Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „GEC parameters”

Les incertitudes épistémiques peuvent être réduites via des études supplémentaires (mesures labo, in situ, ou modélisations numériques, etc.). Nous nous concentrons ici sur celle "paramétrique" liée aux difficultés à évaluer quantitativement les paramètres d’entrée du modèle utilisé pour l’analyse des aléas géotechniques. Une stratégie de gestion possible est l’analyse de sensibilité, qui consiste à identifier la contribution (i.e. l’importance) des paramètres dans l’incertitude de l’évaluation de l’aléa. Des approches avancées existent pour conduire une telle analyse. Toutefois, leur application au domaine des aléas géotechniques se confronte à plusieurs contraintes : 1. le coût calculatoire des modèles numériques (plusieurs heures voire jours) ; 2. les paramètres sont souvent des fonctions complexes du temps et de l’espace ; 3. les données sont souvent limitées, imprécises voire vagues. Dans cette thèse, nous avons testé et adapté des outils statistiques pour surmonter ces limites. Une attention toute particulière a été portée sur le test de faisabilité de ces procédures et sur la confrontation à des cas réels (aléas naturels liés aux séismes, cavités et glissements de terrain)<br>Importance ranking of parameter uncertainties in geo-hazard assessments Epistemic uncertainty can be reduced via additional lab or in site measurements or additional numerical simulations. We focused here on parameter uncertainty: this corresponds to the incomplete knowledge of the correct setting of the input parameters (like values of soil properties) of the model supporting the geo-hazard assessment. A possible option tomanage it is via sensitivity analysis, which aims at identifying the contribution (i.e. the importance) of the different input parameters in the uncertainty on the final hazard outcome. For this purpose, advanced techniques exist, namely variance-basedglobal sensitivity analysis. Yet, their practical implementation faces three major limitations related to the specificities of the geo-hazard domain: 1. the large computation time cost (several hours if not days) of numerical models; 2. the parameters are complex functions of time and space; 3. data are often scarce, limited if not vague. In the present PhD thesis, statistical approaches were developed, tested and adapted to overcome those limits. A special attention was paid to test the feasibility of those statistical tools by confronting them to real cases (natural hazards related to earthquakes, cavities and landslides)

The objective of this work of thesis is the refined estimations of source parameters. To such a purpose we used two different approaches, one in the frequency domain and the other in the time domain. In frequency domain, we analyzed the P- and S-wave displacement spectra to estimate spectral parameters, that is corner frequencies and low frequency spectral amplitudes. We used a parametric modeling approach which is combined with a multi-step, non-linear inversion strategy and includes the correction for attenuation and site effects. The iterative multi-step procedure was applied to about 700 microearthquakes in the moment range 1011-1014 N•m and recorded at the dense, wide-dynamic range, seismic networks operating in Southern Apennines (Italy). The analysis of the source parameters is often complicated when we are not able to model the propagation accurately. In this case the empirical Green function approach is a very useful tool to study the seismic source properties. In fact the Empirical Green Functions (EGFs) consent to represent the contribution of propagation and site effects to signal without using approximate velocity models. An EGF is a recorded three-component set of time-histories of a small earthquake whose source mechanism and propagation path are similar to those of the master event. Thus, in time domain, the deconvolution method of Vallée (2004) was applied to calculate the source time functions (RSTFs) and to accurately estimate source size and rupture velocity. This technique was applied to 1) large event, that is Mw=6.3 2009 L’Aquila mainshock (Central Italy), 2) moderate events, that is cluster of earthquakes of 2009 L’Aquila sequence with moment magnitude ranging between 3 and 5.6, 3) small event, i.e. Mw=2.9 Laviano mainshock (Southern Italy).

The objective of this work of thesis is the refined estimations of source parameters. To such a purpose we used two different approaches, one in the frequency domain and the other in the time domain. In frequency domain, we analyzed the P- and S-wave displacement spectra to estimate spectral parameters, that is corner frequencies and low frequency spectral amplitudes. We used a parametric modeling approach which is combined with a multi-step, non-linear inversion strategy and includes the correction for attenuation and site effects. The iterative multi-step procedure was applied to about 700 microearthquakes in the moment range 1011-1014 N•m and recorded at the dense, wide-dynamic range, seismic networks operating in Southern Apennines (Italy). The analysis of the source parameters is often complicated when we are not able to model the propagation accurately. In this case the empirical Green function approach is a very useful tool to study the seismic source properties. In fact the Empirical Green Functions (EGFs) consent to represent the contribution of propagation and site effects to signal without using approximate velocity models. An EGF is a recorded three-component set of time-histories of a small earthquake whose source mechanism and propagation path are similar to those of the master event. Thus, in time domain, the deconvolution method of Vallée (2004) was applied to calculate the source time functions (RSTFs) and to accurately estimate source size and rupture velocity. This technique was applied to 1) large event, that is Mw=6.3 2009 L’Aquila mainshock (Central Italy), 2) moderate events, that is cluster of earthquakes of 2009 L’Aquila sequence with moment magnitude ranging between 3 and 5.6, 3) small event, i.e. Mw=2.9 Laviano mainshock (Southern Italy).

In recent years, thanks to the technological advances, electromagnetic methods for non-invasive shallow subsurface characterization have been increasingly used in many areas of environmental and geoscience applications. Among all the geophysical electromagnetic methods, the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has received unprecedented attention over the last few decades due to its capability to obtain, spatially and temporally, high-resolution electromagnetic parameter information thanks to its versatility, its handling, its non-invasive nature, its high resolving power, and its fast implementation. The main focus of this thesis is to perform a dielectric site characterization in an efficient and accurate way studying in-depth a physical phenomenon behind a recent developed GPR approach, the so-called early-time technique, which infers the electrical properties of the soil in the proximity of the antennas. In particular, the early-time approach is based on the amplitude analysis of the early-time portion of the GPR waveform using a fixed-offset ground-coupled antenna configuration where the separation between the transmitting and receiving antenna is on the order of the dominant pulse-wavelength. Amplitude information can be extracted from the early-time signal through complex trace analysis, computing the instantaneous-amplitude attributes over a selected time-duration of the early-time signal. Basically, if the acquired GPR signals are considered to represent the real part of a complex trace, and the imaginary part is the quadrature component obtained by applying a Hilbert transform to the GPR trace, the amplitude envelope is the absolute value of the resulting complex trace (also known as the instantaneous-amplitude). Analysing laboratory information, numerical simulations and natural field conditions, and summarising the overall results embodied in this thesis, it is possible to suggest the early-time GPR technique as an effective method to estimate physical properties of the soil in a fast and non-invasive way.

In recent years, thanks to the technological advances, electromagnetic methods for non-invasive shallow subsurface characterization have been increasingly used in many areas of environmental and geoscience applications. Among all the geophysical electromagnetic methods, the Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has received unprecedented attention over the last few decades due to its capability to obtain, spatially and temporally, high-resolution electromagnetic parameter information thanks to its versatility, its handling, its non-invasive nature, its high resolving power, and its fast implementation. The main focus of this thesis is to perform a dielectric site characterization in an efficient and accurate way studying in-depth a physical phenomenon behind a recent developed GPR approach, the so-called early-time technique, which infers the electrical properties of the soil in the proximity of the antennas. In particular, the early-time approach is based on the amplitude analysis of the early-time portion of the GPR waveform using a fixed-offset ground-coupled antenna configuration where the separation between the transmitting and receiving antenna is on the order of the dominant pulse-wavelength. Amplitude information can be extracted from the early-time signal through complex trace analysis, computing the instantaneous-amplitude attributes over a selected time-duration of the early-time signal. Basically, if the acquired GPR signals are considered to represent the real part of a complex trace, and the imaginary part is the quadrature component obtained by applying a Hilbert transform to the GPR trace, the amplitude envelope is the absolute value of the resulting complex trace (also known as the instantaneous-amplitude). Analysing laboratory information, numerical simulations and natural field conditions, and summarising the overall results embodied in this thesis, it is possible to suggest the early-time GPR technique as an effective method to estimate physical properties of the soil in a fast and non-invasive way.

Grinding is a critical manufacturing process and is often the only alternative when producing precision components or when machining brittle materials such as ceramics. Characterizing and modeling the surface finish in the grinding process is a difficult task due to the stochastic nature of the size, shape and spatial distribution of abrasive grains that make up the surface of grinding wheels. Since the surface finish obtained in grinding is a direct function of the wheel surface topography, which is conditioned by a single point dressing process, understanding the effects of dressing parameters on the wheel topography is essential. Therefore, the main objectives of this thesis are: 1) to experimentally characterize the three-dimensional surface topography of a conventional grinding wheel including attributes such as the abrasive grain height distribution, grain geometry and spacing parameters and their respective statistical distributions, 2) to determine the effects of single point dressing conditions on the three-dimensional wheel surface topography parameters and their distributions, 3) to model and simulate the three-dimensional wheel surface topography, and 4) to experimentally validate the wheel topography model. In this research, new and existing characterization methods are used to characterize the wheel surface and the individual abrasive grains. The new techniques include the use of X-ray micro-tomography (μCT) to obtain a better understanding of the grinding wheel's internal micro-structure, and a focus variation based optical measurement method and scanning electron microscopy to characterize previously ignored attributes such as the number of sides and aspect ratio of individual grains. A seeded gel (SG) vitrified bond conventional grinding wheel is used in the study. A full factorial design of single point wheel dressing experiments is performed to investigate the effects infeed and lead dressing parameters on the grinding wheel surface topography. A custom wheel indexing apparatus is built to facilitate precision relocation of the grinding wheel surface to enable optical comparison of the pre- and post-dressing wheel surface topography to observe wheel surface generation mechanisms such as macro-fracture and grain dislodgement. Quantitative descriptions of how each dressing parameter affects the wheel surface characteristics are given in terms of the wheel surface roughness amplitude parameters (Sp, Ssk, Sku) and areal and volume parameters (Spk, Sk, Vmp, Vmp, Vvc, Smr1) derived from the bearing area curve. A three-dimensional wheel topography simulation model that takes as input the abrasive grain height distribution and the statistical distributions for the various abrasive grain geometry parameters is developed and experimentally validated. The results of wheel characterization studies show that the actual abrasive grain height distribution in the SG wheel follows a beta distribution. The μCT work shows that the abrasives are polyhedral in shape, as opposed to the spherical or conical shapes commonly assumed in grinding literature. Grain spacing is found to follow a beta distribution while the number of sides of the grain and the grain aspect ratio are found to follow the gamma and the Weibull distribution, respectively. The results of the dressing study show that the lead dressing parameter has the strongest effect on wheel topography. Using statistical distributions for the key parameters (e.g. grain height, number of sides, grain spacing), a stochastic three-dimensional model is developed to simulate the wheel surface topography under different dressing conditions. The resulting model is shown to yield realistic results compared to existing models mainly due the fact that additional abrasive grain geometry parameters and more realistic assumptions of the different grain attributes are used in the model. It is shown that the model follows the overall wheel surface topography trends during dressing but has difficulty in accurately simulating some of the wheel characteristics under specific dressing conditions. The thesis then concludes with a summary of the main findings and possible future research avenues including extending the model to rotary dressing and simulation of wheel-workpiece interaction.

Power transformers are a key element in the transmission and distribution of electrical energy and as such need to be highly reliable and efficient. In power system networks, transformer core saturation can cause system voltage disturbances or transformer damage or accelerate insulation ageing. Low frequency switching transients such as ferroresonance and inrush currents, and increasingly what is now known as geomagnetic induce currents (GIC), are the most common phenomena to cause transformer core saturation. This thesis describes extensive simulation studies carried out on GIC and switching ferroresonant transient phenomena. Two types of transformer model were developed to study core saturation problems; one is the mathematical transformer magnetic circuit model, and the other the ATPDraw transformer model. Using the mathematical transformer magnetic circuit model, the influence of the transformer core structure on the magnetising current has been successfully identified and so have the transformers' responses to GIC events. By using the ATPDraw transformer model, the AC system network behaviours under the influence of the DC bias caused by GIC events have been successfully analysed using various simulation case studies. The effects of the winding connection, the core structure, and the network parameters including system impedances and transformer loading conditions on the magnetising currents of the transformers are summarised. Transient interaction among transformers and other system components during energisation and de-energisation operations are becoming increasingly important. One case study on switching ferroresonant transients was modelled using the available transformer test report data and the design data of the main components of the distribution network. The results were closely matched with field test results, which verified the simulation methodology. The simulation results helped establish the fundamental understanding of GIC and ferroresonance events in the power networks; among all the influential parameters identified, transformer core structure is the most important one. In summary, the five-limb core is easier to saturate than the three-limb transformer under the same GIC events; the smaller the side yoke area of the five-limb core, the easier it will be to saturate. More importantly, under GIC events a transformer core could become saturated irrespective of the loading condition of the transformer.

