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MacMinn, R. D., P. L. Brockett i J. A. Raeburn. "Health Insurance, Genetic Testing and Adverse Selection". Annals of Actuarial Science 2, nr 2 (wrzesień 2007): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1748499500000385.
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ABSTRACTThe implications of genetic testing information availability for society, medicine, employment, and individual privacy rights have generated much political debate, legislation and academic research. Part of this debate centres on the ethical and economic considerations resultant from this expanded knowledge, particularly for insurance practices. Within insurance economics, the possibility of adverse selection has been debated and the potential for a ban on an insurer's use of genetic testing has been studied with respect to whether or not such a ban might actually result in insurance market failure due to this adverse selection. Studies have examined the issue using expected loss cost (actuarial or ‘fair’) pricing models, and have not considered either equilibrium (supply and demand) price setting as is present in markets, or the potentially swamping effect of background health care risks facing the insured, having nothing to do with any particular genetic mutation. Here we construct a supply and demand function with both high and low risk individuals in the presence of background health care cost risks, and derive an equilibrium price and market composition to determine whether, if genetic information is allowed for individuals, but this same information is not shared with insurers: (1) is market failure inevitable? (it is not if the background risk is sufficiently high relative to potential genetic risk costs); (2) will equilibrium prices result in all low risk insured exiting the market? (not in the presence of significant background risk); and (3) how much would prices increase and market sales decrease if insurers do not have the same genetic information as the insured? (prices will increase, but not necessarily very much in the presence of background risk, and not as much as that previously estimated in the insurance literature).
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Hendricks-Sturrup, Rachele M., i Christine Y. Lu. "What motivates the sharing of consumer-generated genomic information?" SAGE Open Medicine 8 (styczeń 2020): 205031212091540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312120915400.
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Genomic medicine is an emerging practice that followed the completion of the Human Genome Project and that considers genomic information about an individual in the provision of their clinical care. Large and start-up direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies like Ancestry, 23andMe, Luna DNA, and Nebula Genomics have capitalized on findings from the Human Genome Project by offering genetic health testing services to consumers without a clinical intermediary. Genomic medicine is thus further propelled by unprecedented supply and demand market forces driven by direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies. As government entities like the National Human Genome Research Institute question how genomics can be implemented into routine medical practice to prevent disease and improve the health of all members of a diverse community, we believe that stakeholders must first examine how and scenarios in which stakeholders can become motivated to share or receive genomic information. In this commentary, we discuss consumers three scenarios: satisfying personal curiosity, providing a social good, and receiving a financial return. We examine these motivations based on recent events and current avenues through which have engaged or can engage in genomic data sharing via private, secure (e.g. centralized genomic databases and de-centralized platforms like blockchain) and public, unsecure platforms (e.g. open platforms that are publicly available online). By examining these scenarios, we can likely determine how various stakeholders, such as consumers, might prefer to extract value from genomic information and how privacy preferences among those stakeholders might vary depending on how they seek to use or share genomic information. From there, one can recommend best practices to promote transparency and uphold privacy standards and expectations among stakeholders engaged in genomic medicine.
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Van Eenennaam, Alison L., i Daniel J. Drake. "Where in the beef-cattle supply chain might DNA tests generate value?" Animal Production Science 52, nr 3 (2012): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11060.
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DNA information has the potential to generate value for each sector of the beef-cattle industry. The value distribution among sectors (breeding, commercial, feedlot, processing) will differ depending on marketing. The more descendants an animal produces, the more valuable each unit of genetic improvement becomes. Therefore, the value of using DNA testing to increase the accuracy of selection and accelerate the rate of genetic gain is highest in the breeding sector, particularly for replacement stud animals. There is a lesser value associated with increasing the accuracy of yearling commercial bulls. The cost to DNA test commercial sires will likely be incurred by breeders before sale, and must be recouped through higher bull sale prices or increased market share. Commercial farmers could also use DNA tests to improve the accuracy of replacement female selection. This assumes the development of DNA tests that perform well for the low-heritability traits that directly affect maternal performance (e.g. days to calving) in commercial cattle populations. DNA tests may provide the sole source of information for traits that are not routinely measured on commercial farms. In that case, DNA test information will provide new selection criteria to allow for genetic improvement in those traits. As DNA test offerings mature to have improved accuracy for traits of great value to the feedlot (e.g. feed conversion, disease resistance) and processing (e.g. meat quality) sectors, the added value derived from DNA-enabled selection for these traits will need to be efficiently transferred up the beef production chain to incentivise continued investment. The widespread adoption of DNA testing to enhance the accuracy of selection will likely require an approach to share the value realised by downstream sectors of the beef-cattle industry with those upstream sectors incurring DNA collection and testing expenses.
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Rehan Haider Rehan Haider. "Pharmaceutical Market: An Overview". International Journal of Integrative Sciences 2, nr 12 (28.12.2023): 2087–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/ijis.v2i12.6272.
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Drug display has a substantial risk in terms of the investigation, occurrence, outcomes, and distribution of drugs generally. It is a dynamic and error-prone aspect of the healthcare production process. An overview of pharmaceuticals is provided in this abstract, with emphasis on their key traits, challenges, and methods.The pharmaceutical industry offers a vast array of brands, including generic drugs, biologics, vaccines, formula drugs, and investments in corporate cures. This is due to the ongoing advancements in science and biological research, as well as the growing demand for realistic scenarios in a range of medical contexts One of the trademarks of pharmaceutical presentations (R&D) is the allure of a significant reliance on testing. It takes a long time, money, and uncertainty to bring a new drug to market. It requires stringent preclinical and objective testing, supervisory permissions, and post-shopping follow-ups to ensure security and efficacy. Patents shield innovations and grant pharmaceutical companies a fenestella of uniqueness that helps them recover their large R&D expenses. However, this industry faces many challenges. Increasing healthcare costs, a rise in regulatory investigations, and pressure from payers and governments on prices have all contributed to a cost curb. In addition, there are still problems with research and development because of the rise in complicated diseases, antibiotic resistance, and the need for integrated healthcare. A shift toward biopharmaceuticals, digital healthcare, and precise therapies are just a few of the noteworthy themes that pharmaceutical advertising has helped to foster recently. The COVID-19 pandemic has increased the number of cure cases, revealing the manufacturing industry's susceptibility to pervasive health crises. Drug display is quite competitive, with minor biotech companies and two multinational alliances vying for market share. To expand device portfolios and gain access to new sciences, partnerships, acquisitions, and mergers are the most common approaches
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Vaishali R Surjuse. "Stock Price Prediction and Stock Behaviour using GA and LR with NIFTY50 index Based on Daily Charts". Journal of Electrical Systems 20, nr 2s (4.04.2024): 614–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/jes.1528.
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The price of a company's stock, which can increase in lockstep with the price of a single share, is the one of the indicator to measure its performance. Clients or stockholding companies find it challenging to make long-term projections regarding the value of specific stocks due to the unpredictable nature of stock prices. Consequently, there is no business-related subject more talked about than stock market predictions. It is crucial to resolve this issue in a way that benefits buyers and investors because they frequently experience investment losses. Machine learning is useful in developing model for stock value predictions. We are utilizing Python and Linear Regression, one of the Machine Learning statistical techniques for predictive analysis, to create a stock price prediction website in order to address this issue. Our study primarily focuses on the NIFTY50 index's performance in distributed lag with the purpose of predicting stock prices in the Indian stock market. Several useful characteristics of the NIFTY50 lag index were extracted by means of a genetic algorithm. After that, we uncovered hidden correlations between the stock index and a given stock's trend by using the linear regression classifier. For the purpose of testing our approach, we used it to forecast the future of three distinct equities. In comparison to state-of-the-art forecasting methodologies, our experimental results demonstrated an accuracy of 82.55%. For the purpose of predicting daily changes in stock prices, the NIFTY50 stock index proved to be useful.
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Hartmann, Martin, i Peter Vortisch. "A German Passenger Car and Heavy Vehicle Stock Model: Towards an Autonomous Vehicle Fleet". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, nr 46 (17.06.2018): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118782042.
