Artykuły w czasopismach: „Gearing, spur”

1

Medvecká-Beňová, Silvia, Peter Frankovský i Robert Grega. "Influence Gearing Parameters on the Tooth Deformation of Spur Gears". Applied Mechanics and Materials 816 (listopad 2015): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.816.27.

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Gear teeth are deformed due to the load. The tooth deformation of spur gears is not constant for all examined teeth of gears. Tooth deformation is depends on the shape of the teeth, on the basic parameters of examined spur gear, such as the number of teeth, module gearing, pressure angle, gearing width, correction and modification of gearing.

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Pintz, A., i R. Kasuba. "Dynamic Load Factors in Internal Spur Gear Drives". Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 107, nr 3 (1.09.1985): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3260739.

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A comprehensive computer-based methodology was developed exclusively for the static and dynamic load analysis of internal spur gear (ISG) drives. An iterative procedure was applied to solve the statically indeterminate problem of multitooth pair contacts, load sharing, and operational contact ratios as influenced by both the gear mesh and the radial deflections of components. This methodology can be applied to involute and noninvolute spur gearing as well as to the very high contact ratio gearing. The performd parametric studies indicate that internal spur gear drives have considerably better dynamic performance (lower dynamic load factors) over equivalent external spur gear drives. Much of this improvement is due to the inherently higher contact ratios in the ISG drives.

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Maláková, Silvia, Michal Puškár, Peter Frankovský, Samuel Sivák i Daniela Harachová. "Influence of the Shape of Gear Wheel Bodies in Marine Engines on the Gearing Deformation and Meshing Stiffness". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, nr 10 (26.09.2021): 1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101060.

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The basic properties of gears must be considered: the shape of their gearing, their load capacity, and the meshing stiffness, which affects the noise and vibration. When designing large gears, it is important to choose the correct shape of the gear body. Large gears used in marine gearboxes must be designed with as little weight as possible. The requirements of sufficient stiffness of the gear wheel body, as well as the meshing stiffness, must be met. This paper is devoted to the influence of spur gear wheel body parameters on gearing deformation and meshing stiffness. The stiffness of the gear is solved on the basis of the deformation of the gearing teeth, which is determined by the finite element method. Examples of the simulation and subsequent processing of results demonstrates how the individual parameters of the gear wheel body influence the stiffness of the gearing teeth. At the same time, the results point to designs of suitable shape and dimensions to achieve the required stiffness of the gearing teeth, but with the lowest possible weight of the spur gear wheel body.

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4

Sfakiotakis, V. G., i N. K. Anifantis. "Finite element modeling of spur gearing fractures". Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 39, nr 2 (grudzień 2002): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-874x(02)00063-x.

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Flek, Jan, Martin Dub, Josef Kolář, František Lopot i Karel Petr. "Determination of Mesh Stiffness of Gear—Analytical Approach vs. FEM Analysis". Applied Sciences 11, nr 11 (28.05.2021): 4960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114960.

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This paper focuses on modeling the time-varying stiffness of spur gearings, which in dynamic models of transmission systems acts as an important element of the internal excitation of the dynamic system. Here are introduced ways to approach the modeling of gear stiffness using analytical calculations, which allow to model the course of mesh stiffness depending on its rotation. For verification of used analytical model were created five different gearings, and based on their geometry, the respective stiffness curves were analytically determined. Subsequently, a finite element simulation was performed in the Abaqus CAE software. Due to this software, it was possible to identify and objectively compare the stiffness curves and further determine the suitability of using the analytical model to determine the mesh stiffness of gearing.

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Lyashenko, Vyacheslav, i Diana Rudenko. "Modeling Deformation of Spur Gear". International Journal of Recent Technology and Applied Science 3, nr 2 (19.09.2021): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijortas-0302.275.

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In The work considers 11 types of gears, features of their design and application. Analysis of gears designs is carried out, since shape of teeth directly affects process of teeth gearing, and this, in turn, affects load, which causes deformation of elements. 3D model of spur gear was created in ANSYS system. The work was limited by analyzing problem from point of view of gear wheels’ deformation, which were made of 40L carbon steel and carbon composite material. As a result, finite element modeling and analysis of gears using ANSYS system was carried out.

