Rozprawy doktorskie: „Generative grammar”

1

Winkler, Susanne. "Ellipsis and focus in generative grammar". Berlin New York Mouton de Gruyter, 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2704341&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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2

Tomalin, Marcus. "The mathematical origins of transformational generative grammar". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619694.

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3

Diaconescu, Rodica Constanta. "Romanian imperatives from the perspective of generative grammar". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0007/MQ45214.pdf.

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4

Gestel, Frank C. van. "X-bar grammar attribution and predication in Dutch /". Dordrecht, the Netherlands ; Riverton, N.J. : Foris Publications, 1986. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/17700176.html.

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5

Cardoso, Llach Daniel. "A generative grammar for 2D manufacturing of 3D objects". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/39500.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-51).
Much of the current research in Design and Computation for Architecture proposes to automate the production of construction information as a means of freeing architects from the sticky and inconvenient contingencies of dealing with physical matter. This approach has yielded promising questions and applications, but is based on two related assumptions that often go unnoticed and that I wish to confront: 1.Designers are more creative if they only need to engage with the superficial aspects of the objects they design and 2. The symbolic 3D environments of current design software are the ideal medium for design because they hide from the user the contingencies of physical matter. I examine these assumptions and the potential of a generative grammar to enable an alternative dialogue between design and construction. What happens when the generative grammar for design and construction are one and the same? In this thesis I present a generative grammar for 2-dimensional manufacturing of 3D objects as a vehicle for discussing the millenary tradition in architecture of separating design and construction knowledge.
by Daniel Cardoso Llach.
S.M.

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6

Grimshaw, Jane B. "English wh-constructions and the theory of grammar". New York : Garland Pub, 1985. http://books.google.com/books?id=hLJZAAAAMAAJ.

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7

Qefa, Sonila <1985&gt. "Elements of Albanian Generative Grammar A minimalist determiner phrase structure". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/4529.

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The present dissertation is a study of the syntactic structure of the Albanian determiner phrase (DP) in the generative framework. Generally, the concern has been to outline the findings made up to now and propose a unified account in order to provide a better understanding of this language in generative terms. While in a more specific manner, following the recent minimalist analysis of Manzini and Savoia (2007), I will provide an insight of the morphosyntax of the Albanian extended noun phrase (NP). In order to account for the productivity of the Albanian NP, Abney’s pioneering proposal (1987), according to which the noun phrase is headed by a functional element, namely the D(eterminer), represents a fine model to analyse the comparatively considerable number of noun-modifying functional words crucial to the Albanian DPs. There will follow an analysis of the Albanian adjectival phrase (AP) in its distribution and an attempt for a classification of the articulated adjectives and the status of this kind of article.

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8

Sawada, Miyuki. "Topics in Japanese clause structure : where Kokugogaku and generative grammar meet". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340189.

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9

LeBlanc, David C. "The generation of phrase-structure representations from principles". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29338.

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Implementations of grammatical theory have traditionally been based upon Context- Free Grammar (CFG) formalisms which all but ignore questions of learnability. Even implementations which are based upon theories of Generative Grammar (GG), a paradigm which is supposedly motivated by learnability, rarely address such questions. In this thesis we will examine a GG theory which has been formulated primarily to address questions of learnability and present an implementation based upon this theory. The theory argues from Chomsky's definition of epistemological priority that principles which match elements and structures from prelinguistic systems with elements and structures in linguistic systems are preferable to those which are defined purely linguistically or non-linguistically. A procedure for constructing phrase-structure representations from prelinguistic relations using principles of node percolation (rather than the traditional X-theory of GG theories or phrase-structure rules of CFG theories) is presented and this procedure integrated into a left-right, primarily bottom-up parsing mechanism. Specifically, we present a parsing mechanism which derives phrase-structure representations of sentences from Case- and 0-relations using a small number of Percolation Principles. These Percolation Principles simply determine the categorial features of the dominant node of any two adjacent nodes in a representational tree, doing away with explicit phrase structure rules altogether. The parsing mechanism also instantiates appropriate empty categories using a filler-driven paradigm for leftward argument and non-argument movement. Procedures modelling learnability are not implemented in this work, but the applicability of the presented model to a computational model of language is discussed.
Science, Faculty of
Computer Science, Department of
Graduate

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10

Hwang, Kyu-Hong. "Nominative and default case checking in minimalist syntax /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8401.

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11

Featherston, Sam. "Empty categories in sentence processing : psycholinguistic evidence from German". Thesis, University of Essex, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285849.

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12

LIU, HSIAO-MEI. "A CATEGORIAL GRAMMAR ANALYSIS OF CHINESE SEPARABLE COMPOUNDS AND PHRASES (SYNTAX, SEMANTICS)". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183896.

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The lexicon of modern Chinese is composed mainly of disyllabic compound words; some of the compounds are separable, while others are not. Hindered by problems with the definition of the Chinese word and by the concept of separate grammatical levels on which morphological, syntactic and semantic processes occur, previous linguistic studies have been unable to fully account for the separability of some compounds and for the relationship of compound separability to phrase separability. This dissertation finds that, with morphemes having the same syntactic association with other morphemes that words or phrases have with other words or phrases, categorial rules logically explain the common syntax of Chinese words and phrases. In categorial grammar analysis based on the work of Ajdukiewicz (1935), Montague (1974), Partee (1972; 1975), and Bach (1983; 1984), categories are determined by functions associating the expressions in component sets, and syntactic operations build categories up into larger derived categories according to specified functor-argument relations. In the present analysis of Chinese, to the set of the non-verb general category belong morphemes, words and phrases whose form classes are not verbs and which are generic names. Argument expressions, both compound words and verb phrases which belong to this category, combine with the intransitive/non-verb general functor to form the IV category. Rules operating by concatenation, cliticization and wrapping account for the occurrence of resultative expressions, aspect markers, and expressions of time duration or time frequency between the components of separable compounds. Further, the hierarchy of thematic roles devised by Jackendoff (1972) is applied to account for cases in which the functors in IV combine with more than one argument. In this way, an analysis which combines principles of morphology, syntax and semantics is able to account for the identity of compound and phrase separability and derive grammatical sentences for the language.

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13

Myers, James Tomlinson. "A processing model of phonological rule application". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186217.

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This dissertation proposes a formal model of phonological performance, Double Lookup, that also has empirical consequences for theories of phonological competence. The most significant of these is the Productivity Hypothesis, the claim that the ordering of rules derives from their relative productivity. According to Double Lookup, the use of phonological knowledge during speech production occurs in two steps. First, forms are retrieved from memory; second, phonological rules are retrieved from memory and applied, if appropriate, to the retrieved forms. Phonological patterns may be applied during speech in this way or be prepatterned (stored as patterns across lexical items in memory). The productivity of a rule is defined to be the likelihood of its being retrieved and applied during speech production. In general, less productive rules are more likely to be prepatterned than more productive rules. The Productivity Hypothesis then follows: Because prepatterned forms are retrieved before rules are retrieved and applied, less productive rules will be ordered before more productive rules. Double Lookup and the Productivity Hypothesis are tested in several ways. First it is shown that the ordering of partially productive rules in English, as determined using standard linguistic methods, corresponds with their ranking in productivity, as determined through experiments described in the literature and through original surveys of speech errors. The application of fully productive rules in English is also shown to be consistent with the Productivity Hypothesis; fully productive rules do not apply in a linear sequence, but rather interact in accordance with universal principles. All apparent counterexamples actually involve less than fully productive rules. Next it is shown that the phenomenon referred to in the literature as cyclicity is correctly predicted to arise under certain well-defined circumstances, as when a rule is both prepatterned and very productive. In addition, it is shown that there are large categories of examples that cannot be handled by the notion of cyclicity at all, but find a simple account within Double Lookup. Finally, evidence for the model is summarized by comparing it with other models of rule ordering which face conceptual and empirical problems Double Lookup avoids.

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14

Ura, Hiroyuki. "Checking theory and grammatical functions in universal grammar /". New York [u.a.] : Oxford Univ. Press, 2000. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0605/99023232-d.html.

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15

Rosselló, Ximenes Joana. "Gramàtica, configuracions i referència: per una teoria alternativa del PRO-drop romànic". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673545.

