Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Genetic diversity

Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Genetic diversity”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021
Data aktualizacji: 22 czerwca 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Genetic diversity"

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Sivanandan, Chithra. "Genetic Diversity of Fungal Endophytes". International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 13, nr 4 (5.04.2024): 1639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr24426143007.

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McHugh, Drake. "Genetic Diversity". Environmental Conservation 15, nr 1 (1988): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900028587.

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Sharma, Mamta, i Dr R. S. Meena Dr. R.S. Meena. "Genetic Diversity in Fennel (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill)". International Journal of Scientific Research 2, nr 8 (1.06.2012): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/aug2013/2.

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S, CHITHRA, i RAJALAKSHMI R. "Genetic diversity study of Tagetes Linn. (Asteraceae)". Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 36, nr 2 (1.07.2014): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.62029/jmaps.v36i2.s.

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Present study was conducted to access genetic diversity among 10 genotypes of two species of Tagetes i.e., Tagetes erecta (6 cultivars) and Tagetes patula (4 cultivars). Though Tagetes possesses great economical value, little attention has been paid for its genetic improvement. Four polymorphic isozyme systems (AAT, MDH, EST and PRX) were selected for cultivar identification. In isozyme analysis, peroxidase was able to differentiate both the species. Esterase showed large number of alleles and polymorphism to differentiate the two species as well as cultivars of the same species. The data would be important in detailing the level of variation and relationship within and between species to plan future domestication trials in Tageties.
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Vankova, O. E., i N. F. Brusnigina. "Cytomegalovirus genetic diversity". Journal Infectology 9, nr 2 (1.01.2017): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22625/2072-6732-2017-9-2-5-12.

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Schull, W. J. "Genetic Diversity Survey". Science 279, nr 5347 (2.01.1998): 10h—15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5347.10h.

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Sparrow, Robert. "Imposing Genetic Diversity". American Journal of Bioethics 15, nr 6 (czerwiec 2015): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2015.1028658.

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Williams, Scott. "Genetic diversity matters". New Scientist 241, nr 3223 (marzec 2019): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(19)30552-4.

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Kumar, Anand, i Vivudh Pratap Singh. "Maize Genetic Diversity: Utilization of Molecular Markers in Genetic Diversity". International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 9, nr 2 (10.02.2020): 1948–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.902.222.

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Alvarez-Mejia, Cesar, Gustavo Hernandez-Guzman, Varinia Lopez-Ramirez, Jose-Humberto Valenzuela-Soto i Rodolfo Marsch. "Genetic Diversity in Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola Strains". Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 12, nr 3 (30.09.2018): 1233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.12.3.24.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Genetic diversity"

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Quinton, Margaret. "Genetic diversity in selected populations". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0016/NQ47407.pdf.

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Barker, Gary L. A. "Genetic diversity in Emiliania huxleyi". Thesis, University of Bristol, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294614.

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Fitzcharles, Elaine M. "Genetic diversity of Antarctic fish". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6860.

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Correct species identification is fundamental to all areas of biology, but particularly the policy related areas of conservation and fisheries management. To enable guidelines to be developed for environmental management and conservation, such identifications need links to studies of the evolutionary history, biological factors and environmental influences driving species divergence and population dynamics for the target species. This study concerns two genera of gadiform fish, Muraenolepis and Macrourus, found in southern temperate and Antarctic waters, with a single species, Macrourus berglax, present in the North Atlantic. With similar distribution patterns to toothfish species, Dissostichus eleginoides and D. mawsoni, they are a major food source and by-catch of the toothfish fishery. Both are slow growing and long lived, with different evolutionary histories, life expectancies and strategies for reproduction. For both genera, the accuracy of morphological keys, number of described species and their distribution is under debate. This study has identified specimens to species level using both morphological and genetic techniques, redefining the range for morphological features and taxonomic keys. For Muraenolepis, this has clarified confusion over Mu. marmoratus and Mu. microps being a single species, confirmed some mis-identification from sexual dimorphism and provided genetic evidence for the recently described species Mu. evseenkoi. For Macrourus, this work has identified a new species, now named Ma. caml, and found that Ma. holotrachys and Ma. berglax are genetically identical, raising the question of bipolar distribution or recent divergence. The low level of genetic variation within both species suggests a recent evolution and expansion into Antarctic waters. Similar geographic species limits imply common processes influencing divergence, with the oceanographic fronts as potential barriers. Further investigation of niche overlap and fine scale population structure are required to fully understand the processes driving speciation and provide the underlying data required for fisheries management.
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Olsson, Jenny. "Genetic diversity and hardiness in Scots pine from Scandinavia to Russia". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-160222.