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Sachidananda, H. K., K. Raghunandana i B. Shivamurthy. "Power loss analysis in altered tooth-sum spur gearing". MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814401015.

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The main cause of power loss or dissipation of heat in case of meshed gears is due to friction existing between gear tooth mesh and is a major concern in low rotational speed gears, whereas in case of high operating speed the power loss taking place due to compression of air-lubricant mixture (churning losses) and windage losses due to aerodynamic trial of air lubricant mixture which controls the total efficiency needs to be considered. Therefore, in order to improve mechanical efficiency it is necessary for gear designer during gear tooth optimization to consider these energy losses. In this research paper the power loss analysis for a tooth-sum of 100 altered by ±4% operating between a specified center distance is considered. The results show that negative altered tooth-sum gearing performs better as compared to standard and positive altered tooth-sum gearing.

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Malák, Miroslav. "Deformation and Stiffness of Spur Gearing Solved by FEM". Applied Mechanics and Materials 611 (sierpień 2014): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.611.194.

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Gear teeth are deformed due to the load. Recently, at ever faster evolving computer technology and the available literature, we can encounter modern numerical methods, such as finite element method (FEM), which can serve as methods for the determination of deflection gearing. This paper deals with stiffness and deformation of teeth of spur gears solution by finite element method.

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Sachidananda, H. K., K. Raghunandana i B. Shivamurthy. "Power loss analysis in altered tooth-sum spur gearing". MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201714401015.

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Lebedev, Sergey Yu. "ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR CALCULATING SPUR GEAR FOR DEEP CONTACT STRENGTH". Architecture, Construction, Transport, nr 3(97) (2021): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/2782-232x-2021-3-90-97.

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Spur gear is an integral part of transport and technological machines structure. To increase the load ability of the spur gear, chemical heat treatment of the working cogs surfaces is used. Spur gear with chemical heat treatment must be checked for deep contact strength. The article analyzes various methods (according to GOST 21354-87, methods using the generalized criterion of the limit state for structurally inhomogeneous material by Lebedev-Pisarenko, methods from the handbook describing reducers of power machines etc.) for calculating spur and helical gearing for deep contact strength. The author presents all necessary formulas and graphs for the implementation of each methods, and compares the calculations results of these methods with the results of experimental studies of cemented cylindrical rollers for deep contact destruction.

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11

Anferov, V. N., i A. A. Koval’kov. "Test data for the efficiency of the spiroid spur gearing". Journal of Mining Science 42, nr 6 (listopad 2006): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10913-006-0108-6.

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Rao, K. Sreenivasa, G. E. Babu, P. Ravi kumar, M. Anusha, A. Saiprashad i P. Kiran Babu. "Validation and Profile Modification of a Spur Gear to Improve the Gear Tooth Strengths". International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science & Technology 10, nr 4 (26.07.2022): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijircst.2022.10.4.27.

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The idea of using asymmetric tooth forms has gained momentum in gearing design. Similar to symmetric basic rack gears, tooth action parameters are established in the first stage. The second stage involves calculating the unified generating basic rack for a set of mated gears. In some cases, it is possible to determine the features of specific fundamental rack tooth profiles for each gear in a transmission. Gearings with asymmetrical profiles have the advantage of having a higher-pressure angle than operational profiles (as a result of a lower pressure angle than non-operating profiles) and the possibility for a considerable improvement in the face contact ratio. In this study, symmetric and asymmetric tooth profiles will be compared using the finite element analysis tool Ansys. Asymmetric (different pressure angle) and symmetric (different pressure angle) tooth profiles will be designed and built in the 3D modelling software CATIA. The designs made with different materials will go through structural examination (mild steel and EN 32 steel).

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13

Timofeev, B. P., i N. T. Dang. "Increasing the Overlap Factor in the Elastic Model of a Modified Gear". Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, nr 10 (715) (październik 2019): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2019-10-33-42.