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Automated vehicles are becoming a reality. Many pilot projects have already begun demonstrating the technological capabilities, as public authorities now allow the testing of automated vehicles in real traffic. To smooth the transition from a conventional to an automated fleet, effective fiscal and regulatory policies must be developed by governmental agencies. But at what rate will automated vehicles actually be adopted, and what automation technology will be available for use in new cars joining the national fleet? A national vehicle stock model can be used to answer these questions and to observe the aggregate impact of governmental policies on individual vehicle purchase decisions. In this paper, we present a passenger car and heavy vehicle stock cohort model that forecasts the diffusion of automation technology in Germany. The model uses national data on vehicle stock and vehicle utilization patterns on German freeways and predicts market shares of generic automation levels in predefined instances of a trend scenario. Results point toward market saturation of automated vehicles beyond 2050, with almost 90% of the passenger car fleet being classified as at least partially automatized by this date. The results also suggest that technology diffusion will be faster in the heavy vehicle fleet than in the passenger car fleet. This implies a positive correlation between emission-linked road user charges for heavy vehicles on the freeway network and the renewal rate of the heavy vehicle fleet. The forecast shares of automated vehicles can be used as an input for traffic flow simulations or as a basis for those infrastructure measures and traffic policies that are sensitive to the share of automated vehicles.
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Bennett, Nikki E., Silvio Ernesto Mirabal Torres i Peter B. Gray. "Exploratory content analysis of direct-to-consumer pet genomics: What is being marketed and what are consumers saying?" PLOS ONE 17, nr 1 (7.01.2022): e0261694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261694.
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Mars Petcare introduced the first direct-to-consumer domestic dog genetic test in 2009 and Basepaws introduced the first direct-to-consumer cat genetic test in 2016. Social science research has evaluated numerous aspects of the human direct-to-consumer market, yet no such exploration has evaluated the occurrence of pet owners pursuing pet genetic tests. Using a mixed methods approach, we conducted an exploratory content analysis of direct-to-consumer pet genetic company webpages and consumer reviews shared on Amazon. Initial data reviews indicated some companies may be key industry players, relative to others. Our results present content frequency for each group (key industry players, all other companies), though the primary themes for each remained the same. Analysis showed genetic companies are primarily sharing product and purchasing information, along with trustworthiness to establish the merit of the company and their products. Companies also used statements directed towards pet owners that are suggestive of both pets and “pet parents” benefiting from the test results. The primary themes identified in consumer reviews involved consumers sharing their perception about the tests (e.g., accuracy), what aspects of the test results they focused on (e.g., breed information), and experiences with using the test (e.g., ease of use). Amazon reviews were primarily positive, though the companies with smaller review numbers had higher percentages of negative and ambiguous sentiments. Of interest, reviews most often indicated tests were being used to determine a pet’s breed identity, while companies most frequently promoted the health advantages of using their products. Reviews revealed some consumers respond to tests by sharing their pet’s results with someone or by altering their pet’s care. Considering these results in addition to the growing popularity of this industry and the advancements of genomic technology, further research is needed to determine the role pet genetic testing may have in society and on human-animal relationships.
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TWOMLOW, STEVE, BEKELE SHIFERAW, PETER COOPER i J. D. H. KEATINGE. "INTEGRATING GENETICS AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT FOR TECHNOLOGY TARGETING AND GREATER IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN THE SEMI-ARID TROPICS". Experimental Agriculture 44, nr 2 (kwiecień 2008): 235–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479708006340.
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SUMMARYGood management of natural resources is the key to good agriculture. This is true everywhere – and particularly in the semi-arid tropics, where over-exploitation of fragile or inherently vulnerable agro-ecosystems is leading to land and soil degradation, productivity decline, and increasing hunger and poverty. Modern crop varieties offer high yields, but the larger share of this potential yield can only be realized with good crop management. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), working over a vast and diverse mandate area, has learned one key lesson: that technologies and interventions must be matched not only to the crop or livestock enterprise and the biophysical environment, but also with the market and investment environment, including input supply systems and policy. Various Natural Resource Management (NRM) technologies have been developed over the years, but widespread adoption has been limited for various reasons: technical, socio-economic and institutional. To change this, ICRISAT hypothesizes that ‘A research approach, founded on the need to integrate a broad consideration of technical, socio-economic and institutional issues into the generation of agricultural innovations will result in a higher level of adoption and more sustainable and diverse impacts in the rainfed systems of the semi-arid tropics.’ Traditionally, crop improvement and NRM were seen as distinct but complementary disciplines. ICRISAT is deliberately blurring these boundaries to create the new paradigm of IGNRM or Integrated Genetic and Natural Resource Management. Improved varieties and improved resource management are two sides of the same coin. Most farming problems require integrated solutions, with genetic, management-related and socio-economic components. In essence, plant breeders and NRM scientists must integrate their work with that of private and public sector change agents to develop flexible cropping systems that can respond to rapid changes in market opportunities and climatic conditions. The systems approach looks at various components of the rural economy – traditional food grains, new potential cash crops, livestock and fodder production, as well as socio-economic factors such as alternative sources of employment and income. Crucially the IGNRM approach is participatory, with farmers closely involved in technology development, testing and dissemination. ICRISAT has begun to use the IGNRM approach to catalyse technology uptake and substantially improve food security and incomes in smallholder farm communities at several locations in India, Mali, Niger, Vietnam, China, Thailand and Zimbabwe.
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Ferreira, Talita da Silva, Giovanni M. Pauletti, Eduardo Agostinho Freitas Fernandes, Andrés Figueroa Campos, Alexis Aceituno, Miguel Ángel Cabrera-Pérez, Diego Gutierrez Triana i Luis Vázquez-Suárez. "Knowledge-based: facilitating access to medicines in Latin America". Brazilian Journal of Health Review 7, nr 2 (30.04.2024): e69323. http://dx.doi.org/10.34119/bjhrv7n2-480.
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The World Health Organization (WHO), with the scientific support of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP), guides the development of multisource pharmaceutical products for market authorization using in vivo bioequivalence studies or, where applicable, in vitro biowaiver strategies based on the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS). A review of the regulatory framework guiding generic medicines approval in Latin American countries revealed that less than 50% of regional health authorities offer a generic medicines development pathway utilizing a BCS-based biowaiver strategy. Aligned with the ONE FIP Strategy to facilitate access to medicines, a regional case study was carried out to implement and harmonize BCS-based biowaiver knowledge in Latin American countries. A steering committee involving regional representatives from health authorities, the pharmaceutical industry, and universities were established to coordinate to develop activities. A series of digital engagement events were held in Spanish and English with representatives from Latin America to share knowledge on BCS-based regulatory strategy, promote collaborations, and explore the alignment of biowaiver approval and regulatory pathways among Latin American countries. Feedback from diverse Latin American stakeholders demonstrated inconsistent implementation of bioequivalence testing within the region. However, there is support for a synergistic approach among countries to reduce duplication and increase efficiency in market authorization for generic medicines. This includes alignment with the WHO Prequalification of Medicines program as well as the development of a computational database for the classification of active pharmaceutical ingredients to demonstrate therapeutic interchangeability of immediate-release oral dosage forms according to the BCS. FIP-facilitated digital learning opportunities raised awareness of the BCS-based biowaiver regulatory strategy among Latin American stakeholders. It resulted in a plan to continually strengthen collaborative efforts in the region to harmonize regulations relevant to drug development generics medicines to introduce cost-effective medicines products that benefit public health.
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O'neill, Onora. "Genetic information and insurance: some ethical issues". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, nr 1357 (29.08.1997): 1087–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0089.
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Life is risky, and insurance provides one of the best developed ways of controlling risks. By pooling, and so transferring risks, those who turn out to suffer antecedently uncertain harms can be assured in advance that they will be helped if those harms arise; they can then plan their lives and activities with confidence that they are less at the mercy of ill fortune. Both publicly organized and commercial insurance can organize the pooling of risk in ways that are beneficial for all concerned. They provide standard ways of securing fundamental ethical values such as solidarity and mutuality. Although policy holders do not know or contract with one another, each benefits from the contribution of others to a shared scheme for pooling and so controlling risk. Although there is a limit to the degree to which commercially–based insurance, where premiums depend on risk level, can go beyond mutuality towards solidarity, in practice it too often achieves a measure of solidarity by taking a broad brush approach to pooling risk However, the ordinary practices of insurance, and in particular of commercial insurance, also raise ethical questions. These may be put in simple terms by contrasting the way in which an insurance market discriminates between different people, on the basis of characteristics that (supposedly) determine their risk level, and our frequent abhorrence of discrimination, in particular on the basis on religious, racial and gender grounds. Are the discriminations on which insurance practice relies upon as standard acceptable or not? The increasing availability of genetic information, which testing (of individuals) and screening (of populations) may provide, could lend urgency to these questions. Genetic information may provide a way of obtaining more accurate assessment of individual risks to health and life. This information could be used to discriminate more finely between the risk levels of different individuals, and then to alter the availability and the costs of health, life and unemployment insurance to them. Since all of these forms of insurance bear very directly on the way most people live, it will matter to them how (if at all) insurers take account of genetic information. Will use of this information improve or damage the capacity of insurance to provide confidence in the face of uncertain harms, and help if they happen? Will it discriminate in acceptable or in unacceptable ways? Will it support or damage the sorts of mutuality and solidarity various sorts of insurance schemes have successfully institutionalized?