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Esta tesis presenta una teoría del parámetro PRO-drop que pretende ser alternativa a la actualmente vigente, es decir, a la de Rizzi y Chomsky (R.C. o canónica). Atendiendo a tal objetivo, la tesis se divide en dos partes. La primera parte contiene, en primer lugar, la formulación canónica del parámetro PRO-drop; seguidamente, una revisión de los problemas que esta conlleva (Cf. Cap. 1) y el examen de una serie de propuestas que asumiendo crucialmente la visión R.C. intentarían proseguir la caracterización de las gramáticas PRO-drop románicas (Cf. Cap. 2); finalmente, una argumentación según la cual, en rigor, e incluso prescindiendo de la insatisfactoriedad que afectaría tanto a la propuesta central de R.C. como a las colaterales, sería necesario concluir que la formulación R.C. del parámetro PRO-drop no existe (Cf. Cloenda). La segunda parte consiste en la presentación y desarrollo del marco teórico alternativo. Se procede así: primero se formula la propuesta alternativa como tal, que, como se argumenta, vendría justificada no solo por el fracaso de la de R.C. sino porque, de otro modo, la teorización en lenguas románicas debería seguir las líneas de un ECP1 (Empty Category Principle, Chomsky (1981)) cuya precariedad ha sido demostrada repetidamente. La propuesta en cuestión pasaría por el supuesto crucial según el cual la única posición intraoracional de sujeto es la posición posverbal, así como por el de la direccionalidad de la reacción en un marco de ECP que se aplicaría también a PRO (Cf. Cap. 3). Posteriormente, la propuesta recibe ulterior justificación: se demuestran las ventajas de la eliminación del sujeto preverbal como elemento intraoracional (Cf. Cap. 4) y de la estimación de la naturaleza y posición del sujeto posverbal en los términos exigidos por nuestra propuesta (Cf. Cap. 5).

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16

Chung, So-Woo. "Cataphora in discourse representation theory /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8424.

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17

Wieland, Nellie Claire. "Scribbledehobble a dissertation on linguistic agency /". Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3259063.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 21, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 197-213).

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18

Cheung, Ki-shun Antonio, i 張祺舜. "Processing factors in language comprehension and production: the case of Cantonese dative constructions". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B37227099.

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19

Finer, Daniel L. "The formal grammar of switch-reference". New York : Garland, 1985. http://books.google.com/books?id=xkxiAAAAMAAJ.

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20

Denham, Kristin E. "A minimalist account of optional wh-movement /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8369.

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21

Gu, Ning. "Dynamic Designs of Virtual Worlds Using Generative Design Agents". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/984.

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This research aims at developing a different kind of virtual world that is dynamically designed and implemented as needed. Currently, most virtual world designs are considered static. Similar to the physical world, these worlds are pre-defined prior to their use. The resultant environments serve certain purposes but do not take into consideration possible changes to the purposes during their use, changes which often occur when the occupants interact with the environments and with each other. Virtual worlds as networked environments can be flexibly configured and programmed. This flexibility makes it possible to consider virtual world designs in terms of dynamics and autonomy, reflecting the changing needs of different moments. To achieve dynamic designs of virtual worlds, this study applies a computational approach using rational design agents. A Generative Design Agent (GDA) model is developed that specifies computational processes for reasoning and designing in virtual worlds. The GDAs serve as personal design agents to the virtual world occupants. Design formalisms for virtual worlds are also addressed. The design component of a GDA is supported by the application of a generative design grammar. On one hand, generative design grammars serve as the generative force to be applied by the GDAs for virtual world design automation. On the other hand, each grammar defines coherent stylistic characterisations shared by the virtual world designs it generates. The technical outcomes of the research consist of the GDA model and a generative design grammar framework. The framework provides guidelines and strategies to designers for developing generative design grammars that produce different design languages for virtual worlds, rather than predefine every detail of all possible virtual world designs. GDAs monitor the virtual worlds and the various activities that occur in the worlds, interpret the occupants’ needs in the virtual worlds and the state of the worlds based on these observations, hypothesise design goals in order to satisfy these needs, and finally apply generative design grammars to provide virtual world designs for the moment, or initiate other actions in the worlds, according to the current design goals, on behalf of the occupants. The development of the GDA model and the generative design grammar framework provides new perspectives for understanding and developing virtual worlds. The GDA model challenges the conventional way that virtual worlds are designed and implemented, and this leads to dynamic designs of virtual worlds. The generative design grammar framework provides a computational approach to formally defining design languages for virtual worlds.

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22

Gu, Ning. "Dynamic Designs of Virtual Worlds Using Generative Design Agents". Architecture, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/984.

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Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
This research aims at developing a different kind of virtual world that is dynamically designed and implemented as needed. Currently, most virtual world designs are considered static. Similar to the physical world, these worlds are pre-defined prior to their use. The resultant environments serve certain purposes but do not take into consideration possible changes to the purposes during their use, changes which often occur when the occupants interact with the environments and with each other. Virtual worlds as networked environments can be flexibly configured and programmed. This flexibility makes it possible to consider virtual world designs in terms of dynamics and autonomy, reflecting the changing needs of different moments. To achieve dynamic designs of virtual worlds, this study applies a computational approach using rational design agents. A Generative Design Agent (GDA) model is developed that specifies computational processes for reasoning and designing in virtual worlds. The GDAs serve as personal design agents to the virtual world occupants. Design formalisms for virtual worlds are also addressed. The design component of a GDA is supported by the application of a generative design grammar. On one hand, generative design grammars serve as the generative force to be applied by the GDAs for virtual world design automation. On the other hand, each grammar defines coherent stylistic characterisations shared by the virtual world designs it generates. The technical outcomes of the research consist of the GDA model and a generative design grammar framework. The framework provides guidelines and strategies to designers for developing generative design grammars that produce different design languages for virtual worlds, rather than predefine every detail of all possible virtual world designs. GDAs monitor the virtual worlds and the various activities that occur in the worlds, interpret the occupants’ needs in the virtual worlds and the state of the worlds based on these observations, hypothesise design goals in order to satisfy these needs, and finally apply generative design grammars to provide virtual world designs for the moment, or initiate other actions in the worlds, according to the current design goals, on behalf of the occupants. The development of the GDA model and the generative design grammar framework provides new perspectives for understanding and developing virtual worlds. The GDA model challenges the conventional way that virtual worlds are designed and implemented, and this leads to dynamic designs of virtual worlds. The generative design grammar framework provides a computational approach to formally defining design languages for virtual worlds.

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23

Jo, In-Hee. "A unified semantic analysis of serialization : intensionality of event individuation". Virtual Press, 1993. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/862290.

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Even though there has been little agreement as to how the phenomenon of serialization is to be defined, it is generally assumed (i) that there is a close meaning dependency (of some kind) between the event descriptions serialized (serials hereafter), (ii) that the serials cannot be modified independently by such sentential operators as tense, aspect, mood, etc., and (iii) that these aspects of serialization are closely related to the fact that a serial construction refers to a `single event'.However, these assumptions have not been materialized into an explicit analysis of serialization. In particular, it has not been clearly accounted for how the concept of single event is attributed to the meaning dependencies between serials that are apparently so diverse as to defy a unique semantic characterization. Thus, in previous studies, the apparent heterogeneity of meaning dependencies has led to `fragmentation' of serialization into coordinating and subordinating types, and of the subordinating type, in turn, into a variety of lexically governed subtypes.This dissertation argues against such fragmentation and provides a unified semantic analysis of serialization, drawing on the philosophical discussions of event individuation and causation. Under my analysis, the sense of inseparable connection between serials is represented by a counterfactual dependency between them. The counterfactual dependency only entails that the first serial is necessarily related to the second, without specifying the nature of the necessary relatedness. Thus, the variety of meaning dependencies observed in the literature can be accommodated as particular instances of the counterfactual dependency.Moreover, the single event reading of serialization is attributed to the `counterfactual' dependency between serials: in virtue of the dependency, the serials are not identified independently of each other, and hence are construed as constituting a single event unit. A variety of structural constraints on serialization observed in the literature are then analyzed as natural consequences of the conceptual unity of the serialized events as a whole.
Department of English

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24

Sharp, Randall Martin. "A model of grammar based on principles of government and binding". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24917.

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This thesis describes an implementation of a model of natural language grammar based on current theories of transformational grammar, collectively referred to as Government and Binding (GB) theory. A description is presented of the principles of GB, including X-bar syntax and the theories of Case, Theta, Binding, Bounding, and Government The principles, in effect, constitute an embodiment of "universal grammar" (UG), i.e. the abstract characterization of the innately endowed human language faculty. Associated with the principles is a set of parameters that alter the effect of the principles. The "core grammar" of a specific language is an instantiation of UG with the parameters set in a particular way. To demonstrate the cross-linguistic nature of the theory, a subset of the "core grammars" of Spanish and English is implemented, including their parametric values and certain language-specific transformations required to characterize grammatical sentences. Sentences in one language are read in and converted through a series of reverse transformations to a base representation in the target language. To this representation, transformations are applied that produce a set of output sentences. The well-formedness of these sentences is verified by the general principles of UG as controlled by the parameters. Any that fail to meet the conditions are rejected so that only grammatical sentences are displayed. The model is written in the Prolog programming language.
Science, Faculty of
Computer Science, Department of
Graduate

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25

Petronio, Karen M. "Clause structure in American sign language /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8418.