The present study has been carried out with the following objectives: i) To investigate the attributes of source parameters of local and regional earthquakes; ii) To estimate, as accurately as possible, M0, fc, Δσ and their standard errors to infer their relationship with source size; iii) To quantify high-frequency earthquake ground motion and to study the source scaling. This work is based on observational data of micro, small and moderate -earthquakes for three selected seismic sequences, namely Parkfield (CA, USA), Maule (Chile) and Ferrara (Italy). For the Parkfield seismic sequence (CA), a data set of 757 (42 clusters) repeating micro-earthquakes (0 ≤ MW ≤ 2), collected using borehole High Resolution Seismic Network (HRSN), have been analyzed and interpreted. We used the coda methodology to compute spectral ratios to obtain accurate values of fc , Δσ, and M0 for three target clusters (San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Hawaii) of our data. We also performed a general regression on peak ground velocities to obtain reliable seismic spectra of all earthquakes. For the Maule seismic sequence, a data set of 172 aftershocks of the 2010 MW 8.8 earthquake (3.7 ≤ MW ≤ 6.2), recorded by more than 100 temporary broadband stations, have been analyzed and interpreted to quantify high-frequency earthquake ground motion in this subduction zone. We completely calibrated the excitation and attenuation of the ground motion in Central Chile. For the Ferrara sequence, we calculated moment tensor solutions for 20 events from MW 5.63 (the largest main event occurred on May 20 2012), down to MW 3.2 by a 1-D velocity model for the crust beneath the Pianura Padana, using all the geophysical and geological information available for the area. The PADANIA model allowed a numerical study on the characteristics of the ground motion in the thick sediments of the flood plain.

The present study has been carried out with the following objectives: i) To investigate the attributes of source parameters of local and regional earthquakes; ii) To estimate, as accurately as possible, M0, fc, Δσ and their standard errors to infer their relationship with source size; iii) To quantify high-frequency earthquake ground motion and to study the source scaling. This work is based on observational data of micro, small and moderate -earthquakes for three selected seismic sequences, namely Parkfield (CA, USA), Maule (Chile) and Ferrara (Italy). For the Parkfield seismic sequence (CA), a data set of 757 (42 clusters) repeating micro-earthquakes (0 ≤ MW ≤ 2), collected using borehole High Resolution Seismic Network (HRSN), have been analyzed and interpreted. We used the coda methodology to compute spectral ratios to obtain accurate values of fc , Δσ, and M0 for three target clusters (San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Hawaii) of our data. We also performed a general regression on peak ground velocities to obtain reliable seismic spectra of all earthquakes. For the Maule seismic sequence, a data set of 172 aftershocks of the 2010 MW 8.8 earthquake (3.7 ≤ MW ≤ 6.2), recorded by more than 100 temporary broadband stations, have been analyzed and interpreted to quantify high-frequency earthquake ground motion in this subduction zone. We completely calibrated the excitation and attenuation of the ground motion in Central Chile. For the Ferrara sequence, we calculated moment tensor solutions for 20 events from MW 5.63 (the largest main event occurred on May 20 2012), down to MW 3.2 by a 1-D velocity model for the crust beneath the Pianura Padana, using all the geophysical and geological information available for the area. The PADANIA model allowed a numerical study on the characteristics of the ground motion in the thick sediments of the flood plain.

2011/2012<br>Un materiale si definisce isotropico quando le sue proprietà non cambiano in funzione della direzione secondo cui vengono misurate. Al contrario, se il mezzo è caratterizzato da una dipendenza direzionale delle sue proprietà, è chiamato anisotropico. Tradizionalmente, l’esplorazione sismica è basata sul processamento e interpretazione di dati acustici relativi a mezzi considerati sismicamente isotropici. Tuttavia, l’isotropia è sempre un modello approssimato per descrivere le formazioni geologiche, specialmente nel caso di bacini sedimentari. L’imaging sismico e la stima delle velocità sismiche nel sottosuolo risultano essere inaccurati quando dati relativi a mezzi anisotropici vengono processati con l’assunzione di isotropia. Conseguentemente è importante definire il modello e l’intensità dell’anisotropia che contraddistinguono l’area in esame e utilizzare queste informazioni per il processamento dei dati sismici. Lo scopo principale di questo studio consiste nella caratterizzazione dell’anisotropia degli scisti bituminosi del giacimento di Abbott, presenti nel Bacino di Arkoma, Oklahoma, USA. I dati consistono in registrazioni sismiche ottenute da due stendimenti di superficie composti da geofoni a sola componente verticale e da accelerometri a tre componenti, acquisite durante la fratturazione idraulica del giacimento. Il monitoraggio sismico di superficie è generalmente meno costoso se comparato al monitoraggio da pozzo, specialmente quando i pozzi di osservazione non sono disponibili e devono essere perforati. La tecnica da superficie è basata sull’acquisizione di dati sismici da centinaia di ricevitori opportunamente distribuiti al suolo ed offre una visione del campo d’onda molto più ampia rispetto al monitoraggio da pozzo, generalmente limitato a qualche decina di ricevitori vicini tra loro. Inoltre, l’analisi dei tempi di arrivo di dati acquisiti da reti di ricevitori di superficie costituisce un metodo più robusto rispetto agli studi di polarizzazione di cui sono oggetto i dati di monitoraggio sismico da pozzo. L’inconveniente è un rapporto segnale rumore sensibilmente più basso a causa delle eterogeneità geologiche presenti in prossimità della superficie. Durante il trattamento degli scisti bituminosi di Abbott, è stato registrato qualche centinaio di eventi microsismici e di questi sono stati analizzati i dieci eventi più forti, oltre che i dati derivanti da scoppi di perforazione. La Vertical Transverse Isotropy (VTI) è, senza dubbio, il modello anisotropico più comune in bacini sedimentari, specialmente in presenza di scisti. La velocità sismica in mezzi VTI varia quando la direzione di propagazione si discosta dalla verticale ma non al variare dell’azimut. L’analisi dei dati sismici relativi alle onde P ha confermato che il modello VTI è quello che meglio si adatta agli scisti di Abbott e/o alle rocce sovrastanti. In mezzi omogenei ed anisotropici di tipo VTI i tempi di arrivo delle onde P ed S si discostano dal moveout iperbolico, che invece caratterizza la propagazione in mezzi omogenei ed isotropici. La non-iperbolicità dei tempi di percorso delle onde sismiche può essere utilizzata per la stima dei parametri di anisotropia. I tempi di arrivo ottenuti dai dati sperimentali possono essere approssimati attraverso l’utilizzo di equazioni analitiche che esprimono i tempi di percorso in funzione dei suddetti parametri di anisotropia. Questa tecnica di inversione è stata testata con dati sintetici e successivamente applicata ai dati del giacimento di Abbott. Dai tempi di arrivo delle onde P ed SH di dieci eventi microsismici sono stati stimati i tre parametri di anisotropia di Thomsen, mentre per quattro scoppi di perforazione è stata applicata l’inversione delle sole onde compressionali. Inoltre è stata accuratamente analizzata la sensibilità del metodo alla presenza di rumore e di eventuale inaccuratezza dei parametri di input. Le inversioni dei tempi di arrivo delle onde P prodotte dagli scoppi di perforazione forniscono parametri di anisotropia tra loro consistenti, mentre i risultati dai tempi di arrivo delle onde compressionali e di taglio relativi agli eventi microsismici sono caratterizzati da una moderata dispersione. Questo risultato può essere spiegato dalla minore accuratezza e più ampia distribuzione spaziale delle sorgenti microsismiche, se paragonate agli scoppi di perforazione. Inoltre, le proprietà elastiche del volume di roccia nell’intorno di ciascuna sorgente microsismica, così come le sue proprietà anisotropiche, variano durante il processo di fratturazione costituendo una possibile causa della dispersione dei parametri di anisotropia stimati. Le inversioni dei tempi di arrivo delle onde SH forniscono elevati valori del parametro di anisotropia associato a questi segnali sismici. Tuttavia è importante sottolineare che si tratta di un’espressione della anisotropia effettiva del mezzo e non di quella intrinseca. Lo shear-wave splitting è considerato un robusto indicatore di anisotropia sismica. Nell’ambito di questo studio, questo fenomeno viene trattato in modo esaustivo, con particolare riguardo ai mezzi VTI. Il tempo di ritardo tra le due onde di taglio soggette a splitting può essere stimato dai dati sismici e quindi invertito per ottenere i parametri di anisotropia. La stima dei tempi di ritardo attraverso il metodo della cross-correlazione fornisce risultati consistenti per ricevitori vicini. L’inversione dei tempi di ritardo è basata sulle approssimazioni dei tempi di percorso delle onde SH ed SV in mezzi debolmente anisotropici e conferma l’anisotropia piuttosto pronunciata già messa in evidenza dalle analisi dei tempi di arrivo delle onde P ed SH. Sono state anche implementate tecniche di analisi dello shear-wave splitting più sofisticate, adatte a modelli di anisotropia più generali. Tuttavia, questi metodi già ampiamente utilizzati per l’analisi di eventi telesismici hanno fornito risultati poco affidabili, principalmente a causa del basso rapporto segnale-rumore caratterizzante i dati del giacimento di Abbott.<br>A material whose properties do not change with the direction along which they are measured is called isotropic. On the contrary, if the properties of the medium show directional dependency it is called anisotropic. Traditional seismic exploration is based on processing and interpretation of acoustic data and considers seismically isotropic subsoil. However, isotropy is always an approximate model to describe the geological formations, especially in sedimentary basins. Seismic imaging and estimation of subsurface velocities become inaccurate when anisotropic data are treated under the general assumption of isotropy. Consequently it is important to define the model and strength of anisotropy for the study area and use this information in data processing. The main goal of this study is the anisotropy characterization of the Abbott gas shale play located in the Arkoma basin, Oklahoma, USA. The data consist in seismic records obtained from two surface arrays of 1C geophones and 3C accelerometers, respectively, and acquired during the hydraulic fracturing of the reservoir. Surface (or near-surface) monitoring can be less expensive if compared to borehole monitoring when the observation wells must be drilled. The former technique is based on data acquisition from hundreds of receivers widely distributed over the Earth surface and gives a larger field view than borehole monitoring, generally limited to tenth of 3C receivers. Moreover, arrival time analyses of data recorded from surface widely-distributed receiver-networks are generally more robust than polarization studies carried out on borehole microseismic data. The drawback is a significant lower signal-to-noise ratio due to near surface heterogeneities. During the treatment of the Abbott gas shale, a few hundred microseismic events were recorded and the ten strongest events have been analyzed, together with the data from perforation shots. Vertical transverse isotropy (VTI) is, unarguably, the most common anisotropic model for sedimentary basins and particularly for shales. Seismic velocity in VTI media varies with direction of propagation away from the vertical, but not with azimuth. The analysis of the P-waves seismic dataset confirms VTI to be the best-suited model for the Abbott reservoir and/or overburden. P- and S-waves arrival times in homogeneous VTI media deviate from the hyperbolic moveout, which characterize seismic propagation in homogeneous isotropic media. The nonhyperbolicity of the traveltime can be used to estimate anisotropy parameters. The actual arrival times, picked from the experimental data, can be approximated considering analytic traveltime equations, which depend on such parameters. This inversion technique is tested with full wave synthetic data and applied to the Abbott dataset. The three Thomsen anisotropy parameters are estimated from P- and SH-arrival times of ten microseismic events, while only compressional waves are used for the inversion of four perforation shots. Moreover, the sensitivity of the P-wave arrival time inversion to picking noise and inaccuracies of input parameters is thoroughly analyzed. The inversions of the P-wave arrival times of the perforation shots give quite consistent anisotropy parameters, while the results from the compressional and shear waves arrival time inversions of the microseismic events are characterized by moderate scattering. This can be explained by the lower location accuracy and widespread distribution of the microseismic events, compared with the perforation shots. Moreover, the elastic properties of the sismogenic volume, as well as the local anisotropic properties, vary due to the process of fracturing and possibly cause the moderate scattering of the parameters inverted from the microseismic events. The inversions of the SH-wave arrival times result in consistently high values of the anisotropy parameter related to this wave mode. However, it is important to remark that this is the expression of effective and not intrinsic anisotropy. Shear-wave splitting is considered a robust indicator of seismic anisotropy. Such phenomenon is exhaustively addressed and described for VTI media, specifically. The time-delay between the two split waves can be estimated from the seismic records and inverted for anisotropy parameters. The estimation of the splitting times of a seismic event through the cross- correlation method gives consistent results for adjacent receivers. The inversion of the estimated time delays is based on SH- and SV-traveltimes approximations in weakly anisotropic media, and confirms the relatively high degree of anisotropy already highlighted by the P- and SH-wave arrival time analyses. More complex techniques of shear-wave splitting analysis, suitable for more general anisotropic models are also implemented. However, these methods, widely used for teleseismic shear-waves data, give unreliable results mainly because of the low signal-to-noise ratio characterizing the seismic data.<br>XXV Ciclo<br>1970

We have used kinematic models in two Italian regions to reproduce surface interseismic velocities obtained from InSAR and GPS measurements. We have considered a Block modeling, BM, approach to evaluate which fault system is actively accommodating the occurring deformation in both considered areas. We have performed a study for the Umbria-Marche Apennines, obtaining that the tectonic extension observed by GPS measurements is explained by the active contribution of at least two fault systems, one of which is the Alto Tiberina fault, ATF. We have estimated also the interseismic coupling distribution for the ATF using a 3D surface and the result shows an interesting correlation between the microseismicity and the uncoupled fault portions. The second area analyzed concerns the Gargano promontory for which we have used jointly the available InSAR and GPS velocities. Firstly we have attached the two datasets to the same terrestrial reference frame and then using a simple dislocation approach, we have estimated the best fault parameters reproducing the available data, providing a solution corresponding to the Mattinata fault. Subsequently we have considered within a BM analysis both GPS and InSAR datasets in order to evaluate if the Mattinata fault may accommodate the deformation occurring in the central Adriatic due to the relative motion between the North-Adriatic and South-Adriatic plates. We obtain that the deformation occurring in that region should be accommodated by more that one fault system, that is however difficult to detect since the poor coverage of geodetic measurement offshore of the Gargano promontory. Finally we have performed also the estimate of the interseismic coupling distribution for the Mattinata fault, obtaining a shallow coupling pattern. Both of coupling distributions found using the BM approach have been tested by means of resolution checkerboard tests and they demonstrate that the coupling patterns depend on the geodetic data positions.

