Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / Gene flow

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „Gene flow”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 14 września 2024

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Gene flow"

Ovchinnikov, Igor V. "Hominin evolution and gene flow in the Pleistocene Africa". Anthropologischer Anzeiger 70, nr 2 (1.07.2013): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0003-5548/2013/0313.

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Sweet, Jeremy, Jane Thomas, Carol Norris i Euan Simpson. "GM gene flow". Nature Biotechnology 17, nr 9 (wrzesień 1999): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/12786.

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Yoder, Anne D. "Gene Flow Happens". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 23, nr 1 (2.01.2014): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.21397.

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Ellstrand, Norman C., i Loren H. Rieseberg. "When gene flow really matters: gene flow in applied evolutionary biology". Evolutionary Applications 9, nr 7 (16.07.2016): 833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eva.12402.

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ARDREN, WILLIAM R. "GENE FLOW UNDER WATER". BioScience 54, nr 5 (2004): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0463:gfuw]2.0.co;2.

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Butlin, R. K. "Barriers to gene flow". Nature 366, nr 6450 (listopad 1993): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/366027a0.

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Ash, C. "Rivers of Gene Flow". Science 338, nr 6109 (15.11.2012): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.338.6109.864-a.

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Culberson, Chicita F., William Louis Culberson i Anita Johnson. "GENE FLOW IN LICHENS". American Journal of Botany 75, nr 8 (sierpień 1988): 1135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1988.tb08826.x.

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Bos, M., H. Harmens i K. Vrieling. "Gene flow in Plantago I. Gene flow and neighbourhood size in P. lanceolata". Heredity 56, nr 1 (luty 1986): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1986.7.

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AK, Engku, M. Norida, Juraimi AS, Rafii MY, Abdullah SNA i Alam MA. "Gene flow from Clearfield® rice to weedy rice under field conditions". Plant, Soil and Environment 62, No. 1 (6.06.2016): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/616/2015-pse.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Gene flow"

Crispo, Erika. "Factors influencing gene flow in guppies". Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82212.

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Two processes may lead to genetic divergence among populations. One is mediated by geography, whereby physical barriers and geographic distance limit gene flow among populations, resulting in divergence due to drift or mutation. Another is ecological speciation, whereby populations adapt to their local environments via natural selection, and gene flow is impeded by selection against dispersers in favor of adapted residents. I used natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to determine the relative influence of these two processes in the structuring of populations. If geography is playing a strong role, I predicted that gene flow would be greatly impeded by physical barriers and geographic distance. If ecology is playing a strong role, I predicted that gene flow would decrease with increasing strength of divergent selection among populations. Specifically, I examined the relative roles of physical barriers, geographic distance, predation, and various other habitat features (e.g. canopy cover, water velocity) on the amount of gene flow among populations. I was thus able to determine whether natural selection or decreased dispersal plays a greater role in the reduction of gene flow. I found that physical barriers and geographic distance played a large role in the regulation of gene flow among populations. Predation and physical habitat features did not play a role in the reduction of gene flow. My research clarifies the mechanisms involved in speciation and the production and maintenance of biodiversity, important issues in conservation and evolutionary biology.

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Foster, Erich. "An Agent Based Gene Flow Model". VCU Scholars Compass, 2009. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1726.

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The understanding of gene movement in plant species is critical to the management of both plant and animal species reliant on that plant. Pollen is the mechanism by which plants pass their genetic material from one generation to the next. Pollen dispersal studies have focused primarily on purely random diffusion processes, while this may be a good assumption for species pollinated mainly by abiotic means, such as wind, it is most likely an over simplification for species that are pollinated by biotic means, such as insects [3]. Correlated random walk (CRW) models are a model of animal movement [10] and have been successfully used to explore the movement of animals in varying ecological contexts [1]. An agent-based model (ABM) is developed to describe pollen movement via insects as a correlated random walk (CRW). This model is used to explore how insect path lengths and pollen distribution are affected by the varying turning angle and plant density.

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Fitzpatrick, Benjamin Minault. "Speciation and barriers to gene flow /". For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Herrig, Danielle Kay. "Evaluating gene flow, gene expression divergence, and hybrid expression in Drosophila sister species". Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2222.

