and senses - The interface between psyche and soma</strong></p><p>Eugene Allers</p><p><strong>5. Suicide prevention: From and beyond the psychiatrist's hands</strong></p><p>O Alonso Betanourt, M Morales Herrera</p><p><strong>6. Treatment of first-episod psychosis: Efficacy and toleabilty of a long-acting typical antipsychotic </strong></p><p>B Chiliza, R Schoeman, R Emsey, P Oosthuizen, L KOen, D Niehaus, S Hawkridge</p><p><strong>7. Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the young child</strong></p><p>Helen Clark</p><p><strong>8. Holistic/ Alternative treatment in psychiatry: The value of indigenous knowledge systems in cllaboration with moral, ethical and religious approaches in the military services</strong></p><p>J Dill</p><p><strong>9. Treating Schizophrenia: Have we got it wrong?</strong></p><p>Robin Emsley</p><p><strong>10.Terminal questions in the elderly</strong></p><p>Mike Ewart Smith</p><p><strong>11. Mental Health Policy development and implementation in Ghana, South Africa, Uganda and Zambia</strong></p><p>Alan J Flisher, Crick Lund, Michelle Frank, Arvin Bhana, Victor Doku, Natalie Drew, Fred N Kigozi, Martin Knapp, Mayeh Omar, Inge Petersen, Andrew Green andthe MHaPP Research Programme Consortium</p><p><strong>12. What indicators should be used to monitor progress in scaling uo services for people with mental disorders?</strong></p><p>Lancet Global Mental Health Group (Alan J Flisher, Dan Chisholm, Crick Lund, Vikram Patel, Shokhar Saxena, Graham Thornicroft, Mark Tomlinson)</p><p><strong>13. Does unipolar mania merit research in South Africa? A look at the literature</strong></p><p>Christoffel Grobler</p><p><strong>14. Revisiting the Cartesian duality of mind and body</strong></p><p>Oye Gureje</p><p><strong>15. Child and adolescent psychopharmacology: Current trends and complexities</strong></p><p>S M Hawkridge</p><p><strong>16. Integrating mental illness, suicide and religion</strong></p><p>Volker Hitzeroth</p><p><strong>17. Cost of acute inpatient mental health care in a 72-hour assessment uniy</strong></p><p>A B R Janse van Rensburg, W Jassat</p><p><strong>18. Management of Schizophrenia according to South African standard treatment guidelines</strong></p><p>A B R Janse van Rensburg</p><p><strong>19. Structural brain imaging in the clinical management of psychiatric illness</strong></p><p>F Y Jeenah</p><p><strong>20. ADHD: Change in symptoms from child to adulthood</strong></p><p>S A Jeeva, A Turgay</p><p><strong>21. HIV-Positive psychiatric patients in antiretrovirals</strong></p><p>G Jonsson, F Y Jeenah, M Y H Moosa</p><p><strong>22. A one year review of patients admitted to tertiary HIV/Neuropsychiatry beds in the Western Cape</strong></p><p>John Joska, Paul Carey, Ian Lewis, Paul Magni, Don Wilson, Dan J Stein</p><p><strong>23. Star'd - Critical review and treatment implications</strong></p><p>Andre Joubert</p><p><strong>24. Options for treatment-resistent depression: Lessons from Star'd; an interactive session</strong></p><p>Andre Joubert</p><p><strong>25. My brain made me do it: How Neuroscience may change the insanity defence</strong></p><p>Sean Kaliski</p><p><strong>26. Child andadolescent mental health services in four African countries</strong></p><p>Sharon Kleintjies, Alan Flisher, Victoruia Campbell-Hall, Arvin Bhana, Phillippa Bird, Victor Doku, Natalie, Drew, Michelle Funk, Andrew Green, Fred Kigozi, Crick Lund, Angela Ofori-Atta, Mayeh Omar, Inge Petersen, Mental Health and Poverty Research Programme Consortium</p><p><strong>27. Individualistic theories of risk behaviour</strong></p><p>Liezl Kramer, Volker Hitzeroth</p><p><strong>28. Development and implementation of mental health poliy and law in South Africa: What is the impact of stigma?</strong></p><p>Ritsuko Kakuma, Sharon Kleintjes, Crick Lund, Alan J Flisher, Paula Goering, MHaPP Research Programme Consortium</p><p><strong>29. Factors contributing to community reintegration of long-term mental health crae users of Weskoppies Hospital</strong></p><p>Carri Lewis, Christa Kruger</p><p><strong>30. Mental health and poverty: A systematic review of the research in low- and middle-income countries</strong></p><p>Crick Lund, Allison Breen, Allan J Flisher, Ritsuko Kakuma, Leslie Swartz, John Joska, Joanne Corrigall, Vikram Patel, MHaPP Research Programe Consortium</p><p><strong>31. The cost of scaling up mental health care in low- and middle-income countries</strong></p><p>Crick Lund, Dan Chishlom, Shekhar Saxena</p><p><strong>32. 'Tikking'Clock: The impact of a methamphetamine epidemic at a psychiatric hospital in the Western Cape</strong></p><p>P Milligan, J S Parker</p><p><strong>33. Durban youth healh-sk behaviour: Prevalence f Violence-related behaviour</strong></p><p>D L Mkize</p><p><strong>34. Profile of morality of patients amitted Weskoppies Psychiatric Hospital in Sout frican over a 5-Year period (2001-2005)</strong></p><p>N M Moola, N Khamker, J L Roos, P Rheeder</p><p><strong>35. One flew over Psychiatry nest</strong></p><p>Leverne Mountany</p><p><strong>36. The ethical relationship betwe psychiatrists and the pharmaceutical indutry</strong></p><p>Margaret G Nair</p><p><strong>37. Developing the frameor of a postgraduate da programme in mental health</strong></p><p>R J Nichol, B de Klerk, M M Nel, G van Zyl, J Hay</p><p><strong>38. An unfolding story: The experience with HIV-ve patients at a Psychiatric Hospital</strong></p><p>J S Parker, P Milligan</p><p><strong>39. Task shifting: A practical strategy for scalingup mental health care in developing countries</strong></p><p>Vikram Patel</p><p><strong>40. Ethics: Informed consent and competency in the elderly</strong></p><p>Willie Pienaar</p><p><strong>41. Confronting ommonmoral dilemmas. Celebrating uncertainty, while in search patient good</strong></p><p>Willie Pienaar</p><p><strong>42. Moral dilemmas in the treatment and repatriation of patients with psychtorders while visiting our country</strong></p><p>Duncan Ian Rodseth</p><p><strong>43. Geriatrics workshop (Psegal symposium): Medico-legal issuess in geriatric psyhiatry</strong></p><p>Felix Potocnik</p><p><strong>44. Brain stimulation techniques - update on recent research</strong></p><p>P J Pretorius</p><p><strong>45. Holistic/Alternative treatments in psychiatry</strong></p><p>T Rangaka, J Dill</p><p><strong>46. Cognitive behaviour therapy and other brief interventions for management of substances</strong></p><p>Solomon Rataemane</p><p><strong>47. A Transtheoretical view of change</strong></p><p>Nathan P Rogerson</p><p><strong>48. Profile of security breaches in longerm mental health care users at Weskoppies Hospital over a 6-month period</strong></p><p>Deleyn Rema, Lindiwe Mthethwa, Christa Kruger</p><p><strong>49. Management of psychogenic and chronic pain - A novel approach</strong></p><p>M S Salduker</p><p><strong>50. Childhood ADHD and bipolar mood disorders: Differences and similarities</strong></p><p>L Scribante</p><p><strong>51. The choice of antipsychotic in HIV-infected patients and psychopharmacocal responses to antipsychotic medication</strong></p><p>Dinesh Singh, Karl Goodkin</p><p><strong>52. Pearls in clinical neuroscience: A teaching column in CNS Spectrums</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Dan J Stein</p><p><strong>53. Urinary Cortisol secretion and traumatics in a cohort of SA Metro policemen A longitudinal study</strong></p><p>Ugash Subramaney</p><p><strong>54. Canabis use in Psychiatric inpatients</strong></p><p><strong></strong>M Talatala, G M Nair, D L Mkize</p><p><strong>55. Pathways to care and treatmt in first and multi-episodepsychosis: Findings fm a developing country</strong></p><p>H S Teh, P P Oosthuizen</p><p><strong>56. Mental disorders in HIV-infected indivat various HIV Treatment sites in South Africa</strong></p><p>Rita Thom</p><p><strong>57. Attendanc ile of long-term mental health care users at ocupational therapy group sessions at Weskoppies Hospital</strong></p><p>Ronel van der Westhuizen, Christa Kruger</p><p><strong>58. Epidemiological patterns of extra-medical drug use in South Africa: Results from the South African stress and health study</strong></p><p>Margaretha S van Heerden, Anna Grimsrud, David Williams, Dan Stein</p><p><strong>59. Persocentred diagnosis: Where d ps and mental disorders fit in the International classificaton of diseases (ICD)?</strong></p><p>Werdie van Staden</p><p><strong>60. What every psychiatrist needs to know about scans</strong></p><p>Herman van Vuuren</p><p><strong>61. Psychiatric morbidity in health care workers withle drug-resistant erulosis (MDR-TB) A case series</strong></p><p>Urvashi Vasant, Dinesh Singh</p><p><strong>62. Association between uetrine artery pulsatility index and antenatal maternal psychological stress</strong></p><p>Bavanisha Vythilingum, Lut Geerts, Annerine Roos, Sheila Faure, Dan J Stein</p><p><strong>63. Approaching the dual diagnosis dilemma</strong></p><p>Lize Weich</p><p><strong>64. Women's mental health: Onset of mood disturbance in midlife - Fact or fiction</strong></p><p>Denise White</p><p><strong>65. Failing or faking: Isses in the fiagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD</strong></p><p>Dora Wynchank</p>

Since the 1970's, global efforts have been going on to replace the high-enriched (>90% 235U), low-density UAlx research reactor fuel with high-density, low enriched (<20% 235U) replacements. This search is driven by the attempt to reduce the civil use of high-enriched material because of proliferation risks and terrorist threats. American initiatives, such as the Global Threat Reduction Initiative (GTRI) and the Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors (RERTR) program have triggered the development of reliable low-enriched fuel types for these reactors, which can replace the high enriched ones without loss of performance. Most success has presently been obtained with U3Si2 dispersion fuel, which is currently used in many research reactors in the world. However, efforts to search for a replacement with even higher density, which will also allow the conversion of some high flux research reactors that currently cannot change to U3Si2 (eg. BR2 in Belgium), have continued and are for the moment mainly directed towards the U(Mo) alloy fuel (7-10 w% Mo). This paper provides an overview of the past efforts and presents the current status of the U(Mo) development.

B a c k g r o u n d . The relevance and purpose of the research. Institutions of higher education (HEIs) are mostly city-forming objects, and the design of the surrounding territory affects their image, the aestheticization of the environment, and performs a decorative function. Today's challenges require the improvement of landscapes and architecture of higher education institutions, and this problem is urgent, because universities gather a large number of young people from different regions and countries of the world, who have to live and study in appropriate comfortable conditions. Mostly, the problem of organizing the territory is considered from the point of view of greening, rather than a comprehensive landscape project. Therefore, the formation of a holistic space of the university campus, taking into account modern scientific approaches to the design of landscape architecture objects in the conditions of global climate change, seems to be extremely relevant. The goal is to conduct an analysis of the features of the organization of the green zone of the Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University campus (Exhibition Center campus) taking into account the requirements that are put forward to the higher educational institution. Research materials and methods. The object of research was the territory of the Taras Shevchenko Kyiv National University campus (Exhibition Center campus). M e t h o d s . Methods of searching for information in printed and electronic publications, searchable scientific databases, as well as methods of data analysis, comparison and generalization, field surveys, measurements on geodetic maps using the AutoCADin vector format. R e s u l t s . The standards for greening the territory of the ZVO were analyzed. The state of green spaces of higher educational institutions depends on the selection of plants adapted to climatic and soil conditions, as well as recreational loads. Most Ukrainian institutions of higher education do not meet the standards of "green universities". The functional zoning of the KNU campus (Exhibition Center) complies with building regulations, but the green area on the territory is distributed unevenly. It is necessary to pay attention to the use of phytoorganic background of green park plantings as an option of aerofitotherapy, taking into account modern data on the positive effect of biogenic volatile organic substances on the human body. C o n c l u s i o n s . The green zone is an integral element of the structure of educational campuses, when developing each of the design options for the solution of the territory, it is necessary to offer a new image that corresponds to modern trends in design and will make it possible to create a functionally sufficient and unique environment.

A microwave digestion procedure was developed for multi-element determinations in tree foliage by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. The procedure involved the sequential digestion of 0.500 g of plant material with HNO3 (10 mL), H2O2 (1 mL), and HCl (2 mL) at 90% power for 30 min, 90% power for 15 min, and 30% power for 10 min, respectively. The proposed method gave Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, P, and S results in good agreement with the National Institute of Standards and Technology plant reference materials. Iron and aluminum concentrations were 20 to 30% lower than the certified National Institute of Standards and Technology values. Recovery of standard additions of the elements tested (including iron and aluminum) ranged from 93 to 105%. The proposed digestion method provides accurate and precise results for multi-element analysis on one solution. In addition, HClO4, an extreme laboratory hazard, has been replaced in the digestion procedure by H2O2. The microwave digestion method has been used successfully in our laboratory for over 1 year for routine analysis and for a quality assurance program using a variety of plant materials. With this method 36 to 48 samples per person per day can be prepared for inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry analysis.

This paper is primarily concerned with the accessibility of airports located in small and geographically isolated communities. Specifically, it carries out a sensitivity analysis to derive rates of change for the parameters of a spatial interaction model applied to empirical air passenger trip data, and interprets the results focusing on the local airports subsidized by the Essential Air Service program. An empirical trip based accessibility measure is developed for individual airports in the contiguous US air transportation system. The measure enables us to capture the distinctive roles of small airports, which primarily function as regional associates of nearby cities and entrances for long-haul trips via major hub(s) to continental-scale connections. We observe the geographic and temporal variability of accessibility among airports, regarding the external factors including the dynamics of air carriers’ routing schemes, as well as global and local circumstances. Their impacts on passenger journey lengths are substantial at the local airports due to the few available connections. This issue has received less attention in existing subsidy program assessments. Furthermore, we explore the geographic distribution of non-subsidized local airports showing similar accessibility conditions. This paper enhances prior development by showing that the rates of change in accessibility scores are largely stable over recent national air passenger data.

Religious tolerance is a supporter of social harmony and brings a country to a better life. Instilling tolerance in early childhood is a challenge for early childhood educators. This study aims to describe the transformation of religious tolerance values ​​by teachers in early childhood education. This research is a type of qualitative case study research model with researchers as observer participants. This research produces the following findings, that (1) transformation of tolerance values ​​among religious communities, is explicitly not taught in Early Childhood Education (ECE) on the grounds that all students are of the same religion, (2) transformation of tolerance of values among religious students taught through learning integrated with other lessons, (3) although explicitly the values ​​of tolerance among religious students are not taught, but the values ​​of togetherness such as greeting, sharing something that is owned, and helping the needs of other students are taught by practicing at the same time. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Tolerance Values in Religion References: Adams, K. (2019). Navigating the spaces of children’s spiritual experiences: influences of tradition(s), multidisciplinarity and perceptions. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 24(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2019.1619531 Adams, K., Bull, R., & Maynes, M. L. (2016). Early childhood spirituality in education: Towards an understanding of the distinctive features of young children’s spirituality. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 24(5), 760–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2014.996425 Atamturk, N. (2018). The role of English as a foreign language classes in tolerance education in relation to school management practices. Quality and Quantity, 52, 1167–1177. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0575-7 Banerjee, K., & Bloom, P. (2015). “Everything Happens for a Reason”: Children’s Beliefs About Purpose in Life Events. Child Development, 86(2), 503–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12312 Bano, M., & Ferra, E. (2018). Family versus school effect on individual religiosity: Evidence from Pakistan. International Journal of Educational Development, 59(August 2017), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2017.10.015 Coleman, E. B., & Eds, K. W. (2011). Religious Tolerance, Education and the Curriculum. In Religious Tolerance, Education and the Curriculum. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6091-412-6 Elza, Y., Handini, M. C., & Abdurrahman, M. (2018). The Effects of Storytelling Method with Audiovisual Media and Religiosity toward Clean and Healthy Living Program Behaviour ( CHLB ) of Early Childhood. International Journal of Multidisciplinary and Current Research, 6(June), 547–552. Ene, I., & Barna, I. (2015). Religious Education and Teachers’ Role in Students’ Formation towards Social Integration. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 180(November 2014), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.02.081 Ergun, S. J., & Rivas, M. F. (2019). The effect of social roles, religiosity, and values on climate change concern: An empirical analysis for Turkey. Sustainable Development, 27(4), 758–769. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.1939 Faas, D., Smith, A., & Darmody, M. (2018). Children’s Agency in Multi-Belief Settings: The Case of Community National Schools in Ireland. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 32(4), 486–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2018.1494645 Firdaus, E. (2018). The Learning of Religious Tolerance among Students in Indonesia from the Perspective of Critical Study. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 145(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/145/1/012032 Ganjvar, M. (2019). Islamic Model of Children’s Spiritual Education (CSE); its influence on improvement of communicational behaviour with non-coreligionists. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 24(2), 124–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2019.1624254 Granqvist, P., & Nkara, F. (2017). Nature meets nurture in religious and spiritual development. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 142–155. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12170 Heiphetz, L., Lane, J. D., Waytz, A., & Young, L. L. (2016). How Children and Adults Represent God’s Mind. Cognitive Science, 40(1), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12232 King, U. (2013). The spiritual potential of childhood: Awakening to the fullness of life. International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 18(1), 4–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2013.776266 Kirschenbaum, H. (2019). Models of Values Education and Moral Education in the Era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. 8(2), 103–109. Lehtonen, M. (2019). The Development of Religious Tolerance: Co-operative Board Games with Children and Adolescents. IATL Reinvention: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research, 2(2). Retrieved from https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/iatl/reinvention/ Łowicki, P., & Zajenkowski, M. (2019). Empathy and Exposure to Credible Religious Acts during Childhood Independently Predict Religiosity. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 00(00), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2019.1672486 Maussen, M., Bader, V., Dobbernack, J., Modood, T., Olsen, T. V., Fox, J., & Vidra, Z. (2012). Tolerance and cultural diversity in schools Comparative report. Amsterdam. Miedema, S., & Bertram-Troost, G. (2008). Democratic citizenship and religious education: Challenges and perspectives for schools in the Netherlands. British Journal of Religious Education, 30(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200701830970 Moore, D. . (2007). Overcoming Religious Illiteracy: A Cultural Studies Approach to the Study of Religion in Secondary Education. US: Palgrave Macmillan. Niculescu, R. M., & Norel, M. (2013). Religious Education an Important Dimension of Human’s Education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 338–342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.09.200 Pandya, S. P. (2019). Spiritual education programme (SEP) for enhancing the quality of life of kindergarten school children. Pastoral Care in Education, 37(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643944.2018.1562493 Parekh, B. (2019). Ethnocentric Political Theory. Ethnocentric Political Theory, 263–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11708-5 Sari, A. D. P., & Indartono, S. (2019). Teaching Religious Tolerance Through Social Studies Education Based On Multicultural Approach. 323(ICoSSCE 2018), 214–219. https://doi.org/10.2991/icossce-icsmc-18.2019.40 Scheiner, P. (2015). Crossings and Crosses: Borders, Educations, and Religions in Northern Europe. Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter Inc. Scott, K. (2014). Inviting young adults to come out religiously, institutionally and traditionally. Religious Education, 109(4), 471–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2014.924790 Stockinger, H. (2019). Developing spirituality–an equal right of every child? International Journal of Children’s Spirituality, 24(3), 307–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2019.1646218 Thibodeau, R. B., Brown, M. M., Nancarrow, A. F., Elpers, K. E., & Gilpin, A. T. (2018). Conceptual Similarities among Fantasy and Religious Orientations: A Developmental Perspective. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 18(1–2), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12340021 Tratner, A. E., Sela, Y., Lopes, G. S., Ehrke, A. D., Weekes-Shackelford, V. A., & Shackelford, T. K. (2017). Individual differences in childhood religious experiences with peers. Personality and Individual Differences, 119, 73–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.045 UNESCO. (2015). Second UNESCO Forum on Global Citizenship Education: Building Peaceful and Sustainable Societies (Paris, 28-30 January 2015). Final Report. (January), 1–22. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/ED/pdf/FinalReport-GCED_21April.pdf Uzefovsky, F., Döring, A. K., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2016). Values in Middle Childhood: Social and Genetic Contributions. Social Development, 25(3), 482–502. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12155 Van Der Walt, J. L. (2014). Towards an instrument for measuring religious tolerance among educators and their students worldwide (Potchefstroom Campus-North-West University). Retrieved from https://www.driestar-educatief.nl/medialibrary/Driestar/Engelse-website/Documenten/2014-VanderWalt-Measuring-religious-tolerance-in-education.pdf Yulianti, E., Sutarto, J., & Sugiyo. (2019). Sentra Nasima Learning Strategies to Enhance Religious Nationalist Characters in Kindergarten. Journal of Primary Education, 8(69), 238–247.

Introduction. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) is a factor in predicting bronchial asthma independently of inflammation markers. Objective. The aims were to determine the frequency and important predictive facts of BHR and the effect of prophylaxis by Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) and National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) on BHR in asthmatic children. Methods. BHR in 106 children was evaluated by the bronchoprovocation test with methacholine. Results. The prevalence rate of symptomatic BHR is 18% for crucial point of PC20=4.1?3.03 mg/ml and PD20=3.22?2.59 ?mol methacholine. On average asthmatic children express moderate BHR, which persists even two years after administering prophylaxis. After two years bronchial reactivity is significantly smaller, the change of FEV1 is significantly smaller, the velocity of change of slope dose response curve (sDRC) is faster and the provocative concentration of methacholine that causes wheezing is 2-3 times lower. A mild sDRC shows milder bronchoconstriction after two years. The fast change of bronchial reactivity in 41% of asthmatic children is contributed to aero-pollution with sulfur dioxide and/ or, possible insufficient and/or inadequate treatment during two years of administering prophylaxis. A simultaneous effect of allergens from home environment and grass and tree pollens and of excessive aero-pollution on children?s airways is important in the onset of symptomatic BHR. After two years of treatment by GINA and NAEPP children do not show asthma symptoms or show mild asthma symptoms, however bronchial sensitivity remains unchanged. Conclusion. Optimal duration of anti-inflammatory treatment in asthmatic children who show moderate bronchial hyperresponsiveness should be longer than two years.

Aerts, R. (1997). Nitrogen partitioning between resorption and decomposition pathways: a trade-off between nitrogen use efficiency and litter decomposability? Oikos, 80(3), 603−406. Ahmedna, M., Marshall, W. E. & Rao, R. O. (2000). Granular Activated Carbons from Agricultural By-Products: Preparation, Properties, and Application in Cane Sugar Refining. LSU AgCenter: Bulletin Number 869. Albiker, D. & Zweifel, R. (2019). Pflanzenkohle im Futter oder in der Einstreu und ihre Wirkung auf die Stickstoffretention und Leistung von Broilern. Wissenschaftstagung Ökologischer Landbau. Kassel: Stiftung Ökologie and Landbau, (15),276−283. Al-Kindi, A., Schiborra, A., Buerkert, A. & Schlecht, E. (2017). Effects of quebracho tannin extract and activated charcoal on nutrient digestibility, digesta passage and faeces composition in goats. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 101(3), 576−588. Alshannaq, A. & Yu, J. H. (2017). Occurrence, toxicity, and analysis of major mycotoxins in food. Australian Veterinary Journal, 68(4), 146−148. Anukul, N. Vangnai, K. & Mahakarnchandkul, W. (2013) Significance of regulation limits in mycotoxin contamination in Asia and risk management programs at the national level. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 21(3), 227−241. Bakr, B. E. A. (2008). The effect of using citrus wood charcoal in broiler rations on the performance of broilers. An-Najah University Journal for Research − Natural Sciences, 22, 17−24. Beguin, F. & Frackowiak, E. (Eds.). (2009). Carbons for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion Systems, (1st ed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420055405 Benabdeljelil, K. & Ayachi, A. (1996). Evaluation of Alternative Litter Materials for Poultry. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 5, 203−209. Berk, J. (2009). Einfluss der Einstreuart auf Prävalenz und Schweregrad von Pododermatitis beimännlichen Broilern. (Effect of litter type on prevalence and severity of pododermatitis in male broilers). Berliner und Münchener tierärztliche Wochenschrift, 7, 257−263. Bisson, M. G., Scott, C. B. & Taylor, C. A. (2001). Activated charcoal and experience affect intake of juniper by goats. Journal of Range Management, 54, 274−278. Bolan, N. S., Szogi, A. A., Chuasavathi, T., Seshadri, B., Rothrock, M. J. & Panneerselvam, P. (2010). Uses and management of poultry litter. World's Poultry Science Journal, 66(4), 673−698. Burdock, G. A. (1997). Encyclopedia of Food and Color Additives. Boca Raton: CRC. Cheng, C. H. & Lehmann, J. (2009). Ageing of black carbon along a temperature gradient. Chemosphere, 75(8), 1021−1027. Choi, J. S., Jung, D. S., Lee, J. H., Choi, Y. I. & Lee, J. J. (2012). Growth performance, immune response and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs by feeding stevia and charcoal. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 32(2), 228−233. Christophersen, A. B., Levin, D., Hoegberg, L. C., Angelo, H. R. & Kampmann, J. P. (2002). Activated charcoal alone or after gastric lavage: a simulated large paracetamol intoxication. British Journal of Clinical Pharamacology, 53, 312−317. Chu, G. M., Jung, C. K., Kim, H. Y., Ha, J. H., Kim, J. H., Jung, M. S., Lee, S. J., Song, Y., Ibrahim, R. I. H., Cho, J. H., Lee, S. S. & Song, Y. M. (2013a). Effects of bamboo charcoal and bamboo vinegar as antibiotic alternatives on growth performance, immune responses and fecal microflora population in fattening pigs. Animal Science Journal, 84, 113−120. Chu, G. M., Kim, J. H., Kang, S. N. & Song, Y. M. (2013b). Effects of dietary bamboo charcoal on the carcass characteristics and meat quality of fattening pigs. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 33(3), 348−355. Daković, A., Tomašević-Čanović, M., Dondur, V., Rottinghaus, G. E., Medaković, V. & Zarić, S. (2005). Adsorption of mycotoxins by organozeolites. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 46(1), 20−25. Darren, J. M., Beth, B. & Juan, J. V. (2020). Use of biochar by sheep: Impacts on diet selection, digestibility, and performance. Journal of Animal Science, 98(12), 1−9. Davidson, E. A., Chorover, J. & Dail, D. B. (2003). A mechanism of abiotic immobilization of nitrate in forest ecosystems: the ferrous wheel hypothesis. Global Change Biology, 9(2), 228−236. Di Natale, F., Gallo, M. & Nigro, R. (2009). Adsorbents selection for aflatoxins removal in bovine milks. Journal of Food Engineering, 95(1), 186−191. Diaz, S. (2004). The plant traits that drive ecosystems: Evidence from three continents. Journal of Vegetation Science, 15, 295−304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2004.tb02266.x Erickson, P. S., Whitehouse, N. L. & Dunn, M. L. (2011). Activated carbon supplementation of dairy cow diets: Effects on apparent total tract nutrient digestibility and taste preference. American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists, 27, 428−434. European Biochar Foundation (EBC). (2012). European biochar certificate − guidelines for a sustainable production of biochar. Version 8.2 of 19th April 2019: Accessed: 30th September, 2021. European Biochar Foundation (EBC). (2018). Guidelines for EBC-feed certification. http://www.european-biochar.org/biochar/media/doc/ebc-feed.pdf: Accessed: 30th September, 2021. Feng, F., Yang, F., Rong, W., Wu, X., Zhang, J., Chen, S., He, Ch. & Zhou, J. M. (2012). A Xanthomonas uridine 5'-monophosphate transferase inhibits plant immune kinases. Nature, 485(7396), 114−118. Galvano, F., Pietri, A., Fallico, B., Bertuzzi, T., Scirè, S., Galvano, M. & Maggiore, R. (1996). Activated carbons: in vitro affinity for aflatoxin B1 and relation of adsorption ability to physicochemical parameters. Journal of Food Protection, 59(5), 545−550. Galvano, F., Piva, A., Ritiene, A. & Galvano, G. (2001): Dietary strategies to counteract the effects of mycotoxins: A review. Journal of Food Protection, 64, 120−131. Gerlach, A. & Schmidt, H. P. (2012). Pflanzenkohle in der Rinderhaltung. Ithaka Journal, 1, 80−84. Guo, J. & Lua, A. C. (2003). Textual and chemical properties of adsorbent prepared from palm shell by phosphoric acid activation. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 80, 114−119. Hagemann, N., Joseph, S., Schmidt, H., Kammann, C. I., Harter, J., Borch, T., Young, R. B., Varga, K., Taherymoosavi, S., Elliott, K. W., Albu, M., Mayrhofer, C., Obst, M., Conte, P., Dieguez, A., Orsetti, S., Subdiaga, E., Behrens, S. & Kappler, A. (2018). Organic coating on biochar explains its nutrient retention and stimulation of soil fertility. Nature Communications, 8(1), 163. Hansen, J., Sato, M. & Ruedy, R. (2012). Perception of climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(37), E2415−E2423. Hatch, T. P., Al-Hossainy, E. & Silverman, J. A. (1982). Adenine nucleotide and lysine transport in Chlamydia psittaci. Journal of Bacteriology, 150(2), 662−670. Hinz, K. S. J., Schättler, J. K., Spindler, B. & Kemper, N. (2019). Foot pad health and growth performance in broiler chickens as affected by supplemental charcoal and fermented herb extract (FKE): An on-farm study. European Poultry Science, 83, 13. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub63.2014.0043.5 Hinz, K., Stracke, J., Schättler, J. K., Kemper, N. & Spindler, B. (2019). Effects of Enriched Charcoal as Permanent 0.2 % Feed-Additive in Standard and Low-Protein Diets of Male Fattening Turkeys: An On-Farm Study. Animals, 9(8), 1−15. Huwig, A., Freimund, S., Käppeli, O. & Dutler. H. (2001). Mycotoxin detoxification of animal feed by different adsorbents. Toxicology Letters, 122, 179−188. International Biochar Initiative (IBI). (2015). Standardized product definition and product testing guidelines for biochar that is used in soil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(6), 632. Islam, M. M., Ahmed, S. T., Kim, Y. J., Mun, H. S., Kim, Y. J. & Yang, C. J. (2014). Effect of sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) and charcoal supplementation as alternatives to antibiotics on growth performance and meat quality of ducks. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 27(2), 217–224. Johnson, K. A. & Johnson, D. E. (1995). Methane emissions from cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 2483−2492. Joseph, S., Pow, D., Dawson, K., Mitchell, D., Rawal, A., Hook, J., Taherymoosavi, S., Zwieten, L., Rust, J., Donne, S., Munroe, P., Pace,B., Graber, E., Thomas, T., Nielsen, S., Ye, J., Lin, Y., Pan, G., Li, L. & Solaiman, Z. (2015). Feeding biochar to cows: an innovative solution for improving soil fertility and farm productivity. Pedosphere, 25(5), 666−679. Kana, J. R., Teguia, A., Mungfu, B. M. & Tchoumboue, J. (2011). Growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with graded levels of charcoal from maize cob or seed of Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. Tropical Animal Health Production, 43, 51−56. Keller, A., Litzelman, K., Wisk, L. E., Maddox, T., Cheng, E. R., Creswell, P. D. & Witt, W. P. (2012). Does the perception that stress affects health matter? The association with health and mortality. Health Psychology, 31(5), 677−684. DOI: 10.1037/a0026743 Kracke, F., Vassilev, I. & Krömer, J. O. (2015). Microbial electron transport and energy conservation − the foundation for optimizing bioelectrochemical systems. Frontiers in Microbiology, 6, 575. Kutlu, H. R., Ünsal, I. & Görgülü, M. (2001). Effects of providing dietary wood (oak) charcoal to broiler chicks and laying hens. Animal Feed Science Technology, 90(3), 213−226. Lavrentyev, A., Sherne, V., Semenov, V., Zhestyanova, L. & Mikhaylova, L. (2021). Use of activated charcoal feed supplement in diets of pigs. Earth and Environmental Science, 935. Lee, J. J., Park, S. H, Jung, D. S., Choi, Y. I. & Choi, J. S. (2011). Meat quality and storage characteristics of finishing pigs by feeding stevia and charcoal. Korean Journal for Food Science of Animal Resources, 31(2), 296−303. Leng, R. A. (2013). Interactions between microbial consortia in biofilms: a paradigm shift in rumen microbial ecology and enteric methane mitigation. Perspectives on Animal Biosciences. Animal Production Science, 54(5), 519−543. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN13381 Leng, R. A., Inthapanya, S. & Preston, T. R. (2012). Biochar reduces enteric methane and improves growth and feed conversion in local "Yellow" cattle fed cassava root chips and fresh cassava foliage. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 24, 11. Li, Y., Yu, S., Strong, J. & Wang, H. (2012). Are the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus driven by the "FeIII-FeII redox wheel" in dynamic redox environments? Journal of Soils and Sediments, 12(5), 683−693. Louis, A., Mohammed, A., Andreas, B. & Regina, R. (2018). Influence of dietary wood charcoal on growth performance, nutrient efficiency and excreta quality of male broiler chickens. International Journal of Livestock Production, 9(10), 286−292. Mabe, L. T., Su, S., Tang, D., Zhu, W., Wang, S. & Dong, Z. (2018). The effect of dietary bamboo charcoal supplementation on growth and serum biochemical parameters of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Aquaculture Research, 49(3), 1142−1152. Maenz, D. D. & Classen, H. L. (1998). Phytase activity in the small intestinal brush border membrane of the chicken. Poultry Science, 77, 557−563. Majewska, T., Mikulski, D. & Siwik, T. (2009). Silica grit, charcoal and hardwood ash in turkey nutrition. Journal of Elements, 14, 489−500. Majewska, T., Pyrek, D. & Faruga, A. (2011). A note on the effect of charcoal supplementation on the performance of Big 6 heavy torn turkeys. Journal of Animal Feed Science, 11, 135−141. McFarlane, Z. D., Myer, P. R., Cope, E. R., Evans, N. D., Bone, T. C., Bliss, B. E. & Mulliniks, J. T. (2017). Effect of biochar type and size on in vitro rumen fermentation of orchard grass hay. West Central Research and Extension Center, North Platte. 110 McHenry, J. M. (2010). There is no trade-off between speed and force in a lever system. Biology Letters, 7(6), 878−879. McKenzie, R. A. (1991). Bentonite as therapy for Lantana camara poisoning of cattle. Medical Toxicology and Adverse Drug Experience, 3(1), 33−58. McLennan, M. W. & Amos, M. L. (1989). Treatment of lantana poisoning in cattle [Lantana camara; activated charcoal]. Australia Veterinarian Journal, 4(3), 45. Mekbungwan, A., Yamauchi, K. & Sakaida, T. (2004b). Intestinal villus histological alterations in piglets fed dietary charcoal powder including wood vinegar compound liquid. Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia, 33(1), 11−16. Mekbungwan, A. Thongwittaya, N. & Yamauchi, K. (2004a). Digestibility of soyabean and pigeon pea seed meals and morphological intestinal alterations in pigs. Journal of Veterinary and Medical Sciences, 66(6), 627−633. Mézes, M., Balogh, K. & Tóth, K. (2010). Preventive and therapeutic methods against the toxic effects of mycotoxins − a review. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 58(1), 1−17. Misihairabgwi, J. M., Ezekiel, C. N., Sulyok, M., Shephard, G. S. & Krska, R. (2017) Mycotoxin contamination of foods in Southern Africa: A 10-year review (2007 – 2016). Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(1), 43−58. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1357003 Naumann, H. D., Muir, J. P., Lambert, B. D., Tedeschi, L. O. & Kothmann, M. M. (2013). Condensed tannins in the ruminant environment: a perspective on biological activity. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1, 8−20. Neuvonen, P. J. & Olkkola, K. T. (1988). Oral activated charcoal in the treatment of intoxications. Journal of Animal Science, 83(8), 1939−1947. O'Toole, A., Andersson, D., Gerlach, A., Glaser, B., Kammann, C. I., Kern, J., Kuoppamäki, K., Piva, A., Casadei, G., Pagliuca, G., Cabassi, E., Galvano, F., Solfrizzo, M., Riley, R. T. & Diaz, D. E. (2005). Qualitative analysis of volatile organic compounds on biochar. Chemosphere, 85(5), 869−882. Odunsi, A. A., Oladele, T. O., Olaiya, A. O. & Onifade, O. S. (2007). Response of broiler chickens to wood charcoal and vegetable oil based diets. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(5), 572−575. Oso, A. O., Akapo, O., Sanwo, K. A. & Bamgbose, A. M. (2014). Utilization of unpeeled cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) root meal supplemented with or without charcoal by broiler chickens. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 98, 431−438. Phongphanith, S. & Preston, T. R. (2018). Effect of rice-wine distillers' byproduct and biochar on growth performance and methane emissions in local "Yellow" cattle fed ensiled cassava root, urea, cassava foliage and rice straw. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 28, 178. Pirarat, N., Pinpimai, K., Endo, M., Katagiri, T., Ponpornpisit, A., Chansue, N. & Maita, M. (2011). Modulation of intestinal morphology and immunity in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Research in Veterinary Science, 91, 92−97. Piva, A., Casadei, G., Pagliuca, G., Cabassi, E., Galvano, F., Solfrizzo, M., Riley, R. T. & Diaz, D. E. (2005). Qualitative analysis of volatile organic compounds on biochar. Chemosphere, 85(5), 869−882. Prasai, T. P., Walsh, K. B., Bhattarai, S. P., Midmore, D. J., Van, T. T. H., Moore, R. J. & Stanley, D. (2016b). Biochar, bentonite and zeolite supplemented feeding of layer chickens alters intestinal microbiota and reduces campylobacter load. PLOS ONE, 11(4), 406. Prasai, T. P., Walsh, K. B., Bhattarai, S. P., Midmore, D. J., Van, T. T., Moore, R. J. & Stanley, D., (2016a). Biochar, bentonite and zeolite supplemented feeding of layer chickens alters intestinal microbiota and reduces Campylobacter Load, PLOS ONE, 11(4), 0154061. Quaiyum, M., Jahan, R., Jahan, N., Akhter, T. & Islam, M. S. (2014). Effects of bamboo charcoal added feed on reduction of ammonia and growth of Pangasius hypophthalmus. Journal of Aquaculture Research and Development, 5, 69−76. Radostits, O. M., Gay, C. C., Blood, D. C. & Hinchcliff, K. W. (2000). Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses, nona edizione. Saunders, London, UK. Rafiu, T. A., Babatunde, G. M., Akinwumi, A. O., Akinboro, A., Adegoke, Z. A. & Oyelola, O. B. (2014). Assessment of activated charcoal vs synthetic toxin-binder on performance, nutrient utilization and meat-quality utilization of broilers fed infected diets. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, 3(5), 219−224. Rao, S. V. R., Raju, M. V. L. N., Reddy, M. R. & Panda, A. K. 2004. Replacement of yellow maize with pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides), foxtail millet (Setaria italica) or finger millet (Eleusine coracana) in broiler chicken diets containing supplemental enzymes. Asian-Australian Journal Animimal Sciences, 17(6), 836−842. Rao, S. B. N. & Chopra, R. C. (2001). Influence of sodium bentonite and activated charcoal on aflatoxin M1 excretion in milk of goats. Small Ruminant Research, 41(3), 203−213. Totusek, R. & W. M. Beeson, W. M. (1953). The Nutritive Value of Wood Charcoal for Pigs. Journal of Animal Science, 12(2), 271−281. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1953.122271x Ruttanavut, J., Yamauchi, K., Goto, H. & Erikawa, T. (2009). Effects of dietary bamboo charcoal powder including vinegar liquid on growth performance and histological intestinal change in Aigamo ducks. International Journal of Poultry Science, 8(3), 229−236. Saleem, M., Law, A. D., Sahib, M. R., Pervaiz, Z. H. & Zhang, Q. (2018). Impact of root system architecture on rhizosphere and root microbiome. Rhizosphere, 6, 47−51. Scharman, E. J., Cloonan, H. A. & Durback-Morris, L. F. (2001). Home administration of charcoal: can mothers administer a therapeutic dose? The Journal of Emergency Medicine, 21(4), 357−361. Schirrmann, U. (1984). Aktivkohle und ihre Wirkung auf Bakterien und deren Toxine im Gastrointestinaltrakt. Silivong, P. & Preston, T. R. (2016). Supplements of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) and biochar improved feed intake, digestibility, N retention and growth performance of goats fed foliage of Bauhinia acuminata as the basal diet. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 28, 113. Sivilai, B., Preston, T. R., Leng, R. A., Hang, D. T. & Linh, N. Q. (2018). Rice distillers' byproduct and biochar as additives to a forage-based diet for growing Moo Lath pigs; effects on growth and feed conversion. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 30, 113. Soo, J., Malik, B. A., Turner, J. M., Persad, R., Wine, E., Siminoski, K. & Huynh, H. Q. (2013). Use of exclusive enteral nutrition is just as effective as corticosteroids in newly diagnosed pediatric Crohn's disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 58(12), 3584−3591. DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2855-y. Epub 2013 Sep 12. PMID: 24026403. Spokas, K. A., Novak, J. M., Stewart, C. E., Cantrell, K. B., Uchimiya, M., DuSaire, M. G. & Ro, K. S. (2011). Qualitative analysis of volatile organic compounds on biochar. Chemosphere, 85, 869−882. Steiner, C., Das, K. C., Melear, N. & Lakly, D. (2010). Reducing nitrogen loss during poultry litter composting using biochar. Journal of Environment Quality, 39(4), 1236. Steiner, C., Teixeira, W. G., Lehmann, J., Nehls, T., de Macêdo, J. L. V., Blum, W. E. & Zech, W. (2007). Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant and Soil, 291(1), 275−290. Struhsaker, T. T., Cooney, D. O. & Siex, K. S. (1997). Charcoal consumption by Zanzibar red colobus monkeys: its function and its ecological and demographic consequences. International Journal of Primatology, 18(1), 61–72. Sun, J., Hippo, E. J., Marsh, H., O'Brien, W. S. & Crelling, J. C. (1997). Activated carbon produced from an Illinois Basin 1080 Coal. Carbon, 35, 341−352. Moe, T. Shunsuke, K., Manabu, I. & Yokoyama Saichiro, Y. (2010). Effects of Supplementation of Dietary Bamboo Charcoal on Growth Performance and Body Composition of Juvenile Japanese Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 255−262. Toth, J. D. & Dou, Z. (2016). Use and Impact of Biochar and Charcoal in Animal Production Systems. In Guo, M., He, Z. and Uchimiya, M., Eds., Agricultural and Environmental Applications of Biochar: Advances and Barriers, Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, 199−224. Van Der Zee, F. P. & Cervantes, F. J. (2009). Impact and application of electron shuttles on the redox (bio) transformation of contaminants: a review. Biotechnology Advances, 27(3), 256−277. Van Der Zee, F. P., Bisschops, I. A. E., Lettinga, G. & Field, J. A. (2003). Activated carbon as an electron acceptor and redox mediator during the anaerobic biotransformation of azo dyes. Environmental Science and Technology, 37(2), 402−408. Van, D. T. T., Mui, N. T. & Ledin, I. (2006). Effect of method of processing foliage of Acacia mangium and inclusion of bamboo charcoal in the diet on performance of growing goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 30(3−4), 242−256. Weber, K. & Quicker, P. G. (2018). Properties of biochar. Fuel, 217, 240−261. Wild, M., Folini, D., Hakuba, M. Z., Schar, C., Seneviratne, S. I., Kato, S. Rutan, D., Ammann, C., Wood, E. F. & Kong-Langlo, G. (2015). The energy balance over land and oceans: an assessment based on direct observations and CMIP5 climate models. Climate Dynamics, 44, 3393−3429. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2430-z Wittstock, U. & Gershenzon, J. (2002). Constitutive plant toxins and their role in defense against herbivores and pathogens. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 5(4), 300−307. DOI: 10.1016/s1369-5266(02)00264-9. PMID: 12179963. Youssef, M. A., El-Khodery, S. A., El-deeb, W. M. & El-Amaiem, W. E. A. (2010). Ketosis in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis): clinical findings and the associated oxidative stress level. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 1771−1777. Yu, L., Yuan, Y., Tang, J., Wang, Y. & Zhou, S. (2015). Biochar as an electron shuttle for reductive dechlorination of pentachlorophenol by Geobacter sulfurreducens. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 1−10.