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26

Walinska, De Hackbeil Hanna. "The roots of phrase structure : the syntactic basis of English morphology /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8429.

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27

Caink, Andrew David. "The lexical interface : closed class items in south Slavic and English". Thesis, Durham University, 1998. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5026/.

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This thesis argues for a minimalist theory of dual lexicalization. It presents a unified analysis of South Slavic and English auxiliaries and accounts for the distribution of South Slavic clitic clusters. The analysis moves much minor cross-linguistic variation out of the syntax into the lexicon and the level of Phonological Form. Following a critique of various approaches to lexical insertion in Chomskyan models, we adapt Emonds' (1994, 1997) theory of syntactic and phonological lexicalization for a model employing bare phrase structure. We redefine 'extended projection' in this theory, and revise the mechanism of 'Alternative Realization', whereby formal features associated with (possibly null) XP may be realised on another node. Pronominal clitics are one example of Alternative Realization. We claim that the Serbian/Croatian/Bosnian clitic cluster is phonologically lexicalized on the highest head in the extended projection. The clitic auxiliaries in SCB are not auxiliaries, but the altemative realization of features in 1º without categorial specification, hence the distribution of the clitic cluster as a whole. We show how a verb's extended projection may be extended by 'restructuring' verbs, allowing clitic climbing. In Bulgarian/Macedonian, the clausal clitic cluster appears on the highest [+V] head in the extended projection, determined by the categorial specifications of the auxiliaries. In the DP, the possessive dative clitic forms a clitic cluster with the determmer, its distribution determined by the realization of the Dº feature. SCB and Bulgarian clitic clusters require a phonological host in the domain of lexicalization: phonological lexicalization into the Wackemagel Position occurs as a 'last resort'. The treatment of auxiliaries and restructuring verbs m English and South Slavic derives from their lexical entries. Dual lexicalization and bracketing of features in the lexicon allows variation in trace licensing, optional word orders, and minor language-specific phonological idiosyncrasies.

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28

Liu, Kristina. "Evidence for implicit learning of color patterns and letter strings from a study of artificial grammar learning /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7585.

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29

Churchyard, Henry. "Purely Privative Vowel-Feature Systems as a Generative Theory: Fixing Certain Problems with Particle Phonology". Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/227261.

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The goal of this paper is to develop a fully formalized, (i.e. generative) privative vowel-feature theory which is a viable alternative to conventional feature theory for vowels. To do this, certain revisions to the theory of Particle Phonology will be proposed.

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30

Elesseily, Nagat Hassan. "Subject extraction from embedded clauses in standard Arabic". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25385.

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Standard Arabic exhibits 'that trace' effect in one instance in the extraction of the subject from an 'anna' clause while the extraction of the object and the subject of an 'an' clause may be extracted freely in the formation of WH-question. The extraction of the subject of an 'anna' clause may not be extracted unless the extracted position is marked by a clitic on the complementizer 'anna'. If the clitic appears in place of the moved NP in an 'an' clause it renders the sentence ungrammatical. The adoption of the Government and Binding Framework, Chomsky (1981), (1982) and in particular Case Theory, Government theory and the Empty Category Principle (ECP) enable us to explain this distinct behaviour in the extraction of the subject of an 'anna' clause and show that the appearance of the clitic is predicted by the proposed analysis. It is argued that the clitic appears in the extraction of the subject of an 'anna' clause in order to properly govern the trace left by the extracted subject, and so as not to violate ECP. Since verbs are proper governors in SA, extraction of the subject of an 'an' clause must apply from a governed position. In fact this is exactly what our analysis predicts. Since 'an' is not a case assigner and since we are assuming that government and case are assigned only to the right, AGR and verb preposing are obligatory in an 'an' clause to assign case to the subject NP. Therefore extraction of the subject leaves a trace properly governed by the verb. In the extraction of the subject of an 'anna' clause on the other hand, since 'anna' is a case assigner and assigns a cusative case to its subject, AGR and verb preposing may not apply. Thus, the extraction of the subject leaves a trace which is not properly governed in violation of ECP, and the clitic must appear in order to properly govern the trace left by movement.
Arts, Faculty of
Linguistics, Department of
Graduate

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31

Tellier, Christine. "Universal licensing : implications for parasitic gap constructions". Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75902.

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This dissertation investigates, within a Government-Binding framework, the licensing mechanisms which regulate the distribution of sentence-internal constituents. It is proposed that the licensing requirements apply across components, in the spirit of the Projection Principle of Chomsky (1981). Under the extended view of licensing proposed here ("Universal Licensing"), maximal projections must comply with the appropriate licensing requirements at every syntactic level of representation.
This allows for a more constrained model of grammar, under which a number of facts follow in a principled way; this is the case particularly with respect to constructions involving null operators. Thus, from the D- and S-Structure conditions on null operator licensing, we derive the cross-linguistic as well as the language-internal distribution of resumptive pronouns. Furthermore, some of the well-known, but so far stipulated, constraints on parasitic gap (PG) constructions are shown to follow from general principles: we explain for instance the fact that PGs must be sanctioned at S-Structure, as well as the inability of adjunct movement to license PGs.
The consequences of Universal Licensing on the distribution of PGs are examined with particular reference to adnominal PGs in French genitival relatives. It is shown that the properties displayed by these little-studied ("double dont") constructions, in conjunction with the Universal Licensing Principle, shed significant light on a number of issues, among which the thematic structure of nominals, and the nature of the locality constraints on null operator identification.

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32

Watanabe, Akira. "Case absorption and WH-agreement /". Dordrecht [u.a.] : Kluwer Acad. Publ, 1996. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0821/96029249-d.html.

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33

Guimarães, Miranda Maximiliano. "Repensando a interface sintaxe-fonologia a partir do axioma de correspondencia linear". [s.n.], 1998. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269027.

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Orientador: Charlotte Galves
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Esta dissertação trata da interface sintaxe-fonologia. O quadro teórico é definido no âmbito de duas teorias complementares: o Programa Minimalista (Chomsk.ry 1993, 1994, 1995; Kayne 1994) & a Teoria da Hierarquia Prosódica (Selkirk 1984, 1986; Nespor & Vogel 1986; Inkelas & Zec 1990). Faço aqui as seguintes propostas: (i) Ao se reinterpretar o passos de base & o passo recursivo da versão pós-kayneana do LCA como sendo dois algoritmos distintos de mapeamento do componente fonológico, é possivel capturar algumas propriedades básicas da estrutura prosódica; (ii) Os procedimentos de mapeamento da computação fonológica são aplicados na seguinte ordem: linearização, morfologia, hierarquização prosódica e regras fonológicas stricto sensu, (iii) Depois da linearização, as informações sintáticas deixam definitivamente de estar disponíveis para o componente fonológico. Toda e qualquer operação subseqüente deverá se aplicar com 1;>ase apenas nas informações codificadas nas strings geradas pelo 'LCA fatorado'; (iv) O sistema computacional permite a geração de projeções vácuas através de operações de auto-conexão - para evitar estruturas não-linearizáveis; (v) A geometria da hierarquia prosódica é organizada em camadas, de tal' modo que palavras prosódicas são imediatamente p-dominadas tanto por sintagmas fonológicos como por sintagmas entoacionais, os quais pertencem a duas subierarquias paralelas
Abstract: This dissertation deals with the syntax-phonology interface. The theoretical framework consists of two complementary theories: the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1993, 1994, 1995; Kayne 1994) & the Theory of Prosodic Hierarchy (Selkirk 1984, 1986; Nespor & Vogel 1986; Inkelas & Zec 1990). Here I make the following claims: (i) By taking the base & the recursive steps of the bare-phrase version of Kayne's LCA to be two distinct mapping algorithms of the PF component, it is possible to account for some core properties of prosodic structure; (ii) The mapping procedures of the phonological computation . are derivationally ordered as follows: linearization, morphology, prosodic phrasing and pure phonological rules; (iii) After linearization takes place, syntactic information is not availabe for the PF component. Any further operations have to proceed solely on the basis of the information encoded in the strings generated by the 'factored LCA'; (iv) The computational system allows the generation of vacuous projections, through self-merge operations, in order to avoid unlinearizeable structures; (v) The geometry of the prosodic .hierarchy is organized in tiers, so that prosodic words are immediately p-dominated both by phonological phrases and by intonational phrases, which belong to two parallel subhierarchies
Mestrado
Mestre em Linguística

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Booth, Hannah. "Expletives and clause structure : syntactic change in Icelandic". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2018. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/expletives-and-clause-structure-syntactic-change-in-icelandic(7907d61b-4404-4964-bf8d-ce304c0fab8d).html.