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A primary goal of evolutionary biology is to elucidate the factors necessary for a single interbreeding species to become two independent species. Observations and data collected and recorded since the 6th century B.C. have added to our comprehension of the “the origin of species—that mystery of mysteries” (DARWIN 1859). To continue to add to our knowledge of how speciation occurs and how species interact, it is crucial to determine 1) how different categories of genes evolve as species diverge, 2) what happens to hybrids of two species, and 3) if genetic exchange is allowed between species, where it is located. In the first research aim of my dissertation, I look for population genetic trends and signatures of gene flow in a minimally studied set of Drosophila sister species using sequences of 26 nuclear and mitochondrial regions in 29 isofemale lines of D. subobscura and D. madierensis. Standard population genetic tests revealed that the X chromosome evolves faster than the autosomes in these species. We also find evidence of genetic exchange for some autosomal genes while both the sex chromosomes and mitochondrial genomes remain distinct between species. In the second research aim of my dissertation, I assess the rates of gene expression evolution for sex-biased genes located on the X chromosome and autosomes. We find that gene expression evolves faster in males than females and find evidence of faster-X evolution that is exclusive to genes expressed at higher levels in males. The X chromosome has previously been shown to have a disproportionately large influence on hybrid male sterility compared to autosomes. I investigate this trend and find that the sex chromosomes have a large influence on autosomal expression levels in hybrid males and hybrid females. Specifically, uniparental inheritance of the X chromosome results in greater differences between reciprocal hybrids and higher levels of hybrid misexpression.

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Huisman, Jisca. "Gene Flow and Natural Selection in Atlantic Salmon". Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-16991.

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Jordan, William C. "Gene flow among Atlantic salmon populations in Scotland". Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335491.

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Cui, Lingfei. "A Likelihood Method to Estimate/Detect Gene Flow and A Distance Method to Estimate Species Trees in the Presence of Gene Flow". The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406158261.

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Crispo, Erika. "Interplay among phenotypic plasticity, local adaptation, and gene flow". Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:8881/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=92201.

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Steele, Craig A. "Speciation, phylogeography, and gene flow in giant salamanders (Dicamptodon)". Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2006/C_Steele_091106.pdf.

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Medeiros, Lucas Paoliello de. "Coevolution in mutualistic networks: gene flow and selection mosaics". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/41/41134/tde-17102017-154829/.

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Ecological interactions such as predation, competition, and mutualism are important forces that influence species evolution. Coevolution is defined as reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species. The Geographic Mosaic Theory of Coevolution (GMTC) provides a theoretical framework to explain how collections of populations should coevolve across space. Two fundamental aspects of the GMTC are gene flow among populations and the presence of selection mosaics, which are collections of localities with particular selection regimes. Several studies have explored how phenotypic trait matching between species evolves in pairs or small groups of species. However, ecological interactions frequently form large networks that connect dozens of species present in a given community. In networks of mutualisms, for instance, the organization of interactions may affect ecological and evolutionary processes. A next step in understanding the coevolutionary process is to investigate how aspects of the GMTC affect the evolution of species embedded in interaction networks. In this dissertation, we tried to fill this gap using a mathematical model of coevolution, complex networks tools, and information on empirical mutualistic networks. Our numerical simulations of the coevolutionary model allow us to draw three main conclusions. First, gene flow affects trait patterns generated by coevolution and may favor the emergence of trait matching depending on the selection mosaic. Second, the organization of mutualistic networks influences coevolution, but this effect may vanish when gene flow favors trait matching. Intimate mutualisms, such as protection of host plants by ants, form small and compartmentalized networks that generate higher trait matching than large and nested networks typical of mutualisms among free-living species, such as pollination. Third, habitat fragmentation resulting in the disruption of gene flow should reduce the reciprocal adaptations between interacting species and at the same time promote adaptations to the local abiotic environment. In conclusion, we show that a complex interplay between gene flow, the geographic structure of selection, and the organization of ecological networks shapes the evolution of large groups of species. Our results therefore allow predictions of how environmental impacts such as habitat fragmentation will modify the evolution of species interactions
Interações ecológicas como predação, competição e mutualismo são importantes forças que influenciam a evolução de espécies. Chamamos de coevolução a mudança evolutiva recíproca em espécies que interagem. A Teoria do Mosaico Geográfico da Coevolução (TMGC) fornece um arcabouço teórico para entender como conjuntos de populações coevoluem ao longo do espaço. Dois aspectos fundamentais da TMGC são o fluxo gênico entre populações e a presença de mosaicos de seleção, isto é, conjuntos de locais com regimes de seleção particulares. Diversos estudos exploraram como o acoplamento entre fenótipos de diferentes espécies evolui em pares ou pequenos grupos de espécies. Entretanto, interações ecológicas frequentemente formam grandes redes que conectam dezenas de espécies presentes em uma comunidade. Em redes de mutualismos, por exemplo, a organização das interações pode influenciar processos ecológicos e evolutivos. Um próximo passo para a compreensão do processo coevolutivo consiste em investigar como aspectos da TMGC influenciam a evolução de espécies em redes de interações. Nesta dissertação, tentamos preencher esta lacuna usando um modelo matemático de coevolução, ferramentas de redes complexas e informação sobre redes mutualistas empíricas. Nossas simulações numéricas do modelo coevolutivo apontam para três principais conclusões. Primeiro, o fluxo gênico influencia os padrões fenotípicos gerados por coevolução e pode favorecer a emergência de acoplamento fenotípico entre espécies dependendo do mosaico de seleção. Segundo, a organização de redes mutualistas influencia a coevolução, mas este efeito pode desaparecer quando o fluxo gênico favorece acoplamento fenotípico. Mutualismos íntimos, como proteção de plantas hospedeiras por formigas, formam redes pequenas e compartimentalizadas que geram um maior acoplamento fenotípico do que as redes grandes e aninhadas típicas de mutualismos entre espécies de vida livre, como polinização. Por fim, a fragmentação de habitat, ao extinguir o fluxo gênico, pode reduzir as adaptações recíprocas entre espécies e ao mesmo tempo tornar cada espécie mais adaptada ao seu ambiente abiótico local. Em suma, mostramos que interações complexas entre fluxo gênico, estrutura geográfica da seleção e organização de redes ecológicas moldam a evolução de grandes grupos de espécies. Dessa forma, podemos traçar previsões sobre como impactos ambientais como a fragmentação de habitat irão alterar a evolução de interações ecológicas