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Plate-Church, Amy te. "234 Earning public trust in gene editing". Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (grudzień 2019): 57–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.119.
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Abstract Gene editing has tremendous potential to benefit society and food production. Yet, the social license to develop the technology to its full potential is dependent on public support and market acceptance. Traditionally it has been assumed that sound science and appropriate government oversight will result in social acceptance of innovation. What consumers want first and foremost, according to research from The Center for Food Integrity (CFI), is to know that food producers share their values, like producing safe, affordable, nutritious food in a manner that protects our environment. Sixty-five percent of U.S. consumers surveyed want to know more about how food is produced (CFI, 2017). Testing of videos about CRISPR indicate more than half of viewers want to learn more, and support for CRISPR rose from 45 to 60% when given credible, clear and understandable information. In reviewing more than 15 studies about consumer opinions on biotechnology, CFI found these consistent themes. 1) There is a considerable knowledge gap among consumers – in science and modern plant and animal breeding. 2) Before describing gene editing, it is helpful to show the evolution of genetic improvement. 3) The public wants information from credentialed experts, but they do not want an academic explanation. 4) Analogies and visuals are important to explain science, and they should be understandable without being oversimplified. 5) Consumers show strongest support for benefits of science related to environmental stewardship, healthier food and disease resistance. 6) Consumers have additional questions about use of science in animals, compared to plants. Because scientists and academic institutions among the most-trusted sources for information about biotechnology, they have a unique opportunity to effectively engage and provide information the public wants and needs to make informed decisions about gene editing.
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Umapathy, Vidhya R., Prabhu M. Natarajan i Bhuminathan Swamikannu. "Therapeutic Potential of Nanomaterial-based Drug Delivery". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY TECHNOLOGY 14, nr 01 (25.03.2024): 556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.14.1.76.
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The medical market for sophisticated therapeutic medicine delivery systems is growing at a breakneck pace. There are many benefits to using nanotechnology and nanomaterials in treating chronic human illnesses, such as the ability to target the delivery of drugs to particular areas. Improving the therapeutic effectiveness of current and future medications might be as simple as creating new drug delivery methods. The prime applications related to nanomaterial drug delivery include immunotherapeutic agents, diagnostic testing, cancer therapy and nutraceutical delivery. Nanotechnology has the capacity to collaborate with physics, biologists, chemists and pharmaceutics to form a multidisciplinary contribution in the rise of novel diagnostic and therapeutic technology. Nanomaterials can be used in specific sites targeted by drugs for brain illnesses. These nanodrugs can cause lesser immune response and maintain low inflammatory conditions compared to heavy drug particles. Along with this, nanodrugs can cause damage at the genetic level, create oxidative stress and inhibit cell death according to their particle size, shape, surface and its composition. In this current review various applications, current trends and recent developments in nanomaterials are elucidated. The detailed mechanism and cutting edge nanomaterial based drug delivery were explained along with this.
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Medford, Arielle J., Lauren Oshry, Baris Boyraz, Lesli Kiedrowski, Sofia Menshikova, Anna Butusova, Charles S. Dai i in. "TRK inhibitor in a patient with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer and NTRK fusions identified via cell-free DNA analysis". Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology 15 (styczeń 2023): 175883592311528. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17588359231152844.
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Tissue-agnostic indications for targeted therapies have expanded options for patients with advanced solid tumors. The Food and Drug Administration approvals of the programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitor pembrolizumab and the TRK inhibitors larotrectinib and entrectinib provide rationale for next-generation sequencing (NGS) in effectively all advanced solid tumor patients given potential for clinical responses even in otherwise refractory disease. As proof of concept, this case report describes a 64-year-old woman with triple-negative breast cancer refractory to multiple lines of therapy, found to have a rare mutation on NGS which led to targeted therapy with meaningful response. She initially presented with metastatic recurrence 5 years after treatment for a localized breast cancer, with rapid progression through four lines of therapy in the metastatic setting, including immunotherapy, antibody–drug conjugate-based therapy, and chemotherapy. Germline genetic testing was normal. Ultimately, NGS evaluation of cell-free DNA via an 83-gene assay (Guardant Health, Inc.) identified two NTRK3 fusions: an ETV6-NTRK3 fusion associated with the rare secretory breast carcinoma, and CRTC3-NTRK3, a novel fusion partner not previously described in breast cancer. Liver biopsy was sent for whole exome sequencing and RNA-seq analysis of tissue (BostonGene, Inc., Boston, MA, USA), which provided orthogonal confirmation of both the ETV6-NTRK3 and CRTC3-NTRK3 fusions. She was started on the TRK inhibitor larotrectinib with a marked clinical and radiographic response after only 2 months of therapy. The patient granted verbal consent to share her clinical story, images, and data in this case report. This case demonstrates the significant potential benefits of NGS testing in advanced cancer and the lessons we may learn from individual patient experiences.
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Kabure, Louisa, i Mary Ragui. "Porter’s Generic Strategies and Performance of Selected Automotive Firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya". International Journal of Business Management, Entrepreneurship and Innovation 2, nr 2 (31.08.2020): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/jbmed.v2i2.117.
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Every firm operating in a dynamic and competitive environment must employ competitive strategies in order to enhance performance and remain relevant to the market. The automotive industry in Kenya has experienced shifts within the last couple of years that have disadvantaged automotive firms’ sales and this despite adequate capacity to supply local demand. Consequently, a persistent decline in volume sales has negatively impacted performance of these firms in overall, reducing competition to price wars that are not a viable option in the long run. This study therefore, sought to investigate the effect of Porter’s generic strategies on performance of selected automotive firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were; to determine the effect of cost leadership strategy on the performance of selected automotive firms in Nairobi county, Kenya, to investigate the effect of differentiation strategy on the performance of selected automotive firms in Nairobi county, Kenya and to establish the effect of focus strategy on the performance of selected automotive firms in Nairobi county, Kenya. The scope entailed a study of selected new vehicle firms in the automotive industry in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study was anchored on three theories that included the market based view, the resource based view of the firm and Porter’s diamond theory of national advantage. Descriptive research design was adopted. The study used simple random sampling to attain the sample size and data was collected through drop and pick method using semi structured questionnaires. To ensure reliability in the questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha correlation coefficient was used where a level of above 0.7 confirmed internal consistency. Pilot testing was done on ten respondents and Pearson’s product correlation coefficient was used to check for correlation between the study variables. A multivariate regression model was used to determine the relative importance of each variable to the study. Data collected was presented in graphs, tables and charts and a conclusion of the study drawn. The study revealed that cost leadership was significant in influencing the organizations’ performance. The study also revealed that differentiation affected their organizations’ performance to a great extent. The study also revealed that the focus strategy improved the sales growth in the firms thereby resulting to overall organization performance. The study concluded that cost leadership was significant in influencing the organizations’ performance. The study also concluded that differentiation affected their organizations’ performance to a great extent. The study also concluded that the focus strategy improved the sales growth in the firms thereby resulting to overall organization performance. The study recommended that the government and other policy makers come up with policies and regulations meant to foster innovation in the automotive industry. Policies should also be put in place meant for the creation of an enabling environment for fair and market driven competition to take place. The study recommended that the management of the automotive firms should often review their pricing structures and be geared towards minimizing their operational costs so as to offer cost friendly vehicles to the clients. The study also recommended that the firms’ management ensure they develop quality vehicles and embrace differentiation strategy so as to remain competitive in the market. The study also recommended that the management fully adopt the focus strategy to help in improving the sales growth in the firms thereby resulting to overall organization performance as well as improving on the product innovation which would lead to improved market share.
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Olaitan, Oladipupo A., i John Geraghty. "Evaluation of production control strategies for negligible‐setup, multi‐product, serial lines with consideration for robustness". Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management 24, nr 3 (8.03.2013): 331–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17410381311318864.