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This thesis examines the historical development of the expletive það in Icelandic, from the earliest texts to the present day. This development is set against the backdrop of Icelandic clause structure, with particular attention to verb-second, information structure and the left periphery. The study combines corpus linguistic data and quantitative techniques with theoretical analysis, conducted within Lexical Functional Grammar. I show that Icelandic underwent three syntactic developments in the period 1750-present and argue that these all reflect one overall change: the establishment of það as a structural placeholder for the topic position (the clause-initial prefinite position). I claim that það functions as a topic position placeholder in the earliest attested stage of Icelandic (1150-1350), but is restricted to a specific context: topicless subjectless constructions with a clausal object, where það has cataphoric reference. The three changes in the period 1750-present represent the establishment of this topic position placeholder in new contexts: (1) það generalises to all types of topicless subjectless construction, beyond those with a clausal object; (2) það emerges in presentational constructions (which inherently lack a topic), out-competing the earlier expletive form þar; (3) in cataphoric contexts with a clausal subject, það begins to transition from subject to topic position placeholder. The majority of these contexts exhibit at least a short period in which það - or alternatively þar - behaves like a subject. Icelandic thus exhibits the emergence of a topic position placeholder expletive from an earlier subject-like element. This shift towards prefinite expletives, which sets Icelandic apart from e.g. Mainland Scandinavian, happens relatively late in the diachrony (1750-present). Moreover, the Icelandic development challenges the standard claim in the literature on Germanic expletives, which assumes that subject expletives emerge from prefinite expletives.

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Marruche, Vanessa de Sales. "Uma análise do verbo poder do português brasileiro à luz da HPSG e do léxico gerativo". Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2012. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2375.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
This study presents an analysis both syntactic and semantic of the verb poder in Brazilian Portuguese. To achieve this goal, we started with a literature review, which consisted of works dedicated to the study of auxiliarity and modality in order to determine what these issues imply and what is usually considered for classifying the verb under investigation as an auxiliary and/or modal verb. As foundations of this study, we used two theories, namely, HPSG (Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Gramática de Estruturas Sintagmáticas Orientadas pelo Núcleo), a model of surface oriented generative grammar, which consists of a phonological, a syntactic and a semantic component, and GL (The Generative Lexicon O Léxico Gerativo), a lexicalist model of semantic interpretation of natural language, which is proposed to deal with problems such as compositionality, semantic creativity, and logical polysemy. Because these models are unable to handle the verb poder of the Brazilian Portuguese as they were originally proposed, it was necessary to use the GL to make some modifications in HPSG, in order to semantically enrich this model of grammar, so that it can cope with the logical polysemy of the verb poder, its behavior as a raising and a control verb, the saturation of its internal argument, as well as to identify when it is an auxiliary verb. The analysis showed that: (a) poder has four meanings inherent to it, namely, CAPACITY, ABILITY, POSSIBILITY and PERMISSION; (b) to saturate the internal argument of poder, the phrase candidate to saturate that argument must be of type [proposition] and the core of that phrase must be of type [event]. In case those types are not identical, the type coercion is applied in order to recover the requested type for that verb; (c) poder is a raising verb when it means POSSIBILITY, in such case it selects no external argument. That is, it accepts as its subject whatever the subject of its VP-complement is; (d) poder is a control verb when it means CAPACITY, ABILITY and/or PERMISSION and in this case it requires that the saturator of its internal argument be of type [entity] when poder means CAPACITY, or of type [animal] when it means ABILITY and/or PERMISSION; (e) poder is an auxiliary verb only when it is a raising verb, because only in this situation it does not impose any selectional restrictions on the external argument and (f ) poder is considered a modal verb because it can express an epistemic notion possibility and at least three non-epistemic notions of modality capacity, ability and permission.
Este trabalho apresenta uma análise tanto sintática quanto semântica do verbo poder do português brasileiro. Para alcançar esse objetivo, partiu-se de uma revisão de literatura, a qual compreendeu trabalhos dedicados ao estudo da auxiliaridade e da modalidade, a fim de verificar o que essas questões implicam e o que geralmente é levado em consideração para classificar o verbo investigado como auxiliar e/ou modal. Como alicerces deste trabalho, foram utilizadas duas teorias, quais sejam, a HPSG (Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar Gramática de Estruturas Sintagmáticas Orientadas pelo Núcleo), um modelo de gramática gerativa orientada pela superfície, a qual é constituída de um componente fonológico, um sintático e um semântico, e o GL (The Generative Lexicon O Léxico Gerativo), um modelo lexicalista de interpretação semântica de língua natural, que se propõe a lidar com problemas como a composicionalidade, a criatividade semântica e a polissemia lógica. Devido ao fato de esses modelos não conseguirem lidar com o verbo poder do português brasileiro como eles foram propostos originalmente, foi necessário utilizar o GL para fazer algumas modificações na HPSG, a fim de enriquecer semanticamente esse modelo de gramática, de modo que ele consiga dar conta da polissemia lógica do verbo poder, de seu comportamento como verbo de alçamento e de controle, da saturação de seu argumento interno, além de identificar quando ele é um verbo auxiliar. A análise mostrou que: (a) quatro são os significados inerentes ao verbo poder, quais sejam, CAPACIDADE, HABILIDADE, PERMISSÃO e POSSIBILIDADE; (b) para saturar o argumento interno do verbo poder, o sintagma candidato a saturador deve ser do tipo [proposição], e o núcleo desse sintagma deve ser do tipo [evento] e, não havendo essa identidade de tipos, recorre-se à aplicação da construção de coerção de tipo para recuperar o tipo solicitado por aquele verbo; (c) poder é verbo de alçamento quando significa POSSIBILIDADE e, nesse caso, não seleciona argumento externo. Ou seja, aceita como sujeito qualquer que seja o sujeito de seu VP-complemento; (d) poder é verbo de controle quando significa CAPACIDADE, HABILIDADE e/ou PERMISSÃO e, nesse caso, requer que o sintagma saturador de seu argumento interno seja ou do tipo [entidade], quando significa CAPACIDADE, ou do tipo [animal], quando significa HABILIDADE e/ou PERMISSÃO; (e) poder só é verbo auxiliar quando é um verbo de alçamento, pois só nessa situação não impõe restrições selecionais quanto ao argumento externo; e (f) poder é considerado um verbo modal porque pode expressar uma noção epistêmica possibilidade e pelo menos três noções não epistêmicas de modalidade capacidade, habilidade e permissão.

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Schwanhäu[beta]er, Barbara. "Lexical tone perception and production the role of language and musical background /". View thesis, 2007. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/31791.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2007.
"A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney, College of Arts, MARCS Auditory Laboratories in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy." Includes bibliography.

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Konečný, Filip. "Prefixové omezení řízených gramatických systémů". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-235904.

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This thesis studies grammar systems whose components use sequences of productions whose left-hand sides are formed by nonterminal strings, not just single nonterminals. It introduces three restrictions on the derivations in these grammar systems. The first restriction requires that all rewritten symbols occur within the first l symbols of the first continuous block of nonterminals in the sentential form during every derivation step. The second restriction defines derivations over sentential forms containing no more than m continuous blocks of nonterminals. The third restriction extends the second in the way that each sequence of nonterminals must be of length h or less. As its main result, the thesis demonstrates that two of these restrictions decrease the generative power of grammar systems.

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TSUJIMURA, NATSUKO. "A COMPREHENSIVE THEORY OF SWITCH-REFERENCE (TAIRORA, HOPI, WARLPIRI)". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184039.

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Switch-Reference (SR) is a phenomenon in which the coreferentiality of two (or more) subjects in a complex sentence is indicated by a morphological device. The purpose of this dissertation is to discuss recent work which deals with SR within the Government and Binding Theory, and propose an alternative analysis to it. The framework I will adopt for such an alternative analysis of SR is Categorial Grammar. A basic notion underlying Categorial Grammar is that an expression is divided into a functor and an argument, and each functor and argument are further divided into a functor and an argument until the division reaches to an undividable element. Given the assumptions that a functor and its argument must be compatible and that a functor has some subcategorization properties, I argue that "Agreement" phenomenon (subsuming agreement and disagreement) can be handled insightfully. Furthermore, I propose that such a treatment of "Agreement" can be extended to SR systems in general if we consider the "same subject" and "different subject" phenomena as cases of agreement and disagreement, respectively. I claim that a composite in which a SR morpheme appears forms a functor which takes another composite as its argument, and that the relation between the functor and its argument and the relation between some parts of the functor and its argument are characterized as "agreement" or "disagreement": The functor and the argument must be compatible as assumed above, and the nature of compatibility (whether "agreement" or "disagreement") is controlled by the subcategorization properties of the SR morpheme associated with the functor (i.e., if "same subject", the relation is agreement, and if "different subject", it is disagreement). By treating SR in this fashion, I intend to provide a unified analysis for apparently different SR systems in three diverse languages, namely, Tairora, Hopi, and Warlpiri.