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Coupled and approximate gears are considered in this article. Methods of localization of the contact patch and the elimination of edge impact are analyzed. Based on the solution of the Hertz problem, mathematical models of gearing in the MathCAD program are constructed, with the help of which the overlap ratio of the gearing is calculated taking into account contact deformations. Circular and parabolic modifications for cylindrical spur gears are proposed. The allowed values of the modification parameters are determined. Contact stresses are equal to the allowable stresses when calculating multi-cycle fatigue. The influence of contact deformation on the load capacity of non-conjugate gears is analyzed.

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14

Tkach, Pavlo, Pavlo Nosko, Oleksandr Bashta, Grygorii Boiko i Olha Herasymova. "PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF CONCHOIDAL STRAIGHT SPUR GEARS WITH INCREASED LOADING CAPACITY. THE THEORY". Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Engineering and CAD, nr 2 (30.12.2021): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-0775.2021.2.12.

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The article is devoted to the actual problem of increasing the performance indicators of machine gear drives. To solve this problem, in the article proposed to use a conchoidal engagement made with a shifting of the reference profile and special contact conditions. A feature of the proposed engagement is that it is less sensitive to manufacturing and assembly errors compared to conventional conchoidal engagement. As a result of theoretical studies, the performance indicators of such an engagement were determined. This made it possible to determine the level of load during further experimental tests of new gears. Contact strength and meshing losses were selected as performance indicators subject to further experimental verification. The ratios of these indicators, calculated for conchoidal spur gears with convex-convex contact, made with a shifting of the reference profile, with similar involute ones, are theoretically determined. Comparative analysis of performance indicators was carried out for gears of involute and conchoidal engagement with the same parameters and shifting of the reference profile. It was found that for experimental conchoidal drives with shifting, the maximum load is 1.2 times higher than that of a similar involute drive with shifting, and the loss in engagement is 21% less. A rational area of application of the new gearing is machine drives for high power transmissions. Keywords: spur gears, conchoidal gearing, profile shift, convex-convex contact, meshing characteristics, teeth surface strength, gearing power loss

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15

Belarifi, Farid, i E. Bayraktar. "The Tredgold Method in Reverse Engineering to Check the Assembly of a Conical Spur Gear Using CAD". Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (czerwiec 2011): 1598–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.1598.

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Defining and generating a working drawing of a conical spur gear to replace an original piece requires geometrical and dimensional constraints, especially when the cutting module is determined by reverse engineering. We propose an approach using Computer aided design (CAD) to establish the drawing definitions and to verify the assembly of the conical spur gear. We have developed the model drawing according to the standard International Standard Organisation (ISO), in which we introduce a new non-existent coast into the current dimensioning and check the assembly using the Tredgold method, which transforms a conical spur gear into a model cylindrical spur gear, to which the equations for parallel cylindrical gearing can be applied. This method determines a good estimate if the couple of gear verifies the specified geometrical conditions of assemblies. We present the developed algorithms, as well as the results of applications of various programs.

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16

Wang, Zhi-Gen, Chien-Cheng Lo i Yi-Cheng Chen. "Comparison and Verification of Dynamic Simulations and Experiments for a Modified Spur Gear Pair". Machines 10, nr 3 (6.03.2022): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10030191.

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In this study, static and dynamic analyses of a spur gear pair with linear tip relief and longitudinal crowning were performed. Dynamic experiments were conducted to compare and verify the dynamic analysis results. On the basis of the theory of gearing, the mathematical model of a modified spur gear pair was established. In addition, a finite element mesh generation program was developed according to the mathematical model. Finite element analysis was applied to calculate the contact stress, contact patterns, and mesh stiffness of the gear pair. Moreover, a dynamic analysis was performed to predict the dynamic transmission error (DTE) at various speeds and loads. Dynamic experiments were performed on the spur gear pair by using a gear dynamic tester. Accelerometers were mounted on the gear pair to record the vibrations during gear meshing. The experimental DTE was calculated and compared with the simulated DTE to verify the prediction of the vibration performance of the spur gear pair under different rotational conditions.

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17

Kiong, Sia Chee, Jia Hang Wu i Nik Hisyamudin Muhd Nor. "Maximum Torque of Combinations Threat for Spur Gear Based on AGMA Standard". Applied Mechanics and Materials 465-466 (grudzień 2013): 1347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.465-466.1347.