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The postglacial recolonization of northern Europe supposedly originated from Western Europe and the Russian Plain, however, recent molecular and macrofossil-based investigations suggest that the history may be more complex than previously thought. This study aims to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of Scots pine from Scandinavia to Russia to re-evaluate its recolonization history, and to examine whether the pattern of spatial genetic diversity has any adaptive significance. Populations ranging from Norway to Russia were sampled and genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing. The seedlings were freeze tested to provide an average degree of hardiness for every population. Eight hundred and thirty-two seedlings were analyzed, and 6,034 SNPs were recovered in these individuals after stringent filtering. Population structure was investigated using fastStructure and differentiation between populations was estimated with pairwise FST and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) to assess the genetic variability. Genetic diversity was measured as observed heterozygosity, H0, in populations, clusters and overall. Two genetic clusters were detected in the samples, one in Norway and Sweden and one in Russia. These clusters are weakly differentiated (FST = 0.01202) with only 0.66 % variation between them. Highest variation was found within populations (98.8 %) and the overall genetic diversity for all populations was high (Ho = 0.2573). The weak differentiation and high diversity are indicative of extensive gene flow between populations in this species. The composition of the clusters across the sampled area suggests a westward recolonization from the Russian Plain into Scandinavia, and a possible local origin of another polymorphism in Norway and Sweden. No clear relationship between cold hardiness and genetic variation was detected. The clinal variation in cold hardiness reflects local adaptation, and the difference between genetic and phenotypic variation is likely due to epigenetic regulation or polygenic inheritance. More extensive genome scan is needed to understand the genetic basis of local adaptation.
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Thomson, Brent Robert. "Genetic Diversity in Wheat: Analysis using Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) in bread and durum wheats". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8087.

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With increasing demands on the quality and quantity of food required now and in the future, improvements to current agriculture practices are required. Increased food production requires utilisation of more agricultural land, pushing crops into non- traditional areas. The need for advances in agricultural technologies are not only required for current crop varieties, but for new varieties with increased tolerance to environmental stresses. Technological improvement means better crop yields and reduced land, water, fertilizer and pesticide use. Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) was used to study wheat diversity, specifically to identify polymorphic markers between various wheat cultivars for use in marker- assisted breeding programs. The hybridisation based technology was used to analyse various bread and durum wheat cultivars for increased understanding of genomic diversity. Analysis shows that DArT is able to discriminate between tissue samples from wheat cultivars grown under various environmental stresses with polymorphic markers identified between samples treated with differing salt, light and temperature conditions. Epigenetic diversity was analysed through methylation detection using DArT to identify a list of candidate polymorphic markers. Markers were identified using the methylation sensitive restriction enzyme McrBC to generate control and treated targets. Diversity through cultivar exploration, looking at breeding experiments between cultivars with phenotypic extremes to examine salt tolerance versus in-tolerance using DArT produced a recombinant inbred line genetic linkage map. Bulk segregant analysis was also used to group phenotypic samples. Candidate markers were identified between cultivars that can be used to genotyping tetraploid and hexaploid wheat cultivars for germplasm identification. In addition, the identification of trait-linked molecular markers, such as salt resistance, plant breeders can genotype individual plants and populations of cultivars to determine the most suitable cultivar to plant that best complements to its local environment. This eliminates the need for multiple planting cycles to optimize crop selections, and gives the plant breeder the highest possible chance for crop success (yield, quality, performance and cost).
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Paul, Richard E. L. "The genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318788.