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Książki na temat "Gene flow"

Poppy, Guy M., i Michael J. Wilkinson, red. Gene Flow from GM Plants. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470988497.

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M, Poppy Guy, i Wilkinson Michael J, red. Gene flow from GM plants. Oxford: Blackwell Pub., 2005.

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Wei, Wei, i C. Neal Stewart Jr., red. Gene flow: monitoring, modeling and mitigation. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247480.0000.

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Abstract Over two decades later, gene flow research as it pertains to genetically engineered crops is still going strong, even in the face of the absence of ecological disasters in the nearly 30 years of widescale biotech crop commercialization. Nonetheless, ecological timeframes are within the study scope of the sort of research performed to date covered in this book. These studies have greatly informed regulations that govern biotech crops. The chapters in this book capture various aspects of scientific disciplines that span from organismal studies, to population and community ecology, to molecular biology.

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Merryanto, Yohanes. Genetic variation and gene flow of hard coral population in Savu Sea Marine National Park, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: Final report international research collaborative and publication (first year). Kupang]: Universitas Kristen Artha Wacana, 2010.

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de, Vicente M. Carmen, red. Gene flow between crops and their wild relatives. Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.

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Miller, Nicholas John. Population structure and gene flow in a host alternating aphid, Pemphigus bursarius. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2000.

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Nuijten, Edwin. Farmer management of gene flow: The impact of gender and breeding system on genetic diversity and crop improvement in The Gambia. [Wageningen: Wageningen Universiteit], 2005.

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Blair, Mary Elizabeth. Habitat modification and gene flow in Saimiri oerstedii: Landscape genetics, intraspecific molecular systematics, and conservation. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2011.

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Barnes, Jennifer L. Genetic diversity, gene flow and clonal structure of the Salmon River populations of MacFarlane's Four O'Clock Mirabilis Macfarlanei (Nyctaginaceae). Boise, Idaho: Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office, 1997.

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W, Lutman P. J., i British Crop Protection Council, red. Gene flow and agriculture: Relevance for transgenic crops : proceedings of a symposium held at the University of Keele, Staffordshire 12-14 April 1999. Farnham: British Crop Protection Council, 1999.

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Części książek na temat "Gene flow"

Peck, Stewart B., Carol C. Mapes, Netta Dorchin, John B. Heppner, Eileen A. Buss, Gustavo Moya-Raygoza, Marjorie A. Hoy i in. "Gene Flow". W Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1588. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1047.

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Neelabh. "Gene Flow". W Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 2887–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1957.

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., Neelabh. "Gene Flow". W Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–3. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1957-1.

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Forestiero, Saverio. "Gene Flow". W Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions, 927. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8265-8_201140.