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This study is an approach to investigate the transformations curve of gearing safety. Two types of failure can occur on a gear namely the bending stress and the surface pitting failure. There are many standards for gearing in used worldwide such as AGMA, JGMA, ISO, DIN, etc. but the focus of this study will be on AGMA standard. The main data for this study is the torque value applied which can be distinguished into causing bending strength or surface pitting failure. The Autodesk Inventor spur gear component accelerator was used as a tool for data acquisition based on the AGMA standard of calculations. Two gear materials with high value of allowable contact stress compared to its allowable bending stress was chosen for the study as they are predicted to have a transformation curve from surface durability to bending strength when its torque values are plotted against number of teeth. This is then repeated on various gear modules for both materials to obtain a series of combination curves useful in determining the maximum torque that can be applied on the spur gear before failures occur either by bending stress or surface pitting depending on the curve.

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Turof, M., F.-V. Panaitescu, M. Panaitescu, L.-G. Dumitrescu i I. Voicu. "Use of kinematic restrictions in case of parralel spur gearing design". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 400 (18.09.2018): 042059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/400/4/042059.

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Prabhakaran, S., i S. Ramachandran. "Comparison of Bending Stress of a Spur Gear for Different Materials and Modules Using AGMA Standards in FEA". Advanced Materials Research 739 (sierpień 2013): 382–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.739.382.

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Gearing is one of the most critical components in mechanical power transmission systems.. This paper explains about the comparison of the geometry of spur gears for two different modules by modeling and mathematical equations, load distribution at various positions of the contact line and the stress analysis of spur gears using three-dimensional finite element method. The bending stresses were examined using three-dimensional finite element model.. These stresses of different modules obtained from the finite element analysis were compared and the considerable reduction of weight occurred was found and also the values are compared with the theoretical values. Both results agree very well. This indicates that the finite element method model is accurate.

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20

Elkholy, A. H. "Tooth Load Sharing in High-Contact Ratio Spur Gears". Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 107, nr 1 (1.03.1985): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3258674.

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A closed-form solution is presented for calculating the load sharing among meshing teeth in high contact ratio gearing (HCRG). The procedure is based upon the assumption that the sum of the tooth deflection, profile modification and spacing error at each of two or three pairs of contacts are all equal. It is also assumed that the sum of the normal loads contributed by each of two or three pairs of contacts is equal to the maximum normal load. Once the individual loads are determined, the tooth fillet stress, contact stress may be determined from the applied load and tooth geometry. An experimental example appears to verify the method.

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Ravivarman, R., K. Palaniradja i R. Prabhu Sekar. "Performance enhancement of normal contact ratio gearing system through correction factor". Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Sciences 13, nr 3 (27.09.2019): 5242–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.13.3.2019.03.0429.

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As lined, higher transmission ratio drives system will have uneven stresses in the root region of the pinion and wheel. To enrich this agility of uneven stresses in normal-contact ratio (NCR) gearing system, an enhanced system is desirable to be industrialized. To attain this objective, it is proposed to put on the idea of modifying the correction factor in such a manner that the bending strength of the gearing system is improved. In this work, the correction factor is modified in such a way that the stress in the root region is equalized between the pinion and wheel. This equalization of stresses is carried out by providing a correction factor in three circumstances: in pinion; wheel and both the pinion and the wheel. Henceforth performances of this S+, S0 and S- drives are evaluated in finite element analysis (FEA) and compared for balanced root stresses in parallel shaft spur gearing systems. It is seen that the outcomes gained from the modified drive have enhanced performance than the standard drive.

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Syromyatnikov, V. S., Garcia Martinez Juan Marcos, Samora Quintana Laura Angelica i Ortega Rosales Miguel Gersaun. "Design of spur gearbox shafts for fatigue Fatigue Design of Spur Gearbox Shafts". Proceedings of Higher Educational Institutions. Маchine Building, nr 7 (712) (lipiec 2019): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0536-1044-2019-7-3-10.