We have used kinematic models in two Italian regions to reproduce surface interseismic velocities obtained from InSAR and GPS measurements. We have considered a Block modeling, BM, approach to evaluate which fault system is actively accommodating the occurring deformation in both considered areas. We have performed a study for the Umbria-Marche Apennines, obtaining that the tectonic extension observed by GPS measurements is explained by the active contribution of at least two fault systems, one of which is the Alto Tiberina fault, ATF. We have estimated also the interseismic coupling distribution for the ATF using a 3D surface and the result shows an interesting correlation between the microseismicity and the uncoupled fault portions. The second area analyzed concerns the Gargano promontory for which we have used jointly the available InSAR and GPS velocities. Firstly we have attached the two datasets to the same terrestrial reference frame and then using a simple dislocation approach, we have estimated the best fault parameters reproducing the available data, providing a solution corresponding to the Mattinata fault. Subsequently we have considered within a BM analysis both GPS and InSAR datasets in order to evaluate if the Mattinata fault may accommodate the deformation occurring in the central Adriatic due to the relative motion between the North-Adriatic and South-Adriatic plates. We obtain that the deformation occurring in that region should be accommodated by more that one fault system, that is however difficult to detect since the poor coverage of geodetic measurement offshore of the Gargano promontory. Finally we have performed also the estimate of the interseismic coupling distribution for the Mattinata fault, obtaining a shallow coupling pattern. Both of coupling distributions found using the BM approach have been tested by means of resolution checkerboard tests and they demonstrate that the coupling patterns depend on the geodetic data positions.

Exhumed faults decorated by pseudotachylyte, solidified friction induced melt recording a seismic rupture (Sibson, 1975), might give information about the earthquake source. Two cases, representative of different seismogenic environments have been investigated: the pseudodotachylyte-mylonite association in the lower crust, in the Ivrea Zone metagabbros, and the “upper crust” pseudotachylytes in the Tertiary Adamello granitoid batholith. In metagabbros, a cyclical and coeval production of frictional melts and high temperature localized ultramylonites, during amphibolite metamorphic conditions, has been documented. From a selected pseudotachylyte in the Adamello batholith the earthquake energy budget has been estimated, concluding that the most energy was dissipated as frictional heat. The thermal evolution of a frictional melt was modeled, demonstrating that the pristine cataclastic structure used for the component of the surface energy estimation might locally have been preserved.<br>Faglie esumate sigillate da pseuotachiliti, fusi di frizione solidificati che registrano una rottura sismica (Sibson, 1975), possono fornire informazioni sulla sorgente del terremoto. Sono stati studiati due casi rappresentativi di ambienti simogenetici differenti: l’associazione pseudotachiliti-miloniti nella corsta inferiore, nei metagabbri della Zona d’Ivrea e le pseudotachiliti della “crosta superiore” nel batolite granitoide terziario dell’Adamello. Nei metagabbri è stata documentata la produzione ciclica e contemporanea di fusi di frizione e ultramiloniti localizzate di alta temperatura, entrambe prodotte in facies anfibolitica. Studiando una pseudotachilite prescelta dal batolite dell’Adamello, si è stimato il bilancio energetico di un terremoto, concludendo che la maggior parte dell’energia si è dissipata sotto forma di calore di frizione. Infine si è modellizzata l’evoluzione termica di un fuso di frizione, dimostrando che l’originaria struttura cataclastica usata per stimare il contributo dell’energia di superficie può potenzialmente essersi localmente preservata.

I network di fratture hanno un ruolo fondamentale nel controllo della permeabilità e del flusso dei geo-fluidi (e.g. idrocarburi, acqua, fluidi idrotermali ecc.). Nel sottosuolo i parametri delle fratture vengono solitamente caratterizzati utilizzando dati di pozzo e dati sismici, i quali però sono divisi da un salto di scala. Infatti, i dati di pozzo sono sparsi e parziali mentre anche la sismica migliore non è in grado di identificare fratture con dimensione minori di 200 metri. Gli analoghi esumati con dimensioni chilometriche posso aiutare a colmare questo divario permettendo di raccogliere una grande quantità di dati a scale differenti. In questa tesi di dottorato abbiamo caratterizzato il network di fratture nei carbonati delle isole di Malta e Gozo, che si trovano all’interno della Piattaforma Pelagica nel foreland della catena Appeninico-Magrebide e sono degli spettacolari analoghi esumati di reservoir di idrocarburi fratturati sviluppatisi in ambienti tettonici estensionali. La stratigrafia delle isole maltesi è caratterizzata dalla presenza di differenti tipi di carbonati di età compresa tra il tardo Oligocene e il Miocene superiore., tagliati da due set di faglie normali (ENE-WSW e WNW-ESE) con rigetti verticali che possono raggiungere i 210 metri. Dicchi nettuniani associati a faglie normali con rigetto limitato (meno di 5 metri) sono inoltre presenti nelle unità più antiche. In questa tesi abbiamo utilizzato un approccio multidisciplinare che ci ha permesso di effettuare diversi tipi di studi che sono presentati nei quattro capitoli della tesi. i) Nel primo capitolo abbiamo ricostruito l’evoluzione tettonica e geodinamica delle isole di Malta e Gozo e della Piattaforma Pelagica a partire dal tardo Oligocene fino al Pliocene. Questo ci ha permesso inoltre di ricostruire l’età di formazione e la cinematica dei diversi set di faglie e fratture. ii) Nel secondo capitolo abbiamo caratterizzato i parametri delle fratture assieme al loro impatto sulla connettività idraulica e l’architettura della zona di danneggiamento legata alla faglia di Qala (Gozo). Per fare questo abbiamo applicato un nuovo workflow che combina scan-line lineari con scan-area applicate su modelli di affioramento digitali di dimensioni chilometri utilizzando inoltre metodi automatici per il calcolo dei parametri della fratturazione. iii) Nel terzo capitolo, abbiamo mostrato come la meccanica stratigrafica e in particolare le proprietà elastiche delle rocce giochino un ruolo fondamentale nel controllo dello spessore della damage zone. I risultati sono stati ottenuti combinando osservazioni di terreno con analisi petro-fisiche, petrografiche, geo-meccaniche e modelli numerici. iv) Nel quarto capitolo abbiamo utilizzato il Volume Elementare Rappresentativo del network di fratture caratterizzato durante lo studio effettuato nel capitolo due per realizzare modelli DFN ad una scala più piccola rispetto a quella del reservoir. Questo ci ha permesso di risolvere diversi problemi legati alla modellazione della fratturazione alla scala del reservoir.<br>Fracture networks exert a primary role in the control of permeability and flow of geo-fluids (e.g hydrocarbons, ground water, hydrothermals fluid, etc.). Fracture parameters in the subsurface are usually characterised using borehole and seismic data, but these are affected by a scale gap. Well data are only sparse and partial and even the best seismic data cannot detect fractures shorter than ca 200 m. Km-scale outcrop analogues can help to fill this gap, allowing to collect huge amounts of of data at different scales. This PhD thesis investigates the fracture networks in carbonates of the Maltese Islands, located in the Pelagian Platform in the foreland of the Sicilian-Appenine-Maghrebian fold and thrust belt, that are world-class analogues of extensional fractured and faulted hydrocarbon reservoirs. Here a Late-Oligocene – Late Miocene carbonatic sequence composed by different types of carbonates is exposed. It is cross-cut by normal faults with a vertical displacement up to 210 meters, arranged in two main sets striking ENE-WSW and WNW-ESE. Moreover, Neptunian dykes associated with small normal faults (less than 5 meters of displacement) are present in the lower units. We applied a multidisciplinary approach that allowed us to carry out the following studies that are presented in the four chapters of these thesis. i) In the first chapter, we characterize the tectonic and geodynamic evolution of the Maltese Islands and Pelagian Platform from the Late Oligocene to the Pliocene and to understand the timing, kinematics and stress regime of the different fault and joint sets. ii) In the second chapter, we Investigate the fracture parameters and their impact on hydraulic connectivity and the architecture of the damage of the Qala fault (Gozo). The study was performed applying a new workflow that combines linear scanlines and scanareas collected on a large Digital Outcrop Model also using automatic methods for the extraction of fracture parameters. iii) In the third chapter, we investigate the control of the mechanical stratigraphy and in particular of the elastic properties of the rocks on the damage zone thickness combining petrographical, petrophysical, geomechanical and numerical modeling analyses. iv) In the fourth chapter, we characterize the Representative Elementary Volume of fracture network parameters extracted from the DOM study to drive Discrete Fracture Network modeling. This allows building DFN models on in order to build DFN model on a smaller scale with respect to the reservoir scale solving many numerical models.

The overall goal was to understand the capabilities of a dairy based meat alternative. This was done in three phases: 1) the production of a dairy protein gel as a base for a dairy based meat alternative, 2) texturization of the dairy protein gel base to produce a nugget like texture, and 3) a consumer test to determine the acceptability of the dairy based nugget compared to meat and meat alternatives on the market. For phase I, a dairy protein gel base was tested to understand the textural attributes. Milk to whey percentages and level of acidification were examined to determine their effects on instrumental textural attributes of the protein gel. The milk to whey percentages and level of acidification that were tested were 5/95, 10/90, and 15/85, and pH 5.70-5.60, 5.15-5.05, and 4.6-4.5; respectively. The texture was objectively measured using a texture analyzer. The results showed that there was an increase in the hardness, gumminess and chewiness which was associated with an increase of the milk to whey ratio. Also a firmer dairy protein gel was produced using a low pH. A milk to whey percentage of 15/85 and a pH of 4.6-4.5 produced the highest overall instrumental textural attributes, specifically . For phase II, the dairy protein gel composed of a milk to whey ratio of 15/85 and pH of 4.6 was evaluated in the formulation of a dairy based nugget. The grinding of the dairy protein gel was used to determine if different size grinding plates and the presence of a gum can influence the textural attributes of the dairy protein gel. The dairy protein gel base was evaluated by a trained sensory panel to compare to the results of the objective texture analyzer. The dairy protein gel was processed using a meat grinder with a grind size of 3 mm, 6 mm and a blend of 4 parts 6 mm grinded and 1 part 3 mm. The increase in the grind size produced an increased instrumental hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, chewiness and gumminess. The usage of gum in the dairy protein gel system produced a higher instrumental adhesiveness. The sensory results showed that an increase in the grind size increased the sensory attributes; hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness and adhesiveness. The use of gum in the system had no influence on the sensory textural attributes. Both the texture analyzer and trained sensory testing showed a similar trend for the texture attributes. No correlation between the texture analyzer and sensory was found. This was a surprise because literature indicates there are significant correlations between instrumental textural attributes and sensory texture attributes. The lack of correlation may be explained by the variability of the panelists (P-value<0.05) for each sample. For phase III, an acceptability test was performed on untrained consumers of chicken nuggets to determine if the dairy based meat alternative was acceptable compared to meat nuggets and meat alternatives on the market. Texture, flavor, and appearance were evaluated by a consumer panel. The consumers evaluated the dairy based meat alternative and concluded that the appearance, texture and flavor needed improvement. From this research, it was concluded that a dairy based meat alternative can be created to imitate meat and meat alternative textures. By understanding the processing conditions to produce the dairy protein gel base and grinding of the product, an acceptable meat alternative can be produced. Dairy based meat alternative texture attributes were produced from a milk to whey percentage of 15/85 and a pH of 4.6, and a large grind plate of 6 mm with the use of methylcellulose.