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Beringer, John E. "Horizontal gene flow". W Methods for Risk Assessment of Transgenic Plants, 11–18. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8033-6_2.

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Ammann, Klaus, i Yolande Jacot. "Vertical gene flow". W Methods for Risk Assessment of Transgenic Plants, 19–33. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8033-6_3.

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Rogers, Scott O., i Mary A. M. Rogers. "Gene Flow in Fungi". W Structure and Dynamics of Fungal Populations, 97–121. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4423-0_5.

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Mandel, Jennifer R., i Johanne Brunet. "Gene Flow in Carrot". W The Carrot Genome, 59–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03389-7_4.

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Mitton, Jeffry B., i Claire G. Williams. "Gene Flow in Conifers". W Landscapes, Genomics and Transgenic Conifers, 147–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3869-0_9.

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Wei, Wei, Charles Kwit, Reginald J. Millwood, Hong S. Moon i C. Neal Stewart. "Assessment and Detection of Gene Flow". W Plant Gene Containment, 27–41. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118352670.ch2.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "Gene flow"

Junming Wang, Xiusheng Yang, David R. Miller i Yi Li. "Atmospheric Gene Flow from Transgenic Corn Crop". W 2003, Las Vegas, NV July 27-30, 2003. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.14087.

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Lin, Yu-Cheng, Chung-Min Jen, Ming-Yuan Huang i Xi-Zhang Lin. "Flow-type electroporation chips for gene transfection". W Micromachining and Microfabrication, redaktorzy Carlos H. Mastrangelo i Holger Becker. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.395660.

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Yamanishi, Yoko, Ryotaro Tanaka, Yuta Arakawa i Yoshimichi Nakatsu. "Gene transfer by circulating plasma bubble flow". W 2017 IEEE 30th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/memsys.2017.7863438.

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"Atmospheric Gene Flow from Herbicide-resistant Horseweed Outcrossing". W 2015 ASABE International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.2015218174).

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"Atmospheric Gene Flow from Herbicide-resistant Horseweed Outcrossing". W 2015 ASABE Annual International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20152181741.

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Junming Wang, Haiyan Huang, Rongjian Ye, Yanhui Peng, Charles Neal Stewart, David R. Miller i Ted W. Sammis. "Online tool for GR horseweed (Conyza canadensis) gene flow". W 2013 Kansas City, Missouri, July 21 - July 24, 2013. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20131594252.

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Blackburn, Gwylim. "Divergence with gene flow among incipientChoristoneuraspecies: A landscape genomic comparative analysis". W 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.95072.

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Kwon, Deok Ho. "Detection of gene flow between Korean and Chinese population inLaodelphax striatellus". W 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.112434.

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"Experimental and Biological Investigation of Hemodynamics-induced Injuries for Cardiovascular Disorders". W Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0094.

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Introduction:Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a degenerative disease process of the abdominal aorta that leads to a focal dilation and irreversible remodeling of the arterial wall. In this condition, the aortic vessel diameter is dilated beyond 50% its its size.AAA might gradually expand until rupture If left untreated. Current surgical treatment options also are associated with high mortality rates. Therefore, for AAA, it is critically important to determine when the risk of rupture justifies repair. Current clinical practice is to surgically repair large AAAs with diameter > 5.5 cm. However, the incidence of rupture is independent of the diameter size. Currently there is no accepted technique to quantify the risk of rupture for individual AAAs. It is believed that, rupture locations are where peak wall stresses act. Hemodynamic forces by the flowing blood such as shear stress are also thought to contribute to the formation of aneurysm leading to rupture. Endothelial cells respond to disturbed flows in the aneurysm and initiate inflammation that are thought to be important in disease progression. However, little is known about the flow dynamics in AAA, and how it affects endothelial cell biology leading to AAA rupture. Methods: In this project, we will use different flow systems to induce shear stress over cell’s monolayer. After inducing shear stress, gene expression for shear responsive genes and inflammatory markers will be assessed. Basically, we used the peristaltic pump to induce pulsatile flow over cell’s monolayer, and laminar flow using our modified set up. We will compare gene expression data obtained from those two systems with data obtained from our Fluigent pressurized driven pump. Then, we will use another state-of-the-art system, namely a biological pulsed duplicator. Using the system, endothelial cells that are cultured within AAA shaped chambers will be exposed to physiological flows in order to reveal differential endothelial cell signals at potential rupture locations Results: In this project, pulsatile and steady flow were successfully induced and validated. Endothelial cells are mostly affected by mechanical signals, mostly shear stress. The cell’s cytoskeleton is responsible for cell shape and integrity. Those proteins are affected by fluid flow. We expect to have a differences in the gene expression of different flow conditions. After we obtain the gene expression data, those will be compared to more precise flow set up ( Fluigent pressurized driven pump)

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Hoey, David A., i Christopher R. Jacobs. "Oscillatory Fluid Flow Affects the Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in a Primary Cilium Dependent Manner". W ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53435.