AbstractAt beginning of the 1980‘s, the National Science Foundation (USA) came up with the initiation of the program for Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER), which is a program based on long-term comprehensive study of the structure and processes of ecosystems. The Ecological Experimental Station (EES) in the Kremnické vrchy Mountains (Western Carpathians, Slovakia, 1986) was founded for similar purposes. The aim of the research at EES was to evaluate the productivity, carrying capacity and functioning of the beech ecosystem. In February 1989, five plots were established. Four plots were subjected to a regeneration cutting of different intensities (clear-cut, strip shelterwood cut: light, medium and heavy). The fifth plot was left without any management treatments as a control. The second cutting was performed in 2004 followed by the final cutting five years later. Currently, the research is carried out on the EES control plot in the stand comprising 115–120 years old beech trees. In the other stands the research is focused on the development of naturally regenerated beech ecosystems established after different cutting interventions. The future of the EES is in addressing some global issues, particularly the impact of climate change on primary production, as well as on its other consequences for the functioning of the affected ecosystems.

We report on contaminants identified in nestling bald eagles of Grant Teton National Park (GTNP) and the Snake River Unit (SRU), Wyoming, during summers of 2006 and 2007. We focus primarily on mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and selenium (Se) because each was detected in all nestlings during both summers at moderate levels. Independent t-tests were performed both on the raw data and log­transformed data (using the natural logarithm) as a comparative analysis to investigate if contaminant loads had significantly increased from summer 2006 to summer 2007. Also, as a comparative analysis and alternative procedure, nest site was treated as the experimental unit and a repeated-measures analysis (longitudinal study) was conducted on the raw data to investigate if contaminant loads had significantly increased from summer 2006 to summer 2007. Results of the analysis indicate that levels of Se essentially remained unchanged from summer 2006 to summer 2007 (p=0.466, log-transformed data). Levels of Pb in nestlings increased from summer 2006 to summer 2007 (p=0.000, log-transformed data). There was no difference in levels of Hg in nestlings from summer 2006 to summer 2007 (p=0.058, log-transformed data). The molar ratio (2.54ppm Se: 1 ppm Hg) of Se to Hg did not change from 2006 to 2007 (p=0.337, raw data), although a 45% decrease in molar ratio was observed. Analyses of contaminants (using geometric means) in the blood of nestlings (from summer 2006 to 2007) showed a 64% increase in Hg, a five-fold increase in Pb ( 481% ), and a 21% increase in Se. Potential localized sources of Pb contamination should be identified and removed from the proximity of any nest site(s) and the study area in general. Advancing global climate change and associated desiccation and emolation of temperate and boreal forests, exacerbated by extensive clear-cutting may increase poisoning of aquatic ecosystems with high levels of contaminants, especially Hg, in the future. A monitoring program may be indicated to identify potential long-term changes within the GYE. (p=O.OOO, log-transformed data). There was no difference in levels of Hg in nestlings from summer 2006 to summer 2007 (p=0.058, log­ transformed data). The molar ratio (2.54ppm Se: 1ppm Hg) of Se to Hg did not change from 2006 to 2007 (p=0.337, raw data), although a 45% decrease in molar ratio was observed. Analyses of contaminants (using geometric means) in the blood of nestlings (from summer 2006 to 2007) showed a 64% increase in Hg, a five-fold increase in Pb (481%), and a 21 % increase in Se. Potential localized sources of Pb contamination should be identified and removed from the proximity of any nest site(s) and the study area in general.

Global climate change is expected to impact future precipitation and surface temperature trends and could alter local hydrologic systems. This study assessed the likely hydrologic responses and changes in streamflow due to future climate change within the Alabama River Basin (ARB) for the mid-21st century 2045 (“2030–2060”) and end-21st century 2075 (“2060–2090”). Using an integrated modeling approach, General Circulation Model (GCM) datasets; the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques Climate Model 5 (CNRM-CM5), the Community Earth System Model, version 1–Biogeochemistry (CESM1- BGC.1), and the Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 2 (HADGEM2-AO.1), under medium Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5, and based on World Climate Research Program (WCRP)’s Couple Model Intercomparison Phase 5 (CMIP5), were assimilated into calibrated Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Mann–Kendall and Theil Sen’s slope were used to assess the trends and magnitude of variability of the historical climate data used for setting up the model. The model calibration showed goodness of fit with minimum Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) coefficient values of 0.83 and Coefficient of Determination (R2) of 0.88 for the three gages within the ARB. Next, the research assessed changes in streamflow for the years 2045 and 2075 against that of the reference baseline year of 1980. The results indicate situations of likely increase and decrease in mean monthly streamflow discharge and increase in the frequency and variability in peak flows during the periods from the mid to end of the 21st century. Seasonally, monthly streamflow increases between 50% and 250% were found for spring and autumn months with decreases in summer months for 2045. Spring and summer months for 2075 resulted in increased monthly streamflow between 50% and 300%, while autumn and spring months experienced decreased streamflow. While the results are prone to inherent uncertainties in the downscaled GCM data used, the simulated dynamics in streamflow and water availability provide critical information for stakeholders to develop sustainable water management and climate change adaptation options for the ARB.

Abstract Background Antibiotic stewardship program (ASP) implementation is paramount across the healthcare spectrum. Nursing homes represent a challenge due to limited resources, complexity of medical conditions, and less controlled environments. National statistics on ASP for long-term care facilities (LTCF) are sparse. Methods A pilot ASP was launched in August 2016 at a 270-bed nursing home with a 50-bed chronic ventilator-dependent unit. The program entailed a bundle of interventions including leadership engagement, a tracking and reporting system for intravenous antibiotics, education for caregivers, Infectious Disease (ID) consultant availability, and implementation of nursing protocols. Data were collected from pharmacy and medical records between January 2016 and March 2017, establishing pre-intervention and post-intervention periods. Collected data included days of therapy (DOT), antibiotic costs, resident-days, hospital transfers, and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) rates. Variables were adjusted to 1,000 resident-days (RD) and findings between periods were compared by Mann–Whitney U test. Results A total of 47,423 resident-days and 1,959 DOT were analyzed for this study. Antibiotic use decreased from 54.5 DOT/1000 RD pre-intervention to 27.6 DOT/1000 RD post-intervention (P = 0.017). Antibiotic costs were reduced from a monthly median of US $17,113 to US $7,073 but was not statistically significant (P = 0.39). Analysis stratified by individual antibiotic was done for the five most commonly used antibiotics and found statistically significant reduction in vancomycin use (14.4 vs. 6.5; P = 0.023). Reduction was also found for cefepime/ceftazidime (6.9 vs. 1.3; P = 0.07), ertapenem (6.8 vs. 3.6; P = 0.45), and piperacillin/tazobactam (1.8 vs. 0.6; P = 0.38). Meropenem use increased (1.3 vs. 3.2; P = 0.042). Hospital transfers slightly trended up (6.73 vs. 7.77; P = 0.065), and there was no change in CDI (1.1 s 0.94; P = 0.32). Conclusion A bundle of standardized interventions tailored for LTCF can achieve successful reduction of antibiotic utilization and costs. Subsequent studies are needed to further determine the impact on clinical outcomes such as transfers to hospitals and CDI in these settings. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FEFETs) are receiving significant attention from the microelectronics community for next-generation memory technologies, especially as embedded non-volatile elements for data-centric applications. The main attractive features of FEFETs are that write energy and speed of FEFETs are within an order of magnitude of respective metrics for SRAMs (FEFET ~1 fJ and 1-10 ns vs. SRAM: <1 fJ and <1 ns), all the while requiring a significantly smaller cell size (FEFET 50-60F2 vs. SRAM 120-150F2) and close-to-zero standby leakage power – provided that FEFETs are integrated at the same advanced technology nodes as SRAMs [1]. In this talk, we will discuss the potential path for FEFET toward fulfilling this vision, by addressing the outstanding technological challenges: ultra-fast read-after write, reliability, voltage scaling and variation. To that end, our recent exposition on the trap and reliability physics of FEFETs will highlighted. We will highlight, based on newly developed experimental schemes, how the simultaneous capture and emission of electrons and holes in write cycles occur at the interface and the grain boundaries in the time domain, where in the band-diagram, these traps (acceptors and donors) are located and how exactly they result in the degradation of the read speed and reliability with continued write cycling. Based on these insights, we move on show how engineering the interfacial layer and the ferroelectric grain structure can enable ultra-fast read-after write and write voltage and dramatic improvements in reliability and variation, towards achieving a high-density, ultra-high speed memory technology. This research is supported by the National Science Foundation, the Defense Advanced Research Program Agency (DARPA), the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) - Global Research Collaboration (GRC) program, the Applications and Systems-Driven Center for Energy-Efficient Integrated Nano Technologies (ASCENT), one of six centers in the Joint University Microelectronics Program (JUMP), a SRC program sponsored by the DARPA, and an Intel Rising Star award. [1] Mikolajick, T., Schroeder, U. & Slesazeck, S. The past, the present, and the future of ferroelectric memories. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 67, 1434–1443 (2020). [2] Asif Islam Khan, Ali Keshavarzi, and Suman Datta. “The future of ferroelectric field-effect transistor technology." Nature Electronics 3.10 (2020): 588-597.

Climate change and sustainability science have become more international in scope and transdisciplinary in nature, in response to growing expectations that scientific knowledge directly informs collective action and transformation. In this article, we move past idealized models of the science–policy interface to examine the social processes and geopolitical dynamics of knowledge mobilization. We argue that sociotechnical imaginaries of transdisciplinary research, deployed in parallel to “universal” regimes of evidence-based decision-making from the global North, conceal how international collaborations of scientists and societal actors actually experience knowledge mobilization, its systemic barriers, and its paths to policy action. Through ethnographic study of a transdisciplinary research program in the Americas, coupled with in-depth analysis of Colombia, we reveal divergences in how participants envision and experience knowledge mobilization and identify persistent disparities that diminish the capacity of researchers to influence decision-making and fit climate knowledge within broader neoliberal development paradigms. Results of the study point to a plurality of science–policy interface(s), each shaped by national sociotechnical imaginaries, development priorities, and local social orders. We conclude that a geopolitical approach to transdisciplinary science is necessary to understand how climate and sustainability knowledge circulates unevenly in a world marked by persistent inequality and dominance.

The critical roles of the Higher Education Institutions (HEI) towards the achievement of sustainable development signifies the need to implement Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Opportunities in applying ESD can be accomplished in different dimensions of the school to pursue the worldwide acceptance of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This formed a question for San Beda University (SBU) to describe its practices and programs towards the achievement of ESD. In this study, the community extension and citizenship education of San Beda University were specifically examined in its Community Engagement Center (CEC) and National Service Training Program (NSTP). The study employed a framework on the Priority Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of SBU and selected key features and strategies of ESD. After a critical assessment of the procedures, teaching methods, documents, and interviews, the results of the study identified the practices and programs including specific teaching activities. The results illustrate the level by which SBU utilizes SDGs towards sustainability. The conclusion provided recommendations to encourage increasing the commitment of SBU in integrating SDGs in instruction, research, and extension. The study is significant in providing a preliminary assessment of the level of SBU engagement towards SDGs. It demonstrated the actions of how a university implements sustainable development. The study intends to contribute to the continuous implementation of ESD and improve the SDG performance of SBU as institutional change agent.ReferencesAlbareda-Tiana, S., Vidal-Raméntol, S., and Fernández-Morilla, M. (2018). Implementing the sustainable development goals at university level. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. 19(3), 473-497. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-05-2017-0069Balanay, R.M. & Halog, A. (2016). Teaching education for sustainable development at university level: A case study from the Philippines. Teaching Education for Sustainable Development at University Level. World Sustainability Series. 1, 163-174, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32928-4_11Community Engagement Center (CEC) – SBU. (2016). Institute of Community Involvement Center Manual of Operations. Unpublished manuscript. San Beda University, Manila.Dela Serna, A. (2018). Teaching sustainable development in the Philippines: Looking through the lens of education for sustainable development (esd). ASEAN Conference on Education. p. 841 – 851. http://www.pbic.tu.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2018-Aceproceedings.pdfKates, R., Parris, T., and Leiserowitz, A. (2005). What Is Sustainable Development? Goals, Indicators, Values, and Practice. http://www.heldref.org/env.phpKopnina, H. (2017). Teaching sustainable development goals in The Netherlands: A critical approach. Environmental Education Research. 24(9), 1268–1283. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13504622.2017.1303819?needAccess=trueLabuguen, F., Ramos, A., Placer, R., Vidal CJ., Moralde, R.P., & Rendorio, E. (2012). Understanding the national service training program: A modular worktext for nstp1. Mutya Publishing House, Inc.Labuguen, F., Ramos, A., Placer, R., Vidal CJ., Moralde, R.P., & Rendorio, E. (2019). NSTP2: Understanding the national service training program. Mutya Publishing House, Inc.Leal Filho, W., Shiel, C., Paço A., Mifsud, M., Veiga Ávila, L., Londero Brandli L., Molthan-Hill, P., Pace, P., Azeiteiro, U., Ruiz Vargas, V., & Caeiro, S. (2019). Sustainable development goals and sustainability teaching at universities: Falling behind or getting ahead of the pack? Journal of Cleaner Production. 232, 285-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.309.National Economic and Development Authority. (2019). The 2019 voluntary national review of the Philippines. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/23366Voluntary_National_Review_2019_Philippines.pdfSan Beda University. (2014). College of Arts and Sciences Course catalogue 2014 – 2015. Unpublished manuscript.San Beda University. (2019). College of Arts and Science Course syllabus 2019 – 2020: National service training program-civic welfare training services I. Unpublished manuscript.Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN). (2015). Indicators and a monitoring framework for the sustainable development goals. Launching a data revolution. https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/be6d1d56/files/uploaded/150612-FINAL-SDSN-Indicator-Report-Executive-Summary.pdfSustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN). (2017). Getting started with SDGs in universities: A guide for universities, higher education institutions, and the Academic Sector. (Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Edition). Sustainable Development Solutions Network, http://ap-unsdsn.org/wp-content/uploads/University-SDG-Guide_web.pdf.United Nations (UN). (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=EUnited Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2005). United nations decade of education for sustainable development (2005-2014): International implementation scheme DRAFT. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000139023 United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2017). Education for sustainable development goals: Learning objectives. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247444.locale=en

The contemporary Balkans are still an area of unfinished peace. Its pacification and development depend on a faster process of regionalization and globalization, but also on changing the transition strategy and opening up to the elites of knowledge as actors in the economic, social, and cultural development of the countries of this region. Current flows in the European integration process are predominantly dictated by geostrategic interests but not by development goals. The paper discusses the actors of cross-border cooperation in the Balkans, with special reference to the role of the knowledge elite and the new diaspora in regional development and the affirmation of the culture of peace in this fragile geopolitical space. The focus is on the problematization of the thesis on the role of the new intellectual diaspora from the Balkans, which is an integral part of the global transnational actors of social changes in modern times and whose cognitive, innovative, and social capital, through the process of return mobility (circular migrations of knowledge elites), can contribute to faster local, national, and regional development. The attachment indicates the high creative-innovative potential of the new Balkan diaspora, embodied in the elites of knowledge, innovators, managers, and entrepreneurs in the world, which can be included in the partnership program for local, national, and regional development with the new wise policy of nomenclature in the region. This requires the redefinition of the ruling strategy of dependent modernization and comprador development management and the establishment of a new autonomous policy of social development based on local wisdom ("ours and the world's"), intensive intra-regional connection and integration, and the reactualization of the value of the slogan "Balkans, Balkan peoples!" Sociological research conducted in the last twenty years shows the slowness of cross-border cooperation processes in the region, the still high degree of exchange with countries outside the region, and the fact that the identity perception of the student population is focused on national or European values while regional values are neglected. It is time to change these priorities in identification, which will be connected with real processes of cross-border cooperation and the strengthening of understanding and a culture of peace in the Balkans.

Through a careful analysis of official government documents such as national statutes, national agency memorandum orders, policy directives reports, and national and local plans, among others, pertinent to the Philippine Government's response to climate change mitigation and adaptation, the paper elucidated the policy directions of the country concerning climate change response. Aimed at proposing recommendations to enhance the current legal, organizational, and fiscal frameworks of the Philippine Government in its efforts to mainstream its climate change strategy, the paper identified some of the gaps and possible areas of improvement in the standing legal and structural constellations of policies employed in the country. It has been found by the research that though there have been actions related to the international mandate of promoting sustainable development, there are still areas that can be reformed and revisited if the government programs and institutions are to remain in fidelity to the commitments of the Philippines to combat the impacts and mitigate the effects of climate change. As the title suggests, the paper offers policy directions to strengthen government and academic institutions to better respond to this daunting challenge.References2013 Typhoon Haiyan: Facts, FAQs, and how to help. (n.d.). World vision. https://www.worldvision.org/disaster-relief-news-stories/2013-typhoon-haiyan-facts.Asian Disaster Reduction Center. (n.d.). Information on disaster risk reduction of member countries. https://www.adrc.asia/nationinformation.php?NationCode=608&Lang=en.Asian Development Bank. (2012). Addressing migration and climate change in Asia and the Pacific: Final report. ADB.Blair, H. (2000). Participation and accountability in the periphery: Democratic local governance in six countries. World Development 28(1). 21-39.Brillantes, A. & Montes, R. (2007). Federalism: Logical step after devolution? Philippine Journal of Public Administration 51(1-4). 1-32.Brillantes, A. (1987). Decentralization in the Philippines: An overview. Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 31 (2): 131-148.Brillantes, A. (1998). Decentralized democratic governance under the local government code: A governmental perspective. Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 32(1&2): 38-57.Brown, K. (2012). Typhoon Pablo batters ‘typhoon-free’ Mindanao. The Asia Foundation. https://asiafoundation.org/2012/ 12/19/typhoon-pablo-batters-typhoon-free-mindanao/.Capuno, J. (2019). Tugs of war: Local governments, national government. Public Policy Journal, 16 & 17: 98-116.Cheema, S. & Rondinelli, D. (2007). Decentralizing governance: Emerging concepts and practices. Brookings Institution Press.Dorotan, E. & Carizo, J. (2014). Issues and critical actions in local governance. Galing Pook Foundation.Hannah, R. (2014). Climate change and human development. Zed Books Ltd.Griggs, G. (2017). Coasts in crisis: A global challenge. University of California Press.Jha, A. & Geddes, Z. (2013). Strong, safe, and resilient: A strategic policy guide for disaster risk management in East Asia and the Pacific. The World Bank.Local Government Academy of the Philippines. (2013). User’s manual for LGUs: Guidebook for the preparation of LCCAP. Fabi’s Enterprises.Manila Observatory for the Congressional Commission on Science and Technology and Engineering. (2010). COMSTE Technical primer on climate change in the Philippines conference engineering resilience, confronting risk beyond adaptation. Sofitel ManilaMayon mud buries 100 in Bicol amid ‘Reming’ fury. (2006, Nov. 30). GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/22465/mayon-mud-buries-100-in-bicol-amid-remingfury/story/.National Climate Change Commission. (2021). 2020 Accomplishment Report: Adapting for a sustainable future.National Climate Change Commission. (2011). National climate change action plan.National Climate Change Commission. (2019). The Philippine national climate change action plan.NDCC: Typhoon ‘Frank’ damage estimate now at P 10B. (2008, July 1). GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/104407/ndcc-typhoon-frank-damage-estimate-now-atp10b/story/.Perez, R. (2017). Assessment of vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in the Philippines coastal resources sector. Natural Disaster Reduction Branch – PAGASA.Remembering Milenyo’s wrath in 2006. (2014, July 15). Philippine Star. https://www.philstar.com/news-commentary/2014/07/15/1346515/remembering-milenyos-wrath-2006.Republic Act 9729, An act mainstreaming climate change into government policy formulations, establishing the framework strategy and program on climate change, creating for this purpose the climate change commission, and other purposes (2009). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2009/10/23/republic-act-no- 9729/.Republic Act 10174, An act establishing the people’s survival fund to provide long-term finance streams to enable the government to effectively address the problem of climate change, amending for the purpose Republic Act 9729, otherwise known as the 'Climate Change Act of 2009', and for other purposes (2012). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2012/08/16/republic-act-no-10174/.Republic Act 10121, An act strengthening the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System, providing for the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management framework and institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan, appropriating funds therefore and for other purposes (2010). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2010/05/27/republic-act-no-10121/.Republic Act 7160, An Act for a Local Government Code of 1991 (1991). https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1991/10/10/republic-act-no-7160/.Walker, R. & Mason, W. (2015). Climate change adaptation for health and social services. CSIRO Publishing.