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Antonelli, André Luís 1980. "O clitico se e a variação enclise/proclise do Portugues Medio ao Portugues Europeu Moderno". [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269036.

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Orientador: Charlotte Marie Chambelland Galves
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: No Português Europeu, do século 16 ao 19, é atestado em textos escritos que a ênclise e a próclise podem co-ocorrer no contexto sintático das orações afirmativas finitas não-dependentes XP-V, sendo XP um sintagma de natureza [+ referencial]. Galves, Britto & Paixão de Sousa (2005) já observaram que, até por volta de 1700, o uso da próclise é quantitativamente maior que o da ênclise. No entanto, a partir do início do século 18, começa a haver uma inversão nessa proporção, de tal modo que, no Português Europeu Moderno, os mesmos contextos que outrora admitiam a colocação proclítica apresentam agora a ênclise de maneira categórica. Em textos escritos antes do século 18, Galves, Britto & Paixão de Sousa já notaram que a opção pela ênclise está fortemente associada ao uso do clítico se. Elas mostram que, em textos dos séculos 16 e 17, um alto percentual de ênclise em sentenças sujeito-iniciais tipicamente traduz-se em uma alta proporção da ordem ?sujeito + verbo + clítico se?. Esse mesmo paradigma, porém, não é observado para os textos dos séculos 18 e 19, já que, nos textos escritos por autores nascidos após 1700, a distribuição da ênclise com se e com os outros clíticos é muito mais balanceada. Dada essa particularidade no fenômeno da colocação de clíticos do Português Europeu envolvendo o pronome se, procuro investigar, dentro do quadro teórico da gramática gerativa, a dinâmica da alternância ênclise/próclise especificamente em sentenças com esse clítico entre os séculos 16 e 19, buscando entender melhor em que circunstâncias a ênclise aparece e como isso se relaciona com o clítico se.
Abstract: In European Portuguese, from the 16th to the 19th century, it is noticed that, in written texts, enclisis and proclisis may co-occur in non-dependent affirmative sentences XP-V, XP being a [+ referential] phrase. Galves, Britto & Paixão de Sousa (2005) already observed that, up to about 1750, the use of proclisis is quantitatively higher than that of enclisis. However, from the beginning of the 18th century on, an inversion of this proportion started to occur in such a way that, in Modern European Portuguese, enclisis is categorical in all those contexts where the proclitic placement was allowed earlier. In texts written before the 18th century, Galves, Britto & Paixão de Sousa already noticed that the enclitic choice is strongly correlated with the use of the clitic se. They show that, in 16th and 17th century texts, a high rate of enclisis in subject-initial sentences typically translates into a high proportion of the word order ?subject + verb + clitic se?. However this same paradigm is not observed in relation to the 18th-19th century texts since, in the texts written by authors born after 1700, the distribution of enclisis with se and with other clitics is much more balanced. Given such particularity of the clitic-placement phenomenon in European Portuguese involving the clitic se, I try to investigate, within the theoretical framework of the generative grammar, the dynamics of enclisis/proclisis variation specifically in this kind of sentence between the 16th and 19th century, trying to improve the understanding about the circumstances in which enclisis arises and how it relates to the clitic se.
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestre em Linguística

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Kroik, David. "Differential object marking in South Saami". Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-124959.

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This licentiate thesis investigates the case and the syntactic position of the direct object in South Saami. The focus is on plural direct objects, which have Differential Object Marking, a phenomenon in which the case alternates between different types of direct objects. In South Saami, some direct objects carry the accusative case form in the plural, while others only carry the plural marker. This variation of suffix displayed on the direct object is contingent on definiteness; definite direct objects consistently display the accusative case form in the plural while indefinite direct objects, specific and nonspecific alike, lack accusative morphology. In addition to case marking, the study presents an analysis of the alternation of the syntactic position of some direct objects. Definite and indefinite specific direct objects can be realized in two positions: as the complement of the verb or in a position as specifier of the light verb projection. By contrast, indefinite nonspecific direct objects obligatorily surface in the complement position of the verb. This variability in syntactic position of some direct objects is analyzed by means of a Specificity Operator, adjoined to the DP-level of every specific NP, definite and indefinite. The operator moves as an instance of quantifier raising in order to take scope over Existential Closure (EC). EC binds NPs in its domain and give them an existential reading. Therefore, when the Specificity Operator raises, it anchors the DP it is adjoined to in a domain, which is unbound by EC and therefore facilitates a specific interpretation. The operator, void of phonological content, can raise alone to the specifier of vP as an instance of covert movement. The operator can also Pied-pipe the DP it is adjoined to, which results in overt movement of the DP. Indefinite nonspecific direct objects lack the Specificity Operator and therefore they remain in-situ in the VP, where they are bound by EC. In addition to its theoretical value, the thesis will be of use for teachers, students and others with an interest in a better understanding of the case form and the position of the direct object in South Saami.
Daennie licentiaatetjaalegisnie gïehtjedem guktie Åarjelsamien direkte objeekth gelliengiertesne kaasushgïetjieh åadtjoeh. Manne gelliengiertem veeljeme juktie åarjelaemien gïele Differential Object Marking åtna. Naakenh direkte objeekth dam giehtjiem -idie guedtieh, mij ackusatijvem gelliengïertesne muana. Jeatjah direkte objeekth barre låhkoegiehtjiem -h guedtieh, mij ajve gelliengïertem muana, menh ij kaasusem. Dan åvteste direkte objeekti kaasushaamoeh molsedieh. Mov gïehtjidimmie vuesehte ahte definijte direkteobjeekth gelliengiertesne dam ackusatijvegïehtjiem. Eah indefinijte direkte objeekth dam gïethjiem utnieh, valla barre gelliengierehaamoem utnieh. Manne vielie gïehtjedem gusnie, dennie raaje- sisnie, leah dej direkte objeekti sijjieh. Gaavneme ahte joekehtsh leah aaj ovmessie direkte objeekti gaskoeh. Definijte jïh indefinijte specifijke direkte objeekth utnieh göökte sijjieh gusnie maehtieh jïjhtedh, valla indefinite ovspecifijke direkte objeekth utnieh ajve aktem sijjiem gusnie maehtieh årrodh. Gaajhkh dah golme ovmessie direkte objeekth maehtieh maadthsijjesne årrodh goh verben komplemeente, valla definijte jïh indefinijte specifijke direkte objeekth maehtieh aaj aktene vP:n specificeerijisnie jïjhtedh. Manne daam joekehtehtem jïh vuesehtem mannasinie naemhtie jis. Mov innovasjovne lea akte specifijkeoperatovre. Dïhte lea adjungeradamme fïerhten DP:se mij lea definijte jallh indefinijte specifijke. Dïhte operatovre iktesth bæjjene DP:n sistie vP specificeerijen sïjse, men dïhte maahta aaj dam DP:m buektedh Pied-pipingen tjïrrh. Dïhte specifijkeoperatovre bæjjene juktie edtja baataridh Existential Closuren (EC) jaksoste. Gosse operatovre bæjjene, dïhte dan sov DP:m dïbrehte akten domeenese, gusnie specifijke guarkoe daerpies sjædta. Dah direkte objeekt mah eah specifijkeoperatovrem utnieh tjoerieh baetsedh VP:n sijse, jïh dannasinie EC dejtie veadta. Dannasinie existentielle guarkoem åadtjoeh. Daate tjaalege vihkeles lingvistihke teorijese, valla aaj lohkehtæjjide, learoehkidie jïh jeatjide guhth sïjhth buerebe guarkedh mij kaasusidie lea direkte objeekten jïh gusnie, dennie raajesisnie, dïhte objeekte jæjhta.
I den här licentiatavhandling undersöks kasusformen hos de direkta objekten och deras syntaktiska position i sydsamiskan. Fokus ligger på direkta objekt i pluralis, vilka uppvisar fenomenet differentiell objektsmarkering, som innebär att vissa direkta objekt bär ackusativsuffixet i plural medan andra endast bär pluralsuffixet. Denna variation i objektsmarkering är känslig för definithet. Definita direkta objekt har accusativändelsen medan indefinita, både specifika och icke-specifika direkta objekt, saknar den. Utöver själva realiseringen av kasussuffix undersöks också de direkta objektens syntaktiska position. En analys presenteras som definierar olika typer av nominalfraser och skiljer definita och specifika direkta objekt från icke-specifika direkta objekt. Den första typen uppvisar variation i sin syntaktiska placering och har möjligheten att dyka upp både i komplementställning till verbet och i en den lilla verbfrasens specificerare, det vill säga vid gränsen för den lexikala fasen. Indefinita icke-specifika direkta objekt, som utgör den andra typen, kan bara uppträda i en position som komplement till verbet. På basis av den analys som inkluderar min innovation Specifikhetsoperatorn, vilken är adjungerad till alla definita och specifika direkta objekts DP-nivå, kan de två positionerna förklaras. Specifikhetsoperatorn flyttar alltid till vP:s specifierare som en kvantifierarinteraktion, där Specifikhetstoperatorn får räckvidd över Existential Closure (EC) och förankrar sin DP i en domän där en specifik tolkning blir nödvändig. Detta är en typ av osynlig flytt. Flytten kan också vara synlig. I det fallet sker medfraktning (Pied-piping) när Specifikhetsoperatorn tar med sig den DP den är adjungerad till när den flyttar till vPs specifierare. Direkta object som saknar Specifikhetsoperatorn stannar i positionen som komplement till verbet och binds därför av EC, vilket leder till att de får en existentiell tolkning. Bortom sitt värde för lingvistisk teoribildning kommer avhandlingen också att bli viktig för lärare, studenter och elever såväl som för andra med ett intresse av att bättre förstå vilket kasus som uppträder på sydsamiska direkta objekt och dessa objekts position i satsen.