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Osteoporosis is a debilitating bone disease which occurs in part when bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) fail to produce sufficient numbers of osteoblasts to counteract bone resorption by osteoclasts. The majority of research to date has described chemically induced differentiation of BMSCs but a key regulator of stromal cell differentiation is physical loading. BMSCs experience both hydrostatic pressure and fluid flow within the marrow cavity and such modes of loading have been shown to significantly alter gene expression in vitro [1,2]. In particular, the effect of oscillatory fluid flow (OFF) induced shear stress results in the upregulation of osteogenic genes in preosteoblastic cells; however the effect of this mode of loading is not well characterized in human MSCs (hMSCs) [3].

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "Gene flow"

Young, Erin, Cem Kuscu, Christine Watkins i Murat Dogan. Using CRISPR Gene Editing to Prevent Accumulation of Lipids in Hepatocytes. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, styczeń 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/com.lsp.2022.0007.

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CRISPR gene editing is a molecular technology that can be used to silence gene expression. In this experiment, genes that are known to play a role in lipid accumulation in hepatocytes were targeted. Specifically, levels of fatty acid transport proteins 2 and 5 (FATP2 & 5) have been shown to be elevated in cases of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The goal of this experiment was to reduce expression of these genes by using a dead Cas9 (dCas9) protein with an attached inhibitory domain (KRAB) that acts on the promotor region. When measuring the mRNA expression, it was determined that the levels of the CRISPR-modified gene products were significantly reduced compared to the control. However, the same extent of inhibition was not consistently observed when conducting flow cytometry. Current work is aimed at discovering why lipid accumulation is not inhibited to the expected degree based on the results of mRNA expression.

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Stenzel, Tomasz Adam. Could pigeon circoviruses (PiCVs) evolve through recombination in a "one loft race" type of pigeon rearing system? University Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, marzec 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/uwmf8a88c4521bf4075853ce87b403baa56.

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Row data: ddPCR (PiCV viremia and virus shedding), gene expression evaluatin ( IFN-γ and related genes), flow cytometry (percentage of BIgM+ cells including apoptotic ones), genome recombination (from RDP5 software). The data were generated as a result of NCN grant.

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Barkay, Tamar. Lateral Gene Transfer Among Subsurface Bacteria: Horizontal Gene Flow in Microbial Communities: A Special Focus Issue, Web Focus and Supplement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/967075.

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Michelmore, Richard, Eviatar Nevo, Abraham Korol i Tzion Fahima. Genetic Diversity at Resistance Gene Clusters in Wild Populations of Lactuca. United States Department of Agriculture, luty 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573075.bard.