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PurposeThe aims of this paper is to investigate simulation‐based optimisation and stochastic dominance testing while employing kanban‐like production control strategies (PCS) operating dedicated and, where applicable, shared kanban card allocation policies in a multi‐product system with negligible set‐up times and with consideration for robustness to uncertainty.Design/methodology/approachDiscrete event simulation and a genetic algorithm were utilised to optimise the control parameters for dedicated kanban control strategy (KCS), CONWIP and base stock control strategy (BSCS), extended kanban control strategy (EKCS) and generalised kanban control strategy (GKCS) as well as the shared versions of EKCS and GKCS. All‐pairwise comparisons and a ranking and selection technique were employed to compare the performances of the strategies and select the best strategy without consideration of robustness to uncertainty. A latin hypercube sampling experimental design and stochastic dominance testing were utilised to determine the preferred strategy when robustness to uncertainty is considered.FindingsThe findings of this work show that shared GKCS outperforms other strategies when robustness is not considered. However, when robustness of the strategies to uncertainty in the production environment is considered, the results of our research show that the dedicated EKCS is preferred. The effect of system bottleneck location on the inventory accumulation behaviour of different strategies is reported and this was also observed to have a relationship to the nature of a PCS's kanban information transmission.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study are directly relevant to industry where increasing market pressures for product diversity require operating multi‐product production lines with negligible set‐up times. The optimization and robustness test approaches employed in this work can be extended to the analysis of more complicated system configurations and higher number of product types.Originality/valueThis work involves further investigation into the performance of multi‐product kanban‐like PCS by examining their robustness to common sources of uncertainties after they have been initially optimized for base scenarios. The results of the robustness tests also provide new insights into how dedicated kanban card allocation policies might offer higher flexibility and robustness over shared policies under conditions of uncertainty.
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Fanin, Ya S., i M. A. Lytvynenko. "Yield and grain quality parameters in domestic and foreign varieties of soft winter wheat". Scientific Journal Grain Crops 7, nr 1 (2023): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2523-4544/0268.
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Topicality. One of the main indicators that determine the commercial value of wheat grain, its baking and technological properties is the mass fraction of protein. The results of scientific research and agricultural production practices show that over the past 80–90 years in the southern regions of Ukraine, the protein content of winter wheat grain has decreased from 17–18 % to 10–12 %, and in unfavourable weather conditions, the amount of protein in grain can even decrease to 8.0–9.5 %. Improving the wheat grain quality is one of the challenges facing Ukraine today. Ukraine has a high position in the global grain market: its share in wheat exports averages 5 %. Purpose. To estimate the yield and biochemical parameters of grain quality of soft winter wheat at the current stage. Methods. Field trials were conducted according to the B. A. Dospekhov’s methodology of field experience. Agricultural technology of winter wheat cultivation is generally accepted for the Steppe zone of Ukraine. Accounting the yield was carried out according to the methodology of state variety testing the agricultural crops. The protein content in the grain was determined by infrared spectrometry and the Kjeldahl method. The level of protein sedimentation was determined by the SDS 30 method. Results. When comparing the obtained data on yield in the collection, it was found that modern domestic and foreign varieties (I, II, III group) in the optimal conditions of growing season had an average yield of 103–107 % higher than varieties of early stages of breeding. The soft winter wheat varieties developed by the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute – National Center for Seeds and Cultivar Investigation are the leaders in terms of yield. Foreign varieties are not sufficiently adapted to local weather conditions, which significantly affects the realisation of yield potential. As a result of the negative correlation between yield and grain quality, with each stage of breeding, including in modern varieties, grain protein content decreases by 0.5–1.5 % along with yield growth. In terms of sedimentation level, the varieties of the Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute – National Center for Seeds and Cultivar Investigation prevail over the varieties of the early stages of breeding. The group of varieties of Ukrainian breeding has a great diversity in terms of sedimentation level. Foreign varieties have rather low sedimentation rates. The realisation of the genetic potential of grain yield and quality of the studied varieties depended on weather conditions and doses of mineral fertilisers. Conclusions. Given the negative correlation between yield and grain quality, the significant success of breeding in increasing the yield of Ukrainian and foreign varieties was accompanied by decreasing protein content at each stage of breeding by 0.5–1.5 %. Compared to the varieties of the early stages of breeding, the SDS-30 sedimentation index was the highest only in the varieties of Plant Breeding and Genetics Institute – National Center for Seeds and Cultivar Investigation, while domestic varieties of other research institutions were slightly inferior to the varieties of the early stages of breeding. The group of foreign varieties had the lowest sedimentation index. In addition to the genetic factor, such factors as weather conditions and rates of mineral nutrition have a great influence on the formation of grain yield and quality. Key words: wheat yield, wheat adaptability, grain protein content, sedimentation, fertilizers, biochemical parameters
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Egorov, E. A. "Grape breeding is a key link in the development of the grapes and wine-making industry". Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 25, nr 4 (10.07.2021): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj21.045.
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The article considers the legislative and regulatory acts that specify the tasks in the implementation of breeding processes. The results of the creation, variety testing, patenting and introduction of grape varieties and clones into the State Register of the Russian Federation for 2010–2020 are presented. The article analyzes the relationship between the indicators of industrial development with the production volumes of planting material, the use of domestic varieties that are included in the State Register of the Russian Federation. The characteristic of ampelographic collections – the genetic resources of grapes – is given. A comparative analysis of many years’ worth of data on the assessment of the adaptive potential of domestic varieties and introduced varieties is presented. The article describes domestic varieties, from which premium wines are produced, which not only competes with European varieties, but also surpasses the organoleptic properties and biochemical parameters of grape must and wine material. The main problems hindering the wide demand for domestic varieties on the market, including a substantial amount of imported European varietal planting material, are described. The necessity of accelerating breeding processes is actualized, modern methods are identified, including those of generative and genomic selection, transgenic technologies, cellular, mutational, and clone selection, and priority areas in breeding are presented. The numerical and qualitative analyses of the composition of breeding scientists is given, the trends of increasing the number and qualitative composition of breeders, the influx of young people, the growing need for training qualified personnel are noted. The number of bachelor’s, master’s and post-graduate students specializing in viticulture in general and in selection in particular as well as the number of defended dissertation studies on grape breeding has been found to be insufficient. The main scientific and practical problems in the organization and implementation of breeding processes in ensuring the development of the industry are updated, including a low share of domestic varieties in the produced planting material and planting, the lack of a systemically implemented varietal and technological policy, the imperfection of the legal system for the protection of intellectual property, a low availability of instrumentation and analytical equipment for the implementation of breeding by modern methods.
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Efremova, Larisa N., Svetlana R. Strelnikova, Guzel R. Gazizova, Elena A. Minkina i Roman A. Komakhin. "A Synthetic Strong and Constitutive Promoter Derived from the Stellaria media pro-SmAMP1 and pro-SmAMP2 Promoters for Effective Transgene Expression in Plants". Genes 11, nr 12 (26.11.2020): 1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11121407.
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Synthetic promoters are vital for genetic engineering-based strategies for crop improvement, but effective methodologies for their creation and systematic testing are lacking. We report here on the comparative analysis of the promoters pro-SmAMP1 and pro-SmAMP2 from Stellaria media ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE1 (AMP1) and ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE2 (AMP2). These promoters are more effective than the well-known Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Although these promoters share about 94% identity, the pro-SmAMP1 promoter demonstrated stronger transient expression of a reporter gene in Agrobacterium infiltration of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, while the pro-SmAMP2 promoter was more effective for the selection of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells when driving a selectable marker. Using the cap analysis of gene expression method, we detected no differences in the structure of the transcription start sites for either promoter in transgenic plants. For both promoters, we used fine-scale deletion analysis to identify 160 bp-long sequences that retain the unique properties of each promoter. With the use of chimeric promoters and directed mutagenesis, we demonstrated that the superiority of the pro-SmAMP1 promoter for Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration is caused by the proline-inducible ACTCAT cis-element strictly positioned relative to the TATA box in the core promoter. Surprisingly, the ACTCAT cis-element not only activated but also suppressed the efficiency of the pro-SmAMP1 promoter under proline stress. The absence of the ACTCAT cis-element and CAANNNNATC motif (negative regulator) in the pro-SmAMP2 promoter provided a more constitutive gene expression profile and better selection of transgenic cells on selective medium. We created a new synthetic promoter that enjoys high effectiveness both in transient expression and in selection of transgenic cells. Intact promoters with differing properties and high degrees of sequence identity may thus be used as a basis for the creation of new synthetic promoters for precise and coordinated gene expression.
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Canady, Valerie A. "Growing market demand prompting genetic testing expansion". Mental Health Weekly 29, nr 31 (11.08.2019): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mhw.32013.
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Bonini, Stefano, Vincenzo Capizzi, Maurizio Lombardi i Roberto Mazzei. "Testing share repurchases hypotheses: a conditional study". Corporate Ownership and Control 5, nr 4 (2008): 420–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv5i4c4p1.