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Townsend, S. J. "Genetic diversity and domestication in sheep". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368146.

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Williams, Louise Jane. "Recombinational mechanisms in human genetic diversity". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342483.

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Rogers, Emma Jayne. "Haplotype evolution and human genetic diversity". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342507.

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Ritz, Liliane R. "Genetic diversity in the tribe Bovini /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1997. http://www.ub.unibe.ch/content/bibliotheken_sammlungen/sondersammlungen/dissen_bestellformular/index_ger.html.

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Książki na temat "Genetic diversity"

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L, Mahoney Conner, i Springer Douglas A, red. Genetic diversity. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.

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Caliskan, Mahmut. Genetic diversity in microorganisms. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 2012.

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Amaya, Julian A. Cervantes, i Miguel M. Franco Jimenez. Genetic diversity: New research. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publisher's, Inc., 2011.

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Project, California Agricultural Lands, red. Biotechnology and genetic diversity. San Francisco, CA: California Agricultural Lands Project, 1985.

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Çalişkan, Mahmut. Genetic diversity in plants. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech, 2012.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Human Genome Diversity. i National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Life Sciences., red. Evaluating human genetic diversity. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1997.

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Jan, Engels, red. Managing plant genetic diversity. New York: CABI Pub., 2002.

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Holland, John J., red. Genetic Diversity of RNA Viruses. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77011-1.

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Nandwani, Dilip, red. Genetic Diversity in Horticultural Plants. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96454-6.

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Campaign, Gene, i Biodiversity Conservation Prioritisation Project, red. Genetic diversity in Indian trees. New Delhi: Gene Campaign, 2001.

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Części książek na temat "Genetic diversity"

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Thomas, Richard. "Genetic Diversity". W Global Biodiversity, 1–6. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2282-5_1.

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Ramírez, Fernando, i Thomas Lee Davenport. "Genetic Diversity". W Uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.) Reproductive Biology, 161–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66552-4_11.

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Wellband, Kyle, Shauna M. Baillie, Paul Bentzen i Louis Bernatchez. "Genetic Diversity". W The Lake Charr Salvelinus namaycush: Biology, Ecology, Distribution, and Management, 119–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62259-6_5.

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Ramírez, Fernando. "Genetic Diversity". W Latin American Blackberries Biology, 151–55. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31750-7_8.

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Ramírez, Fernando. "Genetic Diversity". W Latin American Blackberries Biology, 79–80. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-58927-0_5.

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Blasdell, Kim, Heikki Hentonnen i Philippe Buchy. "Hantavirus Genetic Diversity". W New Frontiers of Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, 179–216. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2114-2_9.

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Cook, L. M., i R. S. Callow. "Species diversity". W Genetic and Evolutionary Diversity, 3–19. London: Garland Science, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003421887-2.

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Cook, L. M., i R. S. Callow. "Genetic variability – conclusions". W Genetic and Evolutionary Diversity, 196–215. London: Garland Science, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003421887-17.

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Newbury, H. J., i B. V. Ford-Lloyd. "Estimation of genetic diversity". W Plant Genetic Conservation, 192–206. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1437-7_12.

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Debnath, Sanjit, Arju Ali Khan, Anwesha Das, Indrajit Murmu, Abhisikta Khan i Kamal Kumar Mandal. "Genetic Diversity in Banana". W Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, 217–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96454-6_8.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Genetic diversity"

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Pierrot, Thomas, Valentin Macé, Felix Chalumeau, Arthur Flajolet, Geoffrey Cideron, Karim Beguir, Antoine Cully, Olivier Sigaud i Nicolas Perrin-Gilbert. "Diversity policy gradient for sample efficient quality-diversity optimization". W GECCO '22: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3512290.3528845.

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WANG, WILLIAM S. Y. "HUMAN DIVERSITY AND LANGUAGE DIVERSITY". W Genetic, Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on Human Diversity in Southeast Asia. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812810847_0002.