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Genetic resistance is often the least expensive, most effective, and ecologically-sound method of disease control. It is becoming apparent that plant genomes contain large numbers of disease resistance genes. However, the numbers of different resistance specificities within a genepool and the genetic mechanisms generating diversity are poorly understood. Our objectives were to characterize diversity in clusters of resistance genes in wild progenitors of cultivated lettuce in Israel and California in comparison to diversity within cultivated lettuce, and to determine the extent of gene flow, recombination, and genetic instability in generating variation within clusters of resistance genes. Genetic diversity of resistance genes was analyzed in wild and cultivated germplasm using molecular markers derived from lettuce resistance gene sequences of the NBS-LRR type that mapped to the major cluster if resistance genes in lettuce (Sicard et al. 1999). Three molecular markers, one microsatellite marker and two SCAR markers that amplified LRR- encoding regions, were developed from sequences of resistance gene homologs at the Dm3 cluster (RGC2s) in lettuce. Variation for these markers was assessed in germplasm including 74 genotypes of cultivated lettuce, L. saliva and 71 accessions of the three wild Lactuca spp., L. serriola, L. saligna and L. virosa that represent the major species in the sexually accessible genepool for lettuce. Diversity was also studied within and between natural populations of L. serriola from Israel and California. Large numbers of haplotypes were detected indicating the presence of numerous resistance genes in wild species. We documented a variety of genetic events occurring at clusters of resistance genes for the second objective (Sicard et al., 1999; Woo el al., in prep; Kuang et al., in prepb). The diversity of resistance genes in haplotypes provided evidence for gene duplication and unequal crossing over during the evolution of this cluster of resistance genes. Comparison of nine resistance genes in cv. Diana identified 22 gene conversion and five intergenic recombinations. We cloned and sequenced a 700 bp region from the middle of RGC2 genes from six genotypes, two each from L. saliva, L. serriola, and L. saligna . We have identified over 60 unique RGC2 sequences. Phylogenetic analysis surprisingly demonstrated much greater similarity between than within genotypes. This led to the realization that resistance genes are evolving much slower than had previously been assumed and to a new model as to how resistance genes are evolving (Michelmore and Meyers, 1998). The genetic structure of L. serriola was studied using 319 AFLP markers (Kuang et al., in prepa). Forty-one populations from Turkey, Armenia, Israel, and California as well as seven European countries were examined. AFLP marker data showed that the Turkish and Armenian populations were the most polymorphic populations and the European populations were the least. The Davis, CA population, a recent post-Columbian colonization, showed medium genetic diversity and was genetically close to the Turkish populations. Our results suggest that Turkey - Armenia may be the center of origin and diversity of L. serriola and may therefore have the greatest diversity of resistance genes. Our characterization of the diversity of resistance genes and the genetic mechanisms generating it will allow informed exploration, in situ and ex situ conservation, and utilization of germplasm resources for disease control. The results of this project provide the basis for our future research work, which will lead to a detailed understanding of the evolution of resistance genes in plants.

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Kirk, James. The Columbia River as a Barrier to Gene Flow in the Vagrant Shrew, Sorex vagrans vagrans Baird. Portland State University Library, styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2550.

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Arredondo, Tina. Impact of Suburban Landscape Features on Gene Flow of the Model Invasive Grass, Brachypodium sylvaticum. Portland State University Library, styczeń 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6378.

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Sink, Ken, Shamay Izhar i Abraham Nachmias. Asymmetric Somatic Hybridization: Developing a Gene Transfer System for Solanaceous Vegetable Crops. United States Department of Agriculture, luty 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613010.bard.

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Highly asymmetric somatic hybrid plants were obtained by PEG/DMSO fusion of gamma irradiated (100, 250, 7500 and 1000 Gy) protoplasts of a (KmR-) interspecific hybrid Lycopersicon esculentum x L. pennellii (EP) with protoplasts of eggplant (E). Somatic hybrid calli were selected based on kanamycin resistance and verified by PCR of the NptII gene, RAPD's and Southern's using potato rDNA pTHG2 probes. Flow cytometry indicated all hybrid calli that did not regenerate shoots were 5-9n. Three asymmetric plants regenerated only from callus close to 4n and such calli oly occurred when EP received 100 Gy. The asymmetric plants had eggplant morphology and regenerated from one hybrid callus with 6.29 average size tomato chromosomes. Limited amounts of EP DNA were found in the three somatic hybrid plants H18-1 to -3 by dot-blot hybridization with probe pTHG2, to be equivalent to 6.23, 5.41, and 5.95 % EP, respectively. RFLP analysis of Lycopersicon esculentum and L. pennellii specific chromosomes revealed that only fragments of 8 to 10 out of the 24 EP chromosomes are present in the asymmetric plants. Transgenic plants 2-3, 2-4 and 10-3 were found resistant to verticillium; suggesting successful transfer of the Ve complex from S. torvum to eggplant.

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Ohad, Itzhak, i Himadri Pakrasi. Role of Cytochrome B559 in Photoinhibition. United States Department of Agriculture, grudzień 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613031.bard.