This study elucidates the effect of various processing parameters on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) /carbon nanotube (CNT) composite fiber structure and properties. Interaction between PAN and MWNT enabled the gel-spun PAN/MWNT composite fiber to be drawn to a higher draw ratio, than the control PAN fiber, resulting in the composite fiber tensile strength value as high as 1.3 GPa. PAN/MWNT composite fibers were stabilized and carbonized, and the resulting fibers have been characterized for their structure and properties. The effect of precursor fiber shelf-time on the mechanical properties of the gel-spun PAN/MWNT composite fibers is also reported. A rheological study of PAN-co-MAA/few wall nanotube (FWNT) composite solution has been conducted. At low shear rates, the network of FWNTs contributes to elastic response, resulting in higher viscosity and storage modulus for the composite solution as compared to the control solution. On the other hand, at high shear rates, the network of FWNTs can be broken, resulting in lower viscosity for the composite solution than that for the control solution. Larger PAN crystal size (~16.2 nm) and enhanced mechanical properties are observed when the fiber was drawn at room temperature (cold-drawing) prior to being drawn at elevated temperature (~ 165 °C; hot-drawing). Azimuthal scan of wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and Raman G-band intensities were used for the evaluation of Herman's orientation factor for PAN crystal (fPAN) and FWNT (fFWNT), respectively. Significantly higher nanotube orientation was observed than PAN orientation at an early stage of fiber processing (i.e during spinning, cold-drawing). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed that PAN-co-MAA fiber can be converted into cyclic structure at milder conditions than those for PAN. Continuous in-line stabilization, carbonization, and characterization of the resulting carbon fibers were carried out. Rheological and fiber spinning studies have also been carried out on PAN-co-MAA/VGCNF (vapor grown carbon nano fiber). The diameter of PAN-co-MAA/VGCNF composite fiber is smaller than that of the PAN-co-MAA control fiber with same draw ratio due to the suppressed die-swell in the presence of VGCNF. The mechanical properties of PAN-co-MAA control and PAN-co-MAA/VGCNF composite fibers were characterized. Crystalline structure and morphology of the solution-spun PAN-co-MAA/VGCNF fibers are characterized using WAXD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The volume fraction of PAN-CNT interphase in PAN matrix has been calculated to illustrate the impact of CNTs on structural change in PAN matrix, when ordered PAN molecules are developed in the vicinity of CNTs during fiber processing. The effect of PAN-CNT interphase thickness, CNT diameter, and mass density of CNT on volume fraction of PAN-CNT interphase has been explored.

Negli ultimi anni sono aumentati gli studi sull’inquinamento atmosferico a causa di una maggiore consapevolezza dei suoi numerosi effetti avversi. Nonostante la composizione chimica e la frazione biogenica dell’aerosol siano argomento di diversi studi, sono ancora poco chiare e studiate le relazioni fra queste due componenti dell’aerosol. Con questo lavoro di tesi si è tentato di: mettere a punto una tecnica che permettesse di raccogliere campioni validi sia per determinazioni chimiche che per determinazioni biologiche, identificare la composizione delle comunità batteriche in atmosfera, determinare la composizione chimica del particolato atmosferico, descrivere un’eventuale relazione fra la composizione chimica del particolato atmosferico e la composizione in specie dei batteri del medesimo, trovare una relazione fra l’approccio biologico e l’approccio chimico allo studio dell’aerosol.<br>Recently studies about atmospheric pollution are increased, due to the awareness about many adverse effects of particulate matter in air. In spite of chemical composition and the biogenic portion of atmospheric aerosol are the focus of many studies, the relationship between chemical composition and biological fraction has been poorly investigated and at today appear not clear. The aim of this study is: improve a sampling method to collect a valid PM sample both for chemical and biological analysis, identify the composition of bacterial population in air Particulate Matter, determinate the chemical composition of air Particulate Matter; describe the relationship between bacterial population and PM chemical composition and find a connection between those different approach of aerosols study.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-25T18:06:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Nath?lia Virg?nia da Silva Ribeiro.pdf: 1961349 bytes, checksum: 43e989102153b88ad17a4eefb1e37f9e (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-25T18:06:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Nath?lia Virg?nia da Silva Ribeiro.pdf: 1961349 bytes, checksum: 43e989102153b88ad17a4eefb1e37f9e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-24<br>CAPES<br>The species Jatropha curcas, popularly known as physic nut, belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, is currently regarded as one of the greatest potential of oil seeds for biodiesel production in the world. However, the knowledge of available genetic variability and productive behavior of the species are still scarce. This work is part of the Breeding Program of Jatropha curcas developed in UFRRJ, and its objective was know some morphological and productive aspects of 10 progenies of physic nut (Jatropha curcas), grown in greenhouse and camp up to 17 months old, selected from female parents belonging to the Germplasm Collection of physic nut (Jatropha curcas) of the Department of Plant Science at the Institute of Agronomy of UFRRJ. It is expected this study provide important information for the continued Breeding Program of the species in UFRRJ. The experiment was installed in October 2011 in greenhouse, and consisted of 10 progenies of physic nut arranged in experimental design randomized blocks with 3 repetitions, and 15 plants by experimental parcel. After 4 evaluation in greenhouse, the plants were transferred to the camp, here were done 6 evaluation, the last being in April 2013. In the greenhouse it was evaluated aspects related to the germination of the progeny and the behavior of young plants. In the first case, it was estimated germination itself progenies and the index of germination speed (IGS), and at the second, the size of the petiole (SMP), number, width and length of fully developed leaves, respectively, discriminated as NDL, WDL and LDL, insertion angle of the leaf (IALs), length relationship and width of leaf (LWL), height of young plants (HYP), stem diameter (SDI) and branches number (BNU). The obtained data were submitted to analysis of variance, mean test via DMS-t and correlation analysis. The coefficient of genotypic determination (H2), of genotypic variation (CVg) and experimental variation (CVe) were also estimated, and variation index (VIg). The mean germination percentage for Jatropha curcas species was 68,23%, and the mean index germination speed was of 8,60 seeds germinated per day. The progeny that reached higher percentage of gemination and higher germination speed were UFRRJ/PM05 (83,33 and 3,12) and UFRRJ/PM01 (83,33 and 3,38). Whereas the progenies UFRRJ/PM10 and UFRRJ/PM04 were the ones with the lowest percentage of germination and germinated more slowly. In the greenhouse was no statistically significant difference between treatments for the variables SMP, NDL, SDI, HYP, BNU, LDL, WDL. Only for LWL and IALs not statistical difference was detected signficativa. In the camp, it was evaluated variables related to morphological and productive. The morphological variables were: insertion angle of the leaf (IALs), height of young plants (HYP), stem diameter (SDI), of branches number (BNU) and the size of the petiole (SMP). Variables related to aspects of production were: fruit number (FNU), average fruit weight (AFW), fruit length (FRL), fruit width (FRW), weight of fruit of the crop (WFC), weight of dries seeds (WDS), seeds number per fruit (SNF=SNU/FNU), seeds number (SNU), seed length (SEL), seed width (SEW), average seed weight (ASW=GPR/SNU) and grain production (GPR= SNUxASW). All data obtained for each stage of treatment in this study were submitted to analysis of variance, mean test way DMS-t and correlation analyzes. Only for the variables related to morphological aspects considered the effect of season in the ANOVA. Were also estimated the coefficient of genotypic determination (H2), genotypic variation (CVg) and experimental variation (CVe), and the variation index (IVg). All variables (morphological and production) were subjected to regression analysis over the 6 collection periods. Was also estimated genetic the following parameters: genetic variance (?2g), additive variance (?2a), heritability of family means, within family, stratified mass and mass in the experiment. The estimation of genetic parameters was based on the last review performed in the experiment, not considering, therefore, the season effect. From previously mentioned analysis it was observed that all the variables related to morphological aspects showed statistically significant differences between treatments. As for variables related to production only FRW, AFW, SEL and ASW no statistically significant difference. Characters related to leaf morphology showed low coefficients of determination and variation index, while the latter parameters were higher for the variables HYP (83,24 e 0,64) e BNU (80,92 e 0,59), respectively, evaluated in plants in a greenhouse. Progenies with the highest mean branches number were UFRRJ/PM07 (0,49) and UFRRJ/PM08 (0,47). In the camp, the BNU variable had the highest coefficient of genotypic determination (84,16) and variation index (0,54) again. Variables SDI, HYP, IALs and BNU showed a linear behavior over the following months, only exception to IALs variable studied in the progeny UFRRJ/PM 10. Variable SMP proved oscillating in all progenies during the months evaluated. Regarding the variables related to production, the progeny had a different behavior between them. Therefore, the selection of these variables are not indicated when you want to increase grain production in physic nut. Only when considering the quantitative variables is that selection for increased production becomes more effective, for example, the selection of the seeds number. The variable branches number (BNU) was positively correlated with almost all variables in the greenhouse and all related to the production characteristics analyzed in the camp, therefore, this variable can be used in precocious selection for increased production in physic nut. The progenies UFRRJ/PM08 and UFRRJ/PM01 were the most promising in respect of seed production, but, evaluation over the years are still needed, as the plants of the experiment were evaluated in still too early to age, and then, physiological and experimental aspects may be being even more important than genetic factors.<br>A esp?cie Jatropha curcas, popularmente conhecida como pinh?o manso, pertencente ? fam?lia Euphorbiaceae, ? considerada atualmente como uma das oleaginosas de maior potencial para a produ??o de biodiesel no mundo. No entanto, o conhecimento da variabilidade gen?tica dispon?vel e o comportamento produtivo da esp?cie ainda s?o escassos. O presente trabalho ? parte do Programa de Melhoramento Gen?tico de Jatropha curcas desenvolvido na UFRRJ, e teve como objetivo conhecer alguns aspectos morfol?gicos e produtivos de 10 prog?nies de pinh?o-manso (Jatropha curcas), cultivadas em casa de vegeta??o e campo at? aos 17 meses de idade, selecionadas a partir de genitores femininos pertencentes ? Cole??o de Germoplasma de pinh?o-manso (Jatropha curcas) do Departamento de Fitotecnia do Instituto de Agronomia da UFRRJ. Espera-se com este trabalho fornecer informa??es importantes para a continuidade do Programa de Melhoramento da esp?cie na UFRRJ. O experimento foi instalado em outubro de 2011 em casa de vegeta??o, e foi composto por 10 prog?nies de pinh?o-manso dispostas em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com 3 repeti??es, e 15 plantas por parcela experimental. Ap?s 4 avalia??es em casa de vegeta??o, as plantas foram transferidas para o campo, onde foram realizadas 6 avalia??es, sendo a ultima no m?s de abril de 2013. Em casa de vegeta??o avaliou-se aspectos relacionados ? germina??o das prog?nies e o comportamento das plantas jovens. No primeiro caso, estimou-se a germina??o propriamente dito das prog?nies e o ?ndice de velocidade de germina??o (IVG), e no segundo, o tamanho do pec?olo (TMP), n?mero, largura e comprimento de folhas completamente desenvolvidas, respectivamente, discriminados como NFD, LAF e COF, ?ngulo de inser??o da folha (AIFc), rela??o comprimento e largura de folha (CLF), altura de plantas (APJ), di?metro de caule (DIC) e n?mero de ramos (NDR). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a an?lises de vari?ncia, teste de m?dia via DMS-t e an?lise de correla??o. Tamb?m foram estimados os coeficientes de determina??o genot?pico (H2), de varia??o genot?pico (CVg) e de varia??o experimental (CVe), e o ?ndice de varia??o (IVg). A porcentagem m?dia de germina??o para a esp?cie Jatropha curcas foi de 68,23%, e o ?ndice m?dio de velocidade de germina??o foi de 8,60 sementes germinadas por dia. As prog?nies que atingiram maiores percentuais de gemina??o e maior velocidade de germina??o foram a UFRRJ/PM05 (83,33 e 3,12) e UFRRJ/PM01 (83,33 e 3,38). Enquanto que as prog?nies UFRRJ/PM10 e UFRRJ/PM04 foram as que apresentaram os percentuais de germina??o mais baixos e germinaram mais lentamente. Em casa de vegeta??o houve diferen?a estat?stica significativa entre os tratamentos para as vari?veis TMP, NFD, DIC, APJ, NDR, COF, LAF. Apenas para CLF e AIFc n?o se detectou diferen?a estat?stica signficativa. No campo, avaliou-se vari?veis ligadas aos aspectos morfol?gicos e produtivos. As vari?veis morfol?gicas analisadas foram: ?ngulo de inser??o da folha (AIFc), altura de plantas (APJ), di?metro de caule (DIC), n?mero de ramos (NDR), tamanho m?dio de entren? (MECc). As vari?veis relacionadas aos aspectos de produ??o foram: n?mero de frutos (NFR), peso m?dio do fruto (PFR), comprimento do fruto (CFR), largura do fruto (LFR), peso de frutos da colheita (PFC), peso de sementes secas (PMSs), n?mero de sementes por fruto (NSF = NSE/NFR), n?mero de sementes (NSE), comprimento da semente (CMS), largura da semente (LSE), peso m?dio de sementes (PMS=PSP/NSE) e produ??o de gr?os (PGP=NSExPMS). Todos os dados obtidos para cada tratamento nesta etapa do trabalho foram submetidos ?s an?lises de vari?ncia, teste de m?dia via DMS-t e an?lises de correla??o. Apenas para as vari?veis ligadas aos aspectos morfol?gicos considerou-se o efeito de ?poca na anova. Foram estimados tamb?m os coeficientes de determina??o genot?pico (H2), de varia??o genot?pico (CVg) e de varia??o experimental (CVe), e o ?ndice de varia??o (IVg). Todas as vari?veis (morfol?gicas e de produ??o) foram submetidas a an?lises de regress?o ao longo das 6 ?pocas de coleta. Estimou-se tamb?m os seguintes par?metros gen?ticos: vari?ncia gen?tica (?2g), vari?ncia aditiva (?2a), herdabilidades entre m?dias de fam?lias, dentro de fam?lia, massal estratificada e massal no experimento. A estimativa dos par?metros gen?ticos foi com base na ?ltima avalia??o realizada no experimento, n?o considerando, portanto, o efeito de ?poca. A partir das an?lises anteriormente citadas observou-se que todas as vari?veis ligadas aos aspectos morfol?gicos apresentaram diferen?a estat?stica significativa entre os tratamentos. Quanto as vari?veis relacionadas ? produ??o apenas LFR, PFR, CMS, e PMS n?o apresentaram diferen?a estat?stica significativa. Caracteres relacionados ? morfologia da folha apresentaram baixos coeficientes de determina??o e ?ndice de varia??o, enquanto que estes mesmos par?metros foram altos para as vari?veis APJ (83,24 e 0,64) e NDR (80,92 e 0,59), respectivamente, avaliados em plantas em casa de vegeta??o. As prog?nies que apresentaram as maiores m?dias do n?mero de ramos foram as UFRRJ/PM07 (0,49) e UFRRJ/PM08 (0,47). No campo, a vari?vel NDR apresentou novamente o maior coeficiente de determina??o genot?pico (84,16) e ?ndice de varia??o (0,54). As vari?veis DIC, APJ, AIFc e NDR apresentaram um comportamento linear ao passar dos meses, exce??o apenas para a vari?vel AIFc estudada na prog?nie UFRRJ/PM 10. A vari?vel MECc mostrou-se oscilante em todas as prog?nies durante os meses avaliados. Em rela??o ?s vari?veis ligadas ? produ??o, as prog?nies tiveram um comportamento diferenciado entre si. Todas as vari?veis ligadas aos aspectos morfol?gicos da semente (largura, comprimento e peso m?dio) apresentaram baix?ssima ou nenhuma variabilidade gen?tica entre as prog?nies estudadas. Portanto, a sele??o sobre estas vari?veis n?o s?o indicadas quando se deseja o aumento da produ??o de gr?os em pinh?o-manso. Apenas quando se considera vari?veis de natureza quantitativa ? que a sele??o para o aumento de produ??o torna-se mais efetiva, como por exemplo, a sele??o sobre o n?mero de sementes. A vari?vel n?mero de ramos (NDR) se correlacionou positivamente com quase todas as vari?veis analisadas em casa de vegeta??o e com todos os caracteres relacionados ? produ??o analisados no campo, assim sendo, essa vari?vel pode ser utilizada em sele??o precoce visando o aumento da produ??o em pinh?o-manso. As prog?nies UFRRJ/PM08 e UFRRJ/PM01 foram as mais promissoras no que se refere a produ??o de sementes, por?m, avalia??es ao longo dos anos ainda s?o necess?rias, visto que as plantas do experimento foram avaliadas em idade ainda muito precoce, e portanto, aspectos fisiol?gicos e experimentais podem estar sendo at? mais importantes do que aspectos gen?ticos.