Hamsters were exposed to sodium arsenite (173 mg As/L) in drinking water for 6 days. Equal amounts of proteins from urinary bladder or liver extracts of control and arsenic-treated hamsters were labeled with Cy3 and Cy5 dyes, respectively. After differential in gel electrophoresis and analysis by the DeCyder software, several protein spots were found to be down-regulated and several were up regulated. Our experiments indicated that in the bladder tissues of hamsters exposed to arsenite, transgelin was down-regulated and GST-pi was up-regulated. The loss of transgelin expression has been reported to be an important early event in tumor progression and a diagnostic marker for cancer development [29-32]. Down-regulation of transgelin expression may be associated with the carcinogenicity of inorganic arsenic in the urinary bladder. In the liver of arsenite-treated hamsters, ornithine aminotransferase was up-regulated, and senescence marker protein 30 and fatty acid binding protein were down-regulated. The volume ratio changes of these proteins in the bladder and liver of hamsters exposed to arsenite were significantly different than that of control hamsters. Introduction Chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic can cause cancer of the skin, lungs, urinary bladder, kidneys, and liver [1-6]. The molecular mechanisms of the carcinogenicity and toxicity of inorganic arsenic are not well understood [7-9). Humans chronically exposed to inorganic arsenic excrete MMA(V), DMA(V) and the more toxic +3 oxidation state arsenic biotransformants MMA(III) and DMA (III) in their urine [10, 11], which are carcinogen [12]· After injection of mice with sodium arsenate, the highest concentrations of the very toxic MMA(III) and DMA(III) were in the kidneys and urinary bladder tissue, respectively, as shown by experiments of Chowdhury et al [13]. Many mechanisms of arsenic toxicity and carcinogenicity have been suggested [1, 7, 14] including chromosome abnormalities [15], oxidative stress [16, 17], altered growth factors [18], cell proliferation [19], altered DNA repair [20], altered DNA methylation patterns [21], inhibition of several key enzymes [22], gene amplification [23] etc. Some of these mechanisms result in alterations in protein expression. Methods for analyzing multiple proteins have advanced greatly in the last several years. In particularly, mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) are used to analyze peptides following protein isolation using two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis and proteolytic digestion [24]. In the present study, Differential In Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) coupled with Mass Spectrometry (MS) has been used to study some of the proteomic changes in the urinary bladder and liver of hamsters exposed to sodium arsenite in their drinking water. Our results indicated that transgelin was down-regulated and GST-pi was up-regulated in the bladder tissues. In the liver tissues ornithine aminotransferase was up-regulated, and senescence marker protein 30, and fatty acid binding protein were down-regulated. Materials and Methods Chemicals Tris, Urea, IPG strips, IPG buffer, CHAPS, Dry Strip Cover Fluid, Bind Silane, lodoacetamide, Cy3 and Cy5 were from GE Healthcare (formally known as Amersham Biosciences, Uppsala, Sweden). Thiourea, glycerol, SDS, DTT, and APS were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Glycine was from USB (Cleveland, OH, USA). Acrylamide Bis 40% was from Bio-Rad (Hercules, CA, USA). All other chemicals and biochemicals used were of analytical grade. All solutions were made with Milli-Q water. Animals Male hamsters (Golden Syrian), 4 weeks of age, were purchased from Harlan Sprague Dawley, USA. Upon arrival, hamsters were acclimated in the University of Arizona animal care facility for at least 1 week and maintained in an environmentally controlled animal facility operating on a 12-h dark/12-h light cycle and at 22-24°C. They were provided with Teklad (Indianapolis, IN) 4% Mouse/Rat Diet # 7001 and water, ad libitum, throughout the acclimation and experimentation periods. Sample preparation and labelling Hamsters were exposed to sodium arsenite (173 mg) in drinking water for 6 days and the control hamsters were given tap water. On the 6th day hamsters were decapitated rapidly by guillotine. Urinary bladder tissues and liver were removed, blotted on tissue papers (Kimtech Science, Precision Wipes), and weighed. Hamster urinary bladder or liver tissues were homogenized in lysis buffer (30mMTris, 2M thiourea, 7M urea, and 4% w/w CHAPS adjusted to pH 8.5 with dilute HCI), at 4°C using a glass homogenizer and a Teflon coated steel pestle; transferred to a 5 ml acid-washed polypropylene tube, placed on ice and sonicated 3 times for 15 seconds. The sonicate was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4°C. Small aliquots of the supernatants were stored at -80°C until use (generally within one week). Protein concentration was determined by the method of Bradford [25] using bovine serum albumin as a standard. Fifty micrograms of lysate protein was labeled with 400 pmol of Cy3 Dye (for control homogenate sample) and Cy5 Dye (for arsenic-treated urinary bladder or liver homogenate sample). The samples containing proteins and dyes were incubated for 30 min on ice in the dark. To stop the labeling reaction, 1uL of 10 mM lysine was added followed by incubation for 10 min on ice in the dark. To each of the appropriate dye-labeled protein samples, an additional 200 ug of urinary bladderor liver unlabeled protein from control hamster sample or arsenic-treated hamster sample was added to the appropriate sample. Differentially labeled samples were combined into a single Microfuge tube (total protein 500 ug); protein was mixed with an equal volume of 2x sample buffer [2M thiourea, 7M urea, pH 3-10 pharmalyte for isoelectric focusing 2% (v/v), DTT 2% (w/v), CHAPS 4% (w/v)]; and was incubated on ice in the dark for 10 min. The combined samples containing 500 ug of total protein were mixed with rehydration buffer [CHAPS 4% (w/v), 8M urea, 13mM DTT, IPG buffer (3-10) 1% (v/v) and trace amount of bromophenol blue]. The 450 ul sample containing rehydration buffer was slowly pipetted into the slot of the ImmobilinedryStripReswelling Tray and any large bubbles were removed. The IPG strip (linear pH 3-10, 24 cm) was placed (gel side down) into the slot, covered with drystrip cover fluid (Fig. 1), and the lid of the Reswelling Tray was closed. The ImmobillineDryStrip was allowed to rehydrate at room temperature for 24 hours. First dimension Isoelectric focusing (IEF) The labeled sample was loaded using the cup loading method on universal strip holder. IEF was then carried out on EttanIPGphor II using multistep protocol (6 hr @ 500 V, 6 hr @ 1000 V, 8 hr @ 8000 V). The focused IPG strip was equilibrated in two steps (reduction and alkylation) by equilibrating the strip for 10 min first in 10 ml of 50mM Tris (pH 8.8), 6M urea, 30% (v/v) glycerol, 2% (w/v) SDS, and 0.5% (w/v) DTT, followed by another 10 min in 10 ml of 50mM Tris (pH 8.8), 6M urea, 30% (v/v) glycerol, 2% (w/v) SDS, and 4.5% (w/v) iodoacetamide to prepare it for the second dimension electrophoresis. Second dimension SDS-PAGE The equilibrated IPG strip was used for protein separation by 2D-gel electrophoresis (DIGE). The strip was sealed at the top of the acrylamide gel for the second dimension (vertical) (12.5% polyacrylamide gel, 20x25 cm x 1.5 mm) with 0.5% (w/v) agarose in SDS running buffer [25 mMTris, 192 mM Glycine, and 0.1% (w/v) SDS]. Electrophoresis was performed in an Ettan DALT six electrophoresis unit (Amersham Biosciences) at 1.5 watts per gel, until the tracking dye reached the anodic end of the gel. Image analysis and post-staining The gel then was imaged directly between glass plates on the Typhoon 9410 variable mode imager (Sunnyvale, CA, USA) using optimal excitation/emission wavelength for each DIGE fluor: Cy3 (532/580 nm) and Cy5 (633/670 nm). The DIGE images were previewed and checked with Image Quant software (GE Healthcare) where all the two separate gel images could be viewed as a single gel image. DeCyde v.5.02 was used to analyze the DIGE images as described in the Ettan DIGE User Manual (GE Healthcare). The appropriate up-/down regulated spots were filtered based on an average volume ratio of ± over 1.2 fold. After image acquisition, the gel was fixed overnight in a solution containing 40% ethanol and 10% acetic acid. The fixed gel was stained with SyproRuby (BioRad) according to the manufacturer protocol (Bio-Rad Labs., 2000 Alfred Nobel Drive, Hercules, CA 94547). Identification of proteins by MS Protein spot picking and digestion Sypro Ruby stained gels were imaged using an Investigator ProPic and HT Analyzer software, both from Genomic Solutions (Ann Arbor, MI). Protein spots of interest that matched those imaged using the DIGE Cy3/Cy5 labels were picked robotically, digested using trypsin as described previously [24] and saved for mass spectrometry identification. Liquid chromatography (LC)- MS/MS analysis LC-MS/MS analyses were carried out using a 3D quadrupole ion trap massspectrometer (ThermoFinnigan LCQ DECA XP PLUS; ThermoFinnigan, San Jose, CA) equipped with a Michrom Paradigm MS4 HPLC (MichromBiosources, Auburn, CA) and a nanospray source, or with a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer (ThermoFinnigan LTQ), also equipped with a Michrom MS4 HPLC and a nanospray source. Peptides were eluted from a 15 cm pulled tip capillary column (100 um I.D. x 360 um O.D.; 3-5 um tip opening) packed with 7 cm Vydac C18 (Vydac, Hesperia, CA) material (5 µm, 300 Å pore size), using a gradient of 0-65% solvent B (98% methanol/2% water/0.5% formic acid/0.01% triflouroacetic acid) over a 60 min period at a flow rate of 350 nL/min. The ESI positive mode spray voltage was set at 1.6 kV, and the capillary temperature was set at 200°C. Dependent data scanning was performed by the Xcalibur v 1.3 software on the LCQ DECA XP+ or v 1.4 on the LTQ [27], with a default charge of 2, an isolation width of 1.5 amu, an activation amplitude of 35%, activation time of 50 msec, and a minimal signal of 10,000 ion counts (100 ion counts on the LTQ). Global dependent data settings were as follows: reject mass width of 1.5 amu, dynamic exclusion enabled, exclusion mass width of 1.5 amu, repeat count of 1, repeat duration of a min, and exclusion duration of 5 min. Scan event series were included one full scan with mass range of 350-2000 Da, followed by 3 dependent MS/MS scans of the most intense ion. Database searching Tandem MS spectra of peptides were analyzed with Turbo SEQUEST, version 3.1 (ThermoFinnigan), a program that allows the correlation of experimental tandem MS data with theoretical spectra generated from known protein sequences. All spectra were searched against the latest version of the non redundant protein database from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI 2006; at that time, the database contained 3,783,042 entries). Statistical analysis The means and standard error were calculated. The Student's t-test was used to analyze the significance of the difference between the control and arsenite exposed hamsters. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. The reproducibility was confirmed in separate experiments. Results Analysis of proteins expression After DIGE (Fig. 1), the gel was scanned by a Typhoon Scanner and the relative amount of protein from sample 1 (treated hamster) as compared to sample 2 (control hamster) was determined (Figs. 2, 3). A green spot indicates that the amount of protein from sodium arsenite-treated hamster sample was less than that of the control sample. A red spot indicates that the amount of protein from the sodium arsenite-treated hamster sample was greater than that of the control sample. A yellow spot indicates sodium arsenite-treated hamster and control hamster each had the same amount of that protein. Several protein spots were up-regulated (red) or down-regulated (green) in the urinary bladder samples of hamsters exposed to sodium arsenite (173 mg As/L) for 6 days as compared with the urinary bladder of controls (Fig. 2). In the case of liver, several protein spots were also over-expressed (red) or under-expressed (green) for hamsters exposed to sodium arsenite (173 mg As/L) in drinking water for 6 days (Fig. 3). The urinary bladder samples were collected from the first and second experiments in which hamsters were exposed to sodium arsenite (173 mg As/L) in drinking water for 6 days and the controls were given tap water. The urinary bladder samples from the 1st and 2nd experiments were run 5 times in DIGE gels on different days. The protein expression is shown in Figure 2 and Table 1. The liver samples from the 1st and 2nd experiments were also run 3 times in DIGE gels on different days. The proteins expression were shown in Figure 3 and Table 2. The volume ratio changed of the protein spots in the urinary bladder and liver of hamsters exposed to arsenite were significantly differences than that of the control hamsters (Table 1 and 2). Protein spots identified by LC-MS/MS Bladder The spots of interest were removed from the gel, digested, and their identities were determined by LC-MS/MS (Fig. 2 and Table 1). The spots 1, 2, & 3 from the gel were analyzed and were repeated for the confirmation of the results (experiments; 173 mg As/L). The proteins for the spots 1, 2, and 3 were identified as transgelin, transgelin, and glutathione S-transferase Pi, respectively (Fig. 2). Liver We also identified some of the proteins in the liver samples of hamsters exposed to sodium arsenite (173 mg As/L) in drinking water for 6 days (Fig. 3). The spots 4, 5, & 6 from the gels were analyzed and were repeated for the confirmation of the results. The proteins for the spots 4, 5, and 6 were identified as ornithine aminotransferase, senescence marker protein 30, and fatty acid binding protein, respectively (Fig. 3) Discussion The identification and functional assignment of proteins is helpful for understanding the molecular events involved in disease. Weexposed hamsters to sodium arsenite in drinking water. Controls were given tap water. DIGE coupled with LC-MS/MS was then used to study the proteomic change in arsenite-exposed hamsters. After electrophoresis DeCyder software indicated that several protein spots were down-regulated (green) and several were up-regulated (red). Our overall results as to changes and functions of the proteins we have studied are summarized in Table 3. Bladder In the case of the urinary bladder tissue of hamsters exposed to sodium arsenite (173 mg As/L) in drinking water for 6 days, transgelin was down-regulated and GST-pi was up-regulated. This is the first evidence that transgelin is down-regulated in the bladders of animals exposed to sodium arsenite. Transgelin, which is identical to SM22 or WS3-10, is an actin cross linking/gelling protein found in fibroblasts and smooth muscle [28, 29]. It has been suggested that the loss of transgelin expression may be an important early event in tumor progression and a diagnostic marker for cancer development [30-33]. It may function as a tumor suppressor via inhibition of ARA54 (co-regulator of androgen receptor)-enhanced AR (androgen receptor) function. Loss of transgelin and its suppressor function in prostate cancer might contribute to the progression of prostate cancer [30]. Down-regulation of transgelin occurs in the urinary bladders of rats having bladder outlet obstruction [32]. Ras-dependent and Ras-independent mechanisms can cause the down regulation of transgelin in human breast and colon carcinoma cell lines and patient-derived tumorsamples [33]. Transgelin plays a role in contractility, possibly by affecting the actin content of filaments [34]. In our experiments loss of transgelin expression may be associated or preliminary to bladder cancer due to arsenic exposure. Arsenite is a carcinogen [1]. In our experiments, LC-MS/MS analysis showed that two spots (1 and 2) represent transgelin (Fig. 2 and Table 1). In human colonic neoplasms there is a loss of transgelin expression and the appearance of transgelin isoforms (31). GST-pi protein was up-regulated in the bladders of the hamsters exposed to sodium arsenite. GSTs are a large family of multifunctional enzymes involved in the phase II detoxification of foreign compounds [35]. The most abundant GSTS are the classes alpha, mu, and pi classes [36]. They participate in protection against oxidative stress [37]. GST-omega has arsenic reductase activity [38]. Over-expression of GST-pi has been found in colon cancer tissues [39]. Strong expression of GST-pi also has been found in gastric cancer [40], malignant melanoma [41], lung cancer [42], breast cancer [43] and a range of other human tumors [44]. GST-pi has been up-regulated in transitional cell carcinoma of human urinary bladder [45]. Up-regulation of glutathione – related genes and enzyme activities has been found in cultured human cells by sub lethal concentration of inorganic arsenic [46]. There is evidence that arsenic induces DNA damage via the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) [47]. GST-pi may be over-expressed in the urinary bladder to protect cells against arsenic-induced oxidative stress. Liver In the livers of hamsters exposed to sodium arsenite, ornithine amino transferase was over-expressed, senescence marker protein 30 was under-expressed, and fatty acid binding protein was under-expressed. Ornithine amino transferase has been found in the mitochondria of many different mammalian tissues, especially liver, kidney, and small intestine [48]. Ornithine amino transferase knockdown inhuman cervical carcinoma and osteosarcoma cells by RNA interference blocks cell division and causes cell death [49]. It has been suggested that ornithine amino transferase has a role in regulating mitotic cell division and it is required for proper spindle assembly in human cancer cells [49]. Senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) is a unique enzyme that hydrolyzes diisopropylphosphorofluoridate. SMP30, which is expressed mostly in the liver, protects cells against various injuries by stimulating membrane calcium-pump activity [50]. SMP30 acts to protect cells from apoptosis [51]. In addition it protects the liver from toxic agents [52]. The livers of SMP30 knockout mice accumulate phosphatidylethanolamine, cardiolipin, phosphatidyl-choline, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin [53]. Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) also was down- regulated. Decreased liver fatty acid-binding capacity and altered liver lipid distribution hasbeen reported in mice lacking the L-FABP gene [54]. High levels of saturated, branched-chain fatty acids are deleterious to cells and animals, resulting in lipid accumulation and cytotoxicity. The expression of fatty acid binding proteins (including L-FABP) protected cells against branched-chain saturated fatty acid toxicity [55]. Limitations: we preferred to study the pronounced spots seen in DIGE gels. Other spots were visible but not as pronounced. Because of limited funds, we did not identify these others protein spots. In conclusion, urinary bladders of hamsters exposed to sodium arsenite had a decrease in the expression of transgelin and an increase in the expression of GST-pi protein. Under-expression of transgelin has been found in various cancer systems and may be associated with arsenic carcinogenicity [30-33). Inorganic arsenic exposure has resulted in bladder cancer as has been reported in the past [1]. Over-expression of GST-pi may protect cells against oxidative stress caused by arsenite. In the liver OAT was up regulated and SMP-30 and FABP were down regulated. These proteomic results may be of help to investigators studying arsenic carcinogenicity. The Superfund Basic Research Program NIEHS Grant Number ES 04940 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences supported this work. Additional support for the mass spectrometry analyses was provided by grants from NIWHS ES06694, NCI CA023074 and the BIOS Institute of the University of Arizona. Acknowledgement The Author wants to dedicate this paper to the memory of his former supervisor Dr. H. VaskenAposhian who passed away in September 6, 2019. He was an emeritus professor of the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology at the University of Arizona. This research work was done under his sole supervision and with his great contribution.I also would like to thanks Dr. George Tsapraills, Center of Toxicology, The University of Arizona for identification of proteins by MS. References NRC (National Research Council), Arsenic in Drinking Water, Update to the 1999 Arsenic in Drinking Water Report. National Academy Press, Washington, DC 2001. Hopenhayn-Rich, C.; Biggs, M. L.; Fuchs, A.; Bergoglio, R.; et al. Bladder cancer mortality with arsenic in drinking water in Argentina. Epidemiology 1996, 7, 117-124. Chen, C.J.; Chen, C. W.; Wu, M. M.; Kuo, T. L. Cancer potential in liver, lung, bladder, and kidney due to ingested inorganic arsenic in drinking water. J. Cancer. 1992, 66, 888-892. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), In IARC monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenicity risk to humans? Overall evaluation of carcinogenicity: an update of IARC monographs 1-42 (suppl. 7), International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 1987, pp. 100-106. Rossman, T. G.; Uddin, A. N.; Burns, F. J. Evidence that arsenite acts as a cocarcinogen in skin cancer. Appl. Pharmacol. 2004, 198, 394 404. Smith, A. H.; Hopenhayn-Rich, C.; Bates, M. N.; Goeden, H. M.; et al. Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water. Health Perspect. 1992, 97, 259-267. Aposhian, H. V.; Aposhian, M. M. Arsenic toxicology: five questions. Res. Toxicol. 2006, 19, 1-15. Goering, P. L.; Aposhian, H. V.; Mass, M. J.; Cebrián, M., et al. The enigma of arsenic carcinogenesis: role of metabolism. Sci. 1999, 49, 5-14. Waalkes, M. P.; Liu, J.; Ward, J. M.; Diwan, B. A. Mechanisms underlying arsenic carcinogenesis: hypersensitivity of mice exposed to inorganic arsenic during gestation. 2004, 198, 31-38. Aposhian, H. V.; Gurzau, E. S.; Le, X. C.; Gurzau, A.; et al. Occurrence of monomethylarsonous acid in urine of humans exposed to inorganic arsenic. Res. Toxicol. 2000, 13, 693-697. Del Razo, L. M.; Styblo, M.; Cullen, W. R.; Thomas, D. J. Determination of trivalent methylated arsenicals in biological matrices. Appl. Pharmacol. 2001, 174, 282-293. Styblo, M.; Drobna, Z.; Jaspers, I.; Lin, S.; Thomas, D. J.; The role of biomethylation in toxicity and carcinogenicity of arsenic: a research update. Environ. Health Perspect. 2002, 5, 767-771. Chowdhury, U. K.; Zakharyan, R. A.; Hernandez, A.; Avram, M. D.; et al. Glutathione-S-transferase-omega [MMA(V) reductase] knockout mice: Enzyme and arsenic species concentrations in tissues after arsenate administration. Appl. Pharmaol. 2006, 216, 446-457. Kitchin, K. T. Recent advances in arsenic carcinogenesis: modes of action, animal model systems, and methylated arsenic metabolites. Appl. Pharmacol. 2001, 172, 249-261. Beckman, G.; Beckman, L.; Nordenson, I. Chromosome aberrations in workers exposed to arsenic. Health Perspect. 1977, 19, 145-146. Yamanaka, K.; Hoshino, M.; Okanoto, M.; Sawamura, R.; et al. Induction of DNA damage by dimethylarsine, a metabolite of inorganic arsenics, is for the major part likely due to its peroxyl radical. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1990, 168, 58-64. Yamanaka, K.; Okada, S. Induction of lung-specific DNA damage by metabolically methylated arsenics via the production of free radicals. Health Perspect. 1994, 102, 37-40. Simeonova, P. P.; Luster, M. I. Mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenicity:Genetic or epigenetic mechanisms? Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 2000, 19, 281-286. Popovicova, J.; Moser, G. J.; Goldsworthy, T. L.; Tice, R. R, Carcinogenicity and co-carcinogenicity of sodium arsenite in p53+/- male mice. 2000, 54, 134. Li, J. H.; Rossman, T. G. Mechanism of co-mutagenesis of sodium arsenite with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Trace Elem. 1989, 21, 373-381. Zhao, C. Q.; Young, M. R.; Diwan, B. A.; Coogan, T. P.; et al. Association of arsenic-induced malignant transformation with DNA hypomethylation and aberrant gene expression. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 1997, 94, 10907-10912. Abernathy, C. O.; Lui, Y. P.; Longfellow, D.; Aposhian, H. V.; et al. Arsenic: Health effects, mechanisms of actions and research issues. Health Perspect. 1999, 107, 593-597. Lee, T. C.; Tanaka, N.; Lamb, P. W.; Gilmer, T. M.; et al. Induction of gene amplification by arsenic. 1988, 241, 79-81. Lantz, R. C.; Lynch, B. J.; Boitano, S.; Poplin, G. S.; et al. Pulmonary biomarkers based on alterations in protein expression after exposure to arsenic. Health Perspect. 2007, 115, 586-591. Bradford, M.M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Biochem. 1976, 72, 248-254. Chowdhury, U. K.; Aposhian, H. V. Protein expression in the livers and urinary bladders of hamsters exposed to sodium arsenite. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2008, 1140, 325-334. Andon, N. L.; Hollingworth, S.; Koller, A.; Greenland, A. J.; et al. Proteomic characterization of wheat amyloplasts using identification of proteins by Tandem Mass Spectrometry. 2002, 2, 1156-1168. Shapland, C.; Hsuan, J. J.; Totty, N. F.; Lawson, D. Purification and properties of transgelin: a transformation and shape change sensitive actin-gelling protein. Cell Biol. 1993, 121, 1065-1073. Lawson, D.; Harrison, M.; Shapland, C. Fibroblast transgelin and smooth muscle SM22 alpha are the same protein, the expression of which is down-regulated in may cell lines. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton. 1997, 38, 250-257. Yang, Z.; Chang, Y- J.; Miyamoto, H.; Ni, J.; et al. Transgelin functions as a suppressor via inhibition of ARA54-enhanced androgen receptor transactivation and prostate cancer cell grown. Endocrinol. 2007, 21, 343-358. Yeo, M.; Kim, D- K.; Park, H. J.; Oh, T. Y.; et al. Loss of transgelin in repeated bouts of ulcerative colitis-induced colon carcinogenesis. 2006, 6, 1158-1165. Kim, H- J.; Sohng, I.; Kim, D- H.; Lee, D- C.; et al. Investigation of early protein changes in the urinary bladder following partial bladder outlet obstruction by proteomic approach. Korean Med. Sci. 2005, 20, 1000-1005. Shields, J. M.; Rogers-Graham, K.; Der, C. J. Loss of transgelin in breast and colon tumors and in RIE-1 cells by Ras deregulation of gene expression through Raf-independent pathways. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 9790-9799. Zeiden, A.; Sward, K.; Nordstrom, J.; Ekblad, E.; et al. Ablation of SM220c decreases contractility and actin contents of mouse vascular smooth muscle. FEBS Lett. 2004, 562, 141-146. Hoivik, D.; Wilson, C.; Wang, W.; Willett, K.; et al. Studies on the relationship between estrogen receptor content, glutathione S-transferase pi expression, and induction by 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and drug resistance in human breast cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. 1997, 348, 174-182. Hayes, J. D.; Pulford. D. J. The glutathione S-transferase super gene family: regulation of GST and the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprotection and drug resistance. Critical Rev. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 1995, 30, 445-600. Zhao, T.; Singhal, S. S.; Piper, J. T.; Cheng, J.; et al. The role of human glutathione S-transferases hGSTA1-1 and hGSTA2-2 in protection against oxidative stress. Biochem. Biophys. 1999, 367, 216-224. Zakharyan, R. A.; Sampayo-Reyes, A.; Healy, S. M.; Tsaprailis, G.; et al. Human monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) reductase is a member of the glutathione-S-transferase superfamily. Res. Toxicol. 2001, 14, 1051-1057. Tsuchida, S.; Sekine, Y.; Shineha, R.; Nishihira, T.; et al. Elevation of the placental glutathione S-transferase form (GST-PI) in tumor tissues and the levels in sera of patients with cancer. Cancer Res. 1989, 43, 5225-5229. Tsutsumi, M.; Sugisaki, T.; Makino, T.; Miyagi, N.; et al. Oncofetal expression of glutathione S-transferase placental form in human stomach carcinomas. Gann. 1987, 78, 631-633. Mannervik, B.; Castro, V. M.; Danielson, U. H.; Tahir, M. K.; et al. Expression of class Pi glutathione transferase in human malignant melanoma cells. Carcinogenesis (Lond.). 1987, 8, 1929-1932. Di llio, C.; Del Boccio, G.; Aceto, A.; Casaccia, R.; et al. Elevation of glutathione transferase activity in human lung tumor. Carcinogenesis (Lond.). 1988, 9, 335-340. Sreenath, A. S.; Ravi, K. K.; Reddy, G. V.; Sreedevi, B.; et al. Evidence for the association of synaptotagmin with glutathione S- transferase: implications for a novel function in human breast cancer. Clinical Biochem. 2005, 38, 436-443. Shea, T. C.; Kelley S. L.; Henner, W. D. Identification of an anionic form ofglutathione transferase present in many human tumors and human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res. 1988, 48, 527-533. Simic, T.; Mimic-Oka, J.; Savic-Radojevic, A.; Opacic, M.; et al. Glutathione S- transferase T1-1 activity upregulated in transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder. 2005, 65, 1035-1040. Schuliga, M.; Chouchane, S.; Snow, E. T. Up-regulation of glutathione - related genes and enzyme activities in cultured human cells by sub-lethal concentration of inorganic arsenic. Sci. 2002, 70, 183-192. Matsui, M.; Nishigori, C.; Toyokuni, S.; Takada, J.; et al. The role of oxidative DNA damage in human arsenic carcinogenesis: detection of 8 hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in arsenic-related Bowen's disease. Invest. Dermatol. 1999, 113, 26-31. Sanada, Y.; Suemori, I.; Katunuma, N. Properties of ornithine aminotransferase from rat liver, kidney, and small intestine. Biophys. Acta. 1970, 220, 42-50. Wang, G.; Shang, L.; Burgett, A. W. G.; Harran, P. G.; et al. Diazonamide toxins reveal an unexpected function for ornithine d-amino transferase in mitotic cell division. PNAS, 2007, 104, 2068-2073. Fujita, T.; Inoue, H.; Kitamura, T.; Sato, N.; et al. Senescence marker protein-30 (SMP30) rescues cell death by enhancing plasma membrane Caat-pumping activity in hep G2 cells. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1998, 250, 374-380. Ishigami, A.; Fujita, T.; Handa, S.; Shirasawa, T.; et al. Senescence marker protein-30 knockout mouse liver is highly susceptible to tumors necrosis factor-∞ and fas-mediated apoptosis. J. Pathol. 2002, 161, 1273-1281. Kondo, Y.; Ishigami, A.; Kubo, S.; Handa, S.; et al. Senescence marker protein-30is a unique enzyme that hydrolyzes diisopropylphosphorofluoridate in the liver. FEBS Letters. 2004, 570, 57-62. Ishigami, A.; Kondo, Y.; Nanba, R.; Ohsawa, T.; et al. SMP30 deficiency in mice causes an accumulation of neutral lipids and phospholipids in the liver and shortens the life span. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004, 315, 575-580. Martin, G. G.; Danneberg, H.; Kumar, L. S.; Atshaves, B. P.; et al. Decreased liver fatty acid binding capacity and altered liver lipid distribution in mice lacking the liver fatty acid binding protein gene. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 21429-21438. Atshaves, B. P.; Storey, S. M.; Petrescu, A.; Greenberg, C. C.; et al. Expression of fatty acid binding proteins inhibits lipid accumulation and alters toxicity in L cell fibroblasts. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2002, 283, C688-2703.

Összefoglaló. A doktori képzés területén jelentős nemzetközi átrendeződés történt a 2000-es évektől. Magyarország a doktori képzés rendszerváltás utáni kialakításakor a stabilabb képzési környezetet teremtő programmodell mellett döntött, azonban a globális kihívások (hosszú képzési idő, tanulói státusz) a magyarországi doktori képzést is érintik. Ez indokolta a doktori képzés struktúraváltását 2016-ban. Tanulmányunkban áttekintjük a nemzetközi és hazai változásokat a képzésben, s képet adunk a hazai beiskolázási adatokról is, melyekhez a Központi Statisztikai Hivatal, az Országos Doktori Tanács, a Diplomás Pályakövetési Rendszer (N = 509) és a Persist (N = 1020) létszámadatait és adatbázisait használtuk. Eredményeinkből egy lassan növekvő és tudományterületileg erősen tagolt doktorandusz-társadalom képe bontakozik ki. Tanulmányunk fontos megállapítása, hogy a doktori képzés vonzását a felsőoktatás korábbi szintjein szerzett kedvező tapasztalatokkal lehet növelni. Summary. There has been a significant international reorganization in the field of doctoral training since the 2000s. After the change of regime, Hungary opted for a program model that created a more stable training environment, but global challenges (e.g. long training time, student status) also affect doctoral training in Hungary. These problems led to a structural change in doctoral training in 2016. In our study, we review international and domestic changes in education, and provide an overview of domestic enrollment data, for which we analyze the headcount data and databases of the Central Statistical Office, the National Doctoral Council, the Graduate Career Tracking System (N = 509) and Persist (N = 1020). In our results, we present an expanding, but highly divided doctoral student society. An important finding of our study is that the attractiveness of doctoral training can be increased by the positive experience gained at previous levels of higher education.

Background: As the global climate changes, the number of cases of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is increasing year by year. This study comprehensively considers the association of time and space by analyzing the temporal and spatial distribution changes of HFMD in the Ili River Valley in terms of what climate factors could affect HFMD and in what way. Methods: HFMD cases were obtained from the National Public Health Science Data Center from 2013 to 2018. Monthly climate data, including average temperature (MAT), average relative humidity (MARH), average wind speed (MAWS), cumulative precipitation (MCP), and average air pressure (MAAP), were obtained from the National Meteorological Information Center. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of HFMD from 2013 to 2018 were obtained using kernel density estimation (KDE) and spatiotemporal scan statistics. A regression model of the incidence of HFMD and climate factors was established based on a geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model and a generalized additive model (GAM). Results: The KDE results show that the highest density was from north to south of the central region, gradually spreading to the whole region throughout the study period. Spatiotemporal cluster analysis revealed that clusters were distributed along the Ili and Gongnaisi river basins. The fitted curves of MAT and MARH were an inverted V-shape from February to August, and the fitted curves of MAAP and MAWS showed a U-shaped change and negative correlation from February to May. Among the individual climate factors, MCP coefficient values varied the most while MAWS values varied less from place to place. There was a partial similarity in the spatial distribution of coefficients for MARH and MAT, as evidenced by a significant degree of fit performance in the whole region. MCP showed a significant positive correlation in the range of 15–35 mm, and MAAP showed a positive correlation in the range of 925–945 hPa. HFMD incidence increased with MAT in the range of 15–23 °C, and the effective value of MAWS was in the range of 1.3–1.7 m/s, which was positively correlated with incidences of HFMD. Conclusions: HFMD incidence and climate factors were found to be spatiotemporally associated, and climate factors are mostly non-linearly associated with HFMD incidence.

Background The COVID-19 global pandemic caused a complete stop in sport participation which meant a detraining period for athletes. High-level athletes had to train at home guided by their coaches and conditioning trainers in an effort to maintain their physical fitness. The aim of maintaining the training adaptations and physical fitness during the COVID-19 mandatory lockdown was especially important for CP athletes, in which the detraining period was expected to cause early declines in motor function, poor coordination and muscle weakness due to their disability. Methods The present study assessed the effect of a guided self-training program on international CP football players’ physical fitness during the COVID-19 mandatory lockdown. Fifteen CP football players from the Spanish National Team participated in the study. An experimental design with a pre- (T1) and a post-intervention (T2) assessment was carried out, with a 12-week period of players’ self-training (divided in two periods of 6 weeks) which combined strength and endurance training. Physical performance assessment consisted in the free countermovement jump (CMJ), 5, 10 and 20-m sprint, the modified agility T-test (MAT) and a dribbling test. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used for between-group comparisons, while the Student’s paired t test or the Fisher Pitman permutation test, based on the normality of the data, were used for within-group comparisons. Results The results showed no differences between sport classes (FT1, FT2 and FT3) in physical fitness change after the training program (Chi2 = 0.16 to 1.73; p = 0.42 to 0.92). Within-group comparisons showed an increase of jump height in the CMJ (4.19 cm [2.46, 5.93]; p < 0.001) and a maintenance of the 5, 10 and 20-m sprint, MAT and dribbling ability (<0.01 to 0.09 s; p = 0.19 to 0.97). Discussion To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that examined the physical fitness adaptations to a training program with CP football players. The results show that a 12-week guided self-training program without football-specific stimulus may be effective to maintain or even improve the specific physical performance of international CP football players during a non-competitive period (as the COVID-19 lockdown). This study reveals that CP football players are able to show adaptations to the strength and endurance training and this could be the basis for future research regarding training adaptations in CP football players.

Canada’s forests play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle. Forest management activities, implemented at the operational scale, can have a significant impact on the C budget of Canada’s forests. With the increasing national and international recognition that forest management activities can contribute to national C sources and sinks, forest managers could benefit from having a scientifically credible tool to assess the potential impacts of alternate management activities on the C stocks and stock changes on their land base. Such a tool must incorporate the best available science, be compliant with evolving international accounting rules and have enough flexibility to address the types of scenarios and management questions that are of interest to forest managers. To be cost effective and efficient for use by forest managers, the tool should make use of existing information on inventory, growth and yield, and disturbances that their analysts routinely use in their forest management planning activities. The readily available information must be augmented with additional data and modelling to estimate changes in those C pools that are not commonly included in forest inventories, such as carbon in the dead organic matter associated with litter, coarse woody debris and soil C. Building upon the past decade of work in the development and application of the C Budget Model of the Canadian Forest Sector (CBM-CFS2), the Canadian Forest Service C Accounting Team is now working with the Model Forest Network to develop, test and deliver an operational scale C accounting tool and its supporting databases with regional parameter values. When fully developed (2004), the operational model will be made available without charge to anyone interested in using it to estimate landscape level forest C stocks and C stock changes. Expertise developed within the extensive network of Model Forests and their partners in Canada will facilitate technology transfer and training of the larger user community. The tools and the technology transfer program will empower forest managers to include considerations of the impacts of the planned activities on forest C stocks. This will increase the potential use of forests and forest management activities in contributing towards a greenhouse gas emission reduction strategy. Key words: carbon cycle, carbon accounting, forest management, operational scale, land-use change, model forests, CBM-CFS2

Eating habits develop during the first years of a child's life, children learn what, when, and how much to eat through direct experience with food and by observing the eating habits of others. The aim of this study is to get a clear picture of the Eating program Healthy, starting from the planning, implementation, supervision, and evaluation as a case study of nutrition education; to get information about the advantages, disadvantages and effects of implementing a healthy eating program for children. This research was conducted through a case study with qualitative data analysed using Miles and Huberman techniques. Sample of children in Ananda Islāmic School Kindergarten. The results showed the Healthy Eating program could be implemented well, the diet was quite varied and could be considered a healthy and nutritious food. The visible impact is the emotion of pleasure experienced by children, children become fond of eating vegetables, and make children disciplined and responsible. Inadequate results were found due to the limitations of an adequate kitchen for cooking healthy food, such as cooking activities still carried out by the cook himself at the Foundation's house which is located not far from the school place; use of melamine and plastic cutlery for food; the spoon and fork used already uses aluminium material but still does not match its size; does not involve nutritionists. Keywords: Early Childhood, Eating Healthy Program References: Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall. Bandura, Albert. (2004). Health promotion by social cognitive means. Health Education and Behavior, 31(2), 143–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198104263660 Battjes-Fries, M. C. E., Haveman-Nies, A., Renes, R. J., Meester, H. J., & Van’T Veer, P. (2015). Effect of the Dutch school-based education programme “Taste Lessons” on behavioural determinants of taste acceptance and healthy eating: A quasi-experimental study. Public Health Nutrition, 18(12), 2231–2241. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980014003012 Birch, L., Savage, J. S., & Ventura, A. (2007). Influences on the Development of Children’s Eating Behaviours: From Infancy to Adolescence. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research : A Publication of Dietitians of Canada = Revue Canadienne de La Pratique et de La Recherche En Dietetique : Une Publication Des Dietetistes Du Canada, 68(1), s1– s56. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19430591%0Ahttp://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/a rticlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2678872 Coulthard, H., Williamson, I., Palfreyman, Z., & Lyttle, S. (2018). Evaluation of a pilot sensory play intervention to increase fruit acceptance in preschool children. Appetite, 120, 609–615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.10.011 Coulthard, Helen, & Sealy, A. (2017). Play with your food! Sensory play is associated with tasting of fruits and vegetables in preschool children. Appetite, 113, 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.003 Crain, W. C. (2005). Theories of development: Concepts and applications. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Prentice Hall. Dazeley, P., Houston-Price, C., & Hill, C. (2012). Should healthy eating programmes incorporate interaction with foods in different sensory modalities? A review of the evidence. British Journal of Nutrition, 108(5), 769–777. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511007343 Derscheid, L. E., Umoren, J., Kim, S. Y., Henry, B. W., & Zittel, L. L. (2010). Early childhood teachers’ and staff members’ perceptions of nutrition and physical activity practices for preschoolers. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 24(3), 248–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2010.487405 Eliassen, E. K. (2011). The impact of teachers and families on young children’s eating behaviors. YC Young Children, 66(2), 84–89. Elliott, E., Isaacs, M., & Chugani, C. (2010). Promoting Self-Efficacy in Early Career Teachers: A Principal’s Guide for Differentiated Mentoring and Supervision. Florida Journal of Educational Administration & Policy, 4(1), 131–146. Emm, S., Harris, J., Halterman, J., Chvilicek, S., & Bishop, C. (2019). Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Intake with Reservation and Off-reservation Kindergarten Students in Nevada. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 9, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5304/jafscd.2019.09b.014 Flynn, M. A. T. (2015). Empowering people to be healthier: Public health nutrition through the Ottawa Charter. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 74(3), 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002966511400161X Franciscato, S. J., Janson, G., Machado, R., Lauris, J. R. P., de Andrade, S. M. J., & Fisberg, M. (2019). Impact of the nutrition education Program Nutriamigos® on levels of awareness on healthy eating habits in school-aged children. Journal of Human Growth and Development, 29(3), 390–402. https://doi.org/10.7322/jhgd.v29.9538 Froehlich Chow, A., & Humbert, M. L. (2014). Perceptions of early childhood educators: Factors influencing the promotion of physical activity opportunities in Canadian rural care centers. Child Indicators Research, 7(1), 57–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-013-9202-x Graham, H., Feenstra, G., Evans, A. M., & Zidenberg-Cherr, S. (2002). Healthy Eating Habits in Children. California Agriculture, 58(4), 200–205. Gucciardi, E., Nagel, R., Szwiega, S., Chow, B. Y. Y., Barker, C., Nezon, J., ... Butler, A. (2019). Evaluation of a Sensory-Based Food Education Program on Fruit and V egetable Consumption among Kindergarten Children. Journal of Child Nutrition & Management, 43(1). Holley, C. E., Farrow, C., & Haycraft, E. (2017). A Systematic Review of Methods for Increasing Vegetable Consumption in Early Childhood. Current Nutrition Reports, 6(2), 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-017-0202-1 Hoppu, U., Prinz, M., Ojansivu, P., Laaksonen, O., & Sandell, M. A. (2015). Impact of sensory- based food education in kindergarten on willingness to eat vegetables and berries. Food and Nutrition Research, 59, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v59.28795 Jarpe-Ratner, E., Folkens, S., Sharma, S., Daro, D., & Edens, N. K. (2016). An Experiential Cooking and Nutrition Education Program Increases Cooking Self-Efficacy and Vegetable Consumption in Children in Grades 3–8. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 48(10), 697-705.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2016.07.021 Jones, A. M., & Zidenberg-Cherr, S. (2015). Exploring Nutrition Education Resources and Barriers, and Nutrition Knowledge in Teachers in California. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 47(2), 162–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2014.06.011 Jung, T., Huang, J., Eagan, L., & Oldenburg, D. (2019). Influence of school-based nutrition education program on healthy eating literacy and healthy food choice among primary school children. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education, 57(2), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/14635240.2018.1552177 Lwin, M. O., Malik, S., Ridwan, H., & Sum Au, C. S. (2017). Media exposure and parental mediation on fast-food consumption among children in metropolitan and suburban Indonesian. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 26(5), 899–905. https://doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.122016.04 Mc Kenna, & L, M. (2010). Policy Options to Support Healthy Eating in Schools. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 101(2), S14–S18. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03405619 Menkes, R. PERATURAN MENTERI KESEHATAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 41 TAHUN 2014. , Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia § (2014). Mitsopoulou, A. V., Magriplis, E., Dimakopoulos, I., Karageorgou, D., Bakogianni, I., Micha, R., ... Zampelas, A. (2019). Association of meal and snack patterns with micronutrient intakes among Greek children and adolescents: data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 32(4), 455–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12639 Moffitt, A. (2019). Early Childhood Educators and the Development of Family Literacy Programs: A Qualitative Case Study. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 96. Retrieved from http://proxy.mul.missouri.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/2242479347 ?accountid=14576%0Ahttps://library.missouri.edu/findit?genre=dissertations+%26+theses &title=Early+Childhood+Educators+and+the+Development+of+Family+Literacy+Progra ms%3A+ Mustonen, S., & Tuorila, H. (2010). Sensory education decreases food neophobia score and encourages trying unfamiliar foods in 8-12-year-old children. Food Quality and Preference, 21(4), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2009.09.001 Myszkowska-Ryciak, J., & Harton, A. (2019). Eating healthy, growing healthy: Outcome evaluation of the nutrition education program optimizing the nutritional value of preschool menus, Poland. Nutrients, 11(10), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102438 Nekitsing, C., Hetherington, M. M., & Blundell-Birtill, P. (2018). Developing Healthy Food Preferences in Preschool Children Through Taste Exposure, Sensory Learning, and Nutrition Education. Current Obesity Reports, 7(1), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679- 018-0297-8 Noura, M. S. pd. (2018). Child nutrition programs in kindergarten schools implemented by the governmental sector and global nutrition consulting companies: A systematic review. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science, 6(3), 656–663. https://doi.org/10.12944/CRNFSJ.6.3.07 Oh, S. M., Yu, Y. L., Choi, H. I., & Kim, K. W. (2012). Implementation and Evaluation of Nutrition Education Programs Focusing on Increasing Vegetables, Fruits and Dairy Foods Consumption for Preschool Children. Korean Journal of Community Nutrition, 17(5), 517. https://doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2012.17.5.517 Osera, T., Tsutie, S., & Kobayashi, M. (2016). Using Soybean Products in School Lunch for Health Education may improve Children’s Attitude and Guardians’ Knowledge in Kindergarten. Journal of Child and Adolescent Behaviour, 04(05). https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4494.1000310 Park, B. K., & Cho, M. S. (2016). Taste education reduces food neophobia and increases willingness to try novel foods in school children. Nutrition Research and Practice, 10(2), 221–228. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2016.10.2.221 Pendidikan, K., & Kebudayaan, D. A. N. Menteri Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor 137 Tahun 2013 Tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. , (2015). Prima, E., Yuliantina, I., Nurfadillah, Handayani, I., Riana, & Ganesa, R. eni. (2017). Layanan Kesehatan,Gizi dan Perawatan. Jakarta: Direktorat Pembinaan Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini dan Pendidikan Masyarakat Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Resor, J., Hegde, A. V., & Stage, V. C. (2020). Pre-service early childhood educators’ perceived barriers and supports to nutrition education. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 00(00), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10901027.2020.1740841 Rizqie Aulianaca5804p200-169314. (2011). Gizi Seimbang Dan Makanan Sehat Untuk Anak Usia Dini. Journal of Nutrition and Food Research, 2(1), 1–12. Retrieved from http://staff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pengabdian/rizqie-auliana-dra-mkes/gizi-seimbang- dan-makanan-sehat-untuk-anak-usia-dini.pdf Sandell, M., Mikkelsen, B. E., Lyytikäinen, A., Ojansivu, P., Hoppu, U., Hillgrén, A., & Lagström, H. (2016). Future for food education of children. Futures, 83, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2016.04.006 Schanzenbach, D. W., & Thorn, B. (2019). Food Support Programs and Their Impacts on Young Children. Health Affairs, (march). Retrieved from https://www.healthaffairs.org/briefs Schmitt, S. A., Bryant, L. M., Korucu, I., Kirkham, L., Katare, B., & Benjamin, T. (2019). The effects of a nutrition education curriculum on improving young children’s fruit and vegetable preferences and nutrition and health knowledge. Public Health Nutrition, 22(1), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018002586 Sekiyama, M., Roosita, K., & Ohtsuka, R. (2012). Snack foods consumption contributes to poor nutrition of rural children in West Java, Indonesia. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 21(4), 558–567. https://doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.2012.21.4.11 Sepp, H., & Ho, K. (2016). Food as a tool for learning in everyday activities at preschool exploratory study from Sweden. Food & Nurtition Research, 1, 1–7. Shor, R., & Friedman, A. (2009). Integration of nutrition-related components by early childhood education professionals into their individual work with children at risk. Early Child Development and Care, 179(4), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430701269218 Taylor, C. M., & Emmett, P. M. (2019). Picky eating in children: Causes and consequences. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 78(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665118002586 Taylor, C. M., Steer, C. D., Hays, N. P., & Emmett, P. M. (2019). Growth and body composition in children who are picky eaters: a longitudinal view. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(6), 869–878. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0250-7 Unusan, N. (2007). Effects of a food and nutrition course on the self-reported knowledge and behavior of preschool teacher candidates. Early Childhood Education Journal, 34(5), 323– 327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-006-0116-9 Usfar, A. A., Iswarawanti, D. N., Davelyna, D., & Dillon, D. (2010). Food and Personal Hygiene Perceptions and Practices among Caregivers Whose Children Have Diarrhea: A Qualitative Study of Urban Mothers in Tangerang, Indonesia. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 42(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2009.03.003 Witt, K. E., & Dunn, C. (2012). Increasing Fruit and V egetable Consumption among Preschoolers: Evaluation of Color Me Healthy. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 44(2), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2011.01.002

Based on the data of daily maximum temperature in 26 meteorological stations in the North Center Region, Vietnam over the period of 1980 to 2013, the authors conducted the research on the spatial distribution of the number of hot days. The initial result shows that in general, in the north of the study area, the large number of hot days occurred in the plain, and tended to decrease westward and eastward. In the south, this number tends to increase from the west to the east. Especially, the largest number occurred in two areas: The Ma and Ca River's valleys (Thanh Hoa and Nghe An provinces) and the coastal areas (Thua Thien Hue province), creating two heat centers in Tuong Duong district, Nghe An province and Nam Dong district, Thua Thien Hue province.ReferencesAdina-Eliza Croitoru, Adrian Piticar, Antoniu-Flavius Ciupertea, Cristina FlorinaRosca, 2016 Changes in heat wave indices in Romania over the period 1961-2015. Global and Plantary Change 146. Journal homepage: www. Elsevier.com/locate/gloplacha.Chu Thi Thu Huong et al., 2010. Variations and trends in hot event in Vietnam from 1961-2007, VNU Journal of Science and Technology, 26(3S).Climate Council, 2014a. Angry Summer 2013/2014. Accessed at http://www.climatecouncil.org.au/ angry-summer.Climate Council, 2014b. Angry Summer 2013/2014. Accessed at http://www.climatecouncil.org.au/ angry-summer.CSIRO and BoM, 2012. State of the Climate 2012.CSIRO and Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne.Accessed at http://www.csiro.au/Outcomes/ Climate/Understanding/State-of-the-Climate-2012.aspx.D'Ippoliti D., Michelozzi P., Marino C., De'Donato F., Menne B., Katsouyanni K., Kirchmayer U., Analitis A., Medina-Ramon M., Paldy A., Atkinson R., Kovats S., Bisanti L., Schneider A., Lefranc A., Iñiguez C., Perucci C., 2010. The impact of heat waves on mortality in 9 European cities: results from the EuroHEAT project. Environ. Health 9, 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-9-37.Gerald A. Meehl, 1992. Effect of tropical topography on global climate, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 20, 85-112.Hayhoe K., Cayan D., Field C.B., Frumhoff P.C., Maurer E.P., Miller N.L., Moser S.C., Schneider S.H., Cahill K.N., Cleland E.E., Dale L., Drapek R., Hanemann R.M., lkstein L.S., Lenihan J., Lunch C.K., Neilson R.P., Sheridan S.C., Verville J.H., 2004. Emissions pathways, climate change, and impacts on California. PNAS, 101(34), 12422-12427.Ho Thi Minh Ha, Phan Van Tan, 2009. Trends and variations of extreme temperature in Vietnam in the period from 1961 to 2007, VNU Journal of Science and Technology, 25(3S).IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, Pachauri R.K and Reisinger A. (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 104p.IPCC, 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151p.Liu G., Zhang L., He B., Jin X., Zhang Q., Razafindrabe B., You H., 2015. Temporal changes in extreme high temperature, heat waves and relevant disasters in Nanjing metropolitan region, China. Nat. Hazards, 76, 1415–1430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1556-y.Manton M.J et al., 2001. Trends in extreme daily temperature in Southeast Asia Rainfall ad and the South Pacific, J. Climatol. 21.Nairn J.R., Fawcett R.J.B., 2015. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 12, 227–253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120100227.Nguyen Duc Ngu, 2009. Climate Change Challenges to development, Journal of Economy and Environment, No. 1.Perkins S.E., Alexander L.V., 2013. On the measurement of heat waves. J. Clim. 26, 4500–4517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00383.1.Peterson T.C., Heim Jr. R.R., Hirsch R., Kaiser D.P., Brooks H., Diffenbaugh N.S., Dole R.M., Giovannettone J.P., Guirguis K., Karl T.R., Katz R.W., Kunkel K., Lettenmaier D., McCabe G.J., Paciorek C.J., Ryberg K.R., Schubert S., Silva V.B.S., Stewart B.C., Vecchia A.V., Villarini G., Vose R.S., Walsh J., Wehner M., Wolock D., Wolter K., Woodhouse C.A., Wuebbles D., 2013. Monitoring and understanding changes in heat waves, cold waves, floods, and droughts in the United States: state of knowledge. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 821–834.Pham Thi Ly, Hoang Luu Thu Thuy, 2015. Variation of heat waves in the North Central Region over the period of 1980-2013, Journal of natural resources and environment, 9, 81-89.Phan Van Tan et al., 2010. Study impact of global climate change on extreme weather phenomena and factors in Vietnam, prediction and adaptation strategies. Project final report, KC 08.29/06-10, Hanoi University of Science.Spinoni J., Lakatos M., Szentimrey T., Bihari Z., Szalai S., Vogt J., Antofie T., 2015. Heat and cold waves trends in Carpathian Region from 1961 to 2010. Int. J. Climatol, 35, 4197–4209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.4279.Toreti A., Desiato F., 2008.Temperature trends over Italy from 1961 to 2004, Theor. Appl. Climatol 91.Tran Cong Minh, 2007. Principle of meteorology and climate, Book, Public House of Hanoi National University.Tran Quang Duc, Trinh Lan Phuong, 2013. Changes of Hot day and Fohn Activities at Ha Tinh- Central Vietnam, VNU Journal of Science, Science and Technology, 29(2S).Trewin B., Smalley R., 2013.Changes in extreme temperature in Australia, 1910 to 2011. In: 19th AMOS National Conference, Melbourne, 11-13.Unal Y.S., Tan E., Mentes S.S., 2013. Summer heat waves over western Turkey between 1965 and 2006.Theor. Appl. Climatol, 112, 339–350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-012-0704-0.Will Steffen, 2015. Quantifying the impact of climate change on extreme heat in Australia. Published by the Climate Council of Australia Limited. ISBN: 978-0-9942453-1-1 (print) 978-0-9942453-0-4 (web).