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The aim of this research project was to obtain information on the role of the cytochrome b559 in the function of Photosystem-II (PSII) with special emphasis on the light induced photo inactivation of PSII and turnover of the photochemical reaction center II protein subunit RCII-D1. The major goals of this project were: 1) Isolation and sequencing of the Chlamydomonas chloroplast psbE and psbF genes encoding the cytochrome b559 a and b subunits respectively; 2) Generation of site directed mutants and testing the effect of such mutation on the function of PSII under various light conditions; 3) To obtain further information on the mechanism of the light induced degradation and replacement of the PSII core proteins. This information shall serve as a basis for the understanding of the role of the cytochrome b559 in the process of photoinhibition and recovery of photosynthetic activity as well as during low light induced turnover of the D1 protein. Unlike in other organisms in which the psbE and psbF genes encoding the a and b subunits of cytochrome b559, are part of an operon which also includes the psbL and psbJ genes, in Chlamydomonas these genes are transcribed from different regions of the chloroplast chromosome. The charge distribution of the derived amino-acid sequences of psbE and psbF gene products differs from that of the corresponding genes in other organisms as far as the rule of "positive charge in" is concerned relative to the process of the polypeptide insertion in the thylakoid membrane. However, the sum of the charges of both subunits corresponds to the above rule possibly indicating co-insertion of both subunits in the process of cytochrome b559 assembly. A plasmid designed for the introduction of site-specific mutations into the psbF gene of C. reinhardtii. was constructed. The vector consists of a DNA fragment from the chromosome of C. reinhardtii which spans the region of the psbF gene, upstream of which the spectinomycin-resistance-conferring aadA cassette was inserted. This vector was successfully used to transform wild type C. reinhardtii cells. The spectinomycin resistant strain thus obtained can grow autotrophically and does not show significant changes as compared to the wild-type strain in PSII activity. The following mutations have been introduced in the psbF gene: H23M; H23Y; W19L and W19. The replacement of H23 involved in the heme binding to M and Y was meant to permit heme binding but eventually alter some or all of the electron transport properties of the mutated cytochrome. Tryptophane W19, a strictly conserved residue, is proximal to the heme and may interact with the tetrapyrole ring. Therefore its replacement may effect the heme properties. A change to tyrosine may have a lesser affect on the potential or electron transfer rate while a replacement of W19 by leucine is meant to introduce a more prominent disturbance in these parameters. Two of the mutants, FW19L and FH23M have segregated already and are homoplasmic. The rest are still grown under selection conditions until complete segregation will be obtained. All mutants contain assembled and functional PSII exhibiting an increased sensitivity of PSII to the light. Work is still in progress for the detailed characterization of the mutants PSII properties. A tobacco mutant, S6, obtained by Maliga and coworkers harboring the F26S mutation in the b subunit was made available to us and was characterized. Measurements of PSII charge separation and recombination, polypeptide content and electron flow indicates that this mutation indeed results in light sensitivity. Presently further work is in progress in the detailed characterization of the properties of all the above mutants. Information was obtained demonstrating that photoinactivation of PSII in vivo initiates a series of progressive changes in the properties of RCII which result in an irreversible modification of the RCII-D1 protein leading to its degradation and replacement. The cleavage process of the modified RCII-D1 protein is regulated by the occupancy of the QB site of RCII by plastoquinone. Newly synthesized D1 protein is not accumulated in a stable form unless integrated in reassembled RCII. Thus the degradation of the irreversibly modified RCII-D1 protein is essential for the recovery process. The light induced degradation of the RCII-D1 protein is rapid in mutants lacking the pD1 processing protease such as in the LF-1 mutant of the unicellular alga Scenedesmus obliquus. In this case the Mn binding site of PSII is abolished, the water oxidation process is inhibited and harmful cation radicals are formed following light induced electron flow in PSII. In such mutants photo-inactivation of PSII is rapid, it is not protected by ligands binding at the QB site and the degradation of the inactivated RCII-D1 occurs rapidly also in the dark. Furthermore the degraded D1 protein can be replaced in the dark in absence of light driven redox controlled reactions. The replacement of the RCII-D1 protein involves the de novo synthesis of the precursor protein, pD1, and its processing at the C-terminus end by an unknown processing protease. In the frame of this work, a gene previously isolated and sequenced by Dr. Pakrasi's group has been identified as encoding the RCII-pD1 C-terminus processing protease in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The deduced sequence of the ctpA protein shows significant similarity to the bovine, human and insect interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding proteins. Results obtained using C. reinhardtii cells exposes to low light or series of single turnover light flashes have been also obtained indicating that the process of RCII-D1 protein turnover under non-photoinactivating conditions (low light) may be related to charge recombination in RCII due to back electron flow from the semiquinone QB- to the oxidised S2,3 states of the Mn cluster involved in the water oxidation process.

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Zchori-Fein, Einat, Judith K. Brown i Nurit Katzir. Biocomplexity and Selective modulation of whitefly symbiotic composition. United States Department of Agriculture, czerwiec 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7591733.bard.