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Spur gearboxes are used in machine drives to transfer torque from the engine to the machine’s working element: the driving wheel of the car, the rotor of the helicopter or the drum of the conveyor. Spur gears and bearings are mounted on the shafts of the gearbox. Under the action of torque and forces in the gearing of the wheels, tangential and normal stresses occur in the cross section of the shaft. Normal stress varies in a symmetrical cycle and leads to material fatigue. In view of this, a mathematical model is proposed to improve the accuracy of calculating the overall safety factor for shaft fatigue resistance. Based on the von Mises deformation theory, equivalent stress parameters (amplitude and the mean) are determined. To assess the safety margin of the shaft, Soderberg, Goodman, Gerber, and ASME criteria are used. The stress amplitude margin is calculated depending on the endurance limit of the shaft material, refined according to the specified conditions. The average stress margin is determined relative to the yield strength of the material or the ultimate strength. Formulae for calculating the overall safety factor of amplitude and average stress are obtained. With a known safety factor and load, it is possible to determine the shaft diameter at the preliminary design stage of the gearbox according to the fatigue resistance condition.

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23

Jellen, Marcus J., Ieva Liepuoniute, Mingoo Jin, Christopher G. Jones, Song Yang, Xing Jiang, Hosea M. Nelson, K. N. Houk i Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay. "Enhanced Gearing Fidelity Achieved Through Macrocyclization of a Solvated Molecular Spur Gear". Journal of the American Chemical Society 143, nr 20 (17.05.2021): 7740–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c01885.

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Anderson, N. E., i S. H. Loewenthal. "Efficiency of Nonstandard and High Contact Ratio Involute Spur Gears". Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 108, nr 1 (1.03.1986): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3260774.

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A power loss prediction method previously developed by the authors was extended to include involute spur gears of nonstandard proportions. The method can now be used to analyze the effects of modified addendum, tooth thickness, and gear center distance in addition to the parameters previously considered which included gear diameter, pitch, pressure angle, face width, oil viscosity, speed, and torque. Particular emphasis is placed on high contact ratio gearing (contact ratios greater than two). Despite their higher sliding velocities, high contact ratio gears can be designed to levels of efficiency approaching those of conventional gears while retaining their advantages through proper selection of gear geometry.

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Prabhu Sekar, R. "Performance enhancement of spur gear formed through asymmetric tooth". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 233, nr 9 (14.03.2019): 1361–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350650119837822.

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Tooth fracture and surface wear are the major failure causes in a gearing system. With increasing demand for high power density gear applications, the need of effective gear design becomes an important requirement to improve gear life. This article presents a method to enhance the load carrying capacity in bending and contact, as well as wear resistance to increase gear efficiency through asymmetric tooth. Asymmetric gear is the one whose pressure angles at pitch circle on drive and coast sides are different. In the present investigation, the load shared by a teeth pair, fillet and contact stresses, wear resistance, frictional power losses and the respective mechanical efficiencies have been determined for comparative performance assessment of symmetric and asymmetric spur gears.

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Petr, Karel, Vojtěch Dynybyl i Jan Křepela. "Experimental Tests and FEM Simulations of Flank Breakage on Tooth of Gears with Respect to Different Nitrided Depths". Applied Mechanics and Materials 732 (luty 2015): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.732.257.

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This article deals with the reasons for gear failure - Flank breakage on tooth of spur gears with helical and straight involute gears. Gear flank breakage can be observed on edge zone-hardened gears. The creation of flank and tooth breakage and FEM simulation of flank breakage on tooth are described in this article. In the article are also described and short photo documentation from real load tests on mechanically closed stand for testing of gearing with helical gears and different nitrided depth.

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Zheng, Fangyan, Jun Zhang, Ligang Yao i Rulong Tan. "Investigation on the wear of spur gears generated by modified cutter". Friction 9, nr 2 (18.07.2020): 288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40544-019-0337-8.

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AbstractTooth surface wear damage is one of the main causes of gearing system failure. Excessive wear leads to tooth profile loss and an increase in transmission errors, as the worn gear surfaces are no longer conjugate. Thus, the enhancement of gear durability against wear is important for gear application. Recent works show that cutter modification can aid in reducing the tool wear in gear processing, while the wear performance of the gears produced by modified cutters is still unknown. Therefore, this study focuses on the wear performance of the gear generated by modified cutter. Numerical results show that the wear resistance can be enhanced through proper cutter modification.