Background: Although adequate research has been conducted regarding smoking and smokeless tobacco, there is a dearth of research exploring reasons for chewing areca nut and betel-quid. Global epidemiology of areca nut and betel-quid shows distinct ethnic and cultural preferences. Areca nut is chewed for its psychological stimulating effects and perhaps, a medicinal value. To develop empirically supported treatments and to promote nonstarting, healthcare workers and researchers must first understand the reasons people engage in the behavior. Aim: To discuss evidence based approaches and strategies for habit intervention in smokeless tobacco/arecanut/betel-quid and nonstarting. Methods: Data were collected from published national and international research, conference reports, WHO reports, tobacco control guides, Clinical Best Practice Guidelines and Cochrane database systematic reviews. Results: Individual behaviors are largely determined by complex range of factors beyond the control of the most individuals. Behavior change is complex and most people are well-informed about the basic health messages. Most people will have extensive experience of attempting to change their health career including quitting tobacco products. It is therefore essential to know a detailed history of a person's previous experiences of change and learn from this. Interventions need to match individuals' desire and ability to change. Encouragement, understanding, support, and empathy are all essential to enable clients achieve their goals. The most effective preventive intervention that a clinician can provide for tobacco-using patients against is an empathic, personalized smoking cessation intervention program with extended assistance and follow-up. The goal of the intervention must be complete cessation. Reduction provides no direct health benefits to the individual. Oral examination by a dental professional who points out tissue damage from smokeless tobacco use in a user´s own mouth, advice to quit, and brief problem solving and supportive counseling are effective in promoting smokeless tobacco cessation. There is also a need to develop culturally tailored areca nut and betel-quid cessation and risk reduction programs, the first step in reducing the public health burden associated with betel-quid chewing worldwide. Interventions are available, but underutilized, in part due to lack of clinician training and organizational support. Conclusion: Although the deleterious effects of smokeless tobacco/areca nut/betel-quid are well known by both users and healthcare workers, the knowledge has not translated effectively into cessation. Proven, brief, repetitive, directed interventions tailored to the needs of the patients can increase successful cessation. Controlling sociodemographic, environmental and personal factors may promote nonstarting.

Relevance Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing acute global health issue. Uncontrolled combined use of antibiotics determines changes in the microbial agents' properties, leading to a decrease of susceptibility to antimicrobial substances and increasing the probability of severe invasive bacterial infections with limited possibilities to treat them. Vaccination against pneumococcal infection as well as improvement of the health care providers awareness can be considered as part of AMR management strategies. A number of epidemiological observations have been published indicating a change in antimicrobial resistance to Streptococcus pneumoniae following the implementation of the national infant immunization program against pneumococcal infection. Aim. To analyze the literature data on the pneumococcal vaccination contribution to the reduction of the number of pneumococcal diseases and the need for antibacterial therapy and to assess the burden of invasive pneumococcal diseases globally and in the Republic of Belarus (RB) and to identify gaps in the awareness of practicing physicians on pneumococcal infection immunoprophylaxis, its' effectiveness and impact on AMR. Conclusions. WHO considers and promote vaccination as an AMR containment measure. There are a lot of publications with the examples of countries with pneumococcal infection pediatric national immunization programs (NIP) and epidemiological data on changes in the S.pneumoniae sensitivity to antibacterial drugs after the start of the NIP. During the period of the mass PCV immunization and the subsequent drift of strains the sensitivity to antimicrobials may return. In Israel 88% and 93% reduction of otitis media cases caused by resistant to penicillin and macrolides vaccine types of S.pneumoniae after the phased introduction of PCV7 and PCV13 to the infant NIP, comparing to the period before vaccination introduction. A decrease in the frequency of bacteremia in combination with a sharp decrease in the proportion of penicillin-resistant pneumococcal isolates (from 50.9% to 5.3%) is also described. In France the proportion of S.pneumoniae strains with reduced susceptibility or resistance to penicillin declined from 47.1% to 39% after the start of PCV13 NIP; researchers also noted a decrease in antibiotic-resistant isolates of S.pneumoniae in children with otitis media: by 26, 31, 55, 29 and 57%, respectively, to penicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, erythromycin and co-trimoxazole to in 2011. A study in Germany revealed a decrease in macrolide-resistant IPD strains after the start of PCV13 use of (in children 8.2%; in adults 8.8%) compared with the period after the introduction of PCV7 (17.3% and 13.0%) and especially in the cohort of children compared with the period before the use of PCV7 (24.8% and 13.3%). In Scotland, there was a decrease in the number of penicillin-resistant strains isolated from the blood of patients with IPD after the introduction of PCV13 into the NIP. The publication of the results of three parallel studies in Finland evaluated the effectiveness of PCV10 in reducing the number of IPD caused by vaccine-specific serotypes of PCV10 by 93%, 98% and 100%, respectively. At the same time, the effectiveness against «related» PCV10 serotypes was equal to 46%, 51% and 78%, respectively, and the estimated effectiveness against unrelated PCV10 serotypes was negative. Composition and resistance profile of the lower respiratory tract microflora isolated from sputum pneumococcal strains in children in 2016–2018, demonstrated up to 72.4% resistance to macrolides, 31.3% resistance to cefotaxime and 8.3% – to ceftriaxone. Spn serotypes structure in under 5 years of age children with meningitis was characterized by relatively high uniformity. Majority (92%) of multiresistant meningeal strains are covered by current PCVs. An anonymous questionnaire showed pediatricians' insufficient awareness about current approaches to pneumococcal infection prevention, underestimation of IPD risks and complications, and the impact of vaccination on reducing AMR. Additional education is required to increase the level of knowledge and understanding of the PCVs role in AMR reduction. PCV NIP introduction will provide additional opportunities to reduce AMR in the Republic of Belarus.

e23169 Background: A breast cancer diagnosis has the greatest disability-adjusted life years lost of all cancers and significant impact on physical, psychoemotional, social and overall global functioning. Directed by Breast Cancer Canada, a registered non-profit patient-led organization and data managed by the University of Calgary’s POET Program, PROgress Tracker uses a novel, peer-to-peer support model for recruitment, engagement and retention, and is the first national longitudinal and non-interventional PROMs registry. Our aim is to demonstrate the feasibility and potential of this registry in centering patient voice and lived experience to transform breast cancer management. Methods: PROgress Tracker, with 10-year enrollment goal of 50,000 Canadians with Stage 0-IV breast cancer, extends a series of validated PROMs (PROMIS, BREAST-Q, FACT-B, GAD, PHQ-9, COST-FACIT, ISI and ESASr-CA) via a digital platform every 3 months for up to 10 years. Dynamic customization of additional PROMs (PRO-CTCAE, BREAST-Q) based on patient and treatment-specific trigger questions assess evolving components of wellbeing, including financial stress, work life and adverse treatment effects. Results: Recruitment began in October 2023. 162 participants from all Canadian regions including remote/rural geographic areas have shared baseline demographic and clinical data including stage, genetic/molecular tumor markers, treatment type(s) and completed an initial series of PROMs. Comprehensive PROMs including sensitive topics (finances, sexuality, mental health) were completed with minimal missing data ( < 5%); 3-month follow-up surveys show a current retention rate of 57%. Preliminary analysis: median age of participants 54 yrs, 95% identify as Caucasian, and 57% are currently working. 46% reported financial stress (99% response rate); 63% reported ongoing symptoms requiring follow-up. 6% were BRCA+ and 19% triple negative, 7% experienced recurrence, 3% Stage IV, 75% received systemic and/or radiation therapy, 38% received targeted therapy. Conclusions: The lived experience of breast cancer is integral to patient-centred change in the era of precision/personalized medicine and is captured by PROgress Tracker using a diverse set of periodic PROMs to understand the evolution of global measures of wellbeing over time. Initial data indicates that this novel peer to peer model via digital administration of comprehensive and longitudinal PROMs is feasible. This initiative demonstrates attaining this scope of data is achievable, has interest and participation from the national breast cancer community and growing capacity to accrue important, real-time data to inform best practice and identify additional supports required for breast cancer care. While early feasibility is evident, further outreach and recruitment initiatives will ensure diversity of participants.

Context Typically, athletic trainers rely on clinician-centered measures to evaluate athletes' return-to-play status. However, clinician-centered measures do not provide information regarding patients' perceptions. Objective To determine whether clinically important changes in patient-reported outcomes were observed from the time of lower extremity injury to the time of return to play in adolescent athletes. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting The National Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION) program has captured injury and treatment data in 31 sports from 147 secondary schools across 26 states. A subsample of 24 schools participated in the outcomes study arm during the 2012−2013 and 2013−2014 academic years. Patients or Other Participants To be included in this report, student-athletes must have sustained a knee, lower leg, ankle, or foot injury that restricted participation from sport for at least 3 days. A total of 76 initial assessments were started by athletes; for 69 of those, return-to-play surveys were completed and analyzed. Main Outcome Measure(s) All student-athletes completed generic patient-reported outcome measures (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [PROMIS] survey, Global Rating of Change scale, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale) and, depending on body region, completed an additional region-specific measure (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score or Foot and Ankle Ability Measure). All applicable surveys were completed at both the initial and return-to-play time points. Means and standard deviations for the total scores of each patient-reported outcome measure at each time point were calculated. Change scores that reflected the difference from the initial to the return-to-play time points were calculated for each participant and compared with established benchmarks for change. Results The greatest improvement in patient-reported outcomes was in the region-specific forms, with scores ranging from 9.92 to 37.73 on the different region-specific subscales (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score or Foot and Ankle Ability Measure; scores range from 0−100). The region-specific subscales on average still showed a 21.8- to 37.5-point deficit in reported health at return to play. The PROMIS Lower Extremity score increased on average by 13 points; all other PROMIS scales were within normative values after injury. Conclusions Adolescent athletes who were injured at a high school with an athletic trainer may have shown improvement in patient-reported outcomes over time, but when they returned to play, their outcome scores remained lower than norms from comparable athlete groups.

Climate change induced sea-level rise (SLR) is on its increase globally. Regionally the lowlands of China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and islands of the Malaysian, Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the world’s most threatened regions. Sea-level rise has major impacts on the ecosystems and society. It threatens coastal populations, economic activities, and fragile ecosystems as mangroves, coastal salt-marches and wetlands. This paper provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of sea level-rise and its effects on both human and natural ecosystems. The focus is on coastal urban areas and low lying deltas in South-East Asia and Vietnam, as one of the most threatened areas in the world. About 3 mm per year reflects the growing consensus on the average SLR worldwide. The trend speeds up during recent decades. The figures are subject to local, temporal and methodological variation. In Vietnam the average values of 3.3 mm per year during the 1993-2014 period are above the worldwide average. Although a basic conceptual understanding exists that the increasing global frequency of the strongest tropical cyclones is related with the increasing temperature and SLR, this relationship is insufficiently understood. Moreover the precise, complex environmental, economic, social, and health impacts are currently unclear. SLR, storms and changing precipitation patterns increase flood risks, in particular in urban areas. Part of the current scientific debate is on how urban agglomeration can be made more resilient to flood risks. Where originally mainly technical interventions dominated this discussion, it becomes increasingly clear that proactive special planning, flood defense, flood risk mitigation, flood preparation, and flood recovery are important, but costly instruments. Next to the main focus on SLR and its effects on resilience, the paper reviews main SLR associated impacts: Floods and inundation, salinization, shoreline change, and effects on mangroves and wetlands. The hazards of SLR related floods increase fastest in urban areas. This is related with both the increasing surface major cities are expected to occupy during the decades to come and the increasing coastal population. In particular Asia and its megacities in the southern part of the continent are increasingly at risk. The discussion points to complexity, inter-disciplinarity, and the related uncertainty, as core characteristics. An integrated combination of mitigation, adaptation and resilience measures is currently considered as the most indicated way to resist SLR today and in the near future.References Aerts J.C.J.H., Hassan A., Savenije H.H.G., Khan M.F., 2000. Using GIS tools and rapid assessment techniques for determining salt intrusion: Stream a river basin management instrument. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Part B: Hydrology, Oceans and Atmosphere, 25, 265-273. Doi: 10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00014-9. Alongi D.M., 2002. Present state and future of the world’s mangrove forests. Environmental Conservation, 29, 331-349. Doi: 10.1017/S0376892902000231 Alongi D.M., 2015. The impact of climate change on mangrove forests. Curr. Clim. Change Rep., 1, 30-39. Doi: 10.1007/s404641-015-0002-x. Anderson F., Al-Thani N., 2016. Effect of sea level rise and groundwater withdrawal on seawater intrusion in the Gulf Coast aquifer: Implications for agriculture. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 4, 116-124. Doi: 10.4236/gep.2016.44015. Anguelovski I., Chu E., Carmin J., 2014. Variations in approaches to urban climate adaptation: Experiences and experimentation from the global South. Global Environmental Change, 27, 156-167. Doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.05.010. Arustienè J., Kriukaitè J., Satkunas J., Gregorauskas M., 2013. Climate change and groundwater - From modelling to some adaptation means in example of Klaipèda region, Lithuania. In: Climate change adaptation in practice. P. Schmidt-Thomé, J. Klein Eds. John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, UK., 157-169. Bamber J.L., Aspinall W.P., Cooke R.M., 2016. A commentary on “how to interpret expert judgement assessments of twenty-first century sea-level rise” by Hylke de Vries and Roderik S.W. Van de Wal. Climatic Change, 137, 321-328. Doi: 10.1007/s10584-016-1672-7. Barnes C., 2014. Coastal population vulnerability to sea level rise and tropical cyclone intensification under global warming. BSc-thesis. Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, Alberta Canada. Be T.T., Sinh B.T., Miller F., 2007. Challenges to sustainable development in the Mekong Delta: Regional and national policy issues and research needs. The Sustainable Mekong Research Network, Bangkok, Thailand, 1-210. Bellard C., Leclerc C., Courchamp F., 2014. Impact of sea level rise on 10 insular biodiversity hotspots. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23, 203-212. Doi: 10.1111/geb.12093. Berg H., Söderholm A.E., Sönderström A.S., Nguyen Thanh Tam, 2017. Recognizing wetland ecosystem services for sustainable rice farming in the Mekong delta, Vietnam. Sustainability Science, 12, 137-154. Doi: 10.1007/s11625-016-0409-x. Bilskie M.V., Hagen S.C., Medeiros S.C., Passeri D.L., 2014. Dynamics of sea level rise and coastal flooding on a changing landscape. Geophysical Research Letters, 41, 927-934. Doi: 10.1002/2013GL058759. Binh T.N.K.D., Vromant N., Hung N.T., Hens L., Boon E.K., 2005. Land cover changes between 1968 and 2003 in Cai Nuoc, Ca Mau penisula, Vietnam. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 7, 519-536. Doi: 10.1007/s10668-004-6001-z. Blankespoor B., Dasgupta S., Laplante B., 2014. Sea-level rise and coastal wetlands. Ambio, 43, 996- 005.Doi: 10.1007/s13280-014-0500-4. Brockway R., Bowers D., Hoguane A., Dove V., Vassele V., 2006. A note on salt intrusion in funnel shaped estuaries: Application to the Incomati estuary, Mozambique.Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 66, 1-5. Doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2005.07.014. Cannaby H., Palmer M.D., Howard T., Bricheno L., Calvert D., Krijnen J., Wood R., Tinker J., Bunney C., Harle J., Saulter A., O’Neill C., Bellingham C., Lowe J., 2015. Projected sea level rise and changes in extreme storm surge and wave events during the 21st century in the region of Singapore. Ocean Sci. Discuss, 12, 2955-3001. Doi: 10.5194/osd-12-2955-2015. Carraro C., Favero A., Massetti E., 2012. Investment in public finance in a green, low carbon economy. Energy Economics, 34, S15-S18. Castan-Broto V., Bulkeley H., 2013. A survey ofurban climate change experiments in 100 cities. Global Environmental Change, 23, 92-102. Doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.07.005. Cazenave A., Le Cozannet G., 2014. Sea level rise and its coastal impacts. GeoHealth, 2, 15-34. Doi: 10.1002/2013EF000188. Chu M.L., Guzman J.A., Munoz-Carpena R., Kiker G.A., Linkov I., 2014. A simplified approach for simulating changes in beach habitat due to the combined effects of long-term sea level rise, storm erosion and nourishment. Environmental modelling and software, 52, 111-120. Doi.org/10.1016/j.envcsoft.2013.10.020. Church J.A. et al., 2013. Sea level change. In: Climate change 2013: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Eds: Stocker T.F., Qin D., Plattner G.-K., Tignor M., Allen S.K., Boschung J., Nauels A., Xia Y., Bex V., Midgley P.M., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Connell J., 2016. Last days of the Carteret Islands? Climate change, livelihoods and migration on coral atolls. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 57, 3-15. Doi: 10.1111/apv.12118. Dasgupta S., Laplante B., Meisner C., Wheeler, Yan J., 2009. The impact of sea level rise on developing countries: A comparative analysis. Climatic Change, 93, 379-388. Doi: 10.1007/s 10584-008-9499-5. Delbeke J., Vis P., 2015. EU climate policy explained, 136p. Routledge, Oxon, UK. DiGeorgio M., 2015. Bargaining with disaster: Flooding, climate change, and urban growth ambitions in QuyNhon, Vietnam. Public Affairs, 88, 577-597. Doi: 10.5509/2015883577. Do Minh Duc, Yasuhara K., Nguyen Manh Hieu, 2015. Enhancement of coastal protection under the context of climate change: A case study of Hai Hau coast, Vietnam. Proceedings of the 10th Asian Regional Conference of IAEG, 1-8. Do Minh Duc, Yasuhara K., Nguyen Manh Hieu, Lan Nguyen Chau, 2017. Climate change impacts on a large-scale erosion coast of Hai Hau district, Vietnam and the adaptation. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 21, 47-62. Donner S.D., Webber S., 2014. Obstacles to climate change adaptation decisions: A case study of sea level rise; and coastal protection measures in Kiribati. Sustainability Science, 9, 331-345. Doi: 10.1007/s11625-014-0242-z. Driessen P.P.J., Hegger D.L.T., Bakker M.H.N., Van Renswick H.F.M.W., Kundzewicz Z.W., 2016. Toward more resilient flood risk governance. Ecology and Society, 21, 53-61. Doi: 10.5751/ES-08921-210453. Duangyiwa C., Yu D., Wilby R., Aobpaet A., 2015. Coastal flood risks in the Bangkok Metropolitan region, Thailand: Combined impacts on land subsidence, sea level rise and storm surge. American Geophysical Union, Fall meeting 2015, abstract#NH33C-1927. Duarte C.M., Losada I.J., Hendriks I.E., Mazarrasa I., Marba N., 2013. The role of coastal plant communities for climate change mitigation and adaptation. Nature Climate Change, 3, 961-968. Doi: 10.1038/nclimate1970. Erban L.E., Gorelick S.M., Zebker H.A., 2014. Groundwater extraction, land subsidence, and sea-level rise in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Environmental Research Letters, 9, 1-20. Doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/084010. FAO - Food and Agriculture Organisation, 2007.The world’s mangroves 1980-2005. FAO Forestry Paper, 153, Rome, Italy. Farbotko C., 2010. Wishful sinking: Disappearing islands, climate refugees and cosmopolitan experimentation. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 51, 47-60. Doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8373.2010.001413.x. Goltermann D., Ujeyl G., Pasche E., 2008. Making coastal cities flood resilient in the era of climate change. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on flood defense: Managing flood risk, reliability and vulnerability, 148-1-148-11. Toronto, Canada. Gong W., Shen J., 2011. The response of salt intrusion to changes in river discharge and tidal mixing during the dry season in the Modaomen Estuary, China.Continental Shelf Research, 31, 769-788. Doi: 10.1016/j.csr.2011.01.011. Gosian L., 2014. Protect the world’s deltas. Nature, 516, 31-34. Graham S., Barnett J., Fincher R., Mortreux C., Hurlimann A., 2015. Towards fair outcomes in adaptation to sea-level rise. Climatic Change, 130, 411-424. Doi: 10.1007/s10584-014-1171-7. COASTRES-D-12-00175.1. Güneralp B., Güneralp I., Liu Y., 2015. Changing global patterns of urban expoàsure to flood and drought hazards. Global Environmental Change, 31, 217-225. Doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.01.002. Hallegatte S., Green C., Nicholls R.J., Corfee-Morlot J., 2013. Future flood losses in major coastal cities. Nature Climate Change, 3, 802-806. Doi: 10.1038/nclimate1979. Hamlington B.D., Strassburg M.W., Leben R.R., Han W., Nerem R.S., Kim K.-Y., 2014. Uncovering an anthropogenic sea-level rise signal in the Pacific Ocean. Nature Climate Change, 4, 782-785. Doi: 10.1038/nclimate2307. Hashimoto T.R., 2001. Environmental issues and recent infrastructure development in the Mekong Delta: Review, analysis and recommendations with particular reference to large-scale water control projects and the development of coastal areas. Working paper series (Working paper No. 4). Australian Mekong Resource Centre, University of Sydney, Australia, 1-70. Hibbert F.D., Rohling E.J., Dutton A., Williams F.H., Chutcharavan P.M., Zhao C., Tamisiea M.E., 2016. Coral indicators of past sea-level change: A global repository of U-series dated benchmarks. Quaternary Science Reviews, 145, 1-56. Doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.04.019. Hinkel J., Lincke D., Vafeidis A., Perrette M., Nicholls R.J., Tol R.S.J., Mazeion B., Fettweis X., Ionescu C., Levermann A., 2014. Coastal flood damage and adaptation costs under 21st century sea-level rise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 3292-3297. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1222469111. Hinkel J., Nicholls R.J., Tol R.S.J., Wang Z.B., Hamilton J.M., Boot G., Vafeidis A.T., McFadden L., Ganapolski A., Klei R.J.Y., 2013. A global analysis of erosion of sandy beaches and sea level rise: An application of DIVA. Global and Planetary Change, 111, 150-158. Doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.09.002. Huong H.T.L., Pathirana A., 2013. Urbanization and climate change impacts on future urban flooding in Can Tho city, Vietnam. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 379-394. Doi: 10.5194/hess-17-379-2013. Hurlimann A., Barnett J., Fincher R., Osbaldiston N., Montreux C., Graham S., 2014. Urban planning and sustainable adaptation to sea-level rise. Landscape and Urban Planning, 126, 84-93. Doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.12.013. IMHEN-Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, 2011. Climate change vulnerability and risk assessment study for Ca Mau and KienGiang provinces, Vietnam. Hanoi, Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IMHEN), 250p. IMHEN-Vietnam Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, Ca Mau PPC, 2011. Climate change impact and adaptation study in The Mekong Delta - Part A: Ca Mau Atlas. Hanoi, Vietnam: Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment (IMHEN), 48p. IPCC-Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2014. Fifth assessment report. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Jevrejeva S., Jackson L.P., Riva R.E.M., Grinsted A., Moore J.C., 2016. Coastal sea level rise with warming above 2°C. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113, 13342-13347. Doi: 10.1073/pnas.1605312113. Junk W.J., AN S., Finlayson C.M., Gopal B., Kvet J., Mitchell S.A., Mitsch W.J., Robarts R.D., 2013. Current state of knowledge regarding the world’s wetlands and their future under global climate change: A synthesis. Aquatic Science, 75, 151-167. Doi: 10.1007/s00027-012-0278-z. Jordan A., Rayner T., Schroeder H., Adger N., Anderson K., Bows A., Le Quéré C., Joshi M., Mander S., Vaughan N., Whitmarsh L., 2013. Going beyond two degrees? The risks and opportunities of alternative options. Climate Policy, 13, 751-769. Doi: 10.1080/14693062.2013.835705. Kelly P.M., Adger W.N., 2000. Theory and practice in assessing vulnerability to climate change and facilitating adaptation. Climatic Change, 47, 325-352. Doi: 10.1023/A:1005627828199. Kirwan M.L., Megonigal J.P., 2013. Tidal wetland stability in the face of human impacts and sea-level rice. Nature, 504, 53-60. Doi: 10.1038/nature12856. Koerth J., Vafeidis A.T., Hinkel J., Sterr H., 2013. What motivates coastal households to adapt pro actively to sea-level rise and increased flood risk? Regional Environmental Change, 13, 879-909. Doi: 10.1007/s10113-12-399-x. Kontgis K., Schneider A., Fox J;,Saksena S., Spencer J.H., Castrence M., 2014. Monitoring peri urbanization in the greater Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area. Applied Geography, 53, 377-388. Doi: 10.1016/j.apgeogr.2014.06.029. Kopp R.E., Horton R.M., Little C.M., Mitrovica J.X., Oppenheimer M., Rasmussen D.J., Strauss B.H., Tebaldi C., 2014. Probabilistic 21st and 22nd century sea-level projections at a global network of tide-gauge sites. Earth’s Future, 2, 383-406. Doi: 10.1002/2014EF000239. Kuenzer C., Bluemel A., Gebhardt S., Quoc T., Dech S., 2011. Remote sensing of mangrove ecosystems: A review.Remote Sensing, 3, 878-928. Doi: 10.3390/rs3050878. Lacerda G.B.M., Silva C., Pimenteira C.A.P., Kopp Jr. R.V., Grumback R., Rosa L.P., de Freitas M.A.V., 2013. Guidelines for the strategic management of flood risks in industrial plant oil in the Brazilian coast: Adaptive measures to the impacts of sea level rise. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 19, 104-1062. Doi: 10.1007/s11027-013-09459-x. Lam Dao Nguyen, Pham Van Bach, Nguyen Thanh Minh, Pham Thi Mai Thy, Hoang Phi Hung, 2011. Change detection of land use and river bank in Mekong Delta, Vietnam using time series remotely sensed data. Journal of Resources and Ecology, 2, 370-374. Doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-764x.2011.04.011. Lang N.T., Ky B.X., Kobayashi H., Buu B.C., 2004. Development of salt tolerant varieties in the Mekong delta. JIRCAS Project, Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam, 152. Le Cozannet G., Rohmer J., Cazenave A., Idier D., Van de Wal R., de Winter R., Pedreros R., Balouin Y., Vinchon C., Oliveros C., 2015. Evaluating uncertainties of future marine flooding occurrence as sea-level rises. Environmental Modelling and Software, 73, 44-56. Doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.07.021. Le Cozannet G., Manceau J.-C., Rohmer J., 2017. Bounding probabilistic sea-level projections with the framework of the possible theory. Environmental Letters Research, 12, 12-14. Doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa5528.Chikamoto Y., 2014. Recent Walker circulation strengthening and Pacific cooling amplified by Atlantic warming. Nature Climate Change, 4, 888-892. Doi: 10.1038/nclimate2330. Lovelock C.E., Cahoon D.R., Friess D.A., Gutenspergen G.R., Krauss K.W., Reef R., Rogers K., Saunders M.L., Sidik F., Swales A., Saintilan N., Le Xuan Tuyen, Tran Triet, 2015. The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise. Nature, 526, 559-563. Doi: 10.1038/nature15538. MA Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and human well-being: Current state and trends. Island Press, Washington DC, 266p. Masterson J.P., Fienen M.N., Thieler E.R., Gesch D.B., Gutierrez B.T., Plant N.G., 2014. Effects of sea level rise on barrier island groundwater system dynamics - ecohydrological implications. Ecohydrology, 7, 1064-1071. Doi: 10.1002/eco.1442. McGanahan G., Balk D., Anderson B., 2007. The rising tide: Assessing the risks of climate changes and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones.Environment and urbanization, 19, 17-37. Doi: 10.1177/095624780707960. McIvor A., Möller I., Spencer T., Spalding M., 2012. Reduction of wind and swell waves by mangroves. The Nature Conservancy and Wetlands International, 1-27. Merryn T., Pidgeon N., Whitmarsh L., Ballenger R., 2016. Expert judgements of sea-level rise at the local scale. Journal of Risk Research, 19, 664-685. Doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2015.1043568. Monioudi I.N., Velegrakis A.F., Chatzipavlis A.E., Rigos A., Karambas T., Vousdoukas M.I., Hasiotis T., Koukourouvli N., Peduzzi P., Manoutsoglou E., Poulos S.E., Collins M.B., 2017. Assessment of island beach erosion due to sea level rise: The case of the Aegean archipelago (Eastern Mediterranean). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 449-466. Doi: 10.5194/nhess-17-449-2017. MONRE - Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2016. Scenarios of climate change and sea level rise for Vietnam. Publishing House of Environmental Resources and Maps Vietnam, Hanoi, 188p. Montz B.E., Tobin G.A., Hagelman III R.R., 2017. Natural hazards. Explanation and integration. The Guilford Press, NY, 445p. Morgan L.K., Werner A.D., 2014. Water intrusion vulnerability for freshwater lenses near islands. Journal of Hydrology, 508, 322-327. Doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.11.002. Muis S., Güneralp B., Jongman B., Aerts J.C.H.J., Ward P.J., 2015. Science of the Total Environment, 538, 445-457. Doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.068. Murray N.J., Clemens R.S., Phinn S.R., Possingham H.P., Fuller R.A., 2014. Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 12, 267-272. Doi: 10.1890/130260. Neumann B., Vafeidis A.T., Zimmermann J., Nicholls R.J., 2015a. Future coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal flooding. A global assessment. Plos One, 10, 1-22. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118571. Nguyen A. Duoc, Savenije H. H., 2006. Salt intrusion in multi-channel estuaries: a case study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions, European Geosciences Union, 10, 743-754. Doi: 10.5194/hess-10-743-2006. Nguyen An Thinh, Nguyen Ngoc Thanh, Luong Thi Tuyen, Luc Hens, 2017. Tourism and beach erosion: Valuing the damage of beach erosion for tourism in the Hoi An, World Heritage site. Journal of Environment, Development and Sustainability. Nguyen An Thinh, Luc Hens (Eds.), 2018. Human ecology of climate change associated disasters in Vietnam: Risks for nature and humans in lowland and upland areas. Springer Verlag, Berlin.Nguyen An Thinh, Vu Anh Dung, Vu Van Phai, Nguyen Ngoc Thanh, Pham Minh Tam, Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang, Le Trinh Hai, Nguyen Viet Thanh, Hoang Khac Lich, Vu Duc Thanh, Nguyen Song Tung, Luong Thi Tuyen, Trinh Phuong Ngoc, Luc Hens, 2017. Human ecological effects of tropical storms in the coastal area of Ky Anh (Ha Tinh, Vietnam). Environ Dev Sustain, 19, 745-767. Doi: 10.1007/s/10668-016-9761-3. Nguyen Van Hoang, 2017. Potential for desalinization of brackish groundwater aquifer under a background of rising sea level via salt-intrusion prevention river gates in the coastal area of the Red River delta, Vietnam. Environment, Development and Sustainability. Nguyen Tho, Vromant N., Nguyen Thanh Hung, Hens L., 2008. Soil salinity and sodicity in a shrimp farming coastal area of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Environmental Geology, 54, 1739-1746. Doi: 10.1007/s00254-007-0951-z. Nguyen Thang T.X., Woodroffe C.D., 2016. Assessing relative vulnerability to sea-level rise in the western part of the Mekong River delta. Sustainability Science, 11, 645-659. Doi: 10.1007/s11625-015-0336-2. Nicholls N.N., Hoozemans F.M.J., Marchand M., Analyzing flood risk and wetland losses due to the global sea-level rise: Regional and global analyses.Global Environmental Change, 9, S69-S87. Doi: 10.1016/s0959-3780(99)00019-9. Phan Minh Thu, 2006. Application of remote sensing and GIS tools for recognizing changes of mangrove forests in Ca Mau province. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Geoinformatics for Spatial Infrastructure Development in Earth and Allied Sciences, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 9-11 November, 1-17. Reise K., 2017. Facing the third dimension in coastal flatlands.Global sea level rise and the need for coastal transformations. Gaia, 26, 89-93. Renaud F.G., Le Thi Thu Huong, Lindener C., Vo Thi Guong, Sebesvari Z., 2015. Resilience and shifts in agro-ecosystems facing increasing sea-level rise and salinity intrusion in Ben Tre province, Mekong Delta. Climatic Change, 133, 69-84. Doi: 10.1007/s10584-014-1113-4. Serra P., Pons X., Sauri D., 2008. Land cover and land use in a Mediterranean landscape. Applied Geography, 28, 189-209. Shearman P., Bryan J., Walsh J.P., 2013.Trends in deltaic change over three decades in the Asia-Pacific Region. Journal of Coastal Research, 29, 1169-1183. Doi: 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-12-00120.1. SIWRR-Southern Institute of Water Resources Research, 2016. Annual Report. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ho Chi Minh City, 1-19. Slangen A.B.A., Katsman C.A., Van de Wal R.S.W., Vermeersen L.L.A., Riva R.E.M., 2012. Towards regional projections of twenty-first century sea-level change based on IPCC RES scenarios. Climate Dynamics, 38, 1191-1209. Doi: 10.1007/s00382-011-1057-6. Spencer T., Schuerch M., Nicholls R.J., Hinkel J., Lincke D., Vafeidis A.T., Reef R., McFadden L., Brown S., 2016. Global coastal wetland change under sea-level rise and related stresses: The DIVA wetland change model. Global and Planetary Change, 139, 15-30. Doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.12.018. Stammer D., Cazenave A., Ponte R.M., Tamisiea M.E., 2013. Causes of contemporary regional sea level changes. Annual Review of Marine Science, 5, 21-46. Doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121211-172406. Tett P., Mee L., 2015. Scenarios explored with Delphi. In: Coastal zones ecosystems services. Eds., Springer, Berlin, Germany, 127-144. Tran Hong Hanh, 2017. Land use dynamics, its drivers and consequences in the Ca Mau province, Mekong delta, Vietnam. PhD dissertation, 191p. VUBPRESS Brussels University Press, ISBN 9789057186226, Brussels, Belgium. Tran Thuc, Nguyen Van Thang, Huynh Thi Lan Huong, Mai Van Khiem, Nguyen Xuan Hien, Doan Ha Phong, 2016. Climate change and sea level rise scenarios for Vietnam. Ministry of Natural resources and Environment. Hanoi, Vietnam. Tran Hong Hanh, Tran Thuc, Kervyn M., 2015. Dynamics of land cover/land use changes in the Mekong Delta, 1973-2011: A remote sensing analysis of the Tran Van Thoi District, Ca Mau province, Vietnam. Remote Sensing, 7, 2899-2925. Doi: 10.1007/s00254-007-0951-z Van Lavieren H., Spalding M., Alongi D., Kainuma M., Clüsener-Godt M., Adeel Z., 2012. Securing the future of Mangroves. The United Nations University, Okinawa, Japan, 53, 1-56. Water Resources Directorate. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2016. Available online: http://www.tongcucthuyloi.gov.vn/Tin-tuc-Su-kien/Tin-tuc-su-kien-tong-hop/catid/12/item/2670/xam-nhap-man-vung-dong-bang-song-cuu-long--2015---2016---han-han-o-mien-trung--tay-nguyen-va-giai-phap-khac-phuc. Last accessed on: 30/9/2016. Webster P.J., Holland G.J., Curry J.A., Chang H.-R., 2005. Changes in tropical cyclone number, duration, and intensity in a warming environment. Science, 309, 1844-1846. Doi: 10.1126/science.1116448. Were K.O., Dick O.B., Singh B.R., 2013. Remotely sensing the spatial and temporal land cover changes in Eastern Mau forest reserve and Lake Nakuru drainage Basin, Kenya. Applied Geography, 41, 75-86. Williams G.A., Helmuth B., Russel B.D., Dong W.-Y., Thiyagarajan V., Seuront L., 2016. Meeting the climate change challenge: Pressing issues in southern China an SE Asian coastal ecosystems. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 8, 373-381. Doi: 10.1016/j.rsma.2016.07.002. Woodroffe C.D., Rogers K., McKee K.L., Lovdelock C.E., Mendelssohn I.A., Saintilan N., 2016. Mangrove sedimentation and response to relative sea-level rise. Annual Review of Marine Science, 8, 243-266. Doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-034025.