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In the past 20 years share buybacks have experienced a tremendous growth. Yet, we still don’t have a clear understanding of this phenomenon, also because of limited samples available on these corporate decisions. This paper aims at testing the main hypotheses on buybacks drivers and effects by analyzing the impact of share repurchase announcements on the performance of companies listed on the Italian Stock Exchange, conditional and unconditional on the 1998 introduction of the Capital Market Reform. Our findings show that, by imposing more stringent rules on transparency and equal treatment of shareholders in buybacks operations, the change in regulation has increased the volume and frequency of share repurchases announcements. Analogously, the number of repurchasing companies has soared as well. Finally, market reaction to buybacks, as measured by abnormal returns and cumulative abnormal returns has consistently reversed switching from negative to positive long term CARs
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Kato, Takumi, Susumu Kamei, Takumi Ootsubo i Yosuke Ichiki. "Effective factors for estimating market share in concept testing". Procedia Computer Science 217 (2023): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.215.
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Ramaratnam, M. S., i R. Jayaraman. "TESTING THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECT OF CAPITAL STRUCTURE ON THE STOCK PRICE OF THE SELECT INDIAN PUBLIC SECTOR BANKS". International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, nr 6 (30.06.2017): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i6.2017.2061.
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Market Value of Share of a company is determined by various factors. So many studies were conducted in finding the determinants of share price. Some of the studies found that Capital Structure is a determinant of the market price of the share and some of the studies found that Earning per Share is a determinant of the market price of the share. Even some studies proved that Capital Structure is also determining the Earning per Share. With this ideology an attempt was made in this study by using Structural equation modeling to see how for the Capital Structure of the firm has got a direct and indirect effect over the Market value of share. Debt to Total Assets, Equity to Total Assets, Coverage Ratio, Earning per share and Market price of share of eleven Indian public sector banks were taken for the study for five years from March 2013 to March 2017.
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Gladiy, M. V., Yu P. Polupan, I. V. Bazyshina, A. E. Pochukalyn, T. P. Koval, I. M. Bezrutchenko, N. L. Polupan i N. G. Mikhaylenko. "GENESIS AND PROSPECTS OF RED DAIRY CATTLE IN UKRAINE". Animal Breeding and Genetics 51 (28.03.2018): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.51.06.
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Ukrainian population of red dairy cattle is genetically active, its gene pool is significantly improved in each of the next generations, mainly due to artificial selection. Currently breeding structure of Ukrainian Red Dairy breed has the prospect of future expansion due to creating Podolian zonal type. Features of its formation are to use as the original breed, which being improved, Red Polish cattle. This breed, as Red Steppe cattle, was listed as a breed to preserve the gene pool under pure breeding. However, gene pool preservation of these breeds is impossible through lack of sufficient number of purebred bulls or their semen at breeding enterprises in Ukraine.
The aim of our research was to study genesis and development prospects of red dairy cattle in Ukraine.
Materials and methods of research. The materials of the research were the data of identifying breed composition of cattle in Ukraine by January 1, 2015, State Breeding List for 2005, 2010 and 2015, the electronic information database of leading breeding farms for 2007 and 2011 and database of bulls admitted to using during 2005, 2010 and 2015 of Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics named after M.V. Zubets of NAAS.
Results. Currently the group of cows of red breeds is about 365 thousand head, including 97.9 thousand head concentrated in agricultural enterprises. The largest share of this group takes the Red Steppe cattle (84.5%), the smallest one –Ayrshire and Angler breeds (0.7-0.8%). In Ukraine, the total number of Ukrainian Red Dairy cattle is about 40 thousand head, including 21.4 thousand head of cattle concentrated in agricultural enterprises.
The results of these annual reports have shown that the average milk yield of the group of cows of red breeds was 3328 kg of milk in 2001. Then milk yield increased with each subsequent studied period and reached the highest figure of 4681 kg in 2014. So, increasing milk yield of cows was by 1353 kg of milk or 29% during fourteen years (2001-2014).
The number of breeding animals of Red Steppe, Red Polish, Ayrshire, and Ukrainian Red Dairy breeds significantly decreased in the controlled part of population during the past fourteen years. However, level of milk production and quality increased slightly, except for Red Polish breed. Thus, 4688 cows of Ukrainian Red Dairy breed had milk yield in 5981 kg and milk fat content in 3.88% according to the appraisal of 2014, whereas, in 2013, 4902 cows had milk yield in 5837 kg with milk fat content in 3.86%.
Up to 90% of the realized genetic progress in large-scale breeding is provided by using proven bulls, resulting most current need is to restore the national system of selection and testing of sires. The results show that during the past ten years, the number of proven bulls, admitted to using within the red breeds decreased almost seven times with a simultaneous increase 2.2 times in breeding value.
Among 410 proven bulls, admitted to using in 2005 (bulls which being tested by progeny), unreasonably disproportionate share was for Holstein sires – 245 (59.8%), whereas, the share of bulls of the red breeds – 13.7%. In 2010, 123 bulls (65.4%) were of Holstein breed and only 9 ones (4.8%) – of Ukrainian Red Dairy among 188 bulls, admitted to using. In 2014, a similar situation was observed; there were 93 bulls, admitted to using, including 48 ones (51.6%) of Holstein and only 3 ones (3.2%) of Ukrainian Red Dairy breed.
Given the current state of livestock breeding base on all the red breeds (Red Steppe, Ukrainian Red Dairy, Angler, Red Polish) we developed possible options of parameters of large-scale breeding.
During the planning period the number of the controlled cows of the red breeds (mainly Ukrainian Red Dairy cattle) should be significantly increased. Calculations show that in the first stage of the program available number of cows in breeding farms, even if 30% of cows allocated to mating with laid-off bulls, is less than a third of the minimum at pressure of selection among laid-off bulls 1: 4 by productivity of 50 daughters. At the end of the program it is planned to increase the pressure of selection among laid-off bulls to 1:5 under increase of the controlled livestock number to 43700 cows (nearly 4.4 times against currently available one)
Conclusion. Our results showed that, the number of breeding farms, in which were bred red cattle, significantly declined and the livestock number also decreased whereas milk production increased during 2001-2015. The high level of genetic potential of Ukrainian Red Dairy cows indicates the presence of highest-yielding cows with yield more than 10 000 kg of milk. At the same time, such animals at breeding farms for breeding Red Polish, Steppe, Ayrshire and Angler cattle weren’t found.
During the past ten years, the number of proven bulls of red breeds, admitted to using, decreased almost seven times with a simultaneous increase of breeding value in 2.2 times. Predominance of Holstein bulls remains indisputable on reliability of assessment of breeding value. It causes the biggest request and the widest offer on the market of semen from bulls of the breed. The actual destruction of domestic system of sires breeding caused significantly lower rate of repeatability of breeding values in bulls of the red breeds. This is a concern and threatens possible loss or significant restriction of the gene pool of red breeds.
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Sari, Juwita, i Puput Tri Komalasari. "Leverage dan Market Share sebagai Faktor Penentu Posisi Persaingan Pasar Perusahaan Manufaktur di Indonesia". Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen 8, nr 2 (30.11.2021): 380–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/jbm.v8i2.6375.
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This study aims to examine the simultaneous relationship between leverage and market share as a determinant of market competition for manufacturing companies in Indonesia. The model used in this study is the TSLS (Two Stage Least Square) and testing with OLS (Ordinary Least Square), the testing tool used is SPSS. The object of research used in this study is a Manufacturing Company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2015-2020 with a total of 122 companies that have fit with criteria for the research sample. The results of the study show that the two endogenous variables: leverage and market share, have a significant positive correlation with each other, which means that there is a simultaneous relationship between leverage policy and market share as an indicator of the competitive position of the product market.
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Njuguna, Josephine. "Testing the efficient market hypothesis on the Nairobi Securities Exchange". Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, nr 3 (23.08.2016): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(3).2016.06.
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This paper tests the weak-form of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) of the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) using daily and weekly index data from the NSE 20 share index over the period, January 2001 to January 2015 and the NSE All Share Index (ASI) from its initiation, in February 2008 to January 2015. To test weak-form efficiency in this market, this study uses the serial correlation test, unit root tests (ADF and Phillips-Perron) and runs test. Results indicate that we cannot accept the EMH for the NSE using the serial correlation test, unit root tests and the runs test. Overall, the Kenyan market is found to not be weak-form efficient
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Ajaykumar, Suni, i Nagaraja Rao Chillale. "Statistical Inference on Share Market: A Review". Mapana - Journal of Sciences 8, nr 2 (30.11.2009): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12723/mjs.15.5.