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Yong-tao, Tian, Li Cong-xin, Tong Wei i Wu Chang-hua. "A Finite-Element-Based Study of the Load Distribution of a Heavily Loaded Spur Gear System With Effects of Transmission Shafts and Gear Blanks". Journal of Mechanical Design 125, nr 3 (1.09.2003): 625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1584689.

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Spur gears were typically analyzed in the past using two-dimensional (2-D) Finite Element (FE) models. This is not adequate in many cases. A three-dimensional (3-D) FE model of a spur gear system, which accommodates all the gear teeth, the gear bodies, and the two transmission shafts, is developed in this paper using a sub-structuring method. The load between pinion and gear wheel is delivered by elastic frictional contact. The contact problem is solved according to the FE parametric quadratic programming method. The paper presents the shape of the contact region as well as the load distribution along the tooth width and profile. The results show that the transmission shafts have significant effects on the contact conditions including load distribution, contact region, and load deviation. The proposed method also applies to other types of gearing.

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Sachidananda, H. K., Joseph Gonsalvis i H. R. Prakash. "Experimental investigation of fatigue behavior of spur gear in altered tooth-sum gearing". Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 7, nr 3 (wrzesień 2012): 268–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11465-012-0331-6.

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KUANG, J. H., i A. D. LIN. "THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF TORQUE RESPONSES IN SPUR GEARING DUE TO MESH STIFFNESS VARIATION". Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 17, nr 2 (marzec 2003): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mssp.2002.1516.

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MRKVICA, IVAN, TIBOR JURGA, ANETA SLANINKOVA, JOZEF JURKO, ANTON PANDA i PAVEL KRPEC. "DESIGN OF A COMPUTER-AIDED GEAR MANUFACTURING TOOL – RACK-SHAPED CUTTER". MM Science Journal 2021, nr 6 (15.12.2021): 5403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2021_12_2021108.

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In this work, the calculation of Maag gear shaper cutter parameters is performed for spur gears with helical teeth in three variants – straight-tooth tool with machine offset, helical-tooth tool without machine offset and helical-tooth tool with machine offset. It is therefore a prerequisite that the manufactured involute gearing has helical teeth for each variant. The created CAD program is universal and can be used for construction in other combinations as well. The tool clamping angles on the tool holder, the cutting geometry of the cutter and the characteristic of the gearing are introduced into the calculation. The output of the work will be then calculated individual parameters of the Maag shaping cutter in the tooling system, necessary for its construction. The calculation are performed in program T-Flex CAD and the summary output is graphical 2D/3D representation of the rack-shaped cutter in its base, normal and side planes, always in a different design based on the change of the tool input data and gearing characteristic. The analysis of the tool´s involute profile was solved by vector calculus and matrices and by rotating the tool in the chosen coordinate systems. The specific calculation of the tool parameters will be solved using goniometric functions.

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32

Olver, A. V. "Gear lubrication—a review". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 216, nr 5 (1.05.2002): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/135065002760364804.

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The lubrication of gear teeth is reviewed including some key aspects of recent theoretical research and current practice. A simple estimate of the thickness of the lubricating film in a typical pair of spur gears is presented on the basis of classical smooth-body isothermal, elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory. The deficiencies of this simple calculation are then discussed; these include roughness, friction, churning, starvation and contamination, all common features of practical gearing. Three simple methods are described for estimating the tooth temperature and its consequent effect on film thickness.

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Budzik, Grzegorz, Bogdan Kozik i Jacek Pacana. "Defining influence of load conditions on distribution and value of stresses in dual-power-path gear wheels applying FEM". Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 85, nr 6 (14.10.2013): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-10-2012-0197.

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Purpose – The analysis, carried out for this publication, concerned checking the nature of mating of gear wheels with different load conditions. The computation was made applying FEM in Abaqus 6.10-1 program and concerned spur gears in dual-power-path gears made of ABS. The same geometrical models, material parameters and boundary conditions were assumed for all the analysed stages of the computation. However, the values of torque transmitted from active wheels to passive wheel of the gearing were changed. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Observing changes of stress levels for toothed wheel and pinions allows to state that for relatively low load values, bending stresses at tooth root change proportionally to the change of the applied load. Findings – Values of contact stresses on mating teeth flanks were also defined for the most loaded part of the dual-power-path gearing, namely for a pinion. In case of contact stresses, it was observed that together with constant increase of torque value, the values of stresses change but the nature of these changes is not proportional to the applied load. Out of all the analysed variants, the most favourable, from the point of view of durability, was the situation in initial (theoretical) model with regular power division on all mating wheels. Originality/value – Conclusions drawn as a result of numerical computation are helpful in defining the nature of work of dual-power-path gearing in different load conditions and will be compared to results of stand tests of the analysed gearing.