Cobalt is a highly important metal that is widely used in lithium-ion batteries, cemented carbide, magnetic materials, chemical, and medical industries. The current global cobalt reserves (in total around 6.9 million tons) are unevenly distributed mainly between the Democratic Republic of Congo (48%) and Australia (21%) [1]. One of the main sources of cobalt is nickel production where Co is as a byproduct. Nevertheless, research related to cobalt extraction from both primary or secondary resources must be accelerated to address the current imbalance between supply and demand, that has resulted in cobalt being classified as highly critical by the EU [2]. Currently, primary and secondary raw materials are refined using pyro-hydrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical processing routes, followed by e.g. cobalt crystallization, or electrowinning. Battery grade cobalt salts can be further subjected for calcination to form battery grade oxides. In the current study, we investigate a novel approach of electrifying metallurgy - attempting for direct electrochemical cobalt recovery as cobalt oxide from a hydrometallurgical chloride based process solution. Potentiostatic electrolysis was performed in synthetic cobalt chloride solution, mimicking the industrial concentrations. SEM and EDX were used for microstructural characterization and determination of sample compositions, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was also carried out to understand the anodic behavior of cobalt on the Pt electrode. CV studies suggested the formation of different cobalt-containing phases and the obtained precipitates in potentiostatic experiments were identified as Co3O4 and CoOOH. However, the precipitate composition was strongly dependent on the conditions of electrolysis, such as potential, temperature, and pH. At the highest studied potential (1150 mV vs. Ag/AgCl) the precipitate obtained had a saturated black color indicating desired formation of Co3O4, while at lower potentials the brown colour indicated dominance of other phases. The microstructure of the electrodes due to different potentials was investigated by SEM, indicating also morphology changes as a function of recovery potential. EDX analysis suggested that the precipitates recovered included not only cobalt and oxygen but also traces of chloride ions. Overall, this study highlights the possibility of cobalt recovery in oxide form in a chloride medium as an alternative method for the recovery of cobalt from industrial process solutions. The proposed approach can be suggested as an alternative to the traditional process of crystallization or electrowinning. In addition, cobalt obtained in a form of oxide is an important class of materials characterized by good electrochemical, catalytic, and optical properties and can be used as a final product in a variety of applications if quality requirements can be achieved. Acknowledgment The ENICON project (https://enicon-horizon.eu/) has received funding from the European Union’s Framework Program for Research and Innovation Horizon Europe under Grant Agreement No. 101058124 References Rahimpour Golroudbary, S.; Farfan, J.; Lohrmann, A.; Kraslawski, A. Environmental Benefits of Circular Economy Approach to Use of Cobalt. Global Environmental Change (2022) 76, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102568. Blengini, G.A.; EL Latunussa, C.; Eynard, U.; Torres de Matos, C.; Wittmer, D.; Georgitzikis, K.; Pavel, C.; Carrara, S.; Mancini, L.; Unguru, M.; et al. Study on the EU’s List of Critical Raw Materials (2020) Final Report., doi:10.2873/904613.

The challenge for rural communities to provide quality education for early childhood in Indonesia is difficult. National politics, policies, and economic and cultural conditions affect the Early Childhood Education system, and Indonesia is a large multicultural country, so, even the quality of education is difficult. This study aims to look at the quality of children's education in Pandalungan. Using qualitative methods with ethnographic design, data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and documentation. The results showed that educational institutions for children in urban areas can be categorized quite high. However, for early childhood education services in Desa Sukorambi Pandalungan, the quality is quite poor. Research suggestions are the need for follow-up related to social, economic, cultural and environmental factors at the level of Pandalungan community awareness of early childhood education. Keywords: Early Childhood, Learning Quality, Pandalungan Community References: Bernal, R., & Ramírez, S. M. (2019). Improving the quality of early childhood care at scale: The effects of “From Zero to Forever.” World Development, 118, 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.02.012 Bers, M. U., González-González, C., & Armas-Torres, M. B. (2019). Coding as a playground: Promoting positive learning experiences in childhood classrooms. Computers and Education, 138, 130–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.04.013 Biersteker, L., Dawes, A., Hendricks, L., & Tredoux, C. (2016). Center-based early childhood care and education program quality: A South African study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 36, 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.01.004 Burchinal, M. (2018). Measuring Early Care and Education Quality. Child Development Perspectives, 12(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12260 Church, A., & Bateman, A. (2019). Methodology and professional development: Conversation Analytic Role-play Method (CARM) for early childhood education. Journal of Pragmatics, 143(xxxx), 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2019.01.022 Ciolan, L. E. (2013). Play to Learn, Learn to Play. Creating Better Opportunities for Learning in Early Childhood. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 76, 186–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.096 Correia, N., Camilo, C., Aguiar, C., & Amaro, F. (2019). Children’s right to participate in early childhood education settings: A systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 100, 76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.02.031 Cycyk, L. M., & Hammer, C. S. (2018). Beliefs, values, and practices of Mexican immigrant families towards language and learning in toddlerhood: Setting the foundation for early childhood education. Early Childhood Research Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.09.009 Dick, C. & C. (2009). The Sistematic Design Of Instruction. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River. Grindal, T., Bowne, J. B., Yoshikawa, H., Schindler, H. S., Duncan, G. J., Magnuson, K., & Shonkoff, J. P. (2016). The added impact of parenting education in early childhood education programs: A meta-analysis. Children and Youth Services Review, 70, 238–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.09.018 Herbers, J. E., Cutuli, J. J., Jacobs, E. L., Tabachnick, A. R., & Kichline, T. (2019). Early childhood risk and later adaptation: A person-centered approach using latent profiles. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 62(January), 66–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.01.003 Hunkin, E. (2018). Whose quality? The (mis)uses of quality reform in early childhood and education policy. Journal of Education Policy, 33(4), 443–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680939.2017.1352032 Johson, J. E, & Roopnarine, J. L. (2011). Pendidikan anak usia dini dalam berbagai pendekatan. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. Lucas, F. M. M. (2017). The Game as an Early Childhood Learning Resource for Intercultural Education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 237(June 2016), 908–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2017.02.127 Atwi Suparman. (2012). Desain Intruksional Modern. Jakarta: Erlangga. Mapiare, A. (2013). Tipe-tipe Metode Riset Kualitatif Untuk Eksplanasi Sosial Budaya Dan Bimbingan Konseling. Malang: Elang Emas & Prodi Bimbingan Dan Konseling Fakultas Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Negeri Malang. Milner, K. M., Bhopal, S., Black, M., Dua, T., Gladstone, M., Hamadani, J., … Lawn, J. E. (2019). Counting outcomes, coverage and quality for early child development programmes. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 104, S3–S12. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-315430 Morrison, G. S. (2012). Dasar-dasar Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jakarta: Indeks. Nutbrown, C. (2011). Key Concepts in Early Childhood Education and Care (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publication Ltd. Perpres. Pelaksanaan Pencapaian Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan. , 6 Peraturan Presiden RI § (2017). Puspita, W. A. (2013). Multikulturalisme dalam Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Ilmiah VISI P2TK PAUDNI, 8(2), 144–152. Raikes, A., Sayre, R., Davis, D., Anderson, K., Hyson, M., Seminario, E., & Burton, A. (2019). The Measuring Early Learning Quality & Outcomes initiative: purpose, process and results. Early Years, 39(4), 360–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2019.1669142 Satrio Roefandi, P. (2019). Keluarga Pendalungan, Keluarga Berbasis Budaya Madura Atau Jawa? 10 Th Psychofest Conference, (March), 316–324. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/v8g5b Stokoe, E. (2014). The Conversation Analytic Role-play Method (CARM): a method for training communication skills as an alternative to simulated role-play. Res. Lang. Soc. Interact, 47(3), 255–265. Sutarto, A. (2006). Sekilas Tentang Masyarakat Pandalungan. Jelajah Budaya 2006, 1–7. Suyadi. (2010). Psikologi Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Insan Madani. Tapscott, D. (2011). Grown Up Digital: How the Net Generation Is Changing Your World. Bucharest: Publica. Wijana, W. D. (2014). Konsep-Konsep Dasar Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. In UT. https://doi.org/10.1101/112268 Yoshikawa, H., Wuermli, A. J., Raikes, A., Kim, S., & Kabay, S. B. (2018). Toward High-Quality Early Childhood Development Programs and Policies at National Scale: Directions for Research in Global Contexts. Social Policy Report,31(1), 1–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2379-3988.2018.tb00091.x

Adeyemo, K. A., Isiavwe, D., Adetula, D., Olamide, O., & Folashade, O. (2020). Mandatory adoption of the Central Bank of Nigeria’s cashless and e-payment policy: implications for bank customers. Banks and Bank Systems, 15(2), 243-253. https://doi.org/10.21511/bbs.15(2).2020.21 Barabashev, A., Makarov, I., & Zarochintcev, S. (2022). How to shape government policies on high-technology development using the indicative evaluation of risks? Administratie si Management Public, 38, 70-89. https://doi.org/10.24818/amp/2022.38-04 Bayram, M., & Akat, M. (2019). Market-Neutral Trading with Fuzzy Inference, a New Method for the Pairs Trading Strategy. Engineering Economics, 30(4), 411-421. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.30.4.14350 Bing, C., & Schectman, J. (2019). Inside the UAE’s secret hacking team of American mercenaries. Retrieved from: https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/usa-spying-raven/ (31.01.2023). Bozhenko, V. (2022). Tackling corruption in the health sector. Health Economics and Management Review, 3(3), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.21272/hem.2022.3-03 Bozhenko, V. V., Lyeonov, S. V., Polishchuk, E. A., Boyko, A. O., & Artyukhova, N. O. (2022). Identification of determinants of corruption in government: a mar-spline approach. Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, 6, 176-180. https://doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-6/176 Bozhenko, V., Mynenko, S., & Shtefan, A. (2022b). Financial Fraud Detection on Social Networks Based on a Data Mining Approach. Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks, 6(4), 119-124. https://doi.org/10.21272/fmir.6(4).119-124.2022 Caballero-Morales, S.-O., Cordero Guridi, J. de J., Alvarez-Tamayo, R. I., & Cuautle-Gutiérrez, L. (2020). EDUCATION 4.0 to support entrepreneurship, social development and education in emerging economies. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 8(2), 89-100. https://doi.org/10.37335/ijek.v8i2.119 Chen, Y., Xu, S., Lyulyov, O., & Pimonenko, T. (2023). China’s digital economy development: incentives and challenges. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 29(2), 518-538. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2022.18018 Ćwiklicki, M., & Wojnarowska, M. (2020). Circular Economy and Industry 4.0: One-Way or Two-way Relationships? Engineering Economics, 31(4), 387-397. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.31.4.24565 DavidPur, N. (2022). Which Countries are Most Dangerous? Cyber Attack Origin – by Country. Retrieved from: https://blog.cyberproof.com/blog/which-countries-are-most-dangerous (31.01.2023). Dečman, M., Stare, J., & Klun, M. (2022). The impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the development of the information society in Slovenia. Administratie si Management Public, 39, 77-96. https://doi.org/10.24818/amp/2022.39-05 Deutsche Welle (2022). Ukrainian websites hacked in 'global attack'. Retrieved from: https://www.dw.com/en/ukraine-government-websites-hacked-in-global-attack/a-60421475 (31.01.2023). Dluhopolskyi, O., Pakhnenko, O., Lyeonov, S., Semenog, A., Artyukhova, N., Cholewa-Wiktor, M., & Jastrzębski, W. (2023). Digital financial inclusion: COVID-19 impacts and opportunities. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(3), 2383. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15032383 Economist Intelligence (2023). Democracy Index. Retrieved from: https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2022/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=paid-search&utm_campaign=democracy-index-2022&gclid=CjwKCAjwgqejBhBAEiwAuWHioAEruOQA25JyHg-61MBEiYNJp9hvu3Pf91E_tWO2W0nauZ6on003ORoC6UsQAvD_BwE (31.01.2023). E-Governance Academy (2023). National Cyber Security Index. Retrieved from: https://ncsi.ega.ee/ncsi-index/ (31.01.2023). Fobel, P., & Kuzior, A. (2019). The future (Industry 4.0) is closer than we think. Will it also be ethical? Paper presented at the AIP Conference Proceedings, 2186. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5137987 Glova, J., Bernatik, W., & Tulai, O. (2020). Determinant Effects of Political and Economic Factors on Country Risk: An Evidence from the EU Countries. Montenegrin Journal of Economics, 16(1), 37-53. https://doi.org/10.14254/1800-5845/2020.16-1.3 Gontareva, I., Babenko, V., Kuchmacz, B., & Arefiev, S. (2020). Valuation of information resources in the analysis of cybersecurity entrepreneurship. Estudios De Economia Aplicada, 38(4), https://doi.org/10.25115/EEA.V38I4.3984 Gupta, A., & Mishra, M. (2022). Ethical Concerns While Using Artificial Intelligence in Recruitment of Employees. Business Ethics and Leadership, 6(2), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.21272/bel.6(2).6-11.2022 Gurbanov, N., Yagublu, N., Akbarli, N., & Niftiyev, I. (2022). Digitalization and the Covid-19-led public crisis management: an evaluation of financial sustainability in the Azerbaijan business sector. SocioEconomic Challenges, 6(3), 23-38. https://doi.org/10.21272/sec.6(3).23-38.2022 Institute for Economics and Peace (2022). Global Terrorism Index 2022. Retrieved from: https://reliefweb.int/report/world/global-terrorism-index-2022 (31.01.2023). Kaspersky (2023). Cyberthreat real-time map. Retrieved from: https://cybermap.kaspersky.com/ (31.01.2023). Krebs, B. (2021). At Least 30,000 U.S. Organizations Newly Hacked Via Holes in Microsoft’s Email Software. Retrieved from: https://krebsonsecurity.com/2021/03/at-least-30000-u-s-organizations-newly-hacked-via-holes-in-microsofts-email-software/ (31.01.2023). Kumar, N., & Kumar, J. (2019). Efficiency 4.0 for Industry 4.0. Human Technology, 15(1), 55-78. https://doi.org/10.17011/ht/urn.201902201608 Kurniawati, E., Kohar, U.H.A., & Pirzada, K. (2022). Change or destroy: the digital transformation of Indonesian MSMES to achieve sustainable economy. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 26(2), 248-264. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2022.26.2.15 Kuzior, A., & Kwilinski, A. (2022). Cognitive technologies and artificial intelligence in social perception. Management Systems in Production Engineering, 30(2), 109-115. https://doi.org/10.2478/mspe-2022-0014 Kuzmenko, O., Šuleř, P., Lyeonov, S., Judrupa, I., & Boiko, A. (2020). Data mining and bifurcation analysis of the risk of money laundering with the involvement of financial institutions. Journal of International Studies, 13(3), 332-339. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2020/13-3/22 Lăzăroiu, G., Androniceanu, A., Grecu, I., Grecu, G., & Neguriță, O. (2022). Artificial intelligence-based decision-making algorithms, Internet of Things sensing networks, and sustain-able cyber-physical management systems in big data-driven cognitive manufacturing. Oeconomia Copernicana, 13(4), 1047-1080. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2022.030 Lucas, G. (2016). Ethics and Cyber Warfare: The Quest for Responsible Security in the Age of Digital Warfare. Oxford University Press. Lyulyov, O., Lyeonov, S., Tiutiunyk, I., & Podgórska, J. (2021). The impact of tax gap on macroeconomic stability: Assessment using panel VEC approach. Journal of International Studies, 14(1), 139-152. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2021/14-1/10 Mačiulytė-Šniukienė, A., Butkus, M., & Davidavičienė, V. (2022). Development of the model to examine the impact of infrastructure on economic growth and convergence. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 23(3), 731-753. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2022.17140 Melnyk, L., Derykolenko, O., Kubatko, O., & Matsenko, O. (2019). Business models of reproduction cycles for digital economy. Paper presented at the CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2393, 269-276. Retrieved from https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85069504652&origin=resultslist Melnyk, L., Kubatko, O., Piven, V., Klymenko, K., & Rybina, L. (2021). Digital and economic transformations for sustainable development promotion: A case of OECD countries. Environmental Economics, 12(1), 140-148. https://doi.org/10.21511/EE.12(1).2021.12 Millia, H., Adam, P, Muhatlib, A. A., & Tajuddin and Pasrun, Y. P. (2022). The Effect of Inward Foreign Direct Investment and Information and Communication Technology on Economic Growth in Indonesia. AGRIS on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics, 14(1), 69-79. https://doi.org/10.7160/aol.2022.140106 Mnohoghitnei, I., Horobeț, A., & Belașcu, L. (2022). Bitcoin is so Last Decade-How Decentralized Finance (DeFi) could Shape the Digital Economy. European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 14(1), 87-99. https://doi.org/10.24818/ejis.2022.01 Numbeo (2023). Crime Index by Country 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp?title=2022 (31.01.2023). Orlov, V., Bukhtiarova, A., Marczuk, M., & Heyenko, M. (2021). International economic and social determinants of the state economic security: A causal analysis. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 19(4), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.19(4).2021.24 Pakhnenko, O., & Kuan, Z. (2023). Ethics of Digital Innovation in Public Administration. Business Ethics and Leadership, 7(1), 113-121. https://doi.org/10.21272/bel.7(1).113-121.2023 Pakhnenko, O., Rubanov, P., Girzheva, O., Ivashko, L., Britchenko, I., & Kozachenko, L. (2022). Cryptocurrency: Value formation factors and investment risks. Journal of Information Technology Management, 14, 179-200. https://doi.org/10.22059/JITM.2022.88896 Perlroth, N., Scott, M, & Frenkel, S. (2017). Cyberattack Hits Ukraine Then Spreads Internationally. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/27/technology/ransomware-hackers.html (31.01.2023). Remeikienė, R., Ligita, G., Fedajev, A., Raistenskis, E., & Krivins, A. (2022). Links between crime and economic development: EU classification. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 17(4), 909-938. https://doi.org/10.24136/eq.2022.031 Rousseeuw, P.J. (1987). Silhouettes: a Graphical Aid to the Interpretation and Validation of Cluster Analysis. Computational and Applied Mathematics, 20, 53-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7 Safarov, G., Sadiqova, S., Urazayeva, M., & Abbasova, N (2022). Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Innovative-Industrial Cluster Development in the Era of Digitalization. Marketing and Management of Innovations, 4, 184-197. https://doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2022.4-17 Șavga, L. (2019). Implementing the Smart Specialization Concept in the Republic of Moldova: Challenges and Initiatives. Journal of Research on Trade, Management and Economic Development, 6(2), 6-17. Şavga, L., & Baran, T. (2022). Boosting the process of smart specialization in the Republic of Moldova. Paper presented in Contemporary Issues in Economy and Technology (pp. 187-196). Shao, X., Wang, D., Li, X., & Shao, H. (2022). Impact of Internet technology on spatial technology heterogeneity: openness or convergence - evidence from provincial data in China. Transformations in Business & Economics, 21(2), 193-213. Shkolnyk, I., Frolov, S., Orlov, V., Datsenko, V., & Kozmenko, Y. (2022). The impact of financial digitalization on ensuring the economic security of a country at war: New measurement vectors. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 19(3), 119-138. https://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.19(3).2022.11 Smith, E.T. (2013). Cyber warfare: a misrepresentation of the true cyber threat. American Intelligence Journal, 31(1), 82-85. Sobczak, A. (2022). Analysis of the Conditions Influencing the Assimilation of the Robotic Process Automation by Enterprises. Human Technology, 18(2), 143-190. doi: 10.14254/1795-6889.2022.18-2.4 Statista (2023). Most commonly reported cyber crime categories worldwide in 2022, by number of individuals affected. Retrieved from: https://www.statista.com/statistics/184083/commonly-reported-types-of-cyber-crime-global/ (31.01.2023). Stehel, V., Vochozka, M., Kliestik, T., & Bakes, V. (2019). Economic analysis of implementing VMI model using game theory. Oeconomia Copernicana, 10(2), 253-272. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2019.013 Straková, J., Talíř, M., & Váchal, J. (2022). Opportunities and threats of digital transformation of business models in SMEs. Economics and Sociology, 15(3), 159-171. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2022/15-3/9 The Heritage Foundation (2023). 2023 Index of Economic Freedom. Retrieved from: https://www.heritage.org/index/download (31.01.2023). The World Bank (2023). Life expectancy at birth, total (years). Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN (31.01.2023). Tiutiunyk, I. V., Zolkover, A. O., Lyeonov, S. V., & Ryabushka, L. B. (2022a). The impact of economic shadowing on social development: challenges for macroeconomic stability. Naukovyi Visnyk Natsionalnoho Hirnychoho Universytetu, 1, 183-191. https://doi.org/10.33271/nvngu/2022-1/183 Tiutiunyk, I., Cieśliński, W., Zolkover, A., & Vasa, L. (2022b). Foreign direct investment and shadow economy: One-way effect or multiple-way causality? Journal of International Studies, 15(4), 196-212. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-8330.2022/15-4/12 Tran, L. Q. T., Phan, D. T., Herdon, M., & Kovacs, L. (2022). Assessing the Digital Transformation in Two Banks: Case Study in Hungary. AGRIS on-line Papers in Economics and Informatics, 14(2), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.7160/aol.2022.140210 Transparency International (2023). Corruption_Perceptions_Index. Retrieved from: https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2021?gclid=CjwKCAjw67ajBhAVEiwA2g_jEPyd355cvDdhD7SdWVteYeer5WvV3BZFHMo-Ox6p3vXSGk9wKi4p4BoCRJgQAvD_BwE (31.01.2023). Tribune (2020). Major cyber attack by Indian intelligence identified: ISPR. Retrieved from: https://tribune.com.pk/story/2259193/major-cyber-attack-by-indian-intelligence-identified-ispr (31.01.2023). Tvaronaviciene, M., & Burinskas, A. (2020). Industry 4.0 significance to competition and the eu competition policy. Economics & Sociology, 13(3), 244-258. https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2020/13-3/15 U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2016). Joint Statement from the Department of Homeland Security and Office of the Director of National Intelligence on Election Security. Retrieved from: https://www.dhs.gov/news/2016/10/07/joint-statement-department-homeland-security-and-office-director-national (31.01.2023). Vasudevan, H. (2022). Management and Leadership in the Klang Valley IT Sector: Conceptual Approach. Marketing and Management of Innovations, 3, 56-65. https://doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2022.3-05 Vitvitskiy, S. S., Kurakin, O. N., Pokataev, P. S., Skriabin, O. M., & Sanakoiev, D. B. (2021). Peculiarities of cybercrime investigation in the banking sector of Ukraine: review and analysis. Banks and Bank Systems, 16(1), 69-80. https://doi.org/10.21511/bbs.16(1).2021.07 Voo, J., Hemani, I., & Cassidy, D. (2022). National Cyber Power Index 2022. Retrieved from: https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/CyberProject_National%20Cyber%20Power%20Index%202022_v3_220922.pdf (31.01.2023). Voronenko, I., Nehrey, M., Laptieva, A., Babenko, V., & Rohoza, K. (2022). National cybersecurity: Assessment, risks and trends. International Journal of Embedded Systems, 15(3), 226-238. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJES.2022.124854 Wang, Q., Chen, Y., Guan, H., Lyulyov, O., & Pimonenko, T. (2022). Technological innovation efficiency in China: Dynamic evaluation and driving factors. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(14). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148321 Wisevoter (2023). Most Powerful Countries in the World. Retrieved from: https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/most-powerful-countries-in-the-world/ (31.01.2023). World Happiness Report (2023). World Happiness Report 2022. Retrieved from: https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2022/ (31.01.2023). Yarovenko, H. (2020). Evaluating the threat to national information security. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 18(3), 195-210. https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.18(3).2020.17 Yarovenko, H., & Rogkova, M. (2022). Dynamic and bibliometric analysis of terms identifying the combating financial and cyber fraud system. Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks, 6(3), 93-104. https://doi.org/10.21272/fmir.6(3).93-104.2022 Yoshimori, H., & Yoshimori, M. (2022). An Education Gift – Integrated Cognitive and Non-Cognitive Skills – for Future Generations to Grow the Economy in the Digital Phase. SocioEconomic Challenges, 6(2), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.21272/sec.6(2).5-18.2022 Yu, Y., Xinxin, W., Ruoxi, L., & Tingting, Y. (2023). The Mediating Role of Human Capital in the Relationship between Education Expenditure and Science and Technology Innovation: Evidence from China. SocioEconomic Challenges, 7(1), 129-138. https://doi.org/10.21272/sec.7(1).129-138.2023 Zimaitis, I., Urbonavičius, S., Degutis, M., & Kaduškevičiūtė, V. (2022). Influence of trust and conspiracy beliefs on the disclosure of personal data online. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 23(3), 551-568. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2022.16119

ABSTRAK Tujuan utama dari makalah ini untuk menguji secara empiris pengaruh zakat, Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) perkapita, Upah Minimum Regional/Provinsi (UMP), dan inflasi terhadap tingkat gini rasio di 34 provinsi di Indonesia selama tahun 2018-2020. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa distribusi zakat yang diproksikan dengan Indeks Kesejahteraan BAZNAS serta tingkat inflasi secara statistik tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Sementara itu, tingkat PDRB perkapita dan UMP memiliki arah hubungan negatif dan berpengaruh signifikan secara statistik terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi kepada pengelola zakat untuk menciptakan dan mengembangkan program zakat yang mampu memberdayakan perekonomian mustahik sehingga mampu mengurangi tingkat kesenjangan pendapatan dalam masyarakat. Selain itu, seluruh pemangku kepentingan (stakeholders) harus bersinergi dalam upaya meningkatkan realisasi pengumpulan dana zakat di lembaga dengan melalui peningkatan literasi dan kesadaran masyarakat guna mengoptimalisasikan peran zakat dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Kata kunci: Indeks Kesejahteraan BAZNAS, Ketimpangan Pendapatan, Makroekonomi, Zakat. ABSTRACT The main objective of this paper was to empirically examine the effect of zakat, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) percapita, Regional/Provincial Minimum Wage, and inflation on the gini ratio in 34 provinces in Indonesia during 2018-2020. The findings of this study indicate that the distribution of zakat, which is proxied by the BAZNAS Welfare Index, and the inflation rate has no statistically significant effect on the level of income inequality in Indonesia. Meanwhile, GRDP per capita and Regional/Provincial Minimum Wage levels have a negative and statistically significant relationship to the level of income inequality in Indonesia. In order to lessen the degree of income inequality in society, this study offers recommendations to zakat managers on how to design and develop zakat programs that can strengthen the mustahik's economy. In addition, all stakeholders must work together in an effort to increase the realization of zakat fund collection in institutions by increasing literacy and public awareness in order to maximize the contribution of zakat to raising the welfare of mankind. Keywords: Baznas Welfare Index, Income Inequality, Macroeconomics, Zakat. REFERENCES Abdelbaki, D. H. H. (2013). The impact of zakat on poverty and income inequality in Bahrain. Review of Integrative Business & Economics Reseacrh, 2(1), 133–154. Afandi, A., Rantung, V. P., & Marashdeh, H. (2017). Determinants of income inequality. Economic Journal of Emerging Markets, 9(2), 159–171. DOI: 10.20885/ejem.vol9.iss2.art5 Afandi, M. F. M., Zubairi, M. I. N., Hashim, M. J., & Khamis, M. R. (2021). The role of zakat in reducing income inequality among muslim society in Selangor. Global Business and Management Research: An International Journal, 13(4), 1–12. Ahmad, M. U., & Mahmood, A. (2009). Zakat fund-concept and perspective. International Journal of Monetary Economics and Finance, 2(3/4), 197–205. DOI: 10.1504/IJMEF.2009.029058 Alamanda, A. (2021). The effect of economic growth on income inequality: panel data analysis from fifty countries. Info Artha, 5(1), 1–10. DOI: 10.31092/jia.v5i1.1176 Anshari, M., Azhar, Z., & Ariusni. (2019). Analisis pengaruh pendidikan, upah minimum provinsi dan belanja modal terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di seluruh provinsi di indonesia. Jurnal Ecogen, 1(3), 494–502. DOI: 10.24036/jmpe.v1i3.4990 Asongu, S., & Odhiambo, N. (2019). Inequality and the economic participation of women in sub-Saharan Africa: An empirical investigation. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies. DOI: 10.1108/AJEMS-01-2019-0016 Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021a). Gini rasio. Retrieved from https://sirusa.bps.go.id/sirusa/index.php/indikator/999 Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021b). PDB/PDRB per kapita. Subdit Rujukan Statistik, Badan Pusat Statistik. https://sirusa.bps.go.id/sirusa/index.php/indikator/74 Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021c). Tingkat ketimpangan pengeluaran penduduk Indonesia Maret 2021 (Issue 54/07/Th. XXIV). Badan Pusat Statistik. (2021). Tingkat ketimpangan pengeluaran penduduk Indonesia September 2020 (Issue 17/02/Th. XXIV). Bucevska, V. (2019). Determinants of income inequality in EU candidate countries: A panel analysis. Economic Themes, 57(4), 397–413. DOI: 10.2478/ethemes-2019-0023 Caraka, R. E. (2017). Spatial data panel (Pertama). WADE Group. Carter, V. J., & Howard, M. W. (2020). Income inequality. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/income-inequality Charities Aid Foundation. (2021). CAF world giving index 2021 (Issue June). Chun, N., & Khor, N. (2010). Minimum wages and changing wage inequality in Indonesia (196). Asian Development Bank Darsono, S. N. A. C., Raihana, M., Jati, H. F., & Pachmi, A. (2019). The impact of productive zakat on the income inequality of mustahiq in Yogyakarta. Journal of Economics Research and Social Sciences, 3(1), 56–71. DOI: 10.18196/jerss.030107 Deyshappriya, N. P. R. (2017). Impact of macroeconomic factors on income inequality and income distribution in asian countries (No. 696). Asian Development Bank Institute Fadila, N. R. (2019). Correlation of zakat distribution with Gini index: Maximizing the potential of zakat for equitable income distribution in Indonesia. Airlangga International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance, 2(1), 54-65. DOI: 10.20473/aijief.v2i1.21994 Fitri, C. D., Maulana, H., & Safitri, A. (2018). Analisis pengaruh penyaluran zakat terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan dan tingkat kemiskinan di Provinsi Aceh periode 2007-2017. Ekobis: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Syariah, 2(2), 45-54. Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2015). Panel data regression models. In Basic Econometrics (Edisi Kelima, pp. 591–605). Douglas Reiner. Ha, N. M., Le, N. D., & Trung-Kien, P. (2019). The impact of urbanization on income inequality: a study in Vietnam. Journal Risk Financial Management, 12(3), 1–14. DOI: 10.3390/jrfm12030146 Hafidhuddin, D. (2002). Zakat dalam perekonomian modern (Pertama). Gema Insani. Halimatussa’idah, H., & Prasetyo, A. (2021). Bencana alam dan BI rate terhadap penghimpunan dana ZIS dengan inflasi sebagai variabel intervening pada BAZNAS Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 8(1), 32–42. DOI: 10.20473/vol8iss20211pp32-42 Hendri, D. (2014). Kriminalitas: sebuah sisi gelap dari ketimpangan distribusi pendapatan. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Kebijakan Publik, 5(2), 239–252. Iqbal, I. (2020). Zakat: macroeconomic and microeconomic demands. International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research, 4(3), 1-9. Kalsum, U. (2018). Distribusi pendapatan dan kekayaan dalam ekonomi Islam. Li Falah Jurnal Studi Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Islam, 3(1), 41–59. Kamaludin Yusup, D., Sobana, D. H., & Fachrurazy, F. (2021). The effectiveness of zakat distribution at the national zakat agency. Al-’Adalah, 18(1), 55–76. DOI: 10.24042/adalah.v18i1.9912 Karim, A. A. (2015). Ekonomi makro Islam (Ketiga). PT Rajagrafindo Persada. Kementerian Agama RI. (2013). Panduan zakat praktis. Kemenag RI. Kousar, R., Rais, S. I., Mansoor, A., Zaman, K., Tahir, S., Shah, H., & Ejaz, S. (2019). The impact of foreign remittances and financial development on poverty and income inequality in Pakistan : evidence from ARDL-Bounds testing approach. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 6(1), 71–81. DOI: 10.13106/jafeb.2019.vol6.no1.71 Kurniawan, A. W., & Puspitaningtyas, Z. (2016). Metode penelitian kuantitatif (Pertama). Pandiva Buku. Lahjouji, H., & Rouggani, K. (2016). Zakat and distribution of wealth on Islamic economy: Case of Morocco. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies, 2(3), 151–160. DOI: 10.12816/0036637 Lin, C., & Yun, M. S. (2016). The effects of the minimum wage on earnings inequality: evidence from China (No. 9715). DOI: 10.1108/S0147-912120160000044012 Logaritma, S. (2021). Produk domestik regional bruto provinsi-provinsi di Indonesia menurut lapangan usaha 2016-2020. Badan Pusat Statistik. Mahfuzha, A., Rizki, C. Z., Sapha, D., Fitriyani, F., Jamal, A., & Weri, W. (2019). Is zakat important in reducing poverty?. Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 292, 558–562. DOI: 10.2991/agc-18.2019.83 Mankiw, N. G. (2010). Principles of macroeconomics (Keenam). South-Western Cengage Learning. Monnin, P. (2014). Inflation and income inequality in developed economies. SSRN Electronic Journal. Munandar, T. A., & Wardoyo, R. (2015). Fuzzy-Klassen model for development disparities analysis based on gross regional domestic product sector of a region. International Journal of Computer Applications, 123(7), 17–22. DOI: 10.5120/ijca2015905389 Nabila, N., & Herianingrum, S. (2020). Pengaruh zakat sebagai salah satu produk filantropi terhadap tingkat inflasi di Indonesia periode 2015-2017. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 7(3), 420–430. DOI: 10.20473/vol7iss20203pp420-430 OECD. (2021). Income inequality (indicator). DOI: 10.1787/459aa7f1-en Pusat Kajian Strategis Badan Amil Zakat Nasional. (2019). Indeks kesejahteraan BAZNAS. BAZNAS. Pusat Kajian Strategis Badan Amil Zakat Nasional. (2021). Hasil pengkuran kaji dampak zakat 2020. BAZNAS. Pusat Kajian Strategis BAZNAS. (2021). Outlook zakat Indonesia 2022. BAZNAS. Rahmadi, S., & Parmadi. (2019). Pengaruh ketimpangan pendapatan dan kemiskinan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi antar pulau di Indonesia. Jurnal Paradigma Ekonomika, 14(2), 55–66. DOI: 10.22437/paradigma.v14i2.6948 Ramzai, J. (2020). Clearly explained: gini coefficient and lorenz curve. Medium. Retrieved from https://towardsdatascience.com/clearly-explained-gini-coefficient-and-lorenz-curve-fe6f5dcdc07 Ratnasari, D., & Rosyidi, S. (2019). Dampak kesenjangan antara penerimaan dan penyaluran dana ZIS terhadap program-program LAZNAS Al-Azhar. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 6(3), 489–509. DOI: 10.20473/vol6iss20193pp489-509 Saputri, R. G. C. (2017). Pengaruh produktivitas sektoral dan laju PDRB terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di Jawa Tengah pada tahun 2006 – 2015. Jurnal REP (Riset Ekonomi Pembangunan), 2(2), 103–112. DOI: 10.31002/rep.v2i2.226 Saripudin, U., Djamil, F., & Rodoni, A. (2020). The zakat, infaq, and alms farmer economic empowerment model. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-Journal). 3566. Sarwono, J. (2006). Metode penelitian kuantitatif dan kualitatif (Pertama). Penerbit Graha Ilmu. Senadjki, A., Nachef, T., & Rusli, N. (2015). The impact of zakat on income inequality and poverty in Malaysia: a panel data analysis. Market Forces College of Management Sciences, x(1). Setiawan, B. (2015). Teknik hitung manual analisis regresi linear berganda dua variabel bebas. DOI: 10.31227/osf.io/gd73a Siami-Namini, S., & Hudson, D. (2019). Inflation and income inequality in developed and developing countries. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(3), 611–632. DOI: 10.1108/JES-02-2018-0045 Siyoto, S., & Sodik, A. (2015). Dasar metodologi penelitian (Pertama). Literasi Media Publishing. Srihardianti, M., Mustafid, & Prahutama, A. (2016). Metode regresi data panel untuk peramalan konsumsi energi di Indonesia. Jurnal Gaussian, 5(3), 475–485. DOI: 10.14710/j.gauss.v5i3.14703 Sukwika, T. (2018). Peran pembangunan infrastruktur terhadap ketimpangan ekonomi antarwilayah di Indonesia. Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan, 6(2), 115–130. DOI: 10.14710/jwl.6.2.115-130 Sungkar, S. N., Nazamuddin, & Nasir, M. (2015). Pengaruh upah minimum terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 3(2), 40–53. Suryani, K. G., & Woyanti, N. (2021). The effect of economic growth, HDI, district/city minimum wage and unemployment on inequity of income distribution in province of D.I Yogyakarta (2010-2018). Media Ekonomi Dan Manajemen, 36(2), 170–180. DOI: 10.24856/mem.v36i2.1990 Syafiq, A. (2016). Zakat ibadah sosial untuk meningkatkan ketaqwaan dan kesejahteraan sosial. ZISWAF: Jurnal Zakat Dan Wakaf, 2(2), 380–400. DOI: 10.21043/ziswaf.v2i2.1558 Syahrum, & Salim. (2016). Metodologi penelitian kuantitatif (R. Ananda (ed.)). Citapustaka Media. Trimaya, A. (2014). Pemberlakuan upah minimum dalam sistem pengupahan nasional untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan tenaga kerja. Aspirasi: Jurnal Masalah-Masalah Sosial, 5(1), 11–20. DOI: 10.46807/aspirasi.v5i1.448 Untari, R., Priyarsono, D. S., & Novianti, T. (2019). Impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure on economic growth and income inequality in Indonesia. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 6(1), 109–116. DOI: 10.32628/ijsrset196130 World Population Review. (2021). Muslim population by country 2021. https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/muslim-population-by-country Yuliani, R., Rahman, Y. A., Nuraini, D., & Khotimah, K. (2021). Determinants of income inequality in Yogyakarta Province. International Conference on Strategic Issues of Economics, Business and, Education (ICoSIEBE 2020), 301–305. DOI: 10.2991/aebmr.k.210220.053