2010/2011<br>ABSTRACT One of the principal goals of seismology is to infer the nature of an earthquake source from observations of seismic ground motion. This work shall discuss the seismic source both in the 2D finite-fault and in the point-source approximation. By inverting 3-component accelerograms the rupture history and the slip distribution for the Mw 6.3 earthquake occurred in central Italy on April 6, 2009 are determined. The method of linear programming is used for the inversion and the simplex method is applied to solve the linear programming problem (Das and Kostrov, 1994). All known parameters, such as crustal structure and station distribution are kept fixed and a large-enough fault area is considered. Physical constraints such as the positivity of the slip rates on the fault and a pre-assigned seismic moment are used to stabilize the solution. Using synthetic data with a checkerboard slip distribution shows that the obtainable spatial resolution is around 2 km. Observed records acquired from local stations of the national strong-motion network are inverted. Only data from rock stations distributed uniformly around the fault at epicentral distances less than 80 km are used. The accelerograms are filtered at 1 Hz and about 15 seconds of the signals are modelled. The obtained slip distribution shows a single major asperity and is in agreement with other similar studies of the L’Aquila earthquake. The main event of L’Aquila is used to validate a stable and automatic procedure implemented by SeiSRaM group (Dep. of Mathematics and Geosciences, University of Trieste) for the SE Alps transfrontier network to estimate in real time the seismic moment, moment magnitude and corner frequency of events recorded by broad-band velocimeters and accelerometers. The procedure has two steps: the first one consists in an interface with the Antelope system (a software that manages the network) from which pre-processed waveforms are retrieved. The second step consists in estimating the seismic moment and the corner frequency by spectral analysis. The S-wave train is identified through an automatic picking procedure of Antelope software or, if that procedure fails, through the estimates arrival times based on the travel-time. The transversal component of motion is used to minimize conversion effects. The analyzed frequency window is selected on the basis of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The source spectrum is obtained by correcting the signals for geometrical spreading and intrinsic attenuation. For the latter, different relationships are tested for frequency-dependent Q value in order to characterize the anelastic proprieties of the seismic region. Source spectra for both velocity and displacement are computed and, following Andrews (1986), the seismic moment and the corner frequency are estimated. The procedure is successfully validated using the recordings of some recent strong earthquakes like Carnia 2002 (Mw=4.9), Bovec 2004 (Mw =5.1), Parma 2008 (Mw =5.4) and Aquila 2009 (Mw =6.3) and the recording of some minor events in the SE Alps area for which independent seismic moment and Mw estimates are available. Since one year the procedure is applied to events recorded by the National Accelerometric Network (RAN). The agreement between moment magnitudes estimated by the SeiSRaM procedure and the INGV local magnitudes is very good.<br>RIASSUNTO I terremoti sono fenomeni fisici molto complessi a partire dai processi di sorgente alla determinazione della magnitudo, argomenti fondamentali nelle indagini sismologiche. Questa tesi si propone di indagare i processi fisici degli eventi sismici. L’approccio è studiare la sorgente sismica del terremoto a partire dai dati delle registrazioni, 'decifrando' le informazioni contenute in esse con l’uso sia delle teorie fisiche che con modelli matematici. In questo lavoro si discute la sorgente sismica sia nel suo modello più semplice, il caso della sorgente puntiforme, sia nella sua descrizione realistica con dimensioni finite. Una descrizione teorica delle caratteristiche e delle rappresentazioni della sorgente estesa sono rappresentate nel Cap. 1. Sono descritti i fondamenti teorici che, sulla base di numerosi studi sperimentali, sembrano meglio descrivere gli eventi sismici, gli strumenti matematici che governano i processi di rottura, i modelli che rappresentano meglio la situazione fisica che sta alla base dei terremoti, quali il modello di Haskel ed il modello di Brune (1970) e l’approssimazione della sorgente estesa come somma di sorgenti puntiformi. Il tema centrale di questo studio riguarda la comprensione e la modellazione cinematica del processo di rottura di un terremoto su una faglia finita, attraverso l'inversione dei dati accelerometrici. L’inversione di dati simici permette di ottenere gran parte delle informazioni sul comportamento spazio-temporale del processo di rottura. L'approccio cinematico consente di interpretare le forme d’onda che si irradiano dalla sorgente in termini di spostamento relativo lungo il piano di faglia in funzione dello spazio e del tempo (la storia dello scorrimento). Usando il teorema di rappresentazione, lo spostamento registrato da una stazione durante un terremoto può essere espresso in termini della distribuzione di scorrimento sulla superficie di faglia. Assumendo che la faglia sia piana e la direzione di scorrimento costante, il problema può essere discretizzato, vincolato e ricondotto ad un sistema di equazioni lineare Ax=b (Cap. 2). La soluzione a questo problema è tutt’altro che banale. E’ ben noto che il problema è instabile e dal punto di vista computazionale questa instabilità è equivalente alla non unicità della soluzione. Quindi, per ottenere una soluzione definita vi è la necessità di inserire alcuni vincoli fisici nel processo di sorgente in aggiunta alla semplice richiesta di riprodurre i dati osservati (Das e Kostrov, 1990, Das e Suhadolc, 1996). Strumento fondamentale nella procedura di calcolo e cuore della procedura di inversione adottata in questa tesi, il metodo del simplesso viene introdotto nell’ambito dello studio della programmazione lineare e applicato ad un piccolo esempio esplicativo (Cap. 3). Seguendo la formulazione sviluppata da Das e Kostrov (1990,1994) si è applicata la procedura di inversione all’evento principale dell’Aquila avvenuto il 6 aprile 2009. Dopo una breve descrizione geologica dell’Aquila, della struttura utilizzata e del modello di sorgente adottato (Cap. 4) vengono presentati i risultati sia in termini di distribuzione del momento sismico sulla faglia sia in termini di confronto tra le forma d’onda reali e sintetiche (Cap. 5). E’ la prima volta che si utilizzano dati reali con il tempo assoluto. Questo ha portato non pochi problemi principalmente nella scelta del modello di velocità e nella scelta delle stazioni. Sono state considerate solo stazioni della Rete Accelerometrica Nazionale (RAN) su roccia con distanze epicentrali tra 20 km ed 80 km. Attraverso test sintetici e confrontando con quanto riportato in letteratura, è stato scelto il modello di sorgente che meglio si adatta ai dati disponibili. Tutte le inversioni sono state fatte imponendo vincoli fisici quali la casualità, la positività e il momento prefissato totale. Questi vincoli sono stati necessari per avere una soluzione più stabile. Sono stati investigati differenti modelli di faglia, differenti distribuzioni di stazioni e due modelli di velocità. I risultati migliori sono stati ottenuti considerando una faglia lunga 28 km a larga 12 km discretizzata in celle 2km per 2 km, e considerando solo le quattro stazioni situate sul tetto di faglia (Saraò et al.,1996). Il modello di velocità è quello proposto da Costa et al. (1992). La distribuzione del momento mostra somiglianze con i risultati ottenuti dell’inversione di dati sismici proposta da altri autori, confermando che la massima energia è nella parte SE della faglia. Nella seconda parte della tesi l’attenzione si è focalizzata sulla determinazione dei parametri di sorgente. Si è utilizzata la procedura implementata dal gruppo SeisRaM del Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, che stima in real-time il momento sismico, la magnitude da momento e la frequenza d’angolo. La determinazione della grandezza di un terremoto è un problema aperto. Esistono differenti scale di magnitudo e differenti metodi di calcolo, tanto da ottenere diversi valori per lo stesso evento, da parte dei diversi enti che li determinano. Nel Cap. 6 sono trattate le scale di magnitudo in uso ed in particolare la magnitudo da momento. Infine, sono descritti due metodi utilizzati per il calcolo in real-time della magnitudo da momento, tra cui il metodo di Andrews (1986) utilizzato nella procedura. Nel Cap. 7 dopo una descrizione della procedura automatica, si riportano la validazione ed i risultati. Questo metodo automatico stima in real-time i parametri di sorgente degli eventi delle Alpi sud orientali registrati dalla rete Transfrontaliera e da circa un anno anche degli eventi registrati dalla RAN. La procedura è stata validata sugli eventi recenti avvenuti in Italia e Slovenia: L’Aquila 2009, Parma 2008, Bovec 2004 e Carnia 2002. Il confronto della magnitudo da momento stimata della procedura in studio e quella calcolata con metodi di inversione da altri istituzioni è molto buono, dimostrando l’affidabilità e la robustezza di questo metodo. Questo è stato confermato dalla stima della magnitudo degli ultimi eventi avvenuti in Italia durante la scrittura finale di questa tesi: Verona, 24 gennaio 2012 e Reggio Emilia, 25 gennaio 2012. La magnitudo stimata in real-time dalla procedura è in ottimo accordo con quella stimata dall’INGV. Inoltre sia l’Agenzia sismologica della Slovenia, l’ARSO, che quella romena hanno richiesto di poter utilizzare questa procedura real-time. Questo lavoro spera di essere una fonte di utili suggerimenti nello studio dei processi di sorgente.<br>XXIV Ciclo<br>1979

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2003.<br>Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 81 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Bostwick Wyman, Dept. of Mathematics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-81).