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Whiteflies are sap-sucking insects that harbor obligatory symbiotic bacteria to fulfill their dietary needs, as well as a facultative microbial community with diverse bacterial species. The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a severe agricultural pest in many parts of the world. This speciesconsists of several biotypes that have been distinguished largely on the basis of biochemical or molecular diagnostics, but whose biological significance is still unclear. The original objectives of the project were (i) to identify the specific complement of prokaryotic endosymbionts associated with select, well-studied, biologically and phylogeographically representative biotypes of B. tabaci, and (ii) to attempt to 'cure’ select biotypes of certain symbionts to permit assessment of the affect of curing on whitefly fitness, gene flow, host plant preference, and virus transmission competency.To identify the diversity of bacterial community associated with a suite of phylogeographically-diverseB. tabaci, a total of 107 populations were screened using general Bacteria primers for the 16S rRNA encoding gene in a PCR. Sequence comparisons with the available databases revealed the presence of bacteria classified in the: Proteobacteria (66%), Firmicutes (25.70%), Actinobacteria (3.7%), Chlamydiae (2.75%) and Bacteroidetes (<1%). Among previously identified bacteria, such as the primary symbiont Portiera aleyrodidarum, and the secondary symbionts Hamiltonella, Cardinium and Wolbachia, a Rickettsia sp. was detected for the first time in this insect family. The distribution, transmission, and localization of the Rickettsia were studied using PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Rickettsia was found in all 20 Israeli B. tabaci populations screened as well as some populations screened in the Arizona laboratory, but not in all individuals within each population. FISH analysis of B. tabaci eggs, nymphs and adults, revealed a unique concentration of Rickettsia around the gut and follicle cells as well as its random distribution in the haemolymph, but absence from the primary symbiont housing cells, the bacteriocytes. Rickettsia vertical transmission on the one hand and its partial within-population infection on the other suggest a phenotype that is advantageous under certain conditions but may be deleterious enough to prevent fixation under others.To test for the possible involvement of Wolbachia and Cardiniumin the reproductive isolation of different B. tabacibiotypes, reciprocal crosses were preformed among populations of the Cardinium-infected, Wolbachia-infected and uninfected populations. The crosses results demonstrated that phylogeographically divergent B. tabaci are reproductively competent and that cytoplasmic incompatibility inducer-bacteria (Wolbachia and Cardinium) both interfered with, and/or rescued CI induced by one another, effectively facilitating bidirectional female offspring production in the latter scenario.This knowledge has implications to multitrophic interactions, gene flow, speciation, fitness, natural enemy interactions, and possibly, host preference and virus transmission. Although extensive and creative attempts undertaken in both laboratories to cure whiteflies of non-primary symbionts have failed, our finding of naturally uninfected individuals have permitted the establishment of Rickettsia-, Wolbachia- and Cardinium-freeB. tabaci lines, which are been employed to address various biological questions, including determining the role of these bacteria in whitefly host biology.

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Jones, Lee, Jenny Powers i Stephen Sweeney. Department of the Interior: History and status of bison health. National Park Service, maj 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2280100.

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The North American plains bison once numbered in the tens of millions, but only around 1,000 individuals remained by the late 1800s. Through the actions of private individuals and organizations, the establishment of a few protected, federally managed, herds saved the subspecies from extinction and today the Department of the Interior (DOI) supports ap-proximately 11,000 plains bison in 19 herds across 12 states. DOI chartered the Bison Conservation Initiative in 2008, which established a framework for bison conservation and restoration on appropriate lands within the species’ histori-cal range. With the recent announcement of the 2020 DOI Bison Conservation Initiative, DOI outlined a diverse range of accomplishments made under the 2008 Initiative and re-affirmed the commitment to work with partners in support of managing bison as native wildlife. Both the 2008 and 2020 DOI Bison Conservation Initiatives endorse a holistic approach, addressing health and genetic considerations, and recommend managing DOI bison herds together as a metapopulation to conserve genetic diversity by restoring gene flow. Bison conservation and restoration efforts must consider the significance of disease in bison herds and apply a multi-jurisdictional, multi-stakeholder approach to the management of bison on large landscapes. Robust herd health surveillance programs, both in the donor and recipient herds, along with strong partnerships and communication, are needed to protect the century-long success of DOI bison conservation and stewardship. This report discusses overarching principles affecting bison health decisions in DOI herds and provides detailed baseline herd health history and management, providing a foundation upon which the 2020 Bison Conservation Initiative vision for DOI bison stewardship can be realized.

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