ABSTRACT Islamic banking in Indonesia and Malaysia experienced differences in asset growth and market share, potentially causing dissimilarity in profitability performance. This study aims to evaluate the factors that influence the increase in profitability of Islamic banking in Indonesia and Malaysia using signaling theory including market concentration (HHI), company size and financing risk (NPF), and national income (GDP) as control variables. It analyzed the Indonesian and Malaysian Islamic banks during the period 2017-2021. The method used in this study is comparative descriptive with panel data regression analysis measuring instruments. Based on the results of empirical analysis, factors that affect the profitability of Islamic banking in Indonesia are financing risk, while in Malaysia, it is financing risk and national income. The results of this study update the view on the profitability of Islamic banking in Indonesia and Malaysia. In addition, from the managerial side, this study contributes to creating NPF control in Indonesian Islamic banking because these factors can increase the profitability of the country's Islamic banking. The study also contributes to the development of market concentration strategies, company size, and financing risks in Malaysian Islamic banking as all these factors can increase the profitability of the country's Islamic banking. Keywords: Islamic Banking, Profitability, Market Concentration, Company Size, Financing Risk ABSTRAK Perbankan syariah Indonesia dan Malaysia mengalami perbedaan dalam pertumbuhan aset dan market share sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan perbedaan kinerja profitabilitas. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi faktor yang mempengaruhi peningkatan profitabilitas perbankan syariah di Indonesia dan Malaysia dengan menggunakan signaling theory diantaranya konsentrasi pasar (HHI), ukuran perusahaan dan risiko pembiayaan (NPF) serta pendapatan nasional (GDP) sebagai variabel kontrol. Studi ini menganalisis bank syariah di Indonesia dan Malaysia selama periode 2017-2021. Metode yang digunakan oleh studi ini adalah komparatif deskriptif dengan alat ukur analisis regresi data panel. Berdasarkan hasil analisis empiris, faktor yang mempengaruhi profitabilitas perbankan syariah Indonesia adalah risiko pembiayaan sedangkan di Malaysia adalah risiko pembiayaan serta pendapatan nasional. Hasil penelitian ini memperbaharui pandangan tentang profitabilitas perbankan syariah Indonesia dan Malaysia. Selain itu dari sisi manajerial, studi ini berkontribusi dalam menciptakan pengendalian NPF pada perbankan syariah Indonesia karena faktor tersebut mampu meningkatkan profitabilitas perbankan syariah negara tersebut. Selain itu studi ini juga berkontribusi dalam pengembangan strategi konsentrasi pasar, ukuran perusahaan dan risiko pembiayaan pada perbankan syariah Malaysia karena semua faktor tersebut mampu meningkatkan profitabilitas perbankan syariah negara tersebut. Kata Kunci: Bank Syariah, Profitabilitas, Konsentrasi Pasar, Ukuran Perusahaan, Risiko Pembiayaan REFERENCE Abbas, A., & Arizah, A. (2019). Marketability, profitability, and profit-loss sharing: evidence from sharia banking in Indonesia. Asian Journal of Accounting Research, 4(2), 315–326. doi:10.1108/AJAR-08-2019-0065 Adelopo, I., Lloydking, R., & Tauringana, V. (2018). Determinants of bank profitability before, during, and after the financial crisis. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 14(4), 378–398. doi:10.1108/IJMF-07-2017-0148 Affandi, M. (2021). Konsep dasar pasar dalam Islam (1st ed., Vol. 1). Tangerang Selatan: Universitas Terbuka. Almunawwaroh, M., & Rina M. (2018). Pengaruh CAR, NPF dan FDR terhadap profitabilitas syariah di Indonesia. Amwaluna: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah, 2(1), 1–18. doi:10.29313/amwaluna.v2i1.3156 Alsharari, N.M., & Alhmoud T.R. (2019). The determinants of profitability in Sharia-compliant corporations: Evidence from Jordan. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 10(4), 546–564. doi:10.1108/JIABR-05-2016-0055 Arrohmah, K., & Soelistyo, A. (2010). Analisis pengaruh pendapatan nasional dan tingkat suku bunga terhadap penghimpunan dana pihak ketiga pada bank umum di Indonesia. JEPE: Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 8(1), 262–262. Bernama. (2022). Malaysia top of the chart in global Islamic finance ranking for 10th year. Retrieved from https://www.bernama.com/en/business/news.php?id=2150286 Bolarinwa, S. T., Obembe, O. B., & Olaniyi, C. (2019). Re-examining the determinants of bank profitability in Nigeria. Journal of Economic Studies, 46(3), 633–651. doi:10.1108/JES-09-2017-0246 Boone J, & Weigand J. (2000). Measuring competition in the dutch manufacturing sector: how are cost differentials mapped into profit differentials? CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis,131. Deari, F., Kukeli, A., Barbuta-Misu, N., & Virlanuta, F. O. (2022). Does working capital management affect firm profitability? Evidence from European Union countries. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences. doi:10.1108/jeas-11-2021-0222 Derbali, A. (2021). Determinants of the performance of Moroccan banks. Journal of Business and Socio-Economic Development, 1(1), 102–117. doi:10.1108/jbsed-01-2021-0003 Dewi, D. A. I. Y. M., & Sudiartha, G. M. (2017). Pengaruh profitabilitas, ukuran perusahaan, dan pertumbuhan aset terhadap struktur modal dan nilai perusahaan. E-Jurnal Manajemen Unud, 6(4), 2222–2252. DOSM. (2019). Malaysian economic performance. Malaysia: Department of Statistics Malaysia. Fadhillah, K. (2022). Pangsa Pasar adalah: Definisi dan peran pentingnya dalam bisnis. Retrieved from https://www.jojonomic.com/blog/pangsa-pasar-adalah/ Farid. (2021). Manajemen risiko dalam perbankan syariah. Muhasabatuna, 3(2), 67–80. doi:10.54471/muhasabatuna.v3i2.1184 Fauziana, L., Mulyaningsih, A., Anggraeni, E., Chaola, S., & Rofida, U. (2014). Keterkaitan investasi modal terhadap GDP Indonesia. Economics Development Analysis Journal, 3(2), 32-380. doi:10.15294/edaj.v3i2.3845 Gani, I. M., & Bahari, Z. (2021). Islamic banking’s contribution to the Malaysian real economy. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 13(1), 6–25. doi:10.1108/ijif-01-2019-0004 GBO Specialist. (2022). Best and largest Islamic banks in the world. Retrieved from https://money-gate.com/largest-islamic-banks-in-the-world/ Hamza, H., & Kachtouli, S. (2014). Competitive conditions and market power of Islamic and conventional commercial banks. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 5(1), 29–46. doi:10.1108/JIABR-05-2012-0030 Hamza, L. M., & Agustien, D. (2019). Pengaruh perkembangan usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah terhadap pendapatan nasional pada sektor UMKM di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 8(2), 127-135. doi:10.23960/jep.v8i2.45 Hargrave, M. (2022). Return on Assets (ROA): Formula and “Good” ROA defined. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/returnonassets.asp. Hashmi S.D, Gulzar S, & Ghafoor Z. (2020). Sensitivity of firm size measures to practices of corporate finance; evidence from BRICS. Futur Business Journal, 6(9). doi:10.1186/s43093-020-00015-y Hardjo, K., & Tourani-Rad, A. (2011). The role of accruals as a signal in earnings and dividend announcements : New Zealand evidence. Journal of Applied Accounting Research, 12(2), 108–122. doi:10.1108/09675421111160682 Hendra, S. T. N., & Hartomo, D. D. (2017). Pengaruh konsentrasi dan pangsa pasar terhadap pengambilan resiko bank. Journal of Business and Management, 17(2), 35–50. Hosen, M. N., & Muhari, S. (2018). The comparison of sound level of Islamic banks in Indonesia and Malaysia. KnE Social Science, 3(8), 137–150. doi:10.18502/kss.v3i8.2505 Karnadi, A. (2022). Keuangan Syariah Indonesia terbaik kedua di dunia pada 2021. Retrieved from https://dataindonesia.id/ekonomi/detail/keuangan-syariah-indonesia-terbaik-kedua-di-dunia-pada-2021 Kothari, C.R. (2004). Reseach methodology (2nd ed). New Delhi: New Age International. Kurnia, R. A. E., Sawarjuwono, T., & Herianingrum, S. (2017). Manajemen risiko pembiayaan untuk mengantisipasi kondisi financial distress pada bank syariah. Islamic Economics Lariba, 3(2), 51–64. doi:10.20885/jielariba.vol3.iss2.art1 Le, T. D., & Ngo, T. (2020). The determinants of bank profitability: A cross-country analysis. Central Bank Review, 20(2), 65–73. doi:10.1016/j.cbrev.2020.04.001 Mirzae, A., & Moore, T. (2014). What are the driving forces of bank competition across differentinkurncome groups of countries? Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 32, 38–71. doi:10.1016/j.intfin.2014.05.003 Novari, P. M., & Lestari, P. V. (2016). Pengaruh ukuran perusahaan, leverage, dan profitabilitas terhadap nilai perusahaan pada sektor properti dan real estate. E-Jurnal Manajemen Unud, 5(9), 5671–5694. O’Connell, M. (2022). Bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability: evidence from the UK. Studies in Economics and Finance, 40 (1), 155-174. doi:10.1108/SEF-10-2021-0413 Oktavianti, S. (2015). Pengaruh ukuran perusahaan, modal kerja, arus kas terhadap likuiditas (Studi pada perusahaan manufaktur sektor industri barang konsumsi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2009-2013). Skripsi. Program Sarjana Universitas Widyatama. Bandung. Ozili, P. K., & Ndah, H. (2021). Impact of financial development on bank profitability. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences. doi:10.1108/jeas-07-2021-0140 Ozili, P. K., & Uadiale, O. (2017). Ownership concentration and bank profitability. Future Business Journal, 3(2), 159–171. doi:10.1016/j.fbj.2017.07.001 Pasiouras, F., & Kosmidou, K. (2007). Factors influencing the profitability of domestic and foreign commercial banks in the European Union. Research in International Business and Finance, 21(2), 222–237. doi:10.1016/j.ribaf.2006.03.007 Ponraj, P., & Rajendran, G. (2012). Financial strength as an indicator for measuring bank competitiveness: An empirical evidence from Indian banking industry. Journal of Applied Economics Sciences, Spiru Haret University, Faculty of Financial Management and Accounting Craiova, 7(2), 179–188. Prihadi, T. (2011). Analisis laporan keuangan: Teori dan aplikasi. Jakarta: PPM. Putri, D. R. (2020). Pengaruh risiko bisnis, investment opportunity set, kepemilikan manajerial terhadap nilai perusahaan properti dan real estate dengan variabel intervening struktur modal. Skripsi. Fakultas ekonomi dan bisnis, Universitas Airlangga. Surabaya. Refinitiv. (2021). Islamic finance development report 2021: Advancing Economics. Retrieved from https://www.refinitiv.com/en/resources/special-report/islamic-finance-development-report Riadi, M. (2020). Ukuran perusahaan (pengertian, jenis, kriteria dan indikator). Retrieved from https://www.kajianpustaka.com/2020/04/ukuran-perusahaan-pengertian-jenis-kriteria-dan-indikator.html Sakti, I. (2018). Analisis regresi data panel menggunakan Eviews. Retrieved from https://www.academia.edu/37059747/ANALISIS_REGRESI_DATA_PANEL_MENGGUNAKAN_EVIEWS. Sari, H.N., Adenan, M., & Luthfi, A. (2019). Analisis industri perbankan tahun 2007-2016 dengan pendekatan SCP: Studi kasus Negara Indonesia dan Filipina. E-Journal Ekonomi Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 6(1), 33–42. doi:10.19184/ejeba.v6i1.11072 Sarpong-Kumankoma, E., Abor, J., Aboagye, A. Q. Q., & Amidu, M. (2018). Freedom, competition and bank profitability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 26(4), 462–481. doi:10.1108/JFRC-12-2017-0107 Spencer, M. (1973). Job Market Signaling. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355-374. Supriadi, I. (2020). Metode riset akuntansi. Sleman: Deeppublish. Suriani, S. (2022). Analisis laporan keuangan: Kinerja manajemen dan prospek. Medan: Yayasan Kita Menulis. Suryanto. (2019). Manajemen risiko dan asuransi. Tangerang Selatan: Universitas Terbuka. Syukri, A. U. (2020). Causality between gross domestic product, exports, imports, foreign exchange reserves, and foreign debt in Indonesia. Journal of Developing Economies, 5(2), 103-119. doi:10.20473/jde.v5i2.18275 Taqiuddin, M. (2019). Does inter-bank investments restraints financing perfomance of Islamic banks? Advance Methodologies and Technologies in Business Operations and Management, 15. Pennsylvania: IGI Global The Asian Banker. (2021). World’s strongest Islamic banks in 2021. Retrieved from https://www.theasianbanker.com/ab500/rankings/strongest-islamic-banks. The World Bank. (n.d.). Metadata glossary GDP percapita. Retrieved from Https://Databank.Worldbank.Org/Metadataglossary/Statistical-Capacity-Indicators/Series/5.51.01.10.Gdp. Wahyudi, I., Rosmanita, F., Prasetyo, M. B., & Putri, N. I. S. (2015). Market risk in Islamic banking. In Risk Management for Islamic Banks (pp. 232–263). Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. doi:10.1002/9781118809211.ch11 Wibowo, E. S., & Syaichu, M. (2012). Analisis pengaruh suku bunga, inflasi, CAR, BOPO, NPF terhadap profitabilitas bank syariah. Diponegoro Jurnal of Management, 2(2), 10-19. Widyastuti, R. S., & Armanto, B. (2013). Kompetisi industri perbankan Indonesia. BMEB: Bulletin of Monetery Economics and Banking. 15(4), 417-439. doi:10.21098/bemp.v15i4.74 Yoshanda, A. A., (2020). Pendapatan nasional. Sidoarjo: UMSIDA. Zurimi, S. (2018). Perbandingan metode generalized least square dan ordinary least square pada model multivariate adaptive regression spline dengan respon biner. Tesis. Program Pasca Sarjana Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Hasanuddin. Makassar

Carbon dioxide emission on peatland under oil palm plantation were highly varied probably due to many factors involved. The objectives of the research were to evaluate the effect of distance sampling from center of oil palm tree on Carbon dioxide flux, and to study the factors that cause variability of carbon dioxide flux on peatland under oil palm plantation. The study was conducted on peatland at Arang-Arang Village, Kumpek Ulu Sub-District, Muaro Jambi District, Jambi Province, on six year old oil palm plantation. The study was conducted in the form of observational exploratory. Emission measurements performed on 5 selected oil palm trees at points within 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 cm from the center of trunk. Carbon dioxide flux was measured using (IRGA), Li-COR 820. The results showed that there is significant correlation between the distance of sampling from center of oil palm tree and Carbon dioxide flux. The farther distance from the tree, Carbon dioxide flux more decreased. Before applying fertilizer, variability of soil fertility was not significantly correlated with the flux of Carbon dioxide, so the difference of Carbon dioxide flux based on distance sampling can be caused by root distribution factor. After fertilizer application, variability of Carbon dioxide flux under the oil palm tree were beside affected by differences in root distribution, was also greatly influenced by fertilization.Keywords: Carbon dioxide flux, distance sampling, oil palm, peat, root-related respiration [How to Cite: Dariah A, F Agus, E Susanti and Jubaedah. 2013.Relationship between Sampling Distance and Carbon Dioxide Emission under Oil Palm Plantation. J Trop Soils 18 (2): 125-130. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.125][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.125] REFERENCESAgus F, E Handayani, van M Noordwijk, K Idris and S Sabiham. 2010 Root respiration interferes with peat CO2 emission measurement. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World. 1 - 6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia. Published on DVD.Amador JA and RD Jones. 1993. Nutrient limitation on microbial respiration in peat soil with diffrent total phosphorus content. Soil Biol Biochem 25: 793-801.Franklin O, P Hoogberg, A Ekbled and GI Agren. 2003. Pine forest floor carbon accumulation in response to N and PK addition: Bomb C-14 modeling and respiration studies. Ecosystem 6: 644-658. Freeman C, N Ostle and H Kang. 2001. An Enzymic ‘latch’ on global carbon store-a shortage of oxigen locks up carbon in peatlands by restraining a single enzyme. Nature 409: 149-149.Hanson PJ, NT Edwards, CT Garten and JA Andrew. 2000. Separating root and soil microbial contributions to soil respiration: A review of methods and observations. Biogeochemistry 48: 115-146.Henson IE, and SH Chai. 1997. Analysis of oil palm productivity. II. Biomass, distribution, productivity and turnover of the root system. Elaeis 9: 78-92.Hergoualc’h K and LV Verchot. 2011. Stocks and fluxes of carbon associated with land use change in Southeast Asian tropical peatlands: A review. Glob Biogeochem Cycl 25. doi:10.1029/2009GB003718.Howarth RW and SG Fisher. 1976. Carbon, nitrogen, phosporus dynamic during leaf decay in nutrient-enriched stream microecosystems. Freshwater Biol 6: 221-228.Husen E and F Agus. 2011. Microbial activities as affected by peat dryness ans ameliorant. Am J Environ Sci 7: 348-353.Jauhiainen J, A Hooijer and SE Page. 2012. Carbon dioxide emissions from an Acacia plantation on peatland in Sumatra, Indonesia. Biogeosciences 9: 617–630. DOI:10.5194/bg-9-617-2012.Khalid H, ZZ Zin and JM Anderson. 1999. Quantification of oil palm biomass and nutrient value in mature planttation. II Below-ground biomass. J Oil Palm Res 11: 63-71.Knorr KH, MR Oosterwoud and C Blodau. 2008. Experimental drought alters rates of soil respiration and methanogenesis but not carbon exchange in soil of a temperate fen. Soil Biol Biochem 40: 1781-1791.Law BE, FM Kelliher, DD Baldocchi, PM Anthoni, J. Irvine, D. Moore and SV Tuyl. 2001. Spatial and temporal variation in respiration in a young ponderosa pine forest during a summer drought. Agric Forest Meteorol 110: 27-43.Laiho R, J Laine, CC Trettin and L Finner. 2004. Scot pine litter decomposition along drainage succession and soil nutrient gradient in peat land forest, and the effect of inter-annual weather variation. Soil Biol Biochem 36: 1095-1109.Madsen R, L Xu, B Claassen and D McDermit. 2009. Surface monitoring method for carbon capture and storage projects. Energy Procedia 1: 2161-2168Martoyo K. 1992. Kajian Sifat Fisik Tanah Podsolik untuk Tanaman Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis gueneensis Jacq) di Sumatera Utara. Tesis Program Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Gajah Mada. Yogyakarta (in Indonesian).Melling L, R Hatano and KJ Goh. 2007. Nitrous oxide emissions from three ecosystem in tropical peatlands of Sarawak, Malaysia. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 53: 792-805.Minkkinen K, J Laine, NJ Shurpali, P Makiranta, J Alm and T Pentilla. 2007. Heterotropic soil respiration in forestry-drained peatland. Boreal Environ Res 12: 115-126. Murdiyarso D, K Hergoualc’h K and LV Verchot. 2010 Opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in tropical peatlands. PNAS 107: 19655-19660.Olsen R, S Linden, R Giesler, and P Hogberg. 2005. Fertilization of boreal forest reduce of both autrotrophic dan heterotrophic soil respiration . Glob Change Biol 11: 1745-1753.Silvola J, J Valijoki and H Aaltonen. 1985. Effect of draining and fertilization on soil respiration at three ameliorated peatland site. Acta For Fem 191: 1-32.Silvola J, J Alm, U Aklholm, H Nykanen and PJ Martikainen. 1996a. Carbon dioxide fluxes from peat in boreal mires under varying temperature and moisture condition. J Ecol 84: 219-228.Silvola J, J Alm, U. Ahlholm, H Nykanen, and PJ Martikainen. 1996b. The contribution of plant roots to carbon dioxide fluxes from organic soils. Biol Fertil Soils 23: 126-131.Wang W, K Ohseb and J Liuc. 2005. Contribution of root respiration to soil respiration in a C3/C4 mixed grassland. J Bioscience 30: 507-514.

Can Gio mangrove forest (CGM) is located downstream of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), situated between an estuarine system of Dong Nai - Sai Gon river and a part of Vam Co river. The CGM is the largest restored mangrove forest in Vietnam and the UNESCO’s Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. The CGM has been gradually facing to numeric challenges of global climate change, environmental degradation and socio-economic development for the last decades. To evaluate sediment quality in the CGM, we collected 13 cores to analyze for sediment grain size, organic matter content, and trace element concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn. Results showed that trace element concentrations ranged from uncontaminated (Cd, Cu, and Zn) to very minor contaminated (Cr, Ni, and Pb). The concentrations were gradually influenced by suspended particle size and the mangrove plants.ReferencesAnh M.T., Chi D.H., Vinh N.N., Loan T.T., Triet L.M., Slootenb K.B.-V., Tarradellas J., 2003. Micropollutants in the sediment of Sai Gon – Dong Nai rivers: Situation and ecological risks. Chimia International Journal for Chemistry, 57, 09(0009–4293), 537–541.Baruddin N.A., Shazili N.A., Pradit S., 2017. Sequential extraction analysis of heavy metals in relation to bioaccumulation in mangroves, Rhizophora mucronata from Kelantan delta, Malaysia. AACL Bioflux, 10(2), 172-181. Retrieved from www.bioflux.com/aacl.Bravard J.-P., Goichot M., Tronchere H., 2014. An assessment of sediment transport processes in the lower Mekong river based on deposit grain size, the CM technique and flow energy data. Geomorphology, 207, 174-189.Cang L.T., Thanh N.C. 2008. Importing and exporting sediment to and from mangrove forest at Dong Trang estuary, Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh city. Science & Technology Development, 11(04), 12-18.Carignan J., Hild P., Mevelle G., Morel J., Yeghicheyan D., 2001. Routine analyses of trace elements in geological samples using flow injection and low-pressure on-line liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS: A study of geochemical reference materials BR, DR-N, UB-N, AN-G and GH. The Journal of Geo standard and Geoanalysis, 187-198.Carlson P.R., Yarbro L.A., Zimmermann C.F., Montgomery J.R., 1983. Pore water chemistry of an overwash mangrove island. Academy Symposium: Future of the Indian River System, 46(3/4), 239-249. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24320336.Chatterjee M., Canário J., Sarkar S.K., Branco V., Godhantaraman N., Bhattacharya B.D., Bhattacharya A., 2012. Biogeochemistry of mercury and methylmercury in sediment cores from Sundarban mangrove wetland, India—a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Environ Monit Assess, 184, 5239–5254.Claudia R., Huy N.V., 2004. Water allocation policies for the Dong Nai river basin in Viet Nam: An integrated perspective. EPTD Discussion Paper, 127, 01-52.Folk R.L., Ward W.C., 1957. Brazos River bar: A study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 27(1), 3-26.Furukawaa K., Wolanski E., Mueller H., 1997. Currents and sediment transport in mangrove forests. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 44, 301-310.Hai H.Q., Tuyen N.N., 2011. Coastal Erosion of Can Gio district Ho Chi Minh City due to the global climate change. The journal of development of technology and science, 14, 17-28.HCM SO S.O., 2015. Annual statistic data in 2015 for HCM city. Ho Chi Minh city: Statistic office of HCM city.HCMC, 2017. Decision No. 3901 on approving the areas of forest and land in HCM city in 2016. Ho Chi Minh: The people's committee of HCM city.Herut B., Sandler A., 2006. Normalization methods for pollutants in marine sediments: review and recommendations for the Mediterranean. Haifa 31080: Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research: IOLR Report H18/2006.Hong P.N., San H.T., 1993. Mangroves of Vietnam: Chapter VI Human impacts on the mangrove ecosystem. Bangkok 10501: IUCN - The International Union for Conservation of Nature, ISBN: 2-8317-0166-x.Hubner R., Astin K.B., Herbert R.J., 2009. Comparison of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for the assessment of metal contamination in marine and estuarine environments. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 11, 713–722.IAEA, 2003. Collection and preparation of bottom sediment samples for analysis of radionuclides and trace elements. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA-TECDOC-1360, ISBN 92–0–109003–X.Jingchun L., Chongling Y., Ruifeng Z., Haoliang L., Guangqiu Q., 2008. Speciation changes of Cd in mangrove (Kandelia Candel L.) rhizosphere sediments. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 231-236. Doi:10.1007/s00128-007-9351-z.Kalaivanan R., Jayaprakash M., Nethaji S., Arya V., Giridharan L., 2017. Geochemistry of Core Sediments from Tropical Mangrove Region of Tamil Nadu: Implications on Trace Metals. Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change, ISSN: 2157-7617., 8(1.1000385), 1-10. Doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000385.Kathiresan K., Saravanakumar K., Mullai P., 2014. Bioaccumulation of trace elements by Avicennia marina. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 2(11), 888-894.Kitazawa T., Nakagawa T., Hashimoto T., Tateishi M., 2006. Stratigraphy and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of a Quaternary sequence along the Dong Nai River, southern Vietnam. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27, 788–804.Lacerda L.D., 1998. Trace metals of biogeochemistry and diffuse pollution in mangrove (M. Vannucci, Ed.) Mangrove ecosystem occassional papers (ISSN: 0919-1348), 2, 1-72.Laura H., Probsta A., Probsta J.L., Ulrich E., 2003. Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soils: evidence for atmospheric contamination. The Science of Total Environment, 195-210.Li R., Li R., Chai M., Shen X., Xu H., Qiu G., 2015. Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in Futian mangrove forest sediment in Shenzhen Bay, South China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101, 448–456.Long E., Morgan L.G., 1990. The potential for biological effects of sediment-sorted contaminants tested in the national status and trends program. Seattle, Washington: NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 52.Long E.R., Field L.J., MacDonald D.D., 1998. Predicting toxicity in marine sediments with numerical sediment quality guidelines. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17, 714–727. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.5620170428/abstract;jsessionid=C5264A1AD0.7ACCA9B4EF9A088BE2EDE9.f04t04Long E.R., MacDonald D.D., Smith S.L., Calder F.D., 1995. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentration in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental management, 19, 81-97.Maiti S.K., Chowdhury A., 2013. Effects of Anthropogenic Pollution on Mangrove Biodiversity: A Review. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 1428-1434.Marchand C., Allenbach M., Lallier-Verges E., 2011. Relation between heavy metal distribution and organic matter cycling in mangrove sediments (Conception Bay, New Caledonia). Geoderma, Elsevier, 160 (3-4), 444-456.Mohd F.N., Nor R.H., 2010. Heavy metal concentrations in an important mangrove species, Sonneratia caseolaris, in Peninsular Malaysia. Environment Asia, 3, 50-53.Muller G., 1979. Schwermetalle in den Sedimenten des Rheins - Veränderungen seit 1971. Umschau, 778-783.Nam V.N., 2007. Restoration of Can Gio mangrove forest: Its structure and function in comparison between the ecosytems of plantion and nature mangrove forest. Workshop on the thesis between Germany and Vietnam.Nickerson N.H., Thibodeau F.R., 1985. Association between pore water sulfide concentrations and the distribution of mangroves. Biogeochemistry, 1, 183-192.Ong Che R.G., 1999. Concentration of 7 Heavy Metals in Sediments and Mangrove Root Samples from Mai Po, Hong Kong. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 39, 269-279.Passega R., 1957. Texture as characteristics of clastic deposition. Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists.Passega R., 1964. Grain size representation by CM patterns as a geological tool. J Sediment Petrol, 34, 830–847.Phuoc V.L., An D.T., Cang L.T., Chung B.N., Tien N.V., 2010. Study the sediment dynamics in Can Gio mangrove forest (Nang Hai site, Ho Chi Minh city). Ho Chi Minh city: The final report of National University Ho Chi Minh city, No. B2009-18-36.Pumijumnong N., Danpradit S., 2016. Heavy metal accumulation in sediments and mangrove forest stems from Surat Thani province, Thailand. The Malaysian forester, 79(1&2), 212-228.QCVN43:2012/BTNMT, 2012. QCVN43:2012/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the sediment quality, Ha Noi: Ministry of natural resources and environment of Vietnam.Qiao S., Shi X., Fang X., Liu S., Kornkanitnan N., Gao J., Yu Y., 2015. Heavy metal and clay mineral analyses in the sediments of Upper Gulf of Thailand and their implications on sedimentary provenance and dispersion pattern. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 114, 488–496.Rollinson H. R., 1993. Using geochemical data for evaluation, presentation and interpretation. UK: Longman Group UK Limited ISBN-0-582-06701-4.Spalding M., Blasco F., Field C., 2010. World atlas of mangrove. Cambridge: Earthscan in UK and US, ISBN: 978-1-84407-657-4.Strady E., Dang V.B., Némery J., Guédron S., Dinh Q.T., Denis H., Nguyen P.D., 2016. Baseline seasonal investigation of nutrients and trace metals in surface waters and sediments along the Saigon River basin impacted by the megacity of HCM, Viet Nam. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 1-18. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7660-7.Tam N.F., Wong Y.S., 1996. Retention and distribution of heavy metals in mangrove soils receiving wastewater. Environment pollution, 94(5), 283-291.Thomas N., Lucas R., Bunting P., Hardy A., Rosenqvist A., Simard M., 2017. Distribution and drivers of global mangrove forest change, 1996– 2010. PLoS ONE, 12(6): e0179302, 1-14. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179302.Thuy H.T., Loan T.T., Vy N.N., 2007. Study on environmental geochemistry of heavy metals in urban canal sediments of Ho Chi Minh city. Science and Technology Development, 10(01), 1-9.Toan T.T., Bay N.T., 2006. A study on the tendency of accretion and erosion in Can Gio coastal zone. Vietnam-Japan estuary workshop, 184-194.Tri N.H., Hong P.N., Cuc L.T., 2000. Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve Ho Chi Minh city, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. Ha Noi: Hanoi University Publisher.Truong T.V., 2007. Planning for water source of Dong Nai river basin. Retrieved from Water Resources Planning: http://siwrp.org.vn/tin-tuc/quy-hoach-tai-nguyen-nuoc-luu-vuc-song-dong-nai_143.html.Tuan L.D., Oanh T.T., Thanh C.V., Quy N.D., 2002. Can Gio mangrove biosphere reserve. HCM city, Vietnam: Agriculture Publisher.Tue N.T., Quy T.D., Amono A., 2012. Historical profiles of trace element concentrations in Mangrove sediments from the Ba Lat estuary, Red river, Vietnam. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, ISSN 0049-6979, 223(3), 1315-1330.Twilley R., Chen R., Hargis T., 1992. Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implications to carbon budget of tropical coastal ecosystems. Water, Air & Soil pollution, Netherland, 64, 265-288.UN Environment Program, 2006. Methods for sediment sampling and analysis. Palermo (Sicily), Italy: United Nation Environment Program.UNESCO, 2000. List of Biosphere reserves approved by MAB committee belonging to UNESCO. Retrieved from United Nations, Educational, Scientific, Cultural Organization (UNESCO): http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific.Vandenberghe N., 1975. An evaluation of CM patterns for grain size studies of fine grained sediments. Sedimentology, 22, 615-622.Vinh B.T., Ichiro D., 2012. Erosion mechanism of cohesive river bank and bed of Soai Rap river (Ho Chi Minh city). J. Sci. of the Earth, 34(2), 153-161.Wang J., Du H., Xu Y., Chen K., Liang J., Ke H., Cai M., 2016. Environmental and Ecological Risk Assessment of Trace Metal Contamination in Mangrove Ecosystems. BioMed Research International, Article ID 2167053, 1-14. Doi:10.1155/2016/2167053.Wedepohl K.H., 1995. The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(7), 1217-1232.Woodroffe C., Rogers K., McKee K., Lovelock C., Mendelssohn I., Saintilan N., 2016. Mangrove sedimentation and response to relative sea level rise. The Annual Review of Marine Science, 8, 243-266.Zhang J., Liu C.L., 2002. Riverine Composition and Estuarine Geochemistry of Particulate Metals in China-Weathering Features, Anthropogenic Impact and Chemical Fluxes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 54(6), 1051-1070.Zhang W., Feng H., Chang J., Qu J., Xie H., Yu L., 2009. Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Yangtze River intertidal zone: An assessment from different indexes. Environmental Pollution, 157, 1533-1543.Zheng W.-j., Xiao-yong C., Peng L., 1997. Accumulation and biological cycling of heavy metal elements in Rhizophora stylosa mangroves in Yingluo Bay, China. Marine ecology progress series, 159, 293-301.

Why do states want to acquire nuclear weapons? In other words, what drives nuclear-aspiring states? This is the basic question that the author seeks to address in this research. To do so, this research will focus on two standout cases: Iran and North Korea. By employing structural realism as a tool of analysis, the author argues that it is the structure of the international system that drives both Iran and North Korea to acquire nuclear weapons of their own. Specifically, it is the highly unequal distribution of power both regionally and globally that encourages both states to go nuclear. At the global level, both Iran and North Korea found themselves in hostilities with a much more powerful state, the United States. The hostilities and the fact that the United States is way more powerful increase the fear of being attacked in both countries. Similarly, at the regional level, both states face neighbors that are relatively more powerful and have alliances with the United States. Thus, this imbalance of power and the fear it created in both Iran and North Korea give them great incentive to go nuclear, as nuclear weapons would act as a deterrent against any possible aggression. This research is qualitative and based on the literature study data collection method. Keywords: Nuclear proliferation; national security; distribution of capabilities; structural realism REFERENCES Abulof, Uriel. 2014. "Revisiting Iran’s nuclear rationales." International Politics 51(3), 404-415. Albright, David, and Andrea Stricker. 2010. "Iran’s Nuclear Program." In The Iran Primer: Power, Politics, and US Policy, edited by Robin Wright, 77-81. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Pres. Bowen, W.Q., and J. Brewer. 2011. "Iran’s nuclear challenge: Nine years and counting." International Affairs 87(4): 923–943. Chubin, S. 2007. "Iran: Domestic politics and nuclear choices." In Strategic Asia 2007–08: Domestic Political Change and Grand Strategy, edited by A.J. Tellis, M. Wills and N. Bisley, 301–340. Washington DC: National Bureau of Asian Research. Cronin, Patrick M. 2008. "The Trouble with North Korea." In Double Trouble: Iran and North Korea as Challenges to International Security, edited by Patrick M. Cronin, 79-89. Wesport: Praeger Security International Buszynski, Leszek. 2021. "North Korea's Nuclear Diplomacy." In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary North Korea, edited by Adrian Buzo, -170. Oxon: Routledge. Donnelly, Jack. 2005. "Realism." In Theories of International Relations, edited by Scott Burchill, Andrew Linklater, Richard Devetak, Jack Donnelly, Christian Reus-Smit Matthew Paterson and Jacqui True, 29-54. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Greitens, Sheena Chestnut. 2020. "Proliferation of weapons of mass destruction." In The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, by John Baylis, Steve Smith and Patricia Owens, 465-480. Oxford: Oxford University. Hobbs, Christopher, and Matthew Moran. 2014. Exploring Regional Responses to a Nuclear Iran. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Ikenberry, G. John, Michael Mastanduno, and William C. Wohlforth. 2011. "Introduction: unipolarity, state, and systemic consequenses." In International relations theory and the consequences of unipolarity, edited by G. John Ikenberry, Michael Mastanduno and William C. Wohlforth, 1-32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jackson, Robert, and Georg Sørensen. 2013. Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jackson, Van. 2018. On the Brink: Trump, Kim, and the Threat of Nuclear War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Jørgensen, Knud Erik. 2018. International Relations Theory: A New Introduction. London: Palgrave. Kaufman, Joyce P. 2021. A Concise History of U.S. Foreign Policy. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Krauthammer, Charles. 1990. "The Unipolar Moment." Foreign Affairs 70(1), 23-33. Mærli, Morten Bremer, and Sverre Lodgaard. 2007. "Introduction." In Nuclear Proliferation and International Security, edited by Morten Bremer Mærli and Sverre Lodgaard, 1-5. Oxon: Routledge. Mearsheimer, John J. 2018. The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities. New Haven: Yale University Press. —. 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York: WW Norton & Company. Mearsheimer, John J., and Stephen M. Walt. 2007. The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Pollack, Jonathan D. 2011. No Exit: North Korea, Nuclear Weapons and International Security. New York: Routledge. Popoola, Michael Akin, Deborah Ebunoluwa Oluwadara, and Abiodun A. Adesegun. 2019. "North Korea Nucler Proliferation in the Context of the Realist Theory: A Review." European Journal of Social Sciences 58(1), 75-82. Porter, Patrick. 2015. The Global Village Myth: Distance, War and the Limits of Power. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. Sharma, Anu. 2022. Through the Looking Glass: Iran and Its Foreign Relations. New York: Routledge Smith, Shane. 2021. "Nuclear Weapons and North Korean Foreign Policy." In Routledge Handbook of Contemporary North Korea, edited by Adrian Buzo, 141-154. Oxon: Routledge. Tagma, Halit M. E. 2020. "Realism and Iran’s Nuclear Program." In Understanding and Explaining the Iranian Nuclear 'Crisis', by Halit M. E. Tagma and Paul E. Lenze Jr., 65-103. Lanham: Lexington Books. Tagma, Halit M.E, and Paul E. Lenze Jr. Understanding and Explaining the Iranian Nuclear 'Crisis'. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2020. Taylor, Steven J., Robert Bogdan, and Marjorie L. DeVault. 2016. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods: A Guidebook and Resource. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Thomas, Garth. 2017. " Realism And Its Impact To The North Korean, South Korean, And Chinese Nuclear Programs (." Master's Thesis. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University, August. Accessed June 27, 2022. https://jscholarship.library.jhu.edu/bitstream/handle/1774.2/60434/THOMAS-THESIS 2017.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. Viotti, Paul R., and Mark V. Kauppi. 2012. International Relations Theory. Boston: Longman. Vromen, Ariadne. 2010. "Debating Methods: Rediscovering Qualitative Approaches." In Theory and Methods in Political Science, edited by David Marsh and Gerry Stoker, 249-266. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Waltz, Kenneth N. 1979. Theory of International Politics. Reading: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Waltz, Kenneth. 2000. "Structural Realism after the Cold War ." International Security 25(1), pp. 5– 41. Yonhap News Agency. 2018. N. Korea will not give up nuclear weapons: Mearsheimer . March 20. Accessed May 18, 2023. https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20180320010200315.