La tesi si propone di discutere nuove metodologie per la stima del valore assoluto delle proprietà meccaniche del sottosuolo a partire da prospezioni geofisiche di superficie. La ricerca ha avuto inizio dal problema della stima dell’impedenza acustica in profondità a partire da sismica a riflessione post-stack. Questo problema complesso è discusso nella parte che riguarda la ricostruzione delle componenti di bassa frequenza dell’impedenza acustica. La soluzione proposta per tale ricostruzione è quella dell’interpolazione armonica basata su modelli autoregressivi e su vincoli di sparsità, con l’integrazione delle informazioni ausiliarie che sono tipicamente disponibili come sottoprodotti della migrazione del dato sismico. É anche discussa l’estensione del metodo alla stima della velocità di propagazione dell’onda elettromagnetica da dati radar in materiali a bassa dispersività. La tesi analizza il problema dell’inversione dei singoli parametri elastici a partire da rilievi sismici multicanale: l’attenzione della ricerca si è concentrata sia sulla ricostruzione dell’informazione non registrata alle basse frequenze, che nel risolvere l’indeterminazione nel problema di inversione sismica dell’ampiezza con l’angolo di incidenza quando un numero limitato di raggi è disponibile. Analogamente al caso post-stack, la ricostruzione dell’informazione alle basse frequenze porta ad una stima ricorsiva dell’impedenza elastica corrispondente all’angolo di incidenza di ogni singola traccia. Il peggiore rapporto tra segnale e rumore che caratterizza i dati pre-stack rispetto a quelli post-stack, assieme alla difficoltà di attribuire vincoli in profondità su base geologica, rendono questo secondo processo di inversione più speculativo. Per risolvere il problema dell’inversione pre-stack per un gruppo di tre parametri meccanici, è richiesto un adeguato grado di informazione a priori sulle loro mutue correlazioni. Sono stati investigati metodi di regolarizzazione derivati da Rock Physics sia per stabilizzare l’inversione, che per valutarne la robustezza in presenza di rumore nei dati. In particolare, ho analizzato gli effetti che il massimo angolo di incidenza, il rapporto di Poisson di fondo, il grado di correlazione tra i parametri elastici, producono sulla stabilità dell’inversione. I nuovi metodi per l’inversione acustica ed elastica sono discussi a livello teorico, controllati su test sintetici, e validati, laddove possibile, su dati sismici reali, provenienti sia da rilievi marini che terrestri. Un’estensione dell’approccio di inversione post-stack è tentato su una linea georadar acquisita su un ghiacciaio.<br>The thesis aims at discussing new methods for the estimation of the absolute value of subsurface mechanical properties from geophysical data collected at the earth surface. The research was prompted by the problem of estimating the acoustic impedance at depth from post-stack seismic reflection data. The problem is manifold, here the discussion is focused on the reconstruction of the low-frequency components of the acoustic impedance. The proposed solution is the harmonic reconstruction by means of autoregressive and sparsity-based models, with the integration of ancillary information that are typically available as a result of seismic imaging. The extension of the method to estimate the electromagnetic propagation velocity of low-dispersion Ground Penetrating Radar data is also discussed. The thesis analyses the problem of the elastic parameter inversion from multichannel seismic data: the focus is both on the recovery of the missing information at low-frequency, and on solving the indeterminacy of the Amplitude Versus Angle problem when a limited range of incident ray-paths are available. Analogously to the post-stack case, the reconstruction of the low frequency information leads to a recursive estimation of the elastic impedance at the incidence angle the data refer to. The poorer Signal to Noise ratio that characterises pre-stack with respect to post-stack data, together with the challenge to properly set geologic constraints at depth on elastic impedance, makes this second inversion process more speculative. To solve the pre-stack inversion problem for a set of three mechanical parameters, a priori information on their mutual correlations is required. Regularisation methods from Rock Physics relationships have been investigated to stabilise the Amplitude versus Angle inversion problem, and to evaluate the robustness of the results to the presence of noise in the data. In particular, I have analysed effects of the maximum incidence angle, the background Poisson ratio, the degree of correlation between the elastic parameters. The novel methods for acoustic and elastic parameter estimation are theoretically discussed, controlled on synthetic scenarios, and validated, where possible, on real marine and land seismic data. An extension of the post-stack inversion approach is attempted on a Ground Penetrating Radar profile recorded over a glacier.

Alferes Aluno Engenheiro Electrotécnico 138104-A Rafael Parcelas. Supervisor(s): Prof. Doutor Ricardo Adriano Ribeiro; Capt. Gonçalo Charters Santos Cruz; Examination Committee: Chairperson: Brigadier General José Augusto Nunes Vicente Passos Morgado; Supervisor: Doctor Ricardo Adriano Ribeiro; Member of the Committee: Doctor José António da Cruz Pinto Gaspar<br>Veículos aéreos não tripulados (VANTs) originalmente foram desenvolvidos para aplicações militares que, pela sua natureza não transportam operadores humanos a bordo. Esta dissertação foi realizada no seguimento do projeto Seagull. Este originou da necessidade da geração de um conhecimento situacional marítimo rigoroso e representa um dos esforços da Força Aérea Portuguesa para o cumprimento da sua missão, de acordo com os objetivos definidos pelo Conceito Estratégico de Defesa Nacional. Esta tese tem por objectivo expandir as capacidades já desenvolvidas no projeto Seagull. O trabalho apresentado foi realizado sobre a premissa que o ambiento marítimo é o principal cenário de operação. Assim sendo, um objetivo importante é a capacidade de localizar embarcações a partir dos dados visuais provenientes da aeronave. Cameras equipadas com lentes de parâmetros variáveis revelam-se mais úteis do que as com lentes de parâmetros fixos. As lentes de parâmetros variáveis permitem a um operador obter imagens com melhor qualidade através de ajustes na configuração das lentes, contudo estas não são usualmente usadas em visão computacional devido a dificuldade inerente em modelar variaçães continuas das configurações da camera. Esta tese apresenta uma metodologia para calibração de cameras com zoom variável e a sua utilização numa metodologia de localização geográfica. A metodologia de calibração de cameras apresentada é baseada na técnica de Zhang. Os modelos obtidos dos parâmetros intrínsecos da camera foram testados num equipamento com lentes de zoom numa experiência à escala reduzida do problema da localização geográfica. Utilizando a hipótese da terra-plana, o objetivo desta experiência foi validar tanto os modelos obtidos da calibração como a performance da metodologia para localização de alvos. Identificando a localização em pixeis de um alvo junto com a posição e orientação da camera, as coordenadas de um alvo são determinadas no ”referencial do mundo”. Uma experiência a escala real do problema de localização geográfica foi conduzida na Academia da Força Aérea Portuguesa, onde um conjunto de locais foram selecionados para testar a metodologia desenvolvida. O objetivo desta experiência foi avaliar o trabalho desenvolvido através da determinação das coordenadas geográficas de um alvo nâo cooperativo no solo sob condições reais. Através da comparação de resultados entre as estimativas providenciadas pela metodologia de localização geográfica proposta e as coordenadas GPS dos alvos foi possível identificar fatores e causas de erro possíveis de serem mitigadas. Os resultados obtidos das experiências realizadas revelam uma interdependência entre os parâmetros intrínsecos da camera utilizada e o seu zoom. A metodologia de localização geográfica apresenta resultados promissores para ser utilizada em ambiente marítimo. Contudo, os erros experimentais observados foram categorizados em três fatores. O primeiro fator verificado foi as limitações dos modelos obtidos da calibração da camera. O segundo fator foi a diferença de alturas entre a altitude acima do solo da camera e a altitude acima do alvo. O terceiro e último fator é a influência dos fatores ambientais no ruído da imagem e a sua sensibilidade à prespectiva da imagem para a captura do alvo.<br>Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were originally designed for military applications, which by nature, did not necessarily required human operators on-board. This thesis was developed following the Seagull Project, which represents one of the Portuguese Air Force attempts to fulfill its mission requirements in compliance with the guidelines of the Strategic National Defense Concept. Developed by the Portuguese Air Force Academy, it originated from a need to generate a more accurate maritime situation awareness of the Portuguese maritime territory. This thesis aims to extend the capabilities previously developed in the Seagull project, which one of the main interests was the ability to geo-locate identified target vessels from the visual data of the aircraft, where the use of camera devices with variable-parameter lenses is more useful than those with fixed-parameter lenses. The variable-parameter lenses enable an operator to obtain better images by adjusting the camera’s lenses to the present conditions of a scene. However, variable parameter lenses are not commonly used in computer vision because they are difficult to model for continuous variations of the lenses configuration. This thesis presents a camera calibration methodology for devices with variable zoom and its employment in a vision-based target geo-location method. The camera calibration method presented in this work is based on Zhang’s technique for camera calibration, were a model of the camera intrinsic parameters is obtained by exploring the interdependence between the camera zoom and its parameters. A small-scale experiment of the geo-location problem was conducted in order to validate both the camera intrinsic parameters models and the proposed geo-location methodology. In this experiment by identifying the pixel location of a target in an image and the measurements of the camera position and pose, the world coordinates of the target are determined. Using the same methodology a full-scale experiment of the geo-location problem was devised. In this a set of location across the Portuguese Air Force Academy Campus were selected to employ the methodology devised. The objective of this experiment was to assess the accuracy of the work presented in this thesis under real-world conditions and the ability to localize an uncooperative ground target using the UAV vision sensor. By comparing the results of the target estimated position obtained from the geo-location methodology with the actual GPS coordinates of the selected locations to identify factors and/or error sources where identified, which can be mitigated. The geo-location methodology developed is a proof of concept that empirically as shown encouraging promises to be employed in a maritime environment. The errors verified in the experimental procedures were mainly caused by three factors. First the precision of the camera variable-parameters models obtained, these are estimates of the real behavior of the lenses and as such are considered empirical approximations. Second the height difference between the camera altitude above ground and altitude above target, which is linked to the flat-earth hypothesis, as such errors can occur from the relative height difference. Third the environmental factors which induce image noise, which with the increasing obliquity of the captured image this errors can be exacerbated as demonstrated in this work.<br>N/A

Extraire des mesures sur des surfaces est un problème dans de nombreux domaines de recherche. L'archaïsme de certains systèmes ou la cherté d'appareils perfectionnés empêchent l'extraction rapide et robuste de ces paramètres. Pourtant, ils sont essentiels dans de nombreux domaines, comme les paramètres de rugosité qui interviennent dans de nombreux phénomènes physiques ou les valeurs dendrométriques pour l'étude de la bio-diversité. En parallèle, l'utilisation et la production de contenus 3D se développent considérablement ces dernières années dans des domaines très divers. Le but de cette thèse est donc d'utiliser toutes ces innovations dans le domaine de la reconstruction 3D et de les appliquer à la mesure de paramètres de surfaces. Pour cela, il est nécessaire de créer une chaîne complète de reconstruction 3D, n'utilisant que des images prises sans contrainte dans le but d'être accessible au plus grand nombre. Dans cette chaîne nous utilisons des algorithmes de stéréo-vision robustes produisant, pour chaque couple d'images, un nuage de points. Après le passage de ces nuages dans un référentiel commun, une étape de filtrage des points 3D et de suppression des redondances est nécessaire. Une étape de lissage permet d'obtenir le nuage final. Pour justifier des bons résultats obtenus, une étape de validation nous a permis de vérifier et d'étudier la robustesse de la chaîne de traitements développée. Enfin, les paramètres de rugosités et dendrométriques seront extraits. Nous étudierons dans ces deux cas, comment extraire ces informations et leurs utilisations

A “downburst” is defined as a diverging wind system that occurs when a strong downdraft induces an outflow of damaging winds on or near the ground. Severe wind damage in many parts of the world are often due to thunderstorm outflows and their knowledge is therefore relevant for structural safety and design wind speed evaluation. Nevertheless, there is not yet a shared model for thunderstorm outflows and their actions on structures. In this paper, an analytical model that simulates the horizontal mean wind velocity originated from a travelling downburst is proposed. The horizontal wind velocity is expressed as the vector summation of three independent components: the stationary radial velocity generated by an impinging jet over a flat surface, the downdraft translating velocity, which corresponds to the parent cloud motion, and the boundary layer background wind field at the surface where the downburst is immersed. A parametric analysis is also developed and coupled with the analytical model aiming to investigate two observed downburst events and extract their main parameters – e.g. downdraft diameter, touch-down position, translating downdraft speed and direction, intensity and decay period - in order to reconstruct the space-time evolution of these events. Due to large computational cost for the reconstruction of a single downburst wind field a novel strategy is implemented to speed up the process. Two metaheuristic optimization algorithms are used, namely the Teaching Learning Based Optimization and the Differential Evolution. The metric to evaluate the algorithm’s efficiency is based on the convergence behaviour of the objective function towards the best solution as the number of iterations increases. The decision variable parameters (e.g. downdraft diameter, touch-down position, translating downdraft speed and direction, iintensity,and decay period and so on) that minimize the objective function are very important in Wind Engineering since their knowledge allows statistical analysis of the intense wind fields that are generated during downburst winds, and therefore allows to better define the actions that these extreme events have on structures. Lastly the proposed model was validated against s strong downburst event that took place in Sânnicolau Mare (Romania) during the summer of 2021. This event was accompanied by hail of 2-3 cm in size and the hail near the surface was driven by the downburst wind. This means that the horizontal velocity of the ice projectile near the surface was less or equal to the horizontal downburst wind velocity. After this strong event, a damage survey was carried out in collaboration between the University of Genoa (Italy) and the University of Bucharest (Romania). The damage survey identified locations of buildings in Sânnicolau Mare that suffered hail damage during the event. The analytical model was used to reproduce the recorded wind speed and direction due to the severe downburst. Using the simulated wind field, the simulated damage “footprint” (i.e., the maximum wind speed that occurred at a given place at any time during the passage of the downburst) was calculated. The simulated footprint was able to matches with a very good extent the areas that suffered from hail damage, and consequently permit to validate the proposed analytical model.