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Fieldsend, Jonathan E., i Alberto Moraglio. "Strength Through Diversity". W GECCO '15: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2739480.2754643.

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Cully, Antoine, Jean-Baptiste Mouret i Stéphane Doncieux. "Quality-diversity optimisation". W GECCO '20: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3377929.3389852.

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Cully, Antoine, Jean-Baptiste Mouret i Stéphane Doncieux. "Quality-diversity optimisation". W GECCO '21: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3449726.3461403.

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Cully, Antoine, Jean-Baptiste Mouret i Stéphane Doncieux. "Quality-diversity optimisation". W GECCO '22: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3520304.3533637.

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Neumann, Aneta, Denis Antipov i Frank Neumann. "Coevolutionary Pareto diversity optimization". W GECCO '22: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3512290.3528755.

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Neumann, Aneta, Wanru Gao, Carola Doerr, Frank Neumann i Markus Wagner. "Discrepancy-based evolutionary diversity optimization". W GECCO '18: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3205455.3205532.

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Squillero, Giovanni, i Alberto Tonda. "Promoting diversity in evolutionary optimization". W GECCO '18: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3205651.3207878.

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Squillero, Giovanni, i Alberto Tonda. "Promoting Diversity in Evolutionary Algorithms". W GECCO '16: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2908961.2931651.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Genetic diversity"

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Shannon Bayliss, Shannon Bayliss. Can genetic diversity preserve a friendship? Experiment, styczeń 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/1855.

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Akbulut, Mustafa, Mehmet Polat, Sezai Ercisli i Karim Sorkheh. Genetic Diversity of Prunus angustifolia Accessions. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, październik 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2019.10.07.

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Knowlton, Nancy. Genetic Diversity and Stability of Coral - Algal Symbiosis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, marzec 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada361549.

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Ashraf, Quamrul, i Oded Galor. Genetic Diversity and the Origins of Cultural Fragmentation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, styczeń 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18738.

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Malek Al-Marayati, Malek Al-Marayati. Genetic diversity across the Atlantic in a red seaweed. Experiment, styczeń 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/10700.

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Genetic resource policies what is diversity worth to farmers? Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/ifpriragbriefs13-18.

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Fluhr, Robert, i Volker Brendel. Harnessing the genetic diversity engendered by alternative gene splicing. United States Department of Agriculture, grudzień 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7696517.bard.

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Our original objectives were to assess the unexplored dimension of alternative splicing as a source of genetic variation. In particular, we sought to initially establish an alternative splicing database for Arabidopsis, the only plant for which a near-complete genome has been assembled. Our goal was to then use the database, in part, to advance plant gene prediction programs that are currently a limiting factor in annotating genomic sequence data and thus will facilitate the exploitation of the ever increasing quantity of raw genomic data accumulating for plants. Additionally, the database was to be used to generate probes for establishing high-throughput alternative transcriptome analysis in the form of a splicing-specific oligonucleotide microarray. We achieved the first goal and established a database and web site termed Alternative Splicing In Plants (ASIP, http://www.plantgdb.org/ASIP/). We also thoroughly reviewed the extent of alternative splicing in plants (Arabidopsis and rice) and proposed mechanisms for transcript processing. We noted that the repertoire of plant alternative splicing differs from that encountered in animals. For example, intron retention turned out to be the major type. This surprising development was proven by direct RNA isolation techniques. We further analyzed EST databases available from many plants and developed a process to assess their alternative splicing rate. Our results show that the lager genome-sized plant species have enhanced rates of alternative splicing. We did advance gene prediction accuracy in plants by incorporating scoring for non-canonical introns. Our data and programs are now being used in the continuing annotation of plant genomes of agronomic importance, including corn, soybean, and tomato. Based on the gene annotation data developed in the early part of the project, it turned out that specific probes for different exons could not be scaled up to a large array because no uniform hybridization conditions could be found. Therefore, we modified our original objective to design and produce an oligonucleotide microarray for probing alternative splicing and realized that it may be reasonable to investigate the extent of alternative splicing using novel commercial whole genome arrays. This possibility was directly examined by establishing algorithms for the analysis of such arrays. The predictive value of the algorithms was then shown by isolation and verification of alternative splicing predictions from the published whole genome array databases. The BARD-funded work provides a significant advance in understanding the extent and possible roles of alternative splicing in plants as well as a foundation for advances in computational gene prediction.
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Davison, Patricia, Michael G. Kaiser, Susan J. Lamont i Charles F. Curtiss. Genetic Diversity of the Antiviral Mx Gene in 14 Chicken Lines. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, styczeń 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-766.