Seismic status in Bangladesh has been investigated using earthquake data recorded by the global network of USGS during 1980 to 2016. Seismicity parameters such as magnitude completeness Mc, b-value and a-value are being estimated. It has observed that the overall b-value in and around Bangladesh is of 0.84 which is seemed to be seismically active zone. As, reliable b-value assessment can lead to better seismic hazard analysis, reliable magnitude of completeness Mc can lead to b-value assessment of an area, this work has dealt and estimated magnitude of completeness Mc using various techniques for the whole region for a reliable estimation. Estimated Mc is obtained to be around 3.9-4.7, which lead to b-value of 0.93. Spatial variations of Mc and b-value have been investigated for 1ox1o horizontal and vertical rectangular regions for the study area between 18-29°N and 84-95°E. Estimated Mc and b-value along with b-value are then averaged for the common regions in the pair of horizontal and vertical regions. Results are then being presented in the form of maps. The findings resemble as, the Mc is low at the border line of N-W Bangladesh, and a line from Cox’s bazaar to Sylhet through Hill tracts. Remain parts belong to the Mc value of 4.1-4.2, thus the b-value obtained is varying from 0.68 to 1.2, where, the value is higher at region in Chittagong and Barisal division that extends toward north through part of Dhaka to Sylhet and lower at Rajshahi, Rangpur and part of Khulna division, while a-value is varying from 5.0 to 7.2 mostly from west to east.ReferencesAbercrombie R.E., and Brune J.N., 1994. Evidence for a constant b-value above magnitude 0 in the southern San Andreas, San Jacinto, and San Miguel fault zones and at the Long Valley caldera, California. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(15), 1647-1650.Aki K., 1965. Maximum likelihood estimate of b in the formula log N=a-b M and its confidence limits. Bull. Earthquake Res Inst., Tokyo Univ., 43, 237-239.Aki S., 1987. On nonparametric tests for symmetry. Ann. Inst. Statist. Math., 39, 457-472.Al-Hussaini T.M., 2006. Seismicity and Seismic Hazard Assessment in Bangladesh: Reference to Code Provisions. Meeting on Seismic Hazard in Asia ICTP, Trieste, Dec. 4-8.Amorese D., 2007. Applying a change-point detection method on frequency-magnitude distributions. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 97(5), 1742-1749. Doi:10.1785/0120060181.Banglapedia, 2012. The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tectonic_Framework, retrieved on 31 Aug 2017.Cao A.M., and Gao S.S., 2002. Temporal variations of seismic b-values beneath northeastern Japan island arc. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(9), 481-483. Doi:10.1029/2001GL013775.Das R., Wason H.R., and Sharma M.L., 2012. Temporal and spatial variations in the magnitude of completeness for homogenized moment magnitude catalogue for northeast India. J. Earth Syst. Sci., 121(1), 19-28.Felzer K.R., 2008. Simulated aftershock sequences for a M 7.8 earthquake on the southern San Andreas fault. Seismol. Res. Lett., 80, 21-25.GSB, 2018. Seismic Zone Map of Bangladesh. http://gsb.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/gsb.portal.gov.bd/common_document/a6e75ad2_5acd_4fe3_911d_c9d25a7e349e/BD_Sciesmic-zonemap(NBC).pdf, retrieved on 31 March 2018.Gutenberg B., and Richter C.F., 1944. Frequency of earthquakes in California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 34, 184-188.Gutenberg B., and Richter C.F., 1956. Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy and acceleration (second paper). Bull. Seismol Soc. Am., 46(2), 105-145.Hafiez H.E.A., 2015. Estimating the magnitude of completeness for assessing the quality of earthquake catalogue of the ENSN. Egypt. Arab J. Geosci., 8(1), 9315-9323. Doi:10.1007/s12517-015-1929-x.Hunting Geology and Geophysics Ltd., (1981), Interpretation and Operations report on an aeromagnetic survey in Bangladesh, Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, England.Iwata T., 2008. Low detection capability of global earthquakes after the occurrence of large earthquakes: investigation of the Harvard cmt catalogue. Geophys. J. Int., 174(3), 849-856. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.2008.03864.x.Kagan Y.Y., 2002. Seismic moment distribution revisited: I. statistical results. Geophys. J. Int., 148(3), 520-541. Doi: 10.1046/j.1365-246x.2002.01594.x.Khan P.K., Ghosh M., Chakraborty P.P., and Mukherjee D., 2011. Seismic b-Value and the Assessment of Ambient Stress in Northeast India. Pure Appl. Geophys., 168(10), 1693-1706. Doi:10.1007/s00024-010-0194-x.Kolathayar S., Sitharam T.G., and Vipin K.S., 2012. Spatial variation of seismicity parameters across India and adjoining areas. Nat Hazards, 60(3), 1365-1379. Doi:10.1007/s11069-011-9898-1.Lomnitz-Adler J., and Lomnitz C., 1979. A modified form of the Gutenberg-Richter magnitude-frequency relation. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 69(4), 1209-1214.Marsan D., 2003. Triggering of seismicity at short timescales following Californian earthquakes. J. Geophys. Res., 108, B5, 2266. Doi:10.1029/2002JB001946.Mignan A., 2011. Retrospective on the Accelerating Seismic Release (ASR) hypothesis: Controversy and new horizons. Tectonophysics, 505(1), 1-16. Doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.03.010.Mignan A., and Woessner J., 2012. Estimating the magnitude of completeness for earthquake catalogs, Community Online Resource for Statistical Seismicity Analysis. Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zurich, 145p. Doi:10.5078/corssa-00180805. Available at http://www.corssa.org.Naylor M., Orfanogiannaki, K., and Harte D., 2010. Exploratory data analysis: magnitude, space, and time. Community Online Resource for Statistical Seismicity Analysis, 42p. Doi:10.5078/corssa-92330203. Available at http://www.corssa.org.Ogata Y., and Katsura K., 1993. Analysis of temporal and spatial heterogeneity of magnitude frequency distribution inferred from earthquake catalogues. Geophys. J. Int., 113(3), 727-738. Doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1993.tb04663.x.Ogata Y., and Katsura K., 2006. Immediate and updated forecasting of aftershock hazard. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, 10, L10305. Doi:10.1029/2006GL025888.Rashid H., 1991. Geography of Bangladesh, University Press Ltd, Bangladesh; 2nd edition, 545p.Reimann K.U., 1993. Geology of Bangladesh. Gerbruder Bornt Ramerg, Berlin, Germany, 160p.Siddique S., 2015. Gutenberg-Richter recurrence law to seismicity analysis of Bangladesh. IABSE-JSCE Joint Conference on Advances in Bridge Engineering-III, August 21-22, Dhaka, Bangladesh.Shi Y., and Bolt B.A., 1982. The standard error of the magnitude-frequency b-value. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 72(5), 1667-1687.USGS, 2012. Earthquake Hazards Program. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/, USA, retrieved on 20 April 2017.Utsu T., 1999. Representation and analysis of the earthquake size distribution: a historical review and some new approaches. Pure Appl. Geophys., 155(2), 509-535.Wiemer S., and Wyss M., 2000. Minimum magnitude of complete reporting in earthquake catalogs: examples from Alaska, the western United States, and Japan. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 90, 859-869. Doi:10.1785/0119990114.Woessner J., and Wiemer S., 2005. Assessing the quality of earthquake catalogues: Estimating the magnitude of completeness and its uncertainty. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 95(2), 684-698. Doi:10.1785/012040007.Wyss M., Hasegawa A., Wiemer S., and Umino N., 1999. Quantitative mapping of precursory seismic quiescence before the 1989, M7.1 off-Sanriku earthquake, Japan. Annali Di Geoflsica, 42(5), 851-869.Zuniga F.R., and Wyss M., 1995. Inadvertent changes in magnitude reported in earthquake catalogs: Their evaluation through b-value estimates. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 85, 1858-1866..Zuniga F.R., and Wiemer S., 1999. Seismicity patterns: Are they always related to natural causes? Pure Appl. Geophys., 155(2), 713-726.

ABSTRACT: The existence of donation-based crowdfunding as an alternative fundraising system in Indonesia has a great opportunity to keep growing. The millennials as a digitally-native generation should actively contribute to the development of donation-based crowdfunding. This study tries to identify the effect of the variables of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, sense of trust, and experience expectation on the intention to donate donation-based crowdfunding by the Muslim millennials in Indonesia. Respondents who were analyzed were 156 people who were selected using purposive sampling and tested using SmartPLS. The results showed that Social Influence, Sense of Trust, and Experience Expectation had a positive influence on Intention to donate to donation-based crowdfunding. However, a test of Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, and Facilitating Conditions shows that there are different findings. The data presented in this study is expected to add new perspectives for relevant stakeholders to develop donation-based crowdfunding in Indonesia. Keywords: Donation-based Crowdfunding, Moslem Millennials, Partial Least Square, Donation. ABSTRAK: Kehadiran donation-based crowdfunding sebagai alternatif sistem penggalangan dana di Indonesia memiliki peluang yang besar untuk terus berkembang. Generasi milenial sebagai generasi yang terbiasa dengan teknologi seyogyanya berperan aktif dalam perkembangan platform donation-based crowdfunding. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh variabel performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, sense of trust serta experience expectation terhadap intention to donate to donation-based crowdfunding dari para generasi milenial muslim di Indonesia. Responden yang dianalisis sejumlah 156 orang yang dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling serta diuji menggunakan SmartPLS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Social Influence, Sense of Trust, dan Experience Expectation memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap Intention to donate to donation-based crowdfunding. Namun, pengujian pada Performance Expectancy, Effort Expectancy, dan Facilitating Conditions menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda. Data yang ditampilkan dalam penelitian ini diharapkan menambah sudut pandang baru bagi stakeholder terkait agar dapat mengembangkan donation-based crowdfunding di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: Donation-based Crowdfunding, Generasi Milenial Muslim, Partial Least Square, Donasi. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Achmad, R. W., Poluakan, M. V., Dikayuana, D., Wibowo, H., & Raharjo, S. T. (2019). Potret generasi milenial pada era revolusi industri 4.0. Focus: Jurnal Pekerjaan Sosial, 2(2), 187-197. doi:10.24198/focus.v2i2.26241 Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t Ardiansyah, D. O. (2016). Pengaruh komunikasi terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan dimediasi oleh kepuasan kerja (Studi pada bagian produksi pabrik kertas pt. setia kawan makmur sejahtera tulungagung). Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen, 3(1), 16-30. doi:10.26905/jbm.v3i1.70 Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia. 2020. Laporan Survei Internet APJII 2019 – 2020 (Q2). Jakarta: Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia. Az-Zuhaili, Wahbah. (2011). Fiqih Islam Wa Adillatuhu (Vol. 3). Jakarta: Gema Insani. Baptista, G., & Oliveira, T. (2015). Understanding mobile banking: The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology combined with cultural moderators. Computers in Human Behavior, 50, 418-430. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.024 Bekkers, R. (2003). Trust, accreditation, and philanthropy in the Netherlands. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 32(4), 596–615. doi:10.1177/0899764003258102 Belleflamme, P., Lambert, T., & Schwienbacher, A. (2013). Crowdfunding: Tapping the right crowd. Journal of Business Venturing, 29(5), 585–609. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.07.003 Bhawika, G. W. (2017). Risiko dehumanisasi pada crowdfunding sebagai akses pendanaan berbasis teknologi di Indonesia. Jurnal Sosial Humaniora, 10(1), 47-58. doi:10.12962/j24433527.v10i1.2355 Choy, K., & Schlagwein, D. (2015). IT affordances and donor motivations in charitable crowdfunding: The "Earthship kapita" case. ECIS 2015 Completed Research Papers. 31. Diakses dari https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2015_cr/31 Fahrullah, A., Anwar, M. K., Ridlwan, A. A., Prabowo, P. S., & Yasin, A. (2020). How Ramadan and global pandemic affect religiosity and donating behaviors. Shirkah: Journal of Economics and Business, 5(2), 250. doi:10.22515/shirkah.v5i2.323 Falcone, R., & Castelfranchi, C. (2001). Social trust: A cognitive approach. Trust and Deception in Virtual Societies, 55–90. doi:10.1007/978-94-017-3614-5_3 Fuadi, N. F., Farida, D. N., & Saadah, N. (2020). Empathy or self-credibility? An empirical study of intentions to donate through social crowdfunding using the UTAUT model. Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Islamic Finance and Technology, CIFET, 21 September, Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. doi:10.4108/eai.21-9-2019.2293953 Gerber, E. M., Hui, J. S., & Kuo, P. Y. (2012). Crowdfunding: Why people are motivated to post and fund projects on crowdfunding platforms. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261359489 Ghozali, I. (2021). Partial Least Squares: Konsep, Teknik dan Aplikasi Menggunakan Program SmartPLS 3.2.9 untuk Penelitian Empiris Jilid 3. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro. Gopay. (2020). Gopay Digital Donation Outlook 2020. Hidayatullah, S., Waris, A., Devianti, R. C., Sari, S. R., Wibowo, I. A., & Made, P. (2018). Perilaku generasi milenial dalam menggunakan aplikasi go-food. Jurnal Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan, 6(2), 240-249. doi:10.26905/jmdk.v6i2.2560 Hossain, M., & Oparaocha, G. O. (2017). Crowdfunding: Motives, definitions, typology and ethical challenges. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 7(2). doi:10.1515/erj-2015-0045 Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak. (2018). Statistik Gender Tematik: Profil Generasi Milenial Indonesia. Jakarta: Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak. Kholid, M. N. (2019). Determinants of intention to use Islamic mobile banking: Evidence from millennial generation. Jurnal Ekonomi & Keuangan Islam, 5(2), 53-62. doi:10.20885/jeki.vol5.iss2.art2 Kitabisa.com. (2018). Online Giving Report 2018: Insights for Nonprofits and Brands. Li, Y., He, T., Song, Y., Yang, Z., & Zhou, R. (2017). Factors impacting donors intention to donate to charitable crowd-funding projects in China: A UTAUT-based model. Information, Communication & Society, 21(3), 404-415. doi:10.1080/1369118x.2017.1282530 Li, B., Hou, F., Guan, Z., & Chong, A. (2019). How social experience encourages donation intention to charitable crowdfunding projects on social media: Empathy and personal impulsiveness. PACIS 2019 Proceedings, 195. Diakses dari https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis2019/195 Moon, Y., & Hwang, J. (2018). Crowdfunding as an alternative means for funding sustainable appropriate technology: Acceptance determinants of backers. Sustainability, 10(5), 1456. doi:10.3390/su10051456 National Chamber Foundation. (2012). The Millennial Generation Research Review. Washington DC: National Chamber Foundation. Pangaribuan, C. H., & Wulandar, Y. S. (2019). A crowdfunding platform user acceptance: An empirical examination of performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social factors, facilitating condition, attitude, and behavioral intention. Proceedings of the 1st Sampoerna University-AFBE International Conference, SU-AFBE 2018, 6-7 December 2018, Jakarta Indonesia. doi:10.4108/eai.6-12-2018.2286301 Purnamasari, D. (2018). Riset Mandiri: Generasi Milenial Suka Memberi Sumbangan. Retrieved from https://tirto.id/generasi-milenial-suka-memberi-sumbangan-cLHu Putra, Y. S. (2016). Theoritical review: Teori perbedaan generasi. Among Makarti, 9(2). doi:10.52353/ama.v9i2.142 Rondan-Cataluña, F. J., Arenas-Gaitán, J., & Ramírez-Correa, P. E. (2015). A comparison of the different versions of popular technology acceptance models. Kybernetes, 44(5), 788–805. doi:10.1108/k-09-2014-0184 Taiwo, A. A., & Downe, A. G. (2013). The theory of user acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT): A meta-analytic review of empirical findings. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 49(1), 48-58. Diakses dari http://www.jatit.org/volumes/Vol49No1/7Vol49No1.pdf Tirdanatan, N. U., Georgiana, V., Sun, Y. (2014). Evaluasi good corporate governance atas kebutuhan donatur pada penerapan crowdfunding di Indonesia: Studi kuantitatif dan kualitatif pada efekrumahkaca.net, Patungan.Net, dan Wujudkan.Com. ComTech, 5(1), 123-135. doi:10.21512/comtech.v5i1.2598 Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 8, 425–478. doi:10.2307/30036540 Walgito, B. (1981). Pengantar Psikologi Umum. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset. Wheat, R. E., Wang, Y., Byrnes, J. E., & Ranganathan, J. (2013). Raising money for scientific research through crowdfunding. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 28(2), 71–72. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2012.11.001 Wisesa, A. D., Kholid, M. N., & Hamdani, R. (2019). Factors influencing intention to donate through donation crowd-funding: Evidence from Indonesia. Society of Interdisciplinary Business Research, 8(5). doi:10.2139/ssrn.3784229

ABSTRAK Pengelolaan pembangunan desa islami adalah konsep pembangunan desa yang memiliki karakteristik tercapainya tujuan pembangunan sosial ekonomi yang berdimensi holistik, seimbang antara aspek material dan spiritual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pembahasan kajian-kajian terdahulu secara sistematis tentang konsep dan praktik pengelolaan pembangunan desa dalam perspektif islam. Dalam rangka melakukan review publikasi artikel secara sistematis, riset ini menggunakan standar protokol RAMESES. Hasil penelitian ini terbagi menjadi dua tema utama, yaitu peran dan fungsi lembaga keuangan mikro syariah dalam pembangunan desa dan Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dalam pengelolaan pembangunan desa. Tema pertama menghasilkan tiga subtema: praksis keuangan mikro syariah di Bangladesh, Malaysia, dan Indonesia. Tema kedua menghasilkan satu subtema yaitu peranan Pesantren dalam mendukung pengelolaan pembangunan desa. Hasilnya memberikan landasan untuk mengisi ruang-ruang yang belum dimasuki untuk membangun pengelolaan pembangunan desa yang komprehensif berdasarkan prinsip atau nilai Islam yang ideal. Kata kunci: Islami, Pengelolaan Pembangunan Desa, Systematic Literature Review. ABSTRACT Islamic village development management is a village development concept that has the characteristics of achieving socio-economic development goals with a holistic dimension, balanced between material and spiritual aspects. This study aims to systematically review the discussion of previous studies on the concepts and practices of village development management from an Islamic perspective. To conduct the article review systematically, this research was carried out using the RAMESES protocol standard. The results of this study are divided into two main themes, namely the role and function of Islamic microfinance institutions in village development and non-governmental organizations in managing village development. The first theme produces three sub-themes: the practice of Islamic microfinance in Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The second theme resulted in a sub-theme, namely Pesantren's role in supporting the management of village development. The results provide a foundation to fill in the gaps that have not been entered to build a comprehensive village development management based on ideal Islamic principles or values. Keywords: Islamic, Village Development Management, Systematic Literature Review. REFERENCES Abdullah, M. F., Amin, M. R., & Ab Rahman, A. (2017). Is there any difference between Islamic and conventional microfinance? Evidence from Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Society, 18(S1), 97–112. Adejoke, A.-U. G. (2010). Sustainable microfinance institutions for poverty reduction: Malaysian experience. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(4), 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1666023 Akhter, W., Akhtar, N., & Jaffri, S. K. A. (2009). Islamic micro-finance and poverty alleviation: A case of Pakistan. 2nd CBRC, Lahore, Pakistan, 1–8. Al-Jayyousi, O. (2009). Islamic values and rural sustainable development. Rural21, 39–41. Alwyni, F. A., & Salleh, M. S. (2019). Discourses on development and the Muslim world. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.30845/ijbss.v10n11a16 Anwar, A. Z., Susilo, E., Rohman, F., Santosa, P. B., & Gunanto, E. Y. A. (2019). Integrated financing model in Islamic microfinance institutions for agriculture and fisheries sector. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 16(4), 303–314. https://doi.org/10.21511/imfi.16(4).2019.26 Anwarul Islam, K. . (2016). Rural development scheme: A case study on Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited. International Journal of Finance and Banking Research, 2(4), 129. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijfbr.20160204.12 Aslam, M. N. (2014). Role of Islamic microfinance in poverty alleviation in Pakistan: An empirical approach. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 4(4), 143–152. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarafms/v4-i4/1288 Bebbington, A., Dharmawan, L., Fahmi, E., & Guggenheim, S. (2006). Local capacity, village governance, and the political economy of rural development in Indonesia. World Development, 34(11), 1958–1976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.11.025 Begum, H., Alam, A. S. A. F., Mia, M. A., Bhuiyan, F., & Ghani, A. B. A. (2019). Development of Islamic microfinance: A sustainable poverty reduction approach. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 35(3), 143–157. https://doi.org/10.1108/jeas-01-2018-0007 Begum, H., Alam, M. R., Ferdous Alam, A. S. A., & Awang, A. H. (2015). Islamic microfinance as an instrument for poverty alleviation. Advanced Science Letters, 21(6), 1708–1711. https://doi.org/10.1166/asl.2015.6123 Belton, B., & Filipski, M. (2019). Rural transformation in central Myanmar: By how much, and for whom? Journal of Rural Studies, 67(February), 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.02.012 Bhuiyan, A. B., Siwar, C., Ismail, A. G., & Talib, B. (2011). Financial sustainability & outreach of MFIs: A comparative study of aim in Malaysia and RDS of Islami Bank Bangladesh. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(9), 610–619. Budiwiranto, B. (2009). Pesantren and participatory development: The case of the Pesantren Maslakul Huda of Kajen, Pati, Central Java. Journal of Indonesian Islam, 03(02), 267–296. Elwardi, D. (2018). The role of Islamic microfinance in poverty alleviation : Lessons from Bangladesh Experience. In MPRA Paper (No. University of Muenchen). Fatimatuzzahroh, F., Abdoellah, O. S., & Sunardi, S. (2015). The potential of pesantren in sustainable rural development. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 3(2), 257–278. Retrieved from https://journal.scadindependent.org/index.php/jipeuradeun/article/view/66 Febianto, I., Binti Johari, F., & Zulkefli, Z. B. K. (2019). The role of Islamic microfinance for poverty alleviation in Bandung, Indonesia. Ihtifaz: Journal of Islamic Economics, Finance, and Banking, 2(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.12928/ijiefb.v2i1.736 Fianto, B. A., Gan, C., & Hu, B. (2019). Financing from Islamic microfinance institutions: Evidence from Indonesia. Agricultural Finance Review, 79(5), 633–645. https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-10-2018-0091 Hassan, A. (2014). The challenge in poverty alleviation: Role of Islamic microfinance and social capital. Humanomics, 30(1), 76–90. https://doi.org/10.1108/H-10-2013-0068 Hassan, A. A., Qamar, M. U. R., & Chachi, A. (2017). Role of Islamic microfinance scheme in poverty alleviation and well-being of women implemented. İslam Ekonomisi ve Finansi Dergisi, 1, 1–32. Retrieved from http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/issue-file/11046 Hassan, A., & Saleem, S. (2017). An Islamic microfinance business model in Bangladesh: Its role in alleviation of poverty and socio-economic well-being of women. Humanomics, 33(1), 15–37. https://doi.org/10.1108/H-08-2016-0066 Hosen, M. N., & Fitria, S. (2018). The Performance of Islamic rural banks in Indonesia: 2010-2015. European Research Studies Journal, 21(Special Issue 3), 423–440. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1393 Hudaefi, F. A., & Heryani, N. (2019). The practice of local economic development and maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah: Evidence from A Pesantren in West Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 12(5), 625–642. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-08-2018-0279 Ibrahim, M., & Murtala, S. (2018). The Role of Islamic microfinance institutions in alleviating poverty in Bauchi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Service, Management and Engineering, 5(1), 9–22. Islam, M. T., Omori, K., & Yoshizuka, T. (2005). Rural development policy and administrative patterns in Bangladesh : A Critical Review. Bull. Fac. Life Env. Sci, 10, 19–26. Kazimoto, P., & Fukofuka, S. (2013). The financial management challenges on the village socio-economic development. International Forum, 16(2), 37–50. Khaleequzzaman, M., & Shirazi, N. S. (2012). Islamic microfinance - An inclusive approach with special reference to poverty eradication in Pakistan. IIUM Journal of Economics and Management, 20(1), 19–49. Kraus, S., Breier, M., & Dasí-Rodríguez, S. (2020). The art of crafting a systematic literature review in entrepreneurship research. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(3), 1023–1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00635-4 Laila, T. (2010). Islamic microfinance for alleviating poverty and sustaining peace. World Universities Congress, 1–9. Li, Y., Fan, P., & Liu, Y. (2019). What makes better village development in traditional agricultural areas of China? Evidence from long-term observation of typical villages. Habitat International, 83(October 2018), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.11.006 Mamun, A., Uddin, M. R., & Islam, M. T. (2017). An Integrated approach to Islamic Microfinance for poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. Üniversitepark Bülten, 6(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.22521/unibulletin.2017.61.3 Mohamed, E. F., & Fauziyyah, N. E. (2020). Islamic microfinance for poverty alleviation : A systematic literature. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 28(1), 141–163. Muhammad Syukri Salleh. (2011). Islamic-based development for post-tsunami Aceh: A theoritical construct. Media Syariah: Wahana Kajian Hukum Islam Dan Pranata Sosial, 13(2), 163–168. Muhammad Syukri Salleh. (2015a). An Islamic approach to poverty management: The Ban Nua Way. International Journal of Contemporary Applied Sciences, 2(7), 186–205. Muhammad Syukri Salleh. (2015b). Islamic economics revisited: Re-contemplating unresolved structure and assumptions. 8th International Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance, (January). Mustari, M. (2014). The roles of the institution of pesantren in the development of rural society: A study in kabupaten Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Nusantara Islam, 1(2), 13–35. https://doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v1i1.34 Mustari, M. (2018). Institution of pesantren as a contributing factor in developing rural communities. Socio Politica, 8(1), 71–89. Nasrin, N., & Sarker, S. B. (2014). Disbursement and recovery of rural credit: A study on Rajapur Branch of Rupali Bank Limited. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(11), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.9790/487x-161161523 Onakoya, A. B., & Onakoya, A. O. (2013). Islamic microfinance as a poverty alleviation tool: Expectations from Ogun State, Nigeria. Scholarly Journal of Business Administration, 3(2), 36–43. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). (2006). A paradigm shift in rural development. Rahim Abdul Rahman, A. (2010). Islamic Microfinance: An ethical alternative to poverty alleviation. Humanomics, 26(4), 284–295. https://doi.org/10.1108/08288661011090884 Rahim, S. A. (2017). Evaluation of the effectiveness of training programmes of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited. Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, 11(3), 154–164. Rokhman, W. (2013). The effect of Islamic microfinance on poverty alleviation: Study in Indonesia. Economic Review – Journal of Economics and Business, XI(2), 21–30. Samsuddin, S. F., Shaffril, H. A. M., & Fauzi, A. (2020). Heigh-ho, heigh-ho, to the rural libraries we go! - a systematic literature review. Library and Information Science Research, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2019.100997 Satar, N., & Kassim, S. (2020). Issues and challenges in financing the poor: lessons learned from Islamic microfinance institutions. EJIF - European Journal of Islamic Finance, 1(15), 1–8. Shaffril, H. A. M., Ahmad, N., Samsuddin, S. F., Samah, A. A., & Hamdan, M. E. (2020). Systematic literature review on adaptation towards climate change impacts among indigenous people in the Asia Pacific Regions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120595 Suzuki, Y., Pramono, S., & Rufidah, R. (2016). Islamic microfinance and poverty alleviation program: Preliminary research findings from Indonesia. Share: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Keuangan Islam, 5(1), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.22373/share.v5i1.910 Uddin, T. A., & Mohiuddin, M. F. (2020). Islamic social finance in Bangladesh: Challenges and opportunities of the institutional and regulatory landscape. Law and Development Review, 13(1), 265–319. https://doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2019-0072 Umar, H., Usman, S., & Purba, R. B. R. (2018). The influence of internal control and competence of human resources on village fund management and the implications on the quality of village financial reports. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(7), 1526–1531. Wajdi Dusuki, A. (2008). Banking for the poor: The role of Islamic banking in microfinance initiatives. Humanomics, 24(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1108/08288660810851469 Wong, G., Greenhalgh, T., Westhorp, G., Buckingham, J., & Pawson, R. (2013). RAMESES publication standards: Meta-narrative reviews. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(5), 987–1004. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12092 Xalane, M. A. E., & Binti Che Mohd Salleh, M. (2018). Poverty alleviation in Mogadishu, Somalia: The role of Islamic microfinance. Global Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance 2018, 60–80. Yudha, E. P., Juanda, B., Kolopaking, L. M., & Kinseng, R. A. (2020). Rural development policy and strategy in the rural autonomy era. Case study of pandeglang regency-indonesia. Human Geographies, 14(1), 125–147. https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2020.141.8

ABSTRACT One of the contributions of the Islamic banking sector to Indonesia’s economy is channeling funds to MSMEs in the form of financing since a number of them could not access financial services. Interestingly, the MSMEs grew as the Islamic Banking sector rose. However, no single study analyzes such an impact on unemployment in both rural and urban areas. This paper aimed to reveal the effect of MSMEs financing in Islamic banks on unemployment in Indonesia. It further aimed to discover such an effect on unemployment in Indonesia's urban and rural areas separately. Dynamic panel GMM two-step analysis is used in this research to estimate cross-province data in Indonesia between 2010 and 2019. The results of the study reveal that MSMEs financing in Islamic Banks contributed significantly to the reduction of unemployment in Indonesia as a whole. It is also found that the unemployment in urban areas is reduced by MSMEs financing in Islamic Banks. On the other hand, there is no significant relationship between MSMEs financing in Islamic Banks and unemployment in rural areas. These findings can be the basis for Islamic banks to increase MSMEs financing and for the government to expand Islamic banks' role in every part of Indonesia to reduce unemployment, especially in rural areas. Keywords: MSMEs Financing, Islamic Bank, Unemployment, Urban, Rural. ABSTRAK Salah satu kontribusi sektor perbankan syariah dalam perekonomian Indonesia adalah penyaluran dana kepada UMKM dalam bentuk pembiayaan, karena beberapa dari mereka tidak dapat mengakses layanan keuangan. Menariknya, UMKM tumbuh seiring dengan bangkitnya sektor Perbankan Syariah. Namun, tidak ada satu studi pun yang menganalisis dampak tersebut terhadap pengangguran di pedesaan dan perkotaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap pengaruh pembiayaan UMKM di bank syariah terhadap pengangguran di Indonesia. Hal ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui lebih jauh pengaruh tersebut terhadap pengangguran di daerah perkotaan dan pedesaan secara terpisah di Indonesia. Analisis dua langkah GMM panel dinamis digunakan untuk mengestimasi data lintas provinsi di Indonesia antara tahun 2010 dan 2019. Hasilnya mengungkapkan bahwa pembiayaan UMKM di Bank Syariah berkontribusi signifikan terhadap pengurangan pengangguran di Indonesia secara keseluruhan. Ditemukan juga bahwa pengangguran di perkotaan berkurang dengan pembiayaan UMKM di Bank Syariah. Di sisi lain, tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara pembiayaan UMKM di bank syariah dengan pengangguran di pedesaan. Hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi dasar bagi bank-bank syariah dalam meningkatkan porsi pembiayaan UMKM dan dasar bagi pemerintah untuk memperluas peran perbankan syariah di seluruh bagian Indonesia untuk mengurangi pengangguran, khususnya di area pedesaan. Kata Kunci: Pembiayaan UMKM, Bank Syariah, Pengangguran, Perkotaan, Pedesaan. REFERENCES Abisuga-Oyekunle, O. A., Patra, S. K., & Muchie, M. (2020). SMEs in sustainable development: Their role in poverty reduction and employment generation in sub-Saharan Africa. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 12(4), 405–419. doi:10.1080/20421338.2019.1656428 Alaabed, A., Masih, M., & Mirakhor, A. (2016). Investigating risk shifting in Islamic banks in the dual banking systems of OIC member countries: An application of two-step dynamic GMM. Risk Management, 18(4), 236–263. doi:10.1057/s41283-016-0007-3 Almula-Dhanoon, M., Dhannoon, M. A. M., Al-Salman, M. M., & Hammadi, M. F. (2020). Do FDI and domestic investment affect unemployment in MENA countries? Dynamic panel data analysis. Journal of Contemporary Iraq and the Arab World, 14(3), 223–236. doi:10.1386/jciaw_00031_1 Apergis, N., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Asian countries. Ecological Indicators, 52, 16–22. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.11.026 Arslan, M., & Zaman, R. (2014). Unemployment and its determinant: A study of Pakistan economy (1999-2010). Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(13), 20–25. Ayyagari, M., Demirguc-Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. (2011). Small vs. young firms across the world: contribution to employment, job creation, and growth. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series, 1–57. doi:10.1596/1813-9450-5631 Azolibe, C. B., Dimnwobi, S. K., & Uzochukwu-Obi, C. P. (2022). The determinants of unemployment rate in developing economies: does banking system credit matter? Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences. doi:10.1108/jeas-01-2022-0021 Baumol, W. J., Litan, R. E., Schramm, C. J., & Strom, R. J. (2011). Innovative entrepreneurship and policy: Toward initiation and preservation of growth. The Economics of Small Businesses, 3–23. doi:10.1007/978-3-7908-2623-4_1 Bayrak, R., & Tatli, H. (2018). The determinants of youth unemployment: A panel data analysis of OECD countries. The European Journal of Comparative Economics, 15(2), 231–248. doi:10.25428/1824-2979/201802-231-248 Benbekhti, S. E., Boulila, H., & Bouteldja, A. (2021). Islamic finance, small and medium enterprises and job creation in Turkey: An empirical evidence (2009-2017). International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance (IJIEF), 4, 41-62. doi:10.18196/ijief.v4i0.10490 Blanchflower, D. G., & Meyer, B. D. (1994). A longitudinal analysis of the young self-employed in Australia and the United States. Small Business Economics, 6(1), 1–19. doi:10.1007/BF01066108 Badan Pusat Statistik/BPS. (2021). Keadaan angkatan kerja di Indonesia. Retrieved from https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2021/12/07/ee355feea591c3b6841d361b/keadaan-angkatan-kerja-di-indonesia-agustus-2021.html Chapra, M. U. (2011). The global financial crisis: Can Islamic finance help? In: Langton, J., Trullols, C., Turkistani, A.Q. (eds) Islamic Economics and Finance (pp. 135-132). London: IE Business Publishing. doi:10.1057/9780230361133_5 Dusuki, A. W. (2008). Banking for the poor: The role of Islamic banking in microfinance initiatives. Humanomics, 24(1), 49–66. doi:10.1108/08288660810851469 Edmiston, K. D. (2007). The role of small and large businesses in economic development. SSRN Electronic Journal, 73-97. doi:10.2139/ssrn.993821 Elasrag, H. (2016). Islamic Finance for SMES. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2842160 Faggio, G., & Silva, O. (2014). Self-employment and entrepreneurship in urban and rural labour markets. Journal of Urban Economics, 84, 67–85. doi:10.1016/j.jue.2014.09.001 Fajri, M. Z. N., Muhammad, A. A., Umam, K., Putri, L. P., & Ramadhan, M. A. (2022). The effect covid-19 and sectoral financing on Islamic bank profitability in Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Economic Laws, 5(1), 38–60. doi:10.23917/jisel.v5i1.17181 Feldmann, H. (2012). Banking deregulation around the world, 1970s to 2000s: The impact on unemployment. International Review of Economics and Finance, 24, 26–42. doi:10.1016/j.iref.2012.01.003 Folawewo, A. O., & Adeboje, O. M. (2017). Macroeconomic determinants of unemployment: Empirical evidence from economic community of West African States. African Development Review, 29(2), 197–210. doi:10.1111/1467-8268.12250 Göçer, İ. (2013). Relation between bank loans and unemployment in the European Countries. Europan Academic Research, 1(6), 981-995. Hassanein, A., & Mostafa, M. M. (2023). Bibliometric network analysis of thirty years of Islamic banking and finance scholarly research. Quality and Quantity, 57(3), 1961–1989. Doi:10.1007/s11135-022-01453-2 Kayed, R. N., & Hassan, M. K. (2011). The global financial crisis and Islamic finance. Thunderbird International Business Review, 53(5), 551–564. doi:10.1002/tie.20434 Khairina, N. N., Syarief, M. E., & Setiawan. (2020). Peran perbankan Syariah dalam penyerapan tenaga kerja pada sektor riil. Human Falah: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam, 7(1), 117–137. doi:10.30829/hf.v7il.6812 Kongolo, M. (2019). Job creation versus job shedding and the role of SMEs in economic development. Global Journal of Business Management, 13(7), 1–8. Lyu, H., Dong, Z., Roobavannan, M., Kandasamy, J., & Pande, S. (2019). Rural unemployment pushes migrants to urban areas in Jiangsu Province, China. Palgrave Communications, 5(1). doi:10.1057/s41599-019-0302-1 Manser, M. E., & Picot, G. (1999). The role of self-employment in U.S. and Canadian job growth. Monthly Labor Review, 122(4), 10–23. Mucuk, M., & Demirsel, M. T. (2013). The effect of foreign direct investments on unemployment: Evidence from panel data for seven developing countries. Journal of Business, Economics & Finance, 2(3), 53–66. Mumani, H. F. (2014). Islamic finance for SMEs in Jordan. Thesis of Master of Science in Banking and Finance, Eastern Mediterranean University. Nasr, S., & Rostom, A. M. (2013). SME contributions to employment, job creation, and growth in the Arab World. Policy Research Working Paper. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2361164 Neumark, D., Wall, B., & Zhang, J. (2011). Do small businesses create more jobs? New evidence for the United States from the National Establishment Time Series. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 93(1), 16–29. doi:10.1162/REST_a_00060 Oyelana, A. A., & Adu, E. O. (2015). Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) as a means of creating employment and poverty reduction in fort beaufort, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Journal of Social Sciences, 45(1), 8–15. doi:10.1080/09718923.2015.11893481 Ritsilä, J., & Tervo, H. (2002). Effects of unemployment on new firm formation: Micro-level panel data evidence from Finland. Small Business Economics, 19(1), 31–40. doi:10.1023/A:1015734424259 Roodman, D. (2009). How to do xtabond2: An introduction to difference and system GMM in Stata. Stata Journal, 9(1), 86–136. doi:10.1177/1536867x0900900106 Saifurrahman, A., & Kassim, S. (2021). Islamic financial literacy for Indonesian MSMEs during COVID-19 Pandemic: Issues and importance. Journal of Islamic Finance, 10(1), 45–60. Shabbir, G., Anwar, S., Hussain, Z., & Imran, M. (2011). Contribution of financial sector development in reducing unemployment in Pakistan. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(1), 260-268. doi:10.5539/ijef.v4n1p260 Sherif, S. (2013). Macroeconomic policy, localization and reducing unemployment: The crucial human resource issues for the UAE. Competitiveness Review, 23(2), 158–174. doi: /10.1108/10595421311305352 Siddiqui, D. A., & Ahmed, Q. M. (2013). The effect of institutions on economic growth: A global analysis based on GMM dynamic panel estimation. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 24, 18–33. doi:10.1016/j.strueco.2012.12.001 Singh, R. (2018). The cause of unemployment in current market scenario. Vivechan International Journal of Research 9(1), 81-86. Startiene, G., & Remeikiene, R. (2009). The influence of demographical factors on the interaction between entrepreneurship and unemployment. Inžinerinė Ekonomika, 4, 60–70. Syed, A. A. S. G., Shah, N., Shaikh, K. H., Ahmadani, M. M., & Shaikh, F. M. (2012). Impact of SMEs on employment in textile industry of Pakistan. Asian Social Science, 8(4), 131–142. doi:10.5539/ass.v8n4p131 Thurik, A. R., Carree, M. A., van Stel, A., & Audretsch, D. B. (2008). Does self-employment reduce unemployment? Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 673–686. doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.01.007