2009/2010<br>Scopo del lavoro Scopo principale di questo lavoro è quello di dimostrare l’importanza dell’uso dei sistemi informativi territoriali nello studio della distribuzione della concentrazione di radon e dei parametri ad essa correlati. Il lavoro procede attraverso l’analisi della distribuzione della concentrazione di radon indoor, nel suolo e nelle acque, sul territorio del Friuli Venezia Giulia, utilizzando gli strumenti messi a disposizione dalla geomatica e dai sistemi informativi territoriali, con lo scopo ultimo di mettere a disposizione delle amministrazioni pubbliche dati di facile interpretazione e fruizione per la valutazione del rischio da radon per la popolazione della regione. Effettuare uno studio di questo genere sul territorio del Friuli Venezia Giulia risulta particolarmente significativo a causa delle caratteristiche che il territorio presenta sia dal punto di vista della concentrazione di radon indoor, che risulta tra le più alte in Italia, che dal punto di vista delle caratteristiche geologiche che risultano estremamente variabili nell’ambito del territorio regionale e peculiari in ambito nazionale ed europeo. Anche le caratteristiche del parco edilizio della regione risultano essere tali da influenzare notevolmente la concentrazione di radon indoor. Ai fini della definizione della mappa di rischio è necessario analizzare le eventuali correlazioni del contenuto di radon, con particolare riferimento a quello indoor, con i principali parametri geologici, geomorfologici ed idrogeologici senza trascurare l’influenza dei parametri edilizi. Riassunto dell’attività La prima parte della ricerca si è svolta nell’ambito della campagna di campionamento e misura della concentrazione di radon indoor condotta da ARPA Friuli Venezia Giulia, con l’obiettivo di determinare le radon prone areas in regione ai sensi del D.Lgs.241/00. Tale campagna è stata materialmente avviata nel 2005 e le misure sono state completate alla fine del 2007. Dopo una fase iniziale di acquisizione dei suddetti dati e di ricerca bibliografica, l’attività è consistita essenzialmente in cinque momenti: a. creazione e popolamento della banca dati del sistema informativo territoriale per quanto riguarda le misure di radon indoor ed i relativi dati sugli edifici ed elaborazione dei dati stessi mediante l’utilizzo della Carta Tecnica Regionale e della Carta Geologica Regionale; b. analisi della distribuzione della concentrazione del radon indoor e delle sue possibili modalità di rappresentazione spaziale; c. analisi dell’eventuale correlazione dei parametri relativi agli edifici ed ai locali di misura con la concentrazione radon indoor allo scopo di costruire un sottoinsieme di edifici omogenei dal punto di vista delle caratteristiche costruttive che influenzano la concentrazione di radon indoor; d. analisi dell’eventuale correlazione dei parametri geologici con la distribuzione della concentrazione di radon indoor; e. costruzione di sottoinsiemi di abitazioni, omogenei tra loro, in cui i parametri edilizi rendessero, rispettivamente, massime e minime le concentrazioni di radon indoor ed analisi della distribuzione della concentrazione di radon per i diversi sottoinsiemi in funzione dei diversi parametri geologici. Inoltre vengono riportati i dati relativi alla distribuzione del radon nelle acque potabili e sorgive del Friuli Venezia Giulia. Sono anche stati analizzati i dati relativi ad un progetto complementare alla campagna radon prone areas e relativi ad una campagna di misura di radon nel suolo: sono stati georeferenziati i dati relativi alle concentrazioni di radon nel suolo per la provincia di Udine e sono state elaborate le prime mappe di distribuzione. I dati relativi alla campagna radon prone areas in Friuli Venezia Giulia sono stati pubblicati sul sito web di ARPA FVG. Risultati Sulla base dell’analisi dei risultati di oltre 10000 misure di radon indoor effettuate in circa 2500 abitazioni e del confronto di tali risultati con le caratteristiche geologiche, geomorfologiche ed idrogeologiche del territorio del Friuli Venezia Giulia, è stato possibile costruire una mappa della distribuzione della concentrazione di radon negli edifici del Friuli Venezia Giulia e correlarla con i principali parametri analizzati. Sono state altresì riportate le mappe di distribuzione della concentrazione di radon nelle acque potabili e sorgive del Friuli Venezia Giulia ed è stata costruita ed analizzata la mappa di distribuzione della concentrazione di radon nel suolo per la provincia di Udine. Dal punto di vista geologico i principali parametri analizzati sono stati la consistenza del substrato (sciolto o roccioso), la sua tessitura, l’età delle unità litostratigrafiche e le unità litostratigrafiche stesse, i lineamenti tettonici e la sismicità. Dal punto di vista geomorfologico la regione è stata divisa in 9 aree geomorfologicamente omogenee ed è stato considerato il fenomeno del carsismo con riferimento sia al carso classico che alle restanti aree carsificate della regione. Da ultimo sono stati indagati gli aspetti idrogeologici: la permeabilità, le risorgive e la profondità della falda acquifera. Ogni aspetto è stato analizzato e sono state indagate le eventuali correlazioni con le concentrazioni di radon indoor. E’ stato possibile valutare bene l’importanza di alcuni parametri soltanto dopo aver disaggregato i dati analizzando separatamente zone geomorfologicamente diverse fra di loro. I principali risultati ottenuti possono essere così riassunti: a. il parametro più importante è risultato essere la permeabilità del suolo con riferimento sia alla granulometria del substrato sciolto che alla eventuale carsificazione del substrato roccioso; b. altri parametri come le differenze nelle unità litostratigrafiche e la loro età, la presenza di lineamenti tettonici e la sismicità, la presenza della linea delle risorgive e la profondità di falda, non sono risultate significative ai fini della correlazione con il radon indoor in Friuli Venezia Giulia; c. è stato possibile effettuare alcune differenziazioni all’interno della fascia alpina e prealpina: concentrazioni più elevate sono state misurate nelle Prealpi Carniche e più basse nelle Prealpi Giulie. I valori più elevati misurati all’interno di abitazioni costruite su substrato sciolto sono stati misurati nella fascia alpina e prealpina e quelli più bassi nella Bassa pianura friulana e nella provincia di Trieste. Per quanto riguarda i parametri edilizi è stata analizzata l’eventuale correlazione dei parametri stessi con la concentrazione di radon indoor. Sono risultati significativi i seguenti parametri: posizione del locale in cui era posto il dosimetro rispetto al suolo, tipo di contatto suolo-edificio, anno di costruzione (pre o post terremoto del 1976), presenza di pietra nei muri. Sono stati infine creati due diversi data set con parametri edilizi omogenei ed è stata effettuata l’analisi della distribuzione del radon indoor nei due casi mettendo in luce le diversità di distribuzione, oltre che di concentrazione di radon, per le diverse tipologie costruttive. Considerazioni conclusive e prospettive future Dal punto di vista dell’utilizzo dei sistemi informativi, essi sono stati usati in tutte le fasi dello studio, in particolare: Ø nella strategia di campionamento, nella definizione delle maglie e nell’estrazione del campione, nel posizionamento dei dosimetri e nella georeferenziazione dei siti, nella restituzione e nella pubblicazione dei dati; Ø nei controlli preliminari sui set di dati da analizzare; Ø nella creazione di nuovi set standard di dati; Ø nella ricerca di correlazione della concentrazione di radon con parametri edilizi e geologici; Ø nell’analisi della distribuzione della concentrazione del radon e nelle elaborazioni geostatistiche. Sarebbe stato molto più oneroso, ed in molti casi impossibile, eseguire lo stesso studio senza l’ausilio del SIT. Le potenzialità del SIT creato sono molteplici, ad esempio: utilizzo a fini amministrativi (definizione sul Bollettino Ufficiale Regionale delle radon prone areas, creazione di mappe di rischio, ecc.) ed epidemiologici; creazione di mappe nazionali ed europee, analisi geostatistiche ecc. Il SIT costruito risulta essere un sistema ricco di potenzialità, una piccola parte delle quali è stata sfruttata per le analisi che sono state riportate in questo lavoro. Le prospettive future possono comprendere sia l’ampliamento ed il completamento degli studi intrapresi, che lo svolgimento di molteplici nuove attività di ricerca che la struttura dei dati permette. A titolo di esempio si tenga presente, per quanto riguarda il completamento delle attività svolte, che sono state analizzate solo una parte delle eventuali correlazioni dei dati di concentrazione di radon indoor con i parametri geologici ed edilizi. Va inoltre sottolineata la possibilità di utilizzare, oltre alla Carta Geologica Regionale in scala 1:150000, la cartografia CARG 1:5000. L’uso di tale cartografia potrebbe permettere l’esecuzione di studi di dettaglio allo scopo di evidenziare correlazioni con eventuali altri parametri geologici non ancora considerati. Particolarmente promettente appare la possibilità, dimostrata dall’analisi dei diversi set di dati creati, di normalizzare il parco edilizio regionale in funzione delle caratteristiche costruttive, al fine di disporre di un numeroso set di dati per le analisi, eventualmente multivariate, per la valutazione dell’influenza dei diversi parametri geologici. Sono inoltre sicuramente possibili ulteriori analisi geostatistiche sui risultati delle misure, utili per la definizione delle radon prone areas, ma anche per la redazione di una mappa del “rischio radon” in Friuli Venezia Giulia, analogamente a quanto fatto in altri Paesi. I dati contenuti all’interno del SIT possono inoltre essere utilizzati, insieme a quelli prodotti da altre realtà territoriali ed analogamente a quanto già fatto per la parte relativa alle concentrazioni di radon indoor nelle strutture scolastiche regionali, per la redazione di mappe interregionali, nazionali od europee.<br>XXIII Ciclo<br>1960