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34

Chandanshive, Mr Ankush Vilas, i Prof D. H. Nimbalkar. "Design, Analysis and Weight Optimization Lathe Machine Gear by Using Composite Material". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, nr 10 (31.10.2022): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47018.

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Abstract: To design the spur gear to study the weight reduction and stress distribution for cast steel and composite materials. Gearing is one of the most critical components in a mechanical power transmission system, and in most industrial rotating machinery. It is possible that gears will predominate as the most effective means of transmitting power in future machines due to their high degree of reliability and compactness. In addition, the rapid shift in the industry from heavy industries such as shipbuilding to industries such as automobile manufacture and office automation tools will necessitate a refined application of gear technology. To design the spur gear model using designs software. To study the impact analysis for cast steel and composite materials. To study the torque loading for cast steel and composite materials. Finally, comparing and analysing of the composite gear with existing cast steel gear is to be done

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35

MAREK, TOMAS, i PAVEL NEMECEK. "TRANSMISSION ERROR AND SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL OF SPUR GEARING WITH STRAIGHT AND HELICAL TEETH". MM Science Journal 2022, nr 4 (16.11.2022): 6069–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2022_11_2022129.

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This article concerns a study of the spur gear noise (i.e. sound pressure level) of automotive gearboxes. The aim is to verify a direct correlation between transmission error and noise emission of a gearing. The article includes a description of some gearbox noise sources and focuses on the gears itself, which is a main source of vibration and noise. A risk analysis is performed to assess the factors influencing gear noise, to show a significance of transmission error. The main part of this article, however, concerns experimentally identified transmission error and its correlation with measured noise.

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Falah, A. H., i A. H. Elkholy. "LOAD AND STRESS ANALYSIS OF CYLINDRICAL WORM GEARING USING TOOTH SLICING METHOD". Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 30, nr 1 (marzec 2006): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2006-0007.

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A method for the determination of load and stress distributions of the instantaneously engaged teeth of cylindrical worm gears is represented in this paper. The method is based on the assumption that both the worm and gear can be modeled as a series of spur gear slices. The exact geometry and point of load application of each slice depends on its location within the mesh. By calculating the applied load and stress for each slice, the same can be determined for the entire worm gear set. The method takes into consideration tooth stiffness variation from root to tip, tooth bending deflection, local contact deformation, tooth foundation deformation and, the influence of gear parameters on load and stress. Calculated results were found to be in agreement with experimental and analytical ones obtained from literature under given operating conditions.

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37

Spiegelberg, C., i M. Christie. "Torque loss in spur gears with interference". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part J: Journal of Engineering Tribology 217, nr 5 (1.05.2003): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/135065003322445304.

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Gears with interference (zero backlash) are used in robots and other precision equipment. The reason for using interference gearing is to improve positioning and motion control. It is then also desirable to compensate for the friction losses and therefore it is important to model the friction losses accurately. In this paper, results from a model for simulating spur gears with interference are compared with results from a test rig for spur gears with interference. FZG gears are used both in the test rig and in the simulations. Brief descriptions of the test rig and the simulation model are given in the paper; more thorough descriptions can be found in studies by Hedström and Kårhammar and by Spiegelberg, Andersson and Sellgren respectively. There is also a description of the measurements and the procedure of making them. The aim of this paper is to compare the results from the test rig with the results from the simulation model and to analyse the results from the test rig. The results show that the simulated torque loss corresponds well with the measured torque loss within the range of the test rig. The results from both the test rig and the simulation model show that there are large variations in the frictional torque during one mesh of a gear tooth. The loss increases with the number of contact points and the lowest loss is found when a driving gear flank passes the pitch point. The overall efficiency decreases when the mesh force increases and the lowest efficiency readings are found when a combination of high mesh force and low load is applied.