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This paper is an attempt to study the importance and use of statistical techniques like testing of hypothesis, correlation and regression analysis etc in the study of stock market pattern. Random walk hypothesis, behavioral hypothesis, cross over effect, future equity returns, regression analysis of trading and stock returns are discussed here along with some data analysis of the study conducted using the historical data for S&P CNX NIFTY, the closing indices of the equity market from 1990 to 2008 the data of R2, volatility and returns of SENSEX scripts for one-year period of 30 companies of BSE. The statistical analysis for these data, using SPSS to emphasize the significance of statistical tools in the field of stock prices.
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Tokutomi, Tomoharu, Akiko Yoshida, Akimune Fukushima, Kayono Yamamoto, Yasushi Ishigaki, Hiroshi Kawame, Nobuo Fuse i in. "The Health History of First-Degree Relatives’ Dyslipidemia Can Affect Preferences and Intentions following the Return of Genomic Results for Monogenic Familial Hypercholesterolemia". Genes 15, nr 3 (21.03.2024): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes15030384.
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Genetic testing is key in modern healthcare, particularly for monogenic disorders such as familial hypercholesterolemia. This Tohoku Medical Megabank Project study explored the impact of first-degree relatives’ dyslipidemia history on individual responses to familial hypercholesterolemia genomic results. Involving 214 participants and using Japan’s 3.5KJPN genome reference panel, the study assessed preferences and intentions regarding familial hypercholesterolemia genetic testing results. The data revealed a significant inclination among participants with a family history of dyslipidemia to share their genetic test results, with more than 80% of participants intending to share positive results with their partners and children sand 98.1% acknowledging the usefulness of positive results for personal health management. The study underscores the importance of family health history in genetic-testing perceptions, highlighting the need for family-centered approaches in genetic counseling and healthcare. Notable study limitations include the regional scope and reliance on questionnaire data. The study results emphasize the association between family health history and genetic-testing attitudes and decisions.
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KP, Hasa Nurrohim, C. Ambar Pujiharjanto i Sri Isworo Ediningsih. "IMPLEMENTATION OF DECISIONINVEST IN CAPITAL MARKET TOLABORATORY OF FINANCIAL AND CAPITAL MARKET STUDY PROGRAM MANAGEMENT". JWM (JURNAL WAWASAN MANAJEMEN) 8, nr 1 (20.03.2020): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jwm.v8i1.53.
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This research carried out to look back at investment decisions made by the
academic community within the Management Study Program UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta, both conducted by lecturers, employees and students. The existence of the Financial and Capital Market Laboratory is expected to make it easier for lecturers, employees and students to invest in the form of share ownership. Testing is done by multiple regression by testing the factors of Neutral Information, Accounting Information, Classic, Social Relevance, Advocate Recommendation, Personal Financial Need.
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Lin, Hung-Wen, Kun-Ben Lin, Jing-Bo Huang i Xia-Ping Cao. "An Anecdote of Investor Anxiety and Momentum in China". Complexity 2020 (25.04.2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6564731.
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We show the effect of investor anxiety on momentum in the Chinese stock market. In this market dominated by retail investors, we examine the momentum profits in 900 types of daily testing periods. We find prevalent price reversals in the long formation and holding periods in the Chinese A-share market. Compared to Goyal and Wahal (2015), Wang and Xie (2010), and Kang et al. (2002) who found no momentum, our novel finding from a daily basis is that the A-share market presents price momentum within the short formation and holding periods. We first test the momentum profits under different strengths of anxiety in the A-share market. The stocks held by the least anxious investors elicit the strongest price momentum, whereas the stocks held by the most anxious investors encounter much weaker price momentum in the A-share market. According to our empirical outcomes, the A-share market overall exhibits higher anxiety and weaker momentum, whereas the B-share market embodies milder anxiety and stronger momentum. From the results of single market and cross-market comparisons, the intrinsic anxiety of retail investors is an essential factor stimulating the Chinese stock market to be prone to price reversals.
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Telange, Vedant, Dr Shivani Dubey, Dr Ajay Kumar Sahu i Prof Vikas Singhal. "Performance Analysis of Share Market by Using ML Technique". International Journal of Innovative Research in Information Security 10, nr 01 (27.01.2024): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.26562/ijiris.2023.v1001.03.
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This research paper delves into the intricate world of stock market analysis, exploring the application of machine learning techniques to enhance performance evaluation. The study adopts multifaceted approach, combining historical stock market data, advanced machine learning algorithms, and rigorous back testing to derive insights into market dynamics. The findings aim to contribute to the growing body of literature on financial analytics, providing valuable implications for investors and financial professionals.
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Venkatraman, N., i John E. Prescott. "The Market Share--Profitability Relationship: Testing Temporal Stability Across Business Cycles." Academy of Management Proceedings 1989, nr 1 (sierpień 1989): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.1989.4977916.
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Venkatraman, N., i John E. Prescott. "The Market Share-Profitability Relationship: Testing Temporal Stability Across Business Cycles". Journal of Management 16, nr 4 (grudzień 1990): 783–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639001600409.
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Sutton, John. "Market Share Dynamics and the “Persistence of Leadership” Debate". American Economic Review 97, nr 1 (1.02.2007): 222–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.1.222.
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A new 45-industry, 23-year, dataset for Japan is used to investigate the duration of industry leadership. A new scaling relationship linking a firm's current market share with the standard deviation of market share changes is reported. This relationship discriminates in a powerful way between rival candidate theoretical models of market share dynamics. It also makes possible a useful simplification in testing a benchmark model of a Markovian kind. Relative to that model, it is found that at least some industries display a “Chandlerian” bias toward longer durations of leadership than would be present in the benchmark model. (JEL D43, L13)
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Shen, Yangziyu. "Testing the Validity of the Multi-Factor Model in the Chinese Stock Market". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 70, nr 1 (8.01.2024): 248–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/70/20231712.
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In the wake of the burgeoning field of quantitative finance, factor models have risen to considerable prominence within the Chinese financial landscape. This research undertakes a comprehensive analysis employing data spanning the years 2014 to 2022, encompassing a total of 108 monthly observations sourced from the Chinese A-share stock market. The principal objective of this study revolves around the evaluation of the effectiveness of an array of common factors. These factors include the market risk premium, market value, book-to-market ratio, profitability, investment, momentum, and liquidity factors. Moreover, our inquiry extends beyond the conventional boundaries of the Fama-French three-factor and five-factor models. It introduces the pivotal elements of momentum and liquidity factors, effectively formulating an enriched model poised to offer a more robust framework for understanding and explaining returns. The discerned findings shed valuable light on the model configurations most apt for dissecting the excess returns exhibited within the sample stocks. Notably, the amalgamation of the three-factor model with the strategic incorporation of the liquidity factor emerges as the most comprehensive explanatory model for the observed excessive returns in the context of the Chinese A-share stock market. It is important to highlight that the introduction of the momentum factor, while explored, does not impart a significant augmentation in the model's capacity to clarify excess returns, a noteworthy departure from expectations within the Chinese A-share market. These insights not only advance our understanding of the Chinese financial landscape but also underscore the intricate dynamics at play in the realm of quantitative finance.
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Leonidov, A. "Physicist’s Point of View on the Way to Equilibrium and Efficiency of Stock Market". Voprosy Ekonomiki, nr 11 (20.11.2009): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2009-11-82-89.
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The article provides a new method for testing the efficient market hypothesis in its weak form. A special model of stock market is built to estimate correlation functions. The main result is that the dynamics of share prices is close to the random walk but could be better described by a more sophisticated law of distribution. The market processes new information with a certain lag but its reaction is fast enough. Share prices reflect exogenous shocks much quicker than endogenous ones.
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Makhnoon, Sukh, Robert Yu, Susan K. Peterson i Sanjay Shete. "Clinical Cancer and Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Test Result-Sharing Behavior: Findings from HINTS 2020". Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, nr 1 (22.12.2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13010018.
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Introduction: Sharing genetic test results with different stakeholders such as family members, healthcare providers and genetic counselors (HCP/GCs), spouses/partners, and friends is a health behavior of clinical importance in genomic medicine. Methods: Using nationally representative population-based data collected from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS 5, cycle 4), we identified the prevalence and factors associated with genetic test result-sharing behavior for high-risk cancer tests, genetic health risk tests, and ancestry tests within four groups: HCP/GCs, first-degree relatives (FDRs), spouse/partner, and friend/other. Results: Overall, 68.4% of those who underwent high-risk cancer genetic testing shared their results with FDRs, whereas 89.9% shared with HCP/GCs. In adjusted multivariable analyses, women were nine times more likely than men to share (p = 0.006), and those with a personal history of cancer were less likely to share with HCP/GCs (OR = 0.025, p ≤ 0.001). Of those tested for genetic health risk, 66.5% shared with HCP/GCs, 38.7% with FDRs, 66.6% with a spouse/partner, 12.8% with a friend, and 14.1% did not share results with anyone. Of those who underwent ancestry testing, very few shared results with HCP/GCs (2.6%), whereas modest sharing was reported with FDRs, spouses/partners, and friends. Discussion: These data add empirical evidence about the population prevalence of genetic information sharing and serve as a metric for public engagement with genetic testing.