A International Comission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) recomenda que a incerteza total de um tratamento radioterápico não deva ultrapassar de 5%, ou seja, cada etapa do processo de entrega da dose absorvida ao volume alvo do paciente tenha incerteza menor que esse valor (ICRU 50, 1993; ICRU 62, 1999). O cuidado com essas incertezas inicia-se na instalação da máquina (neste caso, de um Acelerador Linear Clínico), passando pela sua aceitação, pelo comissionamento, perdurando nos controles de qualidade posteriores e até em novos comissionamentos, se necessários. Os parâmetros físicos dosimétricos mínimos necessários a serem comissionados para feixes de fótons e elétrons são: Porcentagem de Dose em Profundidade (PDD), Perfis de Campos abertos e filtrados, Fatores de Espalhamento Total (Scp), Cone (Fcone) e de Transmissão (de Filtros em cunha FF, Bandeja FB, e de Transmissão intra FMLC,intra e de fuga inter lâminas FMLC,inter), além da Determinação da Posição Virtual da Fonte de Elétrons através da SSD efetiva (SSDeff). Para tal, a American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM), através do seu protocolo mais recente, apresenta objetos simuladores, tipos e tamanhos de detectores, arranjos e procedimentos experimentais específicos, através dos quais é possível inferir os parâmetros dosimétricos de feixes de fótons e elétrons, usando varredura destes com câmara de ionização (CI), considerando o erro total das medidas menor do que 1% (AAPM TG 106, 2008). Entretanto este mesmo protocolo cita de maneira sucinta ou pouco detalhada, a possibilidade da utilização de dosímetros tipo gel para o citado comissionamento, já que possuem diversas vantagens a serem consideradas na Radioterapia, como equivalência ao tecido mole (Z e ), independência energética num amplo intervalo de energia de fótons e elétrons, além da alta resolução espacial. Desta forma, o objetivo geral deste trabalho é apresentar de forma inédita, o comissionamento dos parâmetros físicos dosimétricos de aceleradores lineares clínicos (PFDALC), especificamente através do dosímetro Fricke Xilenol Gel (FXG), como método alternativo e/ou complementar aos internacionais vigentes. Para tal, neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos dispositivos e procedimentos que proporcionassem aos usuários uma forma prática, eficiente e de baixo custo para obtenção dos parâmetros citados através do FXG, em relação aqueles obtidos com a CI (método padrão). Todos os resultados dos parâmetros físicos dosimétricos obtidos com o dosímetro citado foram validados com a CI, considerando a incerteza preconizada para a mesma. Esses resultados sugerem que o FXG efetivamente poderá ser utilizado para o comissionamento de aceleradores lineares clínicos e que um protocolo específico para este dosímetro poderá ser gerado.<br>The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) recommends that the total radiotherapy treatment uncertainty should not exceeds 5%, in other words, considering that each step involved in the absorbed dose delivery process should not surpass the cited value (ICRU 50, 1993; ICRU 62, 1999). The uncertainties considered are those involved with, the machine installation (in this work, a Clinical Linear Accelerator), its acceptance, commissioning, followed by those related to subsequent quality controls and even new commissioning, if necessary. The minimum required physical dosimetric parameters to be commissioned for electron or photon beams are: the Percentage Depth Dose (PDD), the filtered and open Field Profiles, Total Scatter Factors (Scp), Cone Factor (Fcone), Transmission Factors: Wedge Filter (FF), Tray (FB), intra Leaf (FMLC,intra) and inter Leaf Leakage (FMLC,inter), besides the Virtual Source Position Determination (SSDeff). For this purpose, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM), through its last protocol, provides guidelines on phantom and detector selections, setting up of phantom for data acquisition (for scanning and no-scanning data), procedures for acquiring the cited beam parameters with ionizing chambers (CI) and methods to reduce the total measurement error lower than 1% (AAPM TG 106, 2008). However, this protocol does not present any information or details about the physical dosimetric parameters for clinical linear accelerators (PFDALC), through gel dosimeters once they present several useful advantages for Radiotherapy, such as: soft tissue equivalence (Z and ), wide energy independence range for photons or electrons beams and high spatial resolution. The scope of this work is to present an innovative way for physical dosimetric parameters commissioning, specifically using the Fricke Xylenol Gel (FXG) dosimeter, like an alternative and/or complementary method to that employed internationally. Devices and procedures have been developed for this work in order to infer the cited parameters, in a practical, efficient and low cost way, compared to that used with CI (standard method). All the FXG results obtained were validated with the CI, considering the uncertainty recommended for the last one. The results suggest that the FXG effectively can be used for physical dosimetric parameters commissioning for clinical linear accelerators and a new specific protocol can be generated.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-04-06T23:39:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Alirio- RGV.pdf: 1134374 bytes, checksum: c5cada877e2f1b7066d7296503b7a9a8 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-06T23:39:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o Alirio- RGV.pdf: 1134374 bytes, checksum: c5cada877e2f1b7066d7296503b7a9a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES<br>The aims of this study were to evaluate the adaptability and stability of 14 yellow passion fruit plant hybrids and to estimate the genetic components of variance and average via mixed models (REML/BLUP), estimate the phenotypic, genotypic and environmental correlations between passion fruit characteristics in three environments. The selection of genotypes was based on methods of adaptability, as produced by the harmonic mean of genetic values (MHVG); of stability, as produced by the relative performance of genetic values (PRVG); and on a joint selection for both adaptability and stability, as produced by the harmonic mean of the relative performance of the genetic values (MHPRVG). The genetic correlations were estimated (rG), phenotypic (rF) and environment (rE) for each environment. The following traits were evaluated: fruit number (FN); total cumulative productivity (TCP); fruit mass (FM); fruit length (FL); fruit diameter (FD); peel mass (PM); peel thickness (PT); pulp mass (PUM); juice yield (JY); soluble solids (SS); titratable acidity (TA); and SS/TA (RATIO). The estimates for heritability and the genetic gains in the evaluated environments were found to have good perspectives for the selection of superior genotypes, except for traits TCP, SS, and JY. There was a marked effect from the genotype x environment interaction (GxE) for most traits, except for FL, JY, SS, TA, and SS/TA. The most stable and adaptable hybrids in the evaluated environments were BRS Gigante Amarelo (BRS Yellow Giant), HFOP-09, H09-09, GP09-02, GP09-03, and BRS Sol do Cerrado (BRS Sun of Cerrado). In 88.88% of cases the estimates of genotypic correlations were higher than phenotypic in the three environments. In Len??is genotypic correlations between FN x FM, FD, PT, PM, PUM, SS and TA, differed from the other environments. In Dom Basil?o and Rio de Contas to TCP correlated positively with FM, FL, FD and PM. In all environments the selection of fruits with higher FM facilitating higher LF, FD, PM and PUM and the selection of the oval thinner peel fruit shape. In general, for correlations between traits of agronomic importance, such as FN x TCP, SS; FM x FD, PM, PUM, RATIO; FD x FM, PUM, RATIO; FL/FD x PT e FM x RATIO showed the same behavior in the three evaluation environments, except for characteristics FN x FM, FD, PT, PM, PUM e TA in Lenc?is.<br>Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a adaptabilidade e estabilidade de 14 h?bridos de maracujazeiro-amarelo, estimar os componentes gen?ticos de vari?ncia e de m?dia via modelos mistos (REML/BLUP), estabelecer as correla??es fenot?picas, genot?picas e ambientais entre caracter?sticas do fruto de maracujazeiro em tr?s ambientes. Foram avaliados 14 gen?tipos de maracujazeiro nos ambientes de Dom Bas?lio-BA, Rio de Contas-BA e Len??is-BA, utilizando o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados completos, com tr?s repeti??es e nove plantas por parcela. A sele??o gen?tipos baseou-se nos m?todos da adaptabilidade dada pela m?dia harm?nica dos valores gen?ticos (MHVG), estabilidade pela performance relativa dos valores gen?ticos (PRVG) e sele??o conjunta para adaptabilidade e estabilidade dada pela m?dia harm?nica da performance relativa dos valores gen?ticos (MHPRVG). Foram estimadas as correla??o genot?pica (rG), fenot?pica (rF) e de ambiente (rE) para cada ambiente. Foram avaliados os caracteres, n?mero de frutos (NF); produtividade total acumulada (PR); massa do fruto (MF); comprimento de frutos (CF); di?metro do fruto (DF); rela??o CF/DF; massa da casca (MC); espessura de casca (EC); massa da polpa (MP); rendimento de suco (RE); s?lidos sol?veis (SS); acidez titul?vel (AT) e RATIO (SS/AT). As estimativas de herdabilidade e os ganhos gen?ticos nos ambientes avaliados apresentaram boas perspectivas para sele??o de gen?tipos superiores. Houve efeito pronunciado da intera??o GxE para a maioria dos caracteres, exceto CF, RE, SS, AT e SS/AT. De acordo com o crit?rio MHPRVG os h?bridos mais est?veis e adapt?veis nos ambientes de avalia??o foram o BRS Gigante Amarelo, HFOP-09, H09-09, GP09-02, GP09-03 e BRS Sol do Cerrado. Em 88,88% dos casos as estimativas das correla??es genot?picas foram maiores do que as fenot?picas nos tr?s ambientes. Em len??is as correla??es genot?picas foram negativas entre NF x MF, DF, EC, MC, MP, SS e AT, divergindo dos demais ambientes. Nos ambientes de Dom Bas?lio e Rio de Contas a PR correlacionou se positivamente com MF, CF, DF e MC. Em todos os ambientes a sele??o de frutos com maiores MF proporcionar? maiores CF, DF, PC e PP e pela sele??o do formato de frutos ovais menor espessura de casca. De modo geral, para as correla??es entre caracter?sticas de import?ncia agron?mica, como NF x PR, SS; MF x DF, MC, MP, RATIO; DF x MC, MP, RATIO; CF/DF x EC e MC x RATIO apresentaram o mesmo comportamento nos tr?s ambientes de avalia??o, exceto para caracter?sticas NF x MF, DF, EC, MC, MP e AT em Len??is.

The geothermal heat pump systems have been developed in Italy only during the last few years and today only some regions are investing in this field. In particular, the Tuscany Region and the Autonomus Bolzano Province have promoted the study of these systems with the objective of being able to promote and to disclose in the time this technology. A fundamental aspect for a oculata planning and a greater knowledge of the real predisposition of the territory to the installation is sure the acquaintance of the specification of the geological, geophysical, geotechnical and hidrogeological systems and the parameters that enter at stake. The fundamental parameter in a position to discriminating from a point of view not only economic but also of real thermal yield is the thermal conductivity that the determinated site is able to offer. This research examines the essential elements that they characterize a system of geothermal heat pump system. It has been to such respect important to study at first the various type of systems from a technical-engineering point of view that of principle operation. In a second phase, the parameters were characterized to consider in phase of thermal characterization, therefore the study of the heat conductivity, the transmission of heat between probe and land, the thermal stability and the thermal behavior of the ground. In particular, regarding the study of the heat conductivity, in the Capitol 3 are given the tools used for the acquisition of such parameter through investigations in the laboratory and in situ. Successively the normatives elements that regulate the phases of authorization were characterized and analyzed, afterwards planning and installation of the heat pumps systems in the various international and national contexts were considered. A panoramic pre-emptive of the normative picture of the Nations and Regions was drawn to the vanguard in the field of geothermal energy to low and the lowest entalpy. This was dictated by the requirement to define the problematic ones met from the agencies that have legislated in matter and to put of in evidence virtues and criticality. The checks carried out both in terms of legal and procedural provided an inspiration for the creation of authorization processes and procedures for the installation of various types of geothermal heat pump systems in various geological contexts, in order to assess the possible impacts that these systems can cause on the environmental matrices. Central part of the research project is the study of the heat conductivity, parameter key for the development of a useful cartography in this field. It was decided to perform a literature search of that parameter, in order to process and then compare the data of thermal conductivity obtained from detailed investigation carried out in a pilot site and found through the stratigraphy. In fact, nowadays the available data measured on lithologies of the Italian territory are few and hard to find. The literature research has allowed later to thermally classify the lithostratigraphic units of the geological legend of Sardinia Region, in scale 1:10000, one of the few regions to boast of an updated geological territorial Continuum. The performed research is based on the possibility of drawing up maps of the thermal conductivity from the investigation and trying different methods, ultimately, to compare the two approaches. The first method concerned a detailed investigation of the pilot site located in proximity of Lago Baratz (Municipality of Sassari) through a geological and hidrogeological framework, a pedologic survey and at last, investigations of geoelectrical type. The detailed study has afforded to frame the site potentially interesting to the installation of a system being afforded to characterize from a thermal point of view the area. Therefore, it has been possible to calculate the value of thermal yield for 1800 – 2400 hours of operation of the system in modality cooling and heating. By means of the second method of calculation, it was considered appropriate to disclose a test personally conducted in the territory of the Arezzo Province. Thus, it is reported below an example of processing of the data of thermal conductivity from the stratigraphic information. Giving the high number of information (about 12566 stratigraphic data points), it was decided to perform a first test in order to verify and consolidate the processing procedure. In the Chapter 7 all the passages executed for the elaboration of the thermal conductivity data from the stratigraphic information for the provincial territory are illustrated. Three maps for the depths of interest of 30, 60 and 100 meters Were elaborated. Successively the respective papers of the errors were calculated, allowing to divide the province territory in areas for which it can be identified different planes of address to be followed in the process of thermal characterization. The last chapter contains a possible synthesis of a procedural iter initially for defining the parts that enter as stake in phase of realization of a system. They will follow some detailed lists reported to the criteria to follow, in sensitive areas, for the study and the control from a thermal point of view, of a potentially apt site to the installation of a system The entire research aims to set an example as well as the application of geological information at a scale of detail, the stratigraphic information and spread knowledge of the parameters involved can be combined to create thematic maps useful for public authorities and citizens.

Characterization of the subsurface heterogeneity, monitoring groundwater dynamics, modelling flow and transport in the subsoil are of paramount importance for protection of groundwater quality, design of remediation plans, control of restoration activities. One of the key physical parameters that control groundwater flow and solute transport is hydraulic conductivity. Both hydraulic conductivity and electrical resistivity depend on porosity, water content and textural properties. Moreover, the difficulties of directly and effectively measure hydraulic conductivity makes the possibility of predicting it from geophysical measurements very attractive. Hydrogeophysics provides useful complementary techniques, both for hydrostratigraphic and hydrogeological characterization and for monitoring. It provides a minimally invasive approach to obtaining spatially-continuous data-sets, at a relatively high temporal and spatial sampling density. The general-purpose objective of this work is the development of a modelling tool for the subsurface characterization, in order to improve studies on groundwater flow and contaminant transport, with the specific goal of obtaining a spatial 3D parameter distribution of hydraulic conductivity and electrical resistivity. Such a tool profits from DC geoelectrical and hydraulic collected data, which are used in a joint geophysical and hydrological data inversion, with an approach similar to the Ensemble Kalman Filter.