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Teribele, Alessandra. "Arquitetura com madeira roliça : processo generativo de superfícies e articulações". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/35343.

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A madeira de reflorestamento, em sua forma natural e roliça, apresenta-se como material eficiente para uso em edificações devido a suas propriedades físico-mecânicas e versatilidade funcional. Entretanto, a geometria cilíndrica e secções desiguais dificultam ligações entre os elementos roliços, exigindo cortes angulados e falquejamento das peças. Arranjos ou combinações entre peças envolvem tipos específicos de articulação ou conexão, vinculando o tipo de união à posição que as peças assumem no espaço tridimensional. Dado não existir conhecimento estruturado que permita antecipar as ligações apropriadas para cada arranjo ou combinação de peças, sugere-se a possibilidade de vincular a escolha de conexões com a composição arquitetônica, através de conexões genéricas. Este trabalho utilizou o paradigma da gramática de formas para, através de regras de geração, criar alternativas compositivas a partir de dois princípios conectivos: extremidade com extremidade e; extremidade com meio de peça. A vinculação entre os princípios de articulação e tipos de junções permitiu a formulação de modelos genéricos de peças de articulação, que minimizam a necessidade de cortes angulados nas peças roliças. Essas conexões genéricas podem adaptar-se à angulação do roliço permitindo que o mesmo seja cortado sem perda de material.
Reforestation wood, in its natural and round shape, emerges as an effective material for use in buildings, due to its physical and mechanical features and functional versatility. However, its cylindrical geometry and unequal sections difficult connections between the round elements, demanding angle cuts and rough-hewing of the pieces. Arrangements or combinations among pieces involve specific types of joints or connections, relating the type of union to the position that the pieces have in the threedimensional space. Since there is no structured knowledge that allows anticipating the appropriate connections for each arrangement or combination of pieces, the possibility of linking the choice of connections to the architectural composition, through generic connections, is suggested. This paper uses the shape grammars paradigm in order to create compositional alternatives to the types of joints, through generation rules. These data provide parameters to define two connective principles: top to top, and top to middle of the piece (cross section). From these principles, it is possible to model alternatives of articulations and to compare different options. The link between the principles of articulation and types of joints enabled the formulation of models of linkage pieces, which minimize the need for angle cuts in the round pieces. These generic connections can adapt to the angle of the round log, allowing it to be cut without loss of material.

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Bunk, Oliver. ""Aber immer alle sagen das" The Status of V3 in German: Use, Processing, and Syntactic Representation". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22085.

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Für das Deutsche wird gemeinhin eine strikte V2-Beschränkung angenommen, die für deklarative Hauptsätze besagt, dass sich vor dem finiten Verb genau eine Konstituente befinden muss. In der Literatur werden häufig Beispiele angeführt, in denen sich zwei Konstituenten vor dem finiten Verb befinden und die somit gegen die V2-Beschränkung verstoßen. Diese syntaktische Konfiguration, so das Argument, führt zu Ungrammatikalität: (1) *Gestern Johann hat getanzt. (Roberts & Roussou 2002:137) Die Bewertung in (1) fußt jedoch nicht auf empirischer Evidenz, sondern spiegelt ein introspektives Urteil der Autor*innen wider. Daten zum tatsächlichen Sprachgebrauch zeigen, dass Sätze wie in (2) im Deutschen durchaus verwendet werden: (2) Aber immer alle sagen das. [BSa-OB, #16] Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit dem Status dieser V3-Deklarativsätze im Deutschen. Der Status wird aus drei einander ergänzenden Perspektiven auf Sprache untersucht: Sprachverwendung, Akzeptabilität und Verarbeitung. Hierzu werden Daten, die in einer Korpus-, einer Akzeptabilitäts- und einer Lesezeitstudie erhoben wurden, ausgewertet. Basierend auf den empirischen Befunden diskutiere ich V3-Modellierungen aus generativer Sicht und entwickle einen Modellierungsvorschlag aus konstruktionsgrammatischer Sicht. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass die Einbeziehung von nicht-standardsprachlichen Mustern wichtige Einblicke in die sprachliche Architektur gibt. Insbesondere psycholinguistisch gewonnene Daten als empirische Basis sind essenziell, um mentale sprachliche Prozesse zu verstehen und abbilden zu können. Die Analyse von V3 zeigt, dass solche Ansätze möglich und nötig sind, um Grammatikmodelle zu prüfen und weiterzuentwickeln. Untersuchungen dieser Art stellen Grammatikmodelle in Frage, die oft einer standardsprachlichen Tradition heraus erwachsen sind und nur einen Ausschnitt der sprachlichen Realität erfassen. V3-Sätze entpuppen sich nach dieser Analyse als Strukturen, die fester Bestandteil der Grammatik sind.
German is usually considered to follow a strict V2-constraint. This means that exactly one constituent must precede the finite verb in declarative main clauses. There are many examples for sentences that exhibit two preverbal constituents in the literature, illustrating a violation of the V2-constraint. According to the literature, these configurations lead to ungrammatical structures. (1) *Gestern Johann hat getanzt. (Roberts & Roussou 2002:137) However, the evaluation in (1) is not based on empirical evidence but is introspective and thus might not reflect the linguistic reality. Empirical data from actual language use show that German speakers indeed use these kinds of sentences. (2) Aber immer alle sagen das. [BSa-OB, #16] The dissertation explores the status of these V3 declaratives in German, with ‘status’ comprising three complementary perspectives on language: language use, acceptability, and processing. To this end, I analyze data from three studies: a corpus study, an acceptability judgment study, and a reading time study. Based on the empirical evidence, I discuss existing analyses of V3 and V3-modeling from the generative perspective and develop an analysis taking a construction-based approach. The dissertation shows that including patterns from non-standard language allows for valuable insights into the architecture of language. In particular, psycholinguistic data as an empirical basis are essential to understand and model mental linguistic processes. The analyses presented in the dissertation show that it is possible to follow such an approach in the field of syntactic variation, and it is indeed necessary in order to challenge and further develop existing grammatical theories and our understanding of grammar. Most grammatical models strongly rely on standard language, which is why they only capture a snippet of the linguistic reality. Taking empirical evidence into account, however, V3 sentences turn out to form an integral part of the German grammar.

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Botha, Morne. "Die interne struktuur van die komplementeerdersisteem in Afrikaans". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2114.

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Thesis (MA (General Linguistics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
This study focuses on the internal structure of the CP in Afrikaans. Rizzi’s (1997) Split-CP Hypothesis serves as the starting-point; however, careful consideration is also given to the more recent proposals of Beninca’ and Poletto (2004). The aim of the study is to determine whether the proposals of Rizzi (1997) and Beninca’ and Poletto (2004) provide an adequate framework for the description of the CP-domain in Afrikaans. The study is presented within the theoretical framework of Minimalist Syntax. Specific adaptations to the Split-CP Hypothesis are suggested throughout the course of the discussion in an attempt to make the Split-CP Hypothesis compatible with the facts of Afrikaans. Finally, attention is also given to three problematic issues in Afrikaans that require further investigation.

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Zhang, Bin. "Serial verb constructions or verb compounds? : a prototype approach to resultative verb constructions in Mandarin Chinese". Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/762995.