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Srinivasan, N. P., i M. S. Narasimhan. "Testing Stock Market Efficiency Using Risk-Return Parity Rule". Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 13, nr 2 (kwiecień 1988): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919880207.
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Although the concepts of efficiency have been extensively researched, an efficient stock market has remained elusive. The subject is of particular concern in India now because of the increasing dependence on the capital market for financing industrial growth. S K Barua and V Raghunathan presented two articles in Vikalpa (July-September 1986 and July-September 1987) arguing that the Indian capital market was inefficient. Using Reliance share prices, they tried to demonstrate that schemes yielding returns unrelated to risk existed. Srinivasan and Narasimhan in this article question the methodology used by Barua and Raghunathan and elaborate on the concepts of risk-return parity and efficiency, drawing a distinction between information efficiency and market efficiency.
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Septiatin, Aziz. "Influence of Third Party Funds, BI Rate, Inflation On Market Share In Islamic Banking". Al-Masharif: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi dan Keislaman 10, nr 1 (12.07.2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24952/masharif.v10i1.5706.
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The market share that can be controlled by Islamic banking is still relatively small compared to conventional banking, so this study aims to examine the influence of third party funds, BI Rate and Inflation on the share of Islamic banking in Indonesia for the 2015-2021 period. The sample in this study uses a saturated sampling technique, which means that the entire population is sampled, both Islamic commercial banks and sharia business units registered with the Financial Services Authority. The method of data analysis in this study used the classical assumption test, multiple linear regression analysis and hypothesis testing. The results showed that third party funds and the BI Rate had an effect on market share, while inflation had no effect on market share. Simultaneously, third party funds, BI Rate and Inflation have a significant influence on market share. The overall contribution of the independent variable to the dependent variable is 87.7%.
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Badshah, Koerniadi i Kolari. "Testing the Information-Based Trading Hypothesis in the Option Market: Evidence from Share Repurchases". Journal of Risk and Financial Management 12, nr 4 (29.11.2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm12040179.
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The informed options trading hypothesis posits that option prices lead stock prices. In this paper, we extended the research on this hypothesis to open-market share repurchases. Empirical tests showed that the implied volatility spread was not significantly related to buy-and-hold abnormal stock returns. However, further evidence reveal a significant relationship between implied volatility spread and subsequent stock return volatility around open-market share repurchase events. We concluded that option traders have private information on the volatility of stock returns and superior information processing ability that accounts for prescient pricing behavior in options relative to stocks.
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Olulu-Briggs, Omiete Victoria, i Daniel Dornubari Sunday. "Testing for Multiple Bubbles in the Nigerian Stock Exchange". Saudi Journal of Economics and Finance 7, nr 03 (24.03.2023): 166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjef.2023.v07i03.006.
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Monthly All Share Index data from 1985M01-2021M12 was sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria and the Central Securities Clearing System of the Nigerian Stock Exchange; to analyze multiple bubble periods. The supremum Augmented Dickey Fuller (SADF) and Generalized supremum Augmented Dickey Fuller (GSADF) quantitative model with 1000 repetitions along with a window size of 42 was selected to carry out the Monte Carlo simulation at the 95% confidence level. From the Backward SADF estimation, three periods of explosive pricing and collapses were detected. The study therefore recommends that market regulators should promote market information and support regular training of market participants to stem speculations and reduce arbitrage. Overall, well-informed risk management practices should be established to guard against market losses.
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Gumilar, Angga, i Asep Endri Mulyana. "PENGARUH MARKET SHARE DAN TOTAL ASSETS TURNOVER TERHADAP RETURN ON EQUITY (Kasus pada PT Kalbe Farma Tbk)". BanKu: Jurnal Perbankan dan Keuangan 3, nr 1 (5.06.2022): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37058/banku.v3i1.4990.
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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to determine and analyze Market Share, Total Assets Turnover, Return on Equity (ROE) and the magnitude of the influence of Market Share and Total Assets Turnover (TATO) on Return on Equity (ROE) at PT Kalbe Farma Tbk in 2010-2019. The research approach used in this study is a quantitative approach with an explanatory type of method. This study uses secondary data with purposive sampling analysis sampling technique. The statistical method used is multiple linear regression. Based on the results of the analysis at PT Kalbe Farma Tbk for the period 2010-2019 that the Market Share, Total Assets Turnover and Return On Equity fluctuated. The influence of Market Share and Total Assets Turnover on Return On Equity simultaneously is 57.4%. The results of the hypothesis test state that there is no significant effect of Market Share and Total Assets Turnover on Return On Equity. The effect of Market Share on Return On Equity partially results from the hypothesis that there is a significant effect of Market Share on Return On Equity. While the results of the hypothesis of the effect of Total Assets Turnover on Return On Equity partially the results of hypothesis testing state that there is no significant effect of Total Assets Turnover on Return On Equity at PT Kalbe Farma Tbk.Keywords: market share; total assets turnover; return on equity. ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis Market Share, Total Assets Turnover, Return on Equity (ROE) dan besarnya pengaruh Market Share dan Total Assets Turnover (TATO) terhadap Return on Equity (ROE) pada PT Kalbe Farma Tbk tahun 2010-2019. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis metodenya explanatory. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dengan teknik sampling analisis purposive sampling. Metode statistik yang digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda. Berdasarkan hasil analisis pada PT Kalbe Farma Tbk periode 2010-2019 bahwa Market Share, Total Assets Turnover dan Return On Equity mengalami fluktuatif. Besar pengaruh Market Share dan Total Assets Turnover terhadap Return On Equity secara simultan adalah sebesar 57,4%. Hasil uji hipotesis menyatakan bahwa tidak terdapat pengaruh signifikan Market Share dan Total Assets Turnover terhadap Return On Equity. Secara parsial hasil hipotesis menyatakan terdapat pengaruh signifikan Market Share terhadap Return On Equity. Sedangkan Total Assets Turnover secara parsial tidak terdapat pengaruh signifikan terhadap Return On Equity pada PT Kalbe Farma Tbk.Kata Kunci: market share; total assets turnover; return on equity.
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Christianson, David J. "Disability Income Insurance: The Private Market and the Impact of Genetic Testing". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, S2 (2007): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2007.00151.x.
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This article discusses the disability insurance industry in order to provide context regarding the potential impact of genetic testing on disability insurance. It describes disability income insurance, exploring both the protection it offers and its main contract provisions. It goes on to describe the private insurance market and the differences between group and individual insurance, and concludes with implications of genetic testing with respect to the private disability insurance market. The individual disability income insurance market is theoretically of great interest as a matter of public policy since there is potential for unfair discrimination through genetic testing although this remains very unlikely as a matter of practice, however.It is more likely that a person will become disabled than die before age 65. The loss of income during a disability can be quite devastating. In contrast to the high risk and high impact of disability are the realities of the disability market.
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Ricard Gil, Ricard Gil, i Stephen D. Levitt. "TESTING THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS IN THE 2002 WORLD CUP". Journal of Prediction Markets 1, nr 3 (19.12.2012): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jpm.v1i3.504.
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Trading data from the gambling market for the 2002 World Cup provide a unique window through which to test theories of market efficiency. This market provides many of the benefits of a laboratory experiment, but with much higher stakes, experienced participants, and a naturally-occurring environment. The primary drawback of the data is the relatively small number of trades. The evidence concerning market efficiency is mixed. Although markets respond strongly to goals being scored, there is some evidence that prices continue to trend higher for 10-15 minutes after a goal. We also observe systematically negative returns for bets on the pre-game favorite, consistent with the biases seen in wagering on other sports. We document the endogenous emergence of market makers. These market makers are involved in a large share of trades. Increasing from two active market makers to five or more market makers does not appear to improve the functioning of the market. On average, the market makers earn slightly negative returns, implying that other traders are able to identify situations in which market makers are setting inefficient prices
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Chee, Chong-Meng, i Nazrul Hisyam Bin Ab Razak. "Effect of Stock Price Information on Timing of Share Repurchases". Journal of Finance and Banking Review Vol. 4 (1) Jan-Mar 2019 4, nr 1 (19.03.2019): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/jfbr.2019.4.1(5).