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Miller, D. j., G. Rana i S. R. Craig. Conservation and Management of Yak Genetic Diversity; Proceedings of a Workshop. Kathmandu, Nepal: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.227.

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Michelmore, Richard, Eviatar Nevo, Abraham Korol i Tzion Fahima. Genetic Diversity at Resistance Gene Clusters in Wild Populations of Lactuca. United States Department of Agriculture, luty 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573075.bard.

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Genetic resistance is often the least expensive, most effective, and ecologically-sound method of disease control. It is becoming apparent that plant genomes contain large numbers of disease resistance genes. However, the numbers of different resistance specificities within a genepool and the genetic mechanisms generating diversity are poorly understood. Our objectives were to characterize diversity in clusters of resistance genes in wild progenitors of cultivated lettuce in Israel and California in comparison to diversity within cultivated lettuce, and to determine the extent of gene flow, recombination, and genetic instability in generating variation within clusters of resistance genes. Genetic diversity of resistance genes was analyzed in wild and cultivated germplasm using molecular markers derived from lettuce resistance gene sequences of the NBS-LRR type that mapped to the major cluster if resistance genes in lettuce (Sicard et al. 1999). Three molecular markers, one microsatellite marker and two SCAR markers that amplified LRR- encoding regions, were developed from sequences of resistance gene homologs at the Dm3 cluster (RGC2s) in lettuce. Variation for these markers was assessed in germplasm including 74 genotypes of cultivated lettuce, L. saliva and 71 accessions of the three wild Lactuca spp., L. serriola, L. saligna and L. virosa that represent the major species in the sexually accessible genepool for lettuce. Diversity was also studied within and between natural populations of L. serriola from Israel and California. Large numbers of haplotypes were detected indicating the presence of numerous resistance genes in wild species. We documented a variety of genetic events occurring at clusters of resistance genes for the second objective (Sicard et al., 1999; Woo el al., in prep; Kuang et al., in prepb). The diversity of resistance genes in haplotypes provided evidence for gene duplication and unequal crossing over during the evolution of this cluster of resistance genes. Comparison of nine resistance genes in cv. Diana identified 22 gene conversion and five intergenic recombinations. We cloned and sequenced a 700 bp region from the middle of RGC2 genes from six genotypes, two each from L. saliva, L. serriola, and L. saligna . We have identified over 60 unique RGC2 sequences. Phylogenetic analysis surprisingly demonstrated much greater similarity between than within genotypes. This led to the realization that resistance genes are evolving much slower than had previously been assumed and to a new model as to how resistance genes are evolving (Michelmore and Meyers, 1998). The genetic structure of L. serriola was studied using 319 AFLP markers (Kuang et al., in prepa). Forty-one populations from Turkey, Armenia, Israel, and California as well as seven European countries were examined. AFLP marker data showed that the Turkish and Armenian populations were the most polymorphic populations and the European populations were the least. The Davis, CA population, a recent post-Columbian colonization, showed medium genetic diversity and was genetically close to the Turkish populations. Our results suggest that Turkey - Armenia may be the center of origin and diversity of L. serriola and may therefore have the greatest diversity of resistance genes. Our characterization of the diversity of resistance genes and the genetic mechanisms generating it will allow informed exploration, in situ and ex situ conservation, and utilization of germplasm resources for disease control. The results of this project provide the basis for our future research work, which will lead to a detailed understanding of the evolution of resistance genes in plants.
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