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Resultative verb constructions RVCs (hereafter) are a special type of serial verb construction in Mandarin Chinese, in which the verbs hold an action-result relation. On the one hand, they behave like compounds, e.g., the verbs can be questioned as a single verb but cannot be separately modified, and no NP can possibly intervene. On the other hand, they also behave like phrases, i.e, for some types, the verbs can be split by an NP and can be separately modified. There has been controversy about the best way to analyze RVCs. There are two general positions: the pre-lexical syntactic approach and the pre-syntactic lexical approach. The former holds that resultative verb constructions are a syntactic phenomenon which can be derived by transformational rules. The latter, claims that RVCs are best considered a lexical phenomenon, i.e., verb compounds.This dissertation argues that neither approach sufficiently accounts for this phenomenon, in that both only shift the problem from one level of linguistic description to another. I propose a linguistic prototype analysis in which RVCs are seen as conventionalized serial verb constructions. I argue that the properties of the prototype and the conventionalized serial verb construction are subject to constraints in three areas: the semantic and syntactic dependency of the verbs, iconicity, and clause linkage. Through the analysis of the syntactic, semantic, and phonological behavior of various types of serial verb constructions, it is shown that serial verb constructions are on a structural continuum, i.e., from syntax to lexicon. RVCs are seen as close to the lexicalization end on the continuum.This dissertation shows the interplay of syntax, semantics, and phonology in the processes of syntactization and morphologization in Mandarin. It not only helps account for serial verb constructions but also has implications for other serial type phenomena on the word level, such as compounding and incorporation in Mandarin.
Department of English

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Moreno, Bruna Sanchez 1990. "Tough-constructions e posição de sujeito no português brasileiro". [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270841.

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Orientadores: Juanito Ornelas de Avelar, Sonia Maria Lazzarini Cyrino
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: À luz do Programa Minimalista (Chomsky 1995, 2001, 2004, 2008), o presente trabalho se propõe a examinar orações infinitivas preposicionadas em construções com predicados de natureza adjetival do tipo "difícil/ fácil", denominadas tough-construtions na literatura gerativista. Parte-se da observação de Galves (1987) acerca da ambiguidade que tais sentenças desencadeiam no Português Brasileiro (PB), mas não no Português Europeu (PE), com a finalidade de responder por qual motivo o PB admite a interpretação em que o sujeito nulo da oração encaixada pode ser correferente ao DP na posição de sujeito da oração matriz. A hipótese que orienta este trabalho considera a proposta de Ouali (2008) a respeito de retenção, doação ou compartilhamento de traços-? na relação entre os núcleos C(omplementizador) e T(empo) para apontar que, no PB, a preposição "de" introdutora da oração infinitiva é um C que pode reter ou compartilhar traços-? com T. Esse núcleo funciona, nesse sentido, como uma fonte provedora de Caso, licenciando um pronome nulo pro como argumento externo da oração encaixada, o qual pode ser correferente ao sujeito da oração matriz. O mesmo não se aplica ao PE, cuja única categoria permitida como sujeito da oração infinitiva é um PRO arbitrário, tendo em vista que, nessa gramática, o núcleo C introdutor da oração infinitiva em tough-constructions não é uma fonte provedora de Caso
Abstract: In light of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995, 2001, 2004, 2008), this study aims to examine infinitive sentences introduced by a preposition in constructions centered in a "hard / easy" predicate, so-called tough-constructions in the generative literature. This dissertation assumes Galves¿ observation (1987) about the ambiguity triggered by such sentences in Brazilian Portuguese (BP), but not in European Portuguese (EP), in order to account for the reasons why BP admits the interpretation in which the null subject of the embedded non-finite sentence can be correferent to the DP in subject position in the matrix sentence. The present hypothesis that guides this work considers Ouali (2008) in regard to to keeping, donating or sharing the ?-features between C(omplementizer) and T(ense) to point out that, in BP, the preposition "de", which introduces the infinitive sentence, is a C that can keep or share its features with T. In this sense, this C provides Case to a null pronoun pro, licensed as external argument in the embedded sentence and correferent to the subject in the matrix sentence. The same does not apply to EP, which just allows an arbitrary PRO as the subject of the non-finite sentence, given that, in this grammar, the introducer C of the infinitive sentence in tough-constructions does not assign Case to any element in Spec-T
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestra em Linguística

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46

Nonato, Rafael Bezerra. "Ainore Boe egore : um estudo descritivo da lingua bororo e consequencias para a teoria de caso e concordancia". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269131.

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Orientador: Maria Filomena Spatti Sandalo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: A língua bororo tem cerca de 700 falantes, distribuídos em cinco aldeias na região de Rondonópolis, MT. O bororo é a última língua viva da família Bororo (as outras, de acordo com Kaufman (1994) eram o umutina, cujo último falante morreu recentemente, o otuké, e um suposto dialeto chamado bororo ocidental). Essa dissertação começa com uma breve introdução (seção 1) e um sumário das atividades realizadas em campo (seção 2). Em seguida, debruça-se sobre seus dois principais assuntos: na primeira parte (seção 3), é uma gramática descritiva da língua bororo e, na segunda (seção 4), propõe um modelo teórico com base nos dados da língua. Por último, inclui três apêndices: um léxico bororo-português (Apêndice 1), as sentenças elicitadas em trabalho de campo (Apêndice 2) e as narrativas coletadas em campo e analisadas (Apêndice 3). A gramática da seção 3 emprega sobretudo os termos provenientes da tradição gramatical que vem dos gregos. A simbologia da gramática de linha gerativa foi usada somente em alguns pontos que ela permitia apresentar de forma mais elegante e precisa. O modelo apresentado na segunda parte dessa dissertação se baseia na teoria delineada em Chomsky (2000, 2001). Dadas as evidências de que essa teoria não é capaz de explicar os fenômenos de caso, concordância e movimento da língua bororo, são propostas revisões que, em essência, resgatam à sintaxe o movimento dos núcleos verbais (o qual fora relegado ao componente fonológico em Chomsky 2001), ligando-o explicativamente aos fenômenos de caso e concordância e movimento de argumentos. Além de dar conta dos dados de uma língua ergativa ativa como bororo, esse modelo é estendido para outros sistemas de caso e concordância (ergativos e acusativos) e explica a Generalização de Holmberg
Abstract: Bororo has around 700 speakers, living in five villages in the region of Rondonópolis, MT. It is the last living language of the Bororoan family (the others, according to Kaufman (1994) were Umutina, whose last speaker died recently, Otuké, and a supposed dialect called West Bororo). This dissertation begins with a brief introduction (section 1) and a summary of the activities developed in the field (section 2). After that, it concentrates on its two main subjects: in the first part (section 3), it is a descriptive grammar of Bororo and, in the second (section 4), it proposes a theoretical model based on the data from this language. At last, it includes three appendixes: a Bororo-Portuguese lexicon (Appendix 1), the sentences elicited in the field (Appendix 2) and the stories collected and analyzed (Appendix 3). The grammar in section 3 employs mostly the terms from the grammar tradition that comes from the Greeks. Symbolism of the generative grammar is used only in some parts that it allowed to present in a more elegant a precise way. The model presented in the second part of this dissertation is based on the theory sketched in Chomsky (2000, 2001). Given the evidence that this theory doesn't account for the phenomena of case, agreement and movement of Bororo, some revisions are proposed in order to, essentially, rescue head movement to the syntax (head movement had been left to PF by Chomsky 2001), linking it explicatively to the phenomena of case and agreement and argument movement. Besides accounting for the data of an ergative active language as Bororo, this model is extended to other systems of case and agreement (ergative and accusative alike) and explains Holmberg Generalization
Mestrado
Linguistica
Mestre em Linguística

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47

Lasfer-Kedad, Sandra. "Étude syntaxique des Wh-questions en vue de leur traduction automatique de l’anglais vers l’arabe". Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040011.

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Premièrement, ce travail de recherche a pour objet d’esquisser une étude syntaxique des wh-questions, et d’analyser les aspects de la formation des wh-questions dans deux langues différentes : l’anglais et l’arabe , dans le cadre de la Grammaire Générative et de l’Approche Minimaliste. Il sera démontré et allégué que dans les deux langues respectives, le wh-mot qui se trouve au début de la phrase interrogative est déplacé vers le [Spec, CP] et que le wh-movement est visible.Deuxièmement, cette thèse tente d’examiner et d’analyser la traduction des wh-questions de l’anglais vers l’arabe par trois systèmes de traduction automatique, employant différentes méthodes de traduction selon trois méthodes d’évaluation. Nous décrirons les problèmes liés aux différences linguistiques entre les deux langues. Ces problèmes ont une grande influence sur la qualité et l’acceptabilité de l’output. L’évaluation de l’output nous permettra de présenter les informations concernant les aspects positifs à conserver et les aspects négatifs à faire évoluer des systèmes. En se basant sur l’étude syntaxique préalable des wh-questions, nous fournirons une étude comparative qui déterminera le meilleur système quant à la qualité de la traduction et à la performance de ce système. A travers l’analyse des résultats de l’évaluation, nous spécifierons les raisons pour lesquelles le système produit des traductions de mauvaise qualité. Enfin, nous proposerons quelques recommandations qui pourraient être nécessaires aux concepteurs et aux développeurs de systèmes de traduction afin de résoudre les problèmes linguistiques et opérationnels susceptibles d’entraver le processus de traduction
Firstly, this research aims to outline a syntactic study of the wh-questions, and analyse aspects of wh-question formation in typologically two different languages: Arabic and English within the framework of Generative Grammar and Minimalist Approach. It will be shown and argued that in both languages, the wh-phrase, which is in initial position, is moved to [Spec, CP] and that wh-movement applies overtly.Secondly, the thesis attempts to discuss and analyse the translation of English wh-questions into Arabic by three machine translation systems using different methods of translation through different methods of evaluation. We describe a set of important problems related to linguistic differences between the two languages. These problems have great influence not only on the quality of the output but also on its acceptability. The evaluation of the output will help us to present a diagnostic information about where a given system succeeds or needs improvement, relative to its intended users and use based on the syntactic study of wh-questions, to provide a comparative information which allows identifying the best system with respect to the translation quality and performance, to specify through the analysis of the results of evaluation the sources of problems that are responsible for producing ill-formed translations and inadequate systems’ performance and finally to outline some recommendations that are useful for system’s designers and developers to overcome various linguistic and operational problems that might impede the translation process

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48

Gonçalves, Giovana de Godoi 1981. "Sistemas generativos de projeto : um estudo de campo em Monte Alegre do Sul". [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/321732.