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Objective - This study investigates whether private information newly incorporated into stock price enhances performance in timing share repurchases. Methodology/Technique - Cost saving gained in share repurchases is used a proxy for performance of market-timing in share repurchases and firm-specific stock return variation is used to gauge stock price informativeness. A sample of 334 U.S. repurchasing firms are tested using panel data regression. Findings - The paper concludes that managers possess better market timing skill by obtaining more cost saving from their share repurchases when private information is reflected in stock price. Stock price informativeness may be the tool for managers to improve their market timing skill to take advantage of the stock market. Furthermore, firms with smaller size and a higher market-to-book ratios, and firms with higher cash-to-assets ratios are found to achieve more cost saving in buying back their shares indicating that these firms are able to time the market in share repurchasing. Novelty – Despite numerous previous studies focusing solely on using share repurchases announcement for computing cumulative abnormal returns in testing managerial market timing, this study contributes to the literature in several ways: (i) providing evidence relating stock price informativeness and performance of market-timing in share repurchases; (ii) developing a better timing measure constructed using actual repurchasing data; (iii) adopting a cost saving measure as the timing measure instead of cumulative abnormal return. Type of Paper - Empirical. Keywords: Managerial Learning Hypothesis; Market Timing; Stock Repurchase; Stock Price Informativeness; Firm-specific Stock Return Variation. JEL Classification: G12, G13, G14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35609/jfbr.2019.4.1(5)
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Luo, Z. W., C. A. Hackett, J. E. Bradshaw, J. W. McNicol i D. Milbourne. "Construction of a Genetic Linkage Map in Tetraploid Species Using Molecular Markers". Genetics 157, nr 3 (1.03.2001): 1369–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/157.3.1369.
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Abstract This article presents methodology for the construction of a linkage map in an autotetraploid species, using either codominant or dominant molecular markers scored on two parents and their full-sib progeny. The steps of the analysis are as follows: identification of parental genotypes from the parental and offspring phenotypes; testing for independent segregation of markers; partition of markers into linkage groups using cluster analysis; maximum-likelihood estimation of the phase, recombination frequency, and LOD score for all pairs of markers in the same linkage group using the EM algorithm; ordering the markers and estimating distances between them; and reconstructing their linkage phases. The information from different marker configurations about the recombination frequency is examined and found to vary considerably, depending on the number of different alleles, the number of alleles shared by the parents, and the phase of the markers. The methods are applied to a simulated data set and to a small set of SSR and AFLP markers scored in a full-sib population of tetraploid potato.
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Bangash, Hana, Ahmed Makkawy, Justin H. Gundelach, Alexandra A. Miller, Kimberly A. Jacobson i Iftikhar J. Kullo. "Web-Based Tool (FH Family Share) to Increase Uptake of Cascade Testing for Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Development and Evaluation". JMIR Human Factors 9, nr 1 (15.02.2022): e32568. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/32568.
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Background Familial hypercholesterolemia, a prevalent genetic disorder, remains significantly underdiagnosed in the United States. Cascade testing, wherein individuals diagnosed with familial hypercholesterolemia— probands—contact their family members to inform them of their risk for familial hypercholesterolemia, has low uptake in the United States. Digital tools are needed to facilitate communication between familial hypercholesterolemia probands and their family members and to promote sharing of familial hypercholesterolemia–related risk information. Objective We aimed to create and evaluate a web-based tool designed to enhance familial communication and promote cascade testing for familial hypercholesterolemia. Methods A hybrid type 1 implementation science framework and a user-centered design process were used to develop an interactive web-based tool—FH Family Share—that enables familial hypercholesterolemia probands to communicate information about their familial hypercholesterolemia diagnosis with at-risk relatives. Probands can also use the tool to draw a family pedigree and learn more about familial hypercholesterolemia through education modules and curated knowledge resources. Usability guidelines and standards were taken into account during the design and development of the tool. The initial prototype underwent a cognitive walkthrough, which was followed by usability testing with key stakeholders including genetic counselors and patients with familial hypercholesterolemia. Participants navigated the prototype using the think-aloud technique, and their feedback was used to refine features of the tool. Results Key themes that emerged from the cognitive walkthrough were design, format, navigation, terminology, instructions, and learnability. Expert feedback from the cognitive walkthrough resulted in a rebuild of the web-based tool to align it with institutional standards. Usability testing with genetic counselors and patients with familial hypercholesterolemia provided insights on user experience, satisfaction and interface design and highlighted specific modifications that were made to refine the features of FH Family Share. Genetic counselors and patients with familial hypercholesterolemia suggested inclusion of the following features in the web-based tool: (1) a letter-to-family-member email template, (2) education modules, and (3) knowledge resources. Surveys revealed that 6 of 9 (67%) genetic counselors found information within FH Family Share very easy to find, and 5 of 9 (56%) genetic counselors found information very easy to understand; 5 of 9 (56%) patients found information very easy to find within the website, and 7 of 9 (78%) patients found information very easy to understand. All genetic counselors and patients indicated that FH Family Share was a resource worth returning to. Conclusions FH Family Share facilitates communication between probands and their relatives. Once informed, at-risk family members have the option to seek testing and treatment for familial hypercholesterolemia.
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Macdonald, Angus S. "Survival Analysis on Pedigrees: A Marked Point Process Model". ASTIN Bulletin 40, nr 1 (maj 2010): 35–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.40.1.2049218.
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AbstractRegulation of insurers' use of genetic information means actuaries are interested in age-at-onset of genetic disorders. Arjas & Haara (1984) suggested marked point processes (MPPs) as useful models for life history data with complex covariates. Age-at-onset distributions (or equivalently, hazard rates) in respect of inherited disorders are often estimated from pedigrees, which are life histories with unusually complex covariates, as well as strong dependencies induced by shared genes. Since Elston (1973) parametric models have often been used, conditioning the likelihood on known genotypes. However, a genotype identii ed by a presymptomatic genetic test is a form of internal covariate (Kalbfleisch & Prentice, 2002). We propose a very general MPP model of a pedigree, including presymptomatic genetic testing, (‘the full model’) and show under what circumstances the partial model leading to Elston's likelihood is valid. In practice, pedigrees are often ascertained retrospectively. Many such events can be modelled by augmenting the natural filtration of the MPP. We show that, except in simple special cases, the partial model is no longer valid, and the resulting likelihoods appear to be intractable. In particular, ascertainment interacts even with independent censoring so that likelihoods no longer factorize. For one simple special case — studies of sibships — we generalise a classical result to age-at-onset data. We conclude that the study of genetic conditions with variable age at onset gains insights from the underlying principles of survival analysis in their modern form, but that great care is needed in translating epidemiological studies into actuarial models.
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Hu, Xue Mei, i Yong Bo Lv. "Supply Chain Network Optimization Based on Genetic Algorithm". Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (marzec 2015): 1906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.1906.
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In an increasingly competitive global market environment, supply chain competition has become the key content of industry competition in the new period. At present, the real competition is not the competition between enterprises and enterprises, but competition between supply chain and supply chain. While the key of the supply chain competition is the competition of logistics network, an efficient and suitable for logistics network can not only help enterprises to seize market share, but also can greatly reduce logistics costs to improve enterprise core competitiveness. To solve the problems existing in the supply chain network expansion, I use genetic algorithms to make model optimization.
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Harris, Anna, Susan E. Kelly i Sally Wyatt. "Counseling Customers: Emerging Roles for Genetic Counselors in the Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing Market". Journal of Genetic Counseling 22, nr 2 (25.10.2012): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10897-012-9548-0.
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Thonse Hawaldar, Iqbal, Babitha Rohit i Prakash Pinto. "Testing of weak form of efficient market hypothesis: evidence from the Bahrain Bourse". Investment Management and Financial Innovations 14, nr 2 (21.08.2017): 376–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.14(2-2).2017.09.
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Efficient market hypothesis (EMH) states that financial markets are “informationally efficient”, implying that current prices fully reflect all available information. The present study aims at testing the weak form of market efficiency of the individual stocks listed on the Bahrain Bourse for the period 2011 to 2015. Weak form of EMH is tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test, run test and autocorrelation test. The K-S test result concludes that in general the stock price movement does not follow random walk. The results of the runs test reveals that share prices of seven companies do not follow random walk. Autocorrelation tests reveal that share prices exhibit low to moderate correlation varying from negative to positive values. As the study shows mixed results, it is difficult to conclude the weak form of efficiency of Bahrain Bourse.