The World Trade Center Attack or 9/11 tragedy has awakened the international community, particularly the United States (US) to sharpen its foreign policy in facing security threats coming from ‘weak states’. One of the most prominent weak states examples that pose a grave threat to other countries are the Northern Triangle Countries of Central America that referred to Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Hence, this paper will discuss the rationale behind US initiatives in dealing with security threats in El Salvador as one of the Northern Triangle Countries. In analyzing the case, the writers will use the weak state concept and national interest concept. The result of this paper finds that El Salvador corresponds to the elements of a weak state and further poses security threats by giving rise to transnational criminal organizations, drug trafficking, and migrant problems in which overcoming those security threats has become US vital national interest. However, we also find that although decreasing security threats and strengthening El Salvador government capacity is highly correlated, strengthening El Salvador governance through the providence of aid and assistance is actually classified as US important national interest. Keywords: Security threats; Northern Triangle; weak state; El Salvador; national interest REFERENCES Ambrus, Steven. “Guatemala: The Crisis of Rule of Law and a Weak Party System.” Ideas Matter, January 28, 2019. https://blogs.iadb.org/ideas-matter/en/guatemala-the-crisis-of-rule-of-law-and-a-weak-party-system/. Andrade, Laura. Transparency In El Salvador. 1st ed. 1. El Salvador: University Institute for Public Opinion, Asmann, Parker. “El Salvador Citizens Say Gangs, Not Government 'Rule' the Country.” InSight Crime, August 19, 2020. https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/el-salvador-citizens-say-gangs-not- government-rules-country/. Accessed July 11, 2021. Art, Robert J. A. Grand Strategy for America. Ithaca: Century Foundation/Cornell UP, 2004. BBC News Indonesia "Kisah Di Balik MS-13, Salah Satu Geng Jalanan Paling Brutal Di Dunia." BBC News Indonesia. BBC, April 21, 2017.https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah-39663817.Accessed July 11, 2021. Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs “U.S. Relations With El Salvador - United States Department of State.” U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, April 14, 2021.https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-el-salvador/. Accessed July 11, 2021. “Bureau of International Narcotics and Law ENFORCEMENT Affairs: El Salvador Summary -United States Department of State.” U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, February3, 2021. https://www.state.gov/bureau-of-international-narcotics-and-law-enforcement-affairs-work-by-country/el-salvador-summary/. Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, July 6, 2021. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/. Accessed July 11, 2021. Dudley, Steven, and Avalos, Silva “MS13 In the Americas: How the World’s Most Notorious Gang Defies Logic, Resists Destruction. National Institute of Justice”, 2018. “El Salvador Homicides Jump 56 Percent as Gang Truce Unravels.” Reuters, December 30,2014.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-el-salvador-violence-idUSKBN0K81HR20141230. Eizenstat, Stuart E., John Edward Porter, and Jeremy M. Weinstein. “Rebuilding Weak States.”Foreign Affairs 84, no. 1 (2005): 134. https://doi.org/10.2307/20034213. FOXBusiness. “How MS-13, One of America's Most Dangerous Gangs, Is Funded.” Fox Business.Fox Business, April 19, 2017.https://www.foxbusiness.com/features/how-ms-13-one-of-americas-most-dangerous-gangs-is-funded. Accessed July 11, 2021. Fukuyama, Francis.Cornell University Press. Ithaca, USA: Cornell University Press, 2004. Galdamez, Eddie. “Water Pollution in El Salvador. Getting Worse Every Year.” El Salvador INFO,June 30, 2021. https://elsalvadorinfo.net/water-pollution-in-el-salvador/. Accessed July 11, 2021. Gies, Heather. “Once Lush, El Salvador Is Dangerously Close to Running out of Water.” Environment. National Geographic, May 4, 2021.https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/el-salvador-water-crisis-drought-climate-change. Accessed July 11, 2021. Giedraityte, Ieva. “Empire, Leadership OR Hegemony: US Strategies towards the Northern Triangle Countries in the 21st Century.” Latin American Yearbook – Political Science and International Relations 7 (2019): 175. https://doi.org/10.17951/al.2019.7.175-192. “Government Revenues.” Government Revenues - Countries - List. Accessed August 4, 2021.https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/government-revenues. “Guatemala: An Assessment of Poverty.” Poverty Analysis - Guatemala: An Assessment of Poverty. Accessed August 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20161225194831/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/ TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20207581~menuPK:443285~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367,00.html. Herningtyas, Ratih. "Weak State As A Security Threat: A Case Study Of Colombia." Journal of International Relations 2, no. 2 (2014): 146-156. “Honduras.” World Bank. Accessed August 4, 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/honduras#:~:text=Honduras%20is%20a%20low%20middle,than%20US%241.90%20per%20day. Iesue, Laura. “The Alliance for Prosperity Plan: A Failed Effort for Stemming Migration,” COHA, November 21, 2019, https://www.coha.org/the-alliance-for-prosperity-plan-a-failed-effort-for-stemming-migration/. Accessed July 11, 2021 Indexmundi. “Countries Ranked by Intentional Homicides (per 100,000 People)." Countries ranked by Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people), n.d.,https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5/rankings. Accessed July 11,2021. Insight Crime. “Central America Regional Security Initiative (CARSI)." InSight Crime, October 18,2011, https://insightcrime.org/uncategorized/central-america-regional-security-initiative/. Accessed July 11, 2021 “Income Held by Top 20 Percent in El Salvador.” Statista, July 5, 2021.https://www.statista.com/statistics/1075313/el-salvador-income-inequality/. International Monetary Fund. “El Salvador: Selected Issues.” IMF Staff Country Reports 16, no. 206 (2016): 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781498342346.002. Interpol "El Salvador." El Salvador, n.d.,https://www.interpol.int/en/Who-we-are/Member-countries/Americas/EL-SALVADOR. Accessed July 11, 2021. “Key Issues AFFECTING Youth in El Salvador - OCDE.” Key Issues affecting Youth in El Salvador - OCDE. Accessed August 8, 2021.https://www.oecd.org/fr/pays/elsalvador/youth-issues-in-el-salvador.htm. Lakhani, Nina. “Gang Violence in El Salvador Fuelling Country's Child Migration Crisis.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, November 18, 2014.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/18/el-salvador-gang-violence-child-migration-crisis. Accessed July 11, 2021. “Life under Gang Rule in El Salvador.” Crisis Group, December 10, 2018. https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/central-america/el-salvador/life-under-gang-rule-el-salvador. Löwenheim, Oded. “Transnational Criminal Organizations and Security: The Case against Inflating the Threat.” International Journal 57, no. 4 (2002): 513–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/40203690. “Mano Dura: El Salvador Responds to Gangs.” Taylor & Francis. Accessed August 5, 2021.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09614520701628121?journalCode=cdip20.Menjivar, Cecilia, and Andrea Gomez Cervates. “El Salvador: Civil War, Natural Disasters, and Gang Violence Drive Migration.” migrationpolicy.org, May 11, 2021.https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/el-salvador-civil-war-natural-disasters-and-gang-violence-drive-migration. Accessed July 11, 2021. Meyer, Peter J., and Ribando Clare Seelke. Central America Regional Security Initiative: Background and Policy Issues for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 2014. Michaels, Peter S. Lawless Intervention: United States Foreign Policy in El Salvador and Nicaragua, 6, 7, no. 2 (January 5, 1987). https://doi.org/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71463263.pdf. OSAC. “El Salvador 2020 Crime & Safety Report,” https://www.osac.gov/Content/Report/b4884604- 977e-49c7-9e4a-1855725d032e. Days on July 9, 2021. “Overview.” World Bank. Accessed August 4, 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/elsalvador/overview. Patrick, Stewart. “Weak States and Global Threats: Assessing Evidence of Spillovers.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2006, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.984057. Published by Teresa Romero, and Jul 5. “Gini Coefficient: Wealth Inequality in El Salvador.” Statista,July 5, 2021.https://www.statista.com/statistics/983230/income-distribution-gini-coefficient-el-salvador/. “Remarks by President Obama after Meeting with Central American Presidents.” National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration. Accessed August 8, 2021. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/07/25/remarks-president-obama-after-meeting-central-american-presidents. Riney, Lt Col Thomas J. “How Is MS-13 a Threat to US National Security? .” AIR WAR COLLEGE AIR UNIVERSITY , February 12, 2009. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA540139.pdf. Rivera, Mauricio. “Drugs, Crime, and NONSTATE Actors in Latin America: Latin American Politics and Society.” Cambridge Core. Cambridge University Press, October 12, 2020. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-politics-and-society/article/abs/drugs-crime-and-nonstate-actors-in-latin-america/67CF0B66AB8673D0C50F2F99AC93A1B7. Schneider, Mark. “Where Are the Northern Triangle Countries Headed? And What Is U.S. Policy?” Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), July 9, 2021. https://www.csis.org/analysis/where-are-northern-triangle-countries-headed-and-what-us-policy. Seelke, Clare Ribando. “CRS Report for Congress.” El Salvador: Political, Economic, and Social Conditions and U.S. Relations, November 18, 2008. https://doi.org/https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4951ec75e.pdf. Silva Avalos, Hector. “Corruption in El Salvador: Politicians, Police, and Transportistas.” SSRN, April 2, 2014. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2419174. Sleinan, Julett Pineda. “Salvadoran Court: Ex-President and Wife Guilty of Illicit Enrichment.” OCCRP. Accessed August 5, 2021. https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/13586-salvadoran-court-ex- president-and-wife-guilty-of-illicit-enrichment. The United States Department of Justice. “MS-13's Highest-Ranking Leaders Charged with Terrorism Offenses in the United States.”, January 19, 2021. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/ms-13-s-highest-ranking-leaders-charged-terrorism-offenses-united-states. Retrieved July 9, 2021. Transformation Index. “BTI 2020 El Salvador Country Report.” BTI Blog, 2020. https://www.bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report-SLV.html. Accessed July 11, 2021. “U.S. Strategy for Engagement in Central America Results Architecture – Overall Summary.”State.gov. Accessed August 8, 2021. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/U.S.-Central-America-Strategy-Objectives.pdf. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. “Death Threats and Gang Violence Forcing More Families to FLEE Northern Central America – UNHCR and Unicef Survey.” UNHCR. Accessed August 5, 2021. https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2020/12/5fdb14ff4/death-threats-gang-violence-forcing-families-flee-northern-central-america.html. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, “Combating Gangs,” https://www.ice.gov/features/gangs.Diakses pada 9 Juli 2021. USAID, “GENERATING HOPE: USAID IN EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, AND HONDURAS,”https://www.usaid.gov/generating-hope-usaid-el-salvador-guatemala-and honduras. Diakses pada 8 Juli 2021. United States General Accounting Office, “EL SALVADOR Military Assistance Has Helped Counter but Not Overcome the Insurgency,” https://www.gao.gov/assets/nsiad-91-166.pdf. Retrieved July 8, 2021. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement “Combating Gangs.”, January 27, 2021. https://www.ice.gov/features/gangs. Accessed July 9, 2021. Valencia, Robert. “MS-13 and Barrio 18 Gangs Allegedly Employ More People in El Salvador than the Country's Largest Employers.” Newsweek. Newsweek, November 2, 2018.https://www.newsweek.com/ms-13-barrio-18-gangs-employ-more-people-el-salvador-largest-employers-1200029. Accessed July 11, 2021 Wang, Shaoguang. "China's Changing of the Guard: The Problem of State Weakness." Journal of Democracy 14, no. 1 (2003): 36-42. doi:10.1353/jod.2003.0022. Weber, Max. “Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology. Vol. 1. Univ of California Press, 1978. Welsh, Teresa. “US to Resume Northern Triangle Aid, Pompeo Says.” devex, 2019.https://www.devex.com/news/us-to-resume-northern-triangle-aid-pompeo-says-95846. Whelan, Robbie. “Why Are People Fleeing Central America? A New Breed of Gangs Is Taking Over.” The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, November 2, 2018. https://www.wsj.com/articles/pay-or-die-extortion-economy-drives-latin-americas-murder-crisis-1541167619. Retrieved July 8, 2021. Williams, Phil. "Transnational criminal enterprises, conflict, and instability." Turbulent Peace: The challenges of managing international conflict (2001): 97-112. World Bank. “Overview.” World Bank, October 9, 2020.https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/elsalvador/overview. Retrieved July 8, 2021.

Teacher's abilities to understand the benefits and use of media literacy play an important role in dealing with children as digital natives. Media literacy education can be an instrument through the use of blended-learning websites to address the challenges of education in the 21st century and learning solutions during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. This study aims to figure the teacher's perspective in understanding media literacy as an instrument for implementing blended-learning in early-childhood classes. Using a qualitative approach, this study combines two types of data. Data collection involved kindergarten teachers, six people as informants who attended the interviews and twenty-six participants who filled out questionnaires. Typological data analysis was used for qualitative data as well as simple statistical analysis to calculate the percentage of teacher perspectives on questionnaires collected the pandemic. The findings show five categories from the teacher's perspective. First, about the ability to carry out website-based blended-learning and the use of technology in classrooms and distance learning is still low. It must be transformed into more creative and innovative one. Encouraging teacher awareness of the importance of media literacy education for teachers as a more effective integrated learning approach, especially in rural or remote areas, to be the second finding. Third, national action is needed to change from traditional to blended-learning culture. Fourth, the high need for strong environmental support, such as related-party policies and competency training is the most important finding in this study. Finally, the need for an increase in the ease of access to technology use from all related parties, because the biggest impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is on ECE, which is closely related to the perspective of teachers on technology. The research implication demands increase in technology systems and connections between educators, parents, institutional managers, and education policy holders, for ECE services in urban areas for disadvantaged children, and all children in rural or remote areas. Keywords: Blended Learning, Early Childhood Classroom, Media Literacy Education References Aktay, S. (2009). The ISTE national educational technology standards and prospective primary school teachers in Turkey. International Journal of Learning, 16(9), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.18848/1447-9494/cgp/v16i09/46607 Arke, E. T., & Primack, B. A. (2009). Quantifying media literacy: Development, reliability, and validity of a new measure. Educational Media International, 46(1), 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523980902780958 Briquet-Duhazé, S. (2019). Websites Consulted by Future Primary Level Schoolteachers in France: Differences between Students and Trainees. American Journal of Educational Research, 7(7), 471–481. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-7-7-6 Bryan, A., & Volchenkova, K. N. (2016). Blended Learning: Definition, Models, Implications for Higher Education. Bulletin of the South Ural State University Series “Education. Education Sciences,” 8(2), 24–30. https://doi.org/10.14529/ped160204 Cappello, G. (2019). Media Literacy in I taly . The International Encyclopedia of Media Literacy, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118978238.ieml0155 Chan, E. Y. M. (2019). Blended learning dilemma: Teacher education in the confucian heritage culture. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 44(1), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2018v44n1.3 Cherner, T. S., & Curry, K. (2019). Preparing Pre-Service Teachers to Teach Media Literacy: A Response to “Fake News.” Journal of Media Literacy Education, 11(1), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.23860/jmle-2019-11-1-1 Cheung, C. K., & Xu, W. (2016). Integrating Media Literacy Education into the School Curriculum in China: A Case Study of a Primary School. Media Literacy Education in China, 1–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0045-4 Chou, A. Y., & Chou, D. C. (2011). Course Management Systems and Blended Learning: An Innovative Learning Approach. Decision Sciences Journal OfInnovative Education, 9(3), 463–484. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4609.2011.00325.x Crawford, R. (2017). Rethinking teaching and learning pedagogy for education in the twenty-first century: blended learning in music education. Music Education Research, 19(2), 195–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/14613808.2016.1202223 de Abreu, B. (2010). Changing technology: empowering students through media literacy education. New Horizons in Education, 58(3), 26. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ966657.pdf Domine, V. (2011). Building 21st-Century Teachers: An Intentional Pedagogy of Media Literacy Education. Action in Teacher Education, 33(2), 194–205. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2011.569457 Friesem, E., & Friesem, Y. (2019). Media Literacy Education in the Era of Post-Truth: Paradigm Crisis. In Handbook of Research on Media Literacy Research and Applications Across Disciplines. IGI Global. Huguet, A., Kavanagh, J., Baker, G., & Blumenthal, M. (2019). Exploring Media Literacy Education as a Tool for Mitigating Truth Decay. In Exploring Media Literacy Education as a Tool for Mitigating Truth Decay. https://doi.org/10.7249/rr3050 Kalogiannakis, M., & Papadakis, S. (2019). Evaluating pre-service kindergarten teachers’ intention to adopt and use tablets into teaching practice for natural sciences. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 13(1), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMLO.2019.096479 Kennedy, A. B., Schenkelberg, M., Moyer, C., Pate, R., & Saunders, R. P. (2017). Process evaluation of a preschool physical activity intervention using web-based delivery. Evaluation and Program Planning, 60, 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2016.08.022 Kupiainen, R. (2019). Media Literacy in F inland . The International Encyclopedia of Media Literacy, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118978238.ieml0147 Liene, V. (2016). Media Literacy as a Tool in the Agency Empowerment Process. Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia, 58–70. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ActPaed.2016.37 Livingstone, S. (2013). Media Literacy and the Challenge of New Information and Communication Technologies. The Communication Review, 7(March), 86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10714420490280152 Papadakis, S. (2018). Evaluating pre-service teachers’ acceptance of mobile devices with regards to their age and gender: A case study in Greece. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 12(4), 336–352. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMLO.2018.095130 Papadakis, S., & Kalogiannakis, M. (2017). Mobile educational applications for children. What educators and parents need to know. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 11(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmlo.2017.10003925 Papadakis, S., Kalogiannakis, M., & Zaranis, N. (2017). Designing and creating an educational app rubric for preschool teachers. Education and Information Technologies, 22(6), 3147–3165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-017-9579-0 Papadakis, S., Vaiopoulou, J., Kalogiannakis, M., & Stamovlasis, D. (2020). Developing and exploring an evaluation tool for educational apps (E.T.E.A.) targeting kindergarten children. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(10), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12104201 Rasheed, R. A., Kamsin, A., & Abdullah, N. A. (2020). Challenges in the online component of blended learning: A systematic review. Computers and Education, 144(March 2019), 103701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103701 Rasi, P., Vuojärvi, H., & Ruokamo, H. (2019). Media Literacy for All Ages. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 11(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.23860/jmle-2019-11-2-1 Redmond, T. (2015). Media Literacy Is Common Sense: Bridging Common Core Standards with the Media Experiences of Digital Learners: Findings from a Case Study Highlight the Benefits of an Integrated Model of Literacy, Thereby Illustrating the Relevance and Accessibility of Me. Middle School Journal, 46(3), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00940771.2015.11461910 Sabirova, E. G., Fedorova, T. V., & Sandalova, N. N. (2019). Features and advantages of using websites in teaching mathematics (Interactive educational platform UCHI.ru). Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/108367 Schmidt, H. C. (2019). Media Literacy in Communication Education. The International Encyclopedia of Media Literacy, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118978238.ieml0126 Ustun, A. B., & Tracey, M. W. (2020). An effective way of designing blended learning: A three phase design-based research approach. Education and Information Technologies, 25(3), 1529–1552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09999-9 Valtonen, T., Tedre, M., Mäkitalo, Ka., & Vartiainen, H. (2019). Media Literacy Education in the Age of Machine Learning. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 11(2), 20–36. https://doi.org/10.23860/jmle-2019-11-2-2 Wan, G., & Gut, D. M. (2008). Media use by Chinese and U.S. secondary students: Implications for media literacy education. Theory into Practice, 47(3), 178–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405840802153783 Wu, J. H., Tennyson, R. D., & Hsia, T. L. (2010). A study of student satisfaction in a blended e-learning system environment. Computers and Education, 55(1), 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.12.012 Yuen, A. H. K. (2011). Exploring Teaching Approaches in Blended Learning. Research & Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 6(1), 3–23. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229000574 Zhang, K., & Bonk, C. J. (2019). Addressing diverse learner preferences and intelligences with emerging technologies: Matching models to online opportunities. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 53(9), 1689–1699. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Zhang, L., Zhang, H., & Wang, K. (2020). Media Literacy Education and Curriculum Integration: A Literature Review. International Journal of Contemporary Education, 3(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.11114/ijce.v3i1.4769

Parents play an important role in the development of their children. This research reflects the role of parents in developing children. Through four stages of identification, screening, eligibility, and acceptable results, this method uses a systematic literature review using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses) method. The findings from the fourteen articles examined show that parenting skills play an important role in a child's growth and development from birth to death. The determining factor in the development of physical, motoric, moral, language, social-emotional, and life skills aspects is the role of both parents as important teachers for children from birth to adulthood. Parents can also use a variety of parenting strategies and skills, many of which they have learned throughout their lives and passed on to their children, to help their children grow. Keywords: Role of Parents, Child Development, first education for children References: Albanese, A. M., Russo, G. R., & Geller, P. A. (2019). The role of parental self‐efficacy in parent and child well‐being. Child Care Health Dev, 45(3), 333–363. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12661. Almås, I., Cappelen, A. W., Sørensen, E. Ø., Tungodden, B., Alm, I., & Tungodden, B. (2010). Fairness and the Development of Inequality Acceptance Supporting materials for “ Fairness and the development of inequality acceptance .” Science, 328(5982), 1176–1178. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1187300. Ahmadi, Abu. 2004. Psikologi Belajar. Jakarta : Rineka Cipta. Ahmetoglu, E., Acar, I. H., & Ozturk, M. A. (2022). Parental involvement and children’s peer interactions. Current Psychology, 41(7), 4447–4456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00965-0. Andhika, M. R. (2021). Peran Orang Tua Sebagai Sumber Pendidikan Karakter Bagi Anak Usia Dini. At-Ta’Dib: Jurnal Ilmiah Prodi Pendidikan Agama Islam, 13(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.47498/tadib.v13i01.466. Arthur, A. E., Bigler, R. S., Liben, L. S., Gelman, S. A., & Ruble, D. N. (2008). Gender stereotyping and prejudice in young children. In S. R. Levy & M. Killen (Eds.), Intergroup attitudes and relations in childhood through adulthood (pp. 66–86). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Aydin, G., Margerison, C., Worsley, A., & Booth, A. (2021). Parents’ and teachers’ views of the promotion of healthy eating in Australian primary schools. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11813-6. Baumard, N., Mascaro, O., & Chevallier, C. (2012). Preschoolers Are Able to Take Merit into Account When Distributing Goods. 48(2), 492–498. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026598. Benozio, A., & Diesendruck, G. (2015). Parochialism in preschool boys ’ resource allocation. Evolution and Human Behavior, 36(4), 256–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.12.002. Berthelot, N., Lemieux, R., Garon-Bissonnette, J., Lacharité, C., & Muzik, M. (2019). The protective role of mentalizing: Reflective functioning as a mediator between child maltreatment, psychopathology and parental attitude in expecting parents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 95(April). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104065. Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2006). A Developmental Intergroup Theory Of Social Stereotypes And Prejudice. Advances in Child Development and Behavior, 16, 162–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00496.x. Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2007). Developmental Intergroup Theory: Explaining and reducing children’s social stereotyping and prejudice. Association for Psychological Science, 16(3), 162–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00496.x. Blair, C., & Diamond, A. (2008). Biological processes in prevention and intervention: The promotion of self-regulation as a means of preventing school failure. Development and Psychopathology, 20(3), 899–911. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579408000436. Chacko, A., Jensen, S. A., Lowry, L. S., Cornwell, M., Chimklis, A., Chan, E., Lee, D., & Pulgarin, B. (2016). Engagement in Behavioral Parent Training: Review of the Literature and Implications for Practice. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 19(3), 204–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-016-0205-2 Cheal, D. J. (1988). In Intergenerational Transfers. Int’l. J. Aging And Human Development, 26(4), 261–273. https://doi.org/10.2190/V2E8-UEAT-5MJ7-UQ6F. Chernyak, N., & Kushnir, T. (2013). Giving Preschoolers Choice Increases Sharing Behavior. Psychological Science, 24(10), 1971–1979. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797613482335. Coleman, M., Ganong, L. H., Hans, J. D., Sharp, E. A., & Rothrauff, T. C. (2005). Filial Obligations in Post-Divorce Stepfamilies Filial Obligations in Post-Divorce Stepfamilies. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 43(3/4), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v43n03. Cvencek, D., & Meltzoff, A. N. (2015). Developing Implicit Social Cognition In Early Childhood : Methods, phenomena, prospects. The Routledge International Handbook of Young Children’s Thinking and Understanding, 43–53. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343658204_4_Developing_implicit_social_cognition_in_early_childhood_Methods_phenomena_prospects. Davis-Kean, P. E., Tighe, L. A., & Waters, N. E. (2021). The Role of Parent Educational Attainment in Parenting and Children’s Development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 30(2), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721421993116. Damon, W. (1977). The social world of the child. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Dunfield, K. A., Kuhlmeier, V. A., & Murphy, L. (2013). Children ’ s Use of Communicative Intent in the Selection of Cooperative Partners. PLoS ONE, 8(4), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061804. Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (2017). Social Role Theory (Issue January 2012). https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446249222.n49. Fadillah, M. (2012). Desain Pembelajaran PAUD Tinjauan Teoritik & Praktik. Ar-Ruzz Media. Fan, R., Ruoyu, L., Chang, G., Yongling, H., Haiyan, H., Chunyan, P., Xinzhu, W., & Yuhui, W. (2022). Association of mothers’ adverse childhood experiences and parenting styles with emotional behavior problems in preschool children. Sch. Health China, 43(8), 1134–1138. https://doi.org/10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.004. Fardiansyah, H. (2022). Manajemen Pendidikan (Tinjaun Pada Pendidikan Formal). Bandung: Widina Media Utama. Feng, L., Zhang, L., & Zhong, H. (2021). Perceived parenting styles and mental health: The multiple mediation effect of perfectionism and altruistic behavior. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 14, 1157–1170. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S318446. Fikriyah, S., Mayasari, A., Ulfah, U., & Arifudin, O. (2022). Peran Orang Tua Terhadap Pembentukan Karakter Anak Dalam Menyikapi Bullying. Jurnal Tahsinia, 3(1), 11–19. https://doi.org/10.57171/jt.v3i1.306. Finch, J. (1989). Family Obligations and Social Change. Cambridge: Polity Press. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick, P. (2002). A Model of ( Often Mixed ) Stereotype Content : Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow From Perceived Status and Competition. Of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 878–902. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.82.6.878. Florean, I. S., Dobrean, A., Păsărelu, C. R., Georgescu, R. D., & Milea, I. (2020). The Efficacy of Internet-Based Parenting Programs for Children and Adolescents with Behavior Problems: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(4), 510–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-020-00326-0. Ganong, L., & Coleman, M. (2006). Patterns of exchange and intergenerational responsibilities after divorce and remarriage. Journal of Aging Studies, 20, 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2005.09.005. Hapsari, D. I., Dewi, R. R. K., & Selviana. (2019). Determinan Kejadian Stunting Pada Balita Di Wilayah 3T (Tertinggal , Terdepan, dan Terluar). Jurnal Publikasi Kesehatan Masyarakat Indonesia, 6(2), 72–78. https://doi.org/10.20527/jpkmi.v6i2.7456. Hartman, K. M., Ratner, N. B., & Newman, R. S. (2016). Infant-directed speech ( IDS ) vowel clarity and child language outcomes *. Child. Lang, 44, 1140–1162. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305000916000520. Hofmann, V., & Müller, C. M. (2021). Learning , Culture and Social Interaction Language skills and social contact among students with intellectual disabilities in special needs schools. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction, 30(PA), 100534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lcsi.2021.100534. Houdt, K. Van, Kalmijn, M., & Ivanova, K. (2018). Family Complexity and Adult Children ’ s Obligations : The Role of Divorce and Co-Residential History in Norms to Support Parents and Step-Parents. European Sociological Review, 34(2), 169–183. https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcy007. House, B. R., Silk, J. B., Henrich, J., Barrett, H. C., Scelza, B. A., Boyette, A. H., Hewlett, B. S., Mcelreath, R., & Laurence, S. (2013). Ontogeny of prosocial behavior across diverse societies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(36), 14586–14591. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1221217110. Irma, C. N., Nisa, K., & Sururiyah, S. K. (2019). Keterlibatan Orang Tua dalam Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini di TK Masyithoh 1 Purworejo. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 3(1), 214. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v3i1.152. Jackson, L. A., Witt, E. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., VonEye, A., & Zhao, Y. (2011). Perceptions of parent behavior and children’s information technology use. In T. Bastiaens, & M. Ebner (Eds.). Proceedings of ED-MEDIA 2011–World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia & Telecommunications (pp. 3864–3869). Lisbon, Portugal: Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Jatiningsih, O., Habibah, S. M., Wijaya, R., & Sari, M. M. K. (2021). Peran Orang Tua Dalam Pemenuhan Hak Pendidikan Anak Pada Masa Belajar Dari Rumah. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Humaniora, 10(1), 147. https://doi.org/10.23887/jish-undiksha.v10i1.29943. Jeon, H. J., Peterson, C. A., Luze, G., Carta, J. J., & Clawson Langill, C. (2020). Associations between parental involvement and school readiness for children enrolled in Head Start and other early education programs. Children and Youth Services Review, 118(April), 105353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105353. Juniarti, Y., & Nurlaeni. (2017). Peran Orang Tua Dalam Mengembangkan Kemampuan Bahasa Pada Anak Usia 4-6 Tahun. Jurnal Pelita PAUD, 2(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33222/pelitapaud.v2i1.196. Kanngiesser, P., & Warneken, F. (2012). Young Children Consider Merit when Sharing Resources with Others. PLoS ONE, 7(8), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0043979. Kienbaum, J., & Wilkening, F. (2009). European Journal of Children ’ s and adolescents ’ intuitive judgements about distributive justice : Integrating need , effort , and luck. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 6(4), 481–498.https://doi.org/10.1080/17405620701497299. Koenig, A. M., & Eagly, A. H. (2014). Evidence for the Social Role Theory of Stereotype Content : Observations of Groups ’ Roles Shape Stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 107(3), 371–392. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037215. Latifa, U. (2017). Perkembangan pada Anak Sekolah Dasar: Masalah dan Perkembangannya. Academica: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(2), 185–196. https://ejournal.uinsaid.ac.id/index.php/academica/article/download/1052/297. Lee, E. J., & Sun, H. (2018). Gender Differences in Smartphone Addiction Behaviors Associated With Parent Y Child Bonding , Parent Y Child Communication , and Parental Mediation Among Korean Elementary School Students. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 29(4), 244–254. https://doi.org/10.1097/JAN.0000000000000254. Lilawati, A. (2020). Peran Orang Tua dalam Mendukung Kegiatan Pembelajaran di Rumah pada Masa Pandemi. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 5(1), 549. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v5i1.630. Lin, X., Liao, Y., & Li, H. (2022). Parenting Styles and Social Competence in Chinese Preschoolers: A Moderated Mediation Model of Singleton and Self-regulation. Early Education and Development, 33(3), 437–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409289.2021.1940643. Maifani. (2016). Peranan Orang Tua dalam Pembentukan Karakter Anak Sejak Dini di Desa Lampoh Tarom Kecamatan Kuta Baro Kabupaten Aceh Besar. Aceh: UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh. Malti, T., Gummerum, M., Ongley, S., Chaparro, M., Nola, M., & Bae, N. Y. (2016). ‘“ Who is worthy of my generosity ?”’ Recipient characteristics and the development of children ’ s sharing. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 40(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025414567007. Martin, C. L., & Ruble, D. (2004). Current Directions in Psychological Science Children ’ s Search for Gender Cues Cognitive Perspectives on Gender Development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(2), 67–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00276.x. Morgan, G., Curtin, M., & Botting, N. (2021). Infant Behavior and Development The interplay between early social interaction , language and executive function development in deaf and hearing infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 64(June), 101591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101591. Niu, G., Chai, H., Li, Z., Wu, L., & Sun, X. (2019). Online Parent-Child Communication and Left-Behind Children ’ s Subjective Well-Being : the Effects of Parent-Child Relationship and Gratitude. Child Indicators Research, 13(6). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-019-09657-z. Ong, M. Y., Eilander, J., Saw, S. M., Xie, Y., Meaney, M. J., & Broekman, B. F. P. (2018). The influence of perceived parenting styles on socio-emotional development from pre-puberty into puberty. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 27(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-1016-9. Paulus, M. (2014). The early origins of human charity : developmental changes in preschoolers ’ sharing with poor and wealthy individuals. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00344. Piotrowska, P. J., Tully, L. A., Lenroot, R., Kimonis, E., Hawes, D., Moul, C., Frick, P. J., Anderson, V., & Dadds, M. R. (2017). Mothers, Fathers, and Parental Systems: A Conceptual Model of Parental Engagement in Programmes for Child Mental Health—Connect, Attend, Participate, Enact (CAPE). Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 20(2), 146–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-016-0219-9. Popov, L. M., & Ilesanmi, R. A. (2015). Parent-Child Relationship : Peculiarities and Outcome. Review of European Studies, 7(5), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v7n5p253. Prabhawani, S. W. (2016). Pelibatan Orang Tua dalam Program Sekolah di TK Khalifah. Pendidikan Guru PAUD S-1, 5(2), 205–218. http://journal.student.uny.ac.id/ojs/index.php/pgpaud/article/view/1217. Procentese, F., Gatti, F., & Di Napoli, I. (2019). Families and social media use: The role of parents’ perceptions about social media impact on family systems in the relationship between family collective efficacy and open communication. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245006. Ratiwi, R. D., & Sumarni, W. (2020). Peran Orang Tua Dalam Pendampingan Belajar Daring. Cetta: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan,3(ISSN: 2686 6404), 304–309. https://proceeding.unnes.ac.id/index.php/snpasca/article/view/600/518. Rizzo, M. T., Elenbaas, L., Cooley, S., & Killen, M. (2016). Children’s Recognition of Fairness and Others’ Welfare in a Resource Allocation Task: Age Related Changes. Developmental Psychology, 52(8), 1307–1317. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000134. Rossi, P. H. and Rossi, A. S. (1990). Of Human Bonding: Parent-Child Relations across the Life Course. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. Ruli, E. (2020). Tugas Dan Peran Orang Tua Dalam Mendidk Anak. Jurnal Edukasi Nonformal, vol.1(No.1), hlm.145. https://ummaspul.e-journal.id/JENFOL/article/view/428. Sabani, F. (2019). Perkembangan Anak - Anak Selama Masa Sekolah Dasar (6 - 7 Tahun). Didakta: Jurnal Kependidikan, 8(2), 89–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.58230/27454312.71. Salwiah, S., & Asmuddin, A. (2022). Membentuk Karakter Anak Usia Dini melalui Peran Orang Tua. Jurnal Obsesi : Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini, 6(4), 2929–2935. https://doi.org/10.31004/obsesi.v6i4.1945. Schmidt, M. F. H., & Sommerville, J. A. (2011). Fairness Expectations and Altruistic Sharing in 15-Month-Old Human Infants. PLoS ONE, 6(10). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023223. Scott-phillips, T. C. (2016). Pragmatics and the aims of language evolution. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 24(2), 186–189. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1061-2. Shaw, A., Descioli, P., & Olson, K. R. (2012). Fairness versus favoritism in children ☆. Evolution and Human Behavior, 33(6), 736–745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.06.001. Shutts, K., Brey, E. L., Dornbusch, L. A., & Slywotzky, N. (2016). Children Use Wealth Cues to Evaluate Others. PLoS ONE, 11(3), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149360. Smetana, J. G., & Rote, W. M. (2019). Adolescent – Parent Relationships : Progress , Processes , and Prospects. Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 1, 41–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084903. Smith, C. E., Blake, P. R., & Harris, P. L. (2013). I Should but I Won ’ t : Why Young Children Endorse Norms of Fair Sharing but Do Not Follow Them. 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0059510. Spilt, J. L., & Harrison, L. J. (2015). Language Development in the Early School Years : The Importance of Close Relationships With Teachers. Developmental Psychology, 51(2), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038540. Sri Asri, A. (2018). Hubungan Pola Asuh Terhadap Perkembangan Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Ilmiah Sekolah Dasar, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.23887/jisd.v2i1.13793. Stein, C. H., Wemmerus, V. A., Ward, M., Gaines, M. E., Freeberg, A. L., Jewell, T. C., Ward, M., Gaines, M. E., Freeberg, A. L., & Jewell, T. C. (1998). “Because They’re My Parents”: An Intergenerational Study of Felt Obligation and Parental Caregiving. Journal of Marriage and the Fam, 60(3), 611–622. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/353532. Sugiyanto, W. P. (2015). Pengaruh Pola Asuh Orang Tua Terhadap Perilaku Prososial Siswa Kelas V Sd Se Gugus Ii Kecamatan Pengasih Kabupaten Kulon Progo Tahun Ajaran 2014/2015. Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar, 15(4), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.31004/aulad.v3i1.53. Syahailatua, J., & Kartini, K. (2020). Pengetahuan ibu tentang tumbuh kembang berhubungan dengan perkembangan anak usia 1-3 tahun. Jurnal Biomedika Dan Kesehatan, 3(2), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.18051/jbiomedkes.2020.v3.77-83. Talango, S. R. (2020). Konsep Perkembangan Anak Usia Dini. Early Childhood Islamic Education Journal, 1(1), 92–105. https://doi.org/10.54045/ecie.v1i1.35. Taubah, M. (2016). Pendidikan Anak Dalam Keluarga Perspektif Islam Mufatihatut Taubah (Dosen STAIN Kudus Prodi PAI). JUrnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 3(1), 109–136. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15642/jpai.2015.3.1.109-136. Tocaimaza-Hatch, C. C., & Santo, J. (2020). Social interaction in the Spanish classroom : How proficiency and linguistic background impact vocabulary learning. Language Teaching Research, 27(5), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362168820971468. Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-Collectivism and Personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907–924. https://doi.org/https://doi. org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169. Vieira, J. M., Matias, M., Ferreira, T., Lopez, F. G., & Matos, P. M. (2016). Parents ’ Work-Family Experiences and Children ’ s Problem Behaviors : The Mediating Role of the Parent – Child Relationship. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(4), 419–430. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000189. Wahidin. (2019). Peran Orang Tua Dalam Menumbuhkan Motivasi Belajar Anak Sekolah Dasar. Pancar, 3(1), 232–245. https://ejournal.unugha.ac.id/index.php/pancar/article/view/291. Wang, M., Wang, J., Deng, X., & Chen, W. (2019). Why are empathic children more liked by peers? The mediating roles of prosocial and aggressive behaviors. Personality and Individual Differences, 144(September 2018), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.02.029. Wiresti, R. D., & Na’imah, N. (2020). Aspek Perkembangan Anak : Urgensitas Ditinjau dalam Paradigma Psikologi Perkembangan Anak. Aulad : Journal on Early Childhood, 3(1), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.31004/aulad.v3i1.53. Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2012). Biosocial Construction of Sex Differences and Similarities in Behavior. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (1st ed., Vol. 46). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-394281-4.00002-7. Xia, X. (2023). Parenting style and Chinese preschool children’s pre-academic skills: A moderated mediation model of approaches to learning and family socioeconomic status. Frontiers in Psychology, 14(February), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1089386. Xie, X., Chen, W., Zhu, X., & He, D. (2019). Parents’ phubbing increases Adolescents’ Mobile phone addiction: Roles of parent-child attachment, deviant peers, and gender. Children and Youth Services Review, 105(April), 104426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104426. Xie, Y., Shi, Z., Yin, L., & Lan, L. (2022). A Meta-Analysis of the Relationships between Chinese Parenting Styles and Child Academic Achievement. Best Evidence in Chinese Education, 12(1), 1589–1595. https://doi.org/10.15354/bece.22.ab009. Yang, N., Shi, J., Lu, J., & Huang, Y. (2021). Language Development in Early Childhood : Quality of Teacher-Child Interaction and Children ’ s Receptive Vocabulary Competency. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(July), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.649680. Zhang, W., Yu, G., Fu, W., & Li, R. (2022). Parental Psychological Control and Children’s Prosocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Social Anxiety and the Moderating Role of Socioeconomic Status. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811691.