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Orientador: Maria Gabriela Caffarena Celani
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: Uma nova função atribuída atualmente aos arquitetos é a de desenvolver ferramentas de projeto, conhecidas como generative design systems, que têm em comum preocupações como produtividade e variedade, objetivando a inovação formal. Um dos paradigmas utilizados para a geração de formas é a gramática da forma, que se baseia na definição de um vocabulário de formas e de regras de combinações e operações entre elas. A gramática da forma pode ser utilizada tanto para a descrição de linguagens existentes como para a criação de novas composições. Este trabalho consiste em um estudo de caso, a partir de um corpus de análise, de aplicação da gramática da forma com essas duas finalidades. O corpus de análise é composto por fachadas de construções históricas do centro da cidade de Monte Alegre do Sul. A pequena cidade, fundada no final do século XIX, foi escolhida porque manteve suas características urbanísticas originais e seus edifícios sofreram pouquíssimas intervenções ao longo do século XX. A partir desse corpus foi criada uma gramática da forma que descreve as composições dessas fachadas. Espera-se que essa gramática possa servir de base para futuras reformas nos edifícios da cidade.
Abstract: A new role entrusted to architects today is to develop design tools, known as generative design systems, which have in common concerns such as productivity and variety, aiming at formal innovation. One of the paradigms used for the generation of forms is shape grammar, which is based on the definition of a vocabulary of forms and rules of combinations and operations between them. Shape grammar can be used both for the description of existing languages and for the creation of new compositions. In this case study, a grammar with these two purposes was developed, from a corpus of analysis. The corpus was composed of façades of historic buildings from Monte Alegre do Sul downtown. The small town, founded at the end of the nineteenth century, was chosen because it maintained its original characteristics and it buildings suffered very few interventions over the XXth century. The grammar developed describes the compositions of all the façades in the group. We expected that this grammar can be used as a guide for future renovations of other buildings in the town.
Mestrado
Arquitetura e Construção
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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49

Cavalcante, Silvia Regina de Oliveira. "O uso de se com infinito na historia do portugues : do portugues classico ao portugues europeu e brasileiro modernos". [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/270522.

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Orientador: Charlotte Marie Chambelland Galves
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: A análise sincrônica da variação 0 j se com infinitivo em amostras de fala (NurcjRJ e Português Fundamental) e de escrita (jornais) do Português Brasileiro (PB) e do Português Europeu (PE) revela uma diferença no percentual do uso de se com infinitivo: PE apresenta uma média de 8% de presença de se nas amostras de fala e de escrita, ao passo que PB apresenta uma média de 25% e de .50% de se na fala e na escrita respectivamente. partir de tais resultados, esta tese procura entender a evolução diacrônica de se com infinitivo que dá lugar a esse uso diferenciado em PE e PB. Para isso, trata da variação 0 j se numa amostra de textos de autores portugueses nascidos entre os séculos 16 e 19, que compõem o Corpus Anotado do Português Histórico - Corpus Tycho Emhe. Nesta amostra, a média de se com infinitivo sofre uma mudança: até o século 18 (período do Português Clássico - PCI), há 20% de presença de se nas infinitivas; a partir do século 18 (Português Europeu), há 10% de presença de se nas sentenças infinitivas. A análise se fundamenta (a) no tipo de se que pode aparecer junto ao infinitivo: sepassivo, se-indefinido e se-impessoal (cj. Raposo e U riagereka 1996 e Martins 2003), e (b) na natureza de AGR não finito em PB e PE (cj. Moreira da Silva 1983, Galves 1993 e Figueiredo Silva 1996). Com base neste quadro teórico e nos resultados de um conjunto de mudanças ocorridas na gramática do PB, é possível argumentar a favor de que, enquanto no PE, um sistema em que AGR é forte, capaz de licenciar e identificar sujeitos nulos, aparecem o se-indefinido e o se-impessoal; no PB, um sistema de AGR fraco no traço [pessoa], o se é o se-impessoal e aparece para identificar o referente indeterminado da posição sujeito de infinitivo, em variação com os pronomes a gente e você. No PCI, diferentemente, aparece o se-passivo nas infinitivas. Com esses resultados, procuro contribuir para uma descrição mais acurada das diferenças paramétricas existentes entre PE e PB. Esses resultados, aliados às pesquisas desenvolvidas dentro do quadro teórico gerativista, contribuem para se postular que estamos diante de três gramáticas distintas: a do PCI, a do PE e PB
Abstract: The synchronic analysis of 0/ se variation in infinitival sentences in spoken and written dialects of both Brazilian and European Portuguese samples reveals a different rate of se: Brazilian Portuguese presents a higher rate of se in infinitival clauses than European Portuguese. Taking in consideration this difference, this dissertation tries to explain the diachronic evolution of se in infinitival clauses that causes this different usage in EP and BP. Thus, this research deals with the variation 0/ se in a sample of portuguese writers bom between the 16th and 19th centuries, which makes Tycho Brahe Parsed Corpus of Historical Portuguese - Tycho Brahe Corpus. In this sample, the avarage of se in infinitivals undergoes a change: up to the 18th century (the sq-called Classical Portuguese period), there is 20% of se in infinitivals: whereas from the 18th century on (European Portuguese), there is 10% of se in infinitival clauses. The analysis is based on (a) the kind of se that may appear with infinitive: passive-se, indefinite-se and impersonal-se (cf Raposo e Uriagereka (1996), Martins (2003)), and (b) the nature of non-finite AGR in BP and EP (cf Moreira da Silva (1983), Galves (1993) and Figueiredo Silva (1996)). Based on this theoretical framework and on the results of the changes undertaken on the grammar of BP, it is possible to argue that, in EP, with a rich AGR system, able to licence and identify null subjects, we find indefinite-se and impersonal-se. ln BP, a weak AGR system with regards to the [person] feature, there is only impersonal-se and this pronoun appears to identify the indeterminate referent to the subject position of the infinitive, in variation with the arbitrary pronouns a gente and você. ln Classical Portuguese, we find the passive-se in infinitival sentences
Tese (doutorado) - Univers
Doutor em Linguística

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50

Truman, Lauren Elaine. ""Language Attitudes in Alcalá de Henares towards Immigrants" and "Adverbial Adjectives: A Usage-based Approach"". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6324.

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This study is part of the IN.MIGRA-2 CM project, which studies the sociolinguistic integration of the immigrant population of Madrid. The present study focuses on the language attitudes of 16 residents of Alcalá de Henares, a community of Madrid. The participants were asked to rate their level of agreement with the following affirmations: (1) The Spanish of Madrid is more correct than the forms of speech of Latin American immigrants; (2) Mastery of the Spanish language is the principal demonstration of the integration of immigrants; (3) Immigrants of Latin American origin are integrated because they speak the same language. The study finds a connection between higher levels of contact with immigrants and lower ratings of agreement with the affirmations. This investigation supports others that show connections between social networks and language attitudes, and it adds to the sparse research on language attitudes in Madrid. Adverbial adjectives modify both a verb and the subject of that verb. Their purpose is to describe a quality that pertains to both the subject and the way the subject is performing the verb. Because they modify both the verb and the noun, adverbial adjectives agree with the noun in number and gender. The generativist approaches to this linguistic phenomenon do not provide a sufficient explanation of verb + adverbial adjective constructions nor do they predict which subjects and predicates that can be used in these constructions. This paper takes a usage-based approach to adverbial adjectives. It explores the token frequencies of use of different verb + adverbial adjective phrases and attempts to categorize the components of these phrases based on these frequencies.

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