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Levin, Crissa, i Jennifer Grewe. "Distance Learning Lab: A Model for Undergraduate Research". Scholarship and Practice of Undergraduate Research 4, nr 2 (1.02.2021): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18833/spur/4/2/12.

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Degree-seeking distance students, who often are from dis-advantaged demographics, are becoming increasingly common. Degrees earned through distance learning can be viewed as less acceptable by graduate schools and employers, yet undergraduate research can aid in employment and graduate or professional school applications. Therefore, it is important to offer distance research labs to distance-learning students. This article discusses a framework for social science distance labs based on a successful undergraduate distance lab. The framework is built on three principles: (1) identifying values, which can be used to guide decisions on lab direction; (2) overcoming obstacles based on identified values; and (3) playing to the online medium by gearing the lab toward research that can be conducted virtually.

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39

Li, J.-L., i S.-T. Chiou. "Surface design and tooth contact analysis of an innovative modified spur gear with crowned teeth". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 219, nr 2 (1.02.2005): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440605x8397.

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An innovative modified spur gear with crowned teeth and its generating mechanism are proposed in this study. The main purpose of tooth surface modification is to change line contact to point contact at the middle of gear tooth surfaces in order to avoid edge contact resulting from possible unavoidable axial misalignment. Moreover, the surface of one gear tooth can be generated with just one cutting process, thereby facilitating easy manufacturing. Based on gearing theory, the model for surface design is developed. A tooth contact analysis (TCA) model for the modified gear pair is also built to investigate meshing characteristics, so that transmission errors (TEs) under assembly errors can also be studied. Examples are included to verify the correctness of the models developed and to demonstrate gear characteristics.

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40

Liu, Hu Ran. "Revision of Tooth Surface in Order to Compensate the Load Deviation of the Plastic Gears". Advanced Materials Research 139-141 (październik 2010): 1084–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.139-141.1084.

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Based on the torsion deformation the gear body and the contact deformation of tooth surface, the fundamental equations of load of the gear was presented, thus established the theoretical basis of the load derivation of the gearing. In this paper, the torsion deformation of the circular arc gears is analyzed first. Then the second order differential equation for the tooth surface load distribution of the involutes gears has been deduced. The equation for the load derivation of the spur gears is presented while the errors of original tooth surface are under consideration. Revision of tooth surface in order to compensate the load deviation of the plastic gears is presented in this paper.

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41

Lee, Cheng Kang. "A Precise and Efficient Method to Manipulate the Amplitude of Parabolic Function of Transmission Errors". Advanced Materials Research 1064 (grudzień 2014): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1064.183.

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This paper proposes a system of nonlinear equations to manipulate the amplitude of parabolic function of transmission errors. Firstly, the characteristics of parabolic function of transmission errors are defined. Then, a system of nonlinear equations for manipulating the amplitude of parabolic function of transmission errors is created based on both the conditions of contact and the constraint on the amplitude of function of transmission errors. As the number of independent scalar equations in the system minus the number of unknown parameters is one, one extra design parameter can be applied to manipulate the amplitude of parabolic function of transmission errors. The solution to the extra design variable is automatically, precisely, and efficiently determined by the computer program which is created based on the Newton’s root finding method. The time-consuming manual iterations for trying the value of design variable are eliminated. The proposed method can be applied to both two-and three-dimensional gearing problems. At last, a pair of meshing gears composed of a circular-arc spur gear and an involute spur gear is presented to verify the methodology proposed in this paper.

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42

Shaabidov, Sh A., i B. A. Irgashev. "Computational Procedure of a Gearing Module of Spur Gear Transmissions on Wear Resistance of Gearwheel Teeth". Journal of Friction and Wear 40, nr 5 (wrzesień 2019): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068366619050155.

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Chi, Yifei, Yaping Zhao, Xinyue Zhu, Gongfa Li i Xinyuan Chen. "Mismatched gearing composed of hourglass worm and spur gear: Meshing theory, tooth contact simulation, comprehensive design". Mechanism and Machine Theory 174 (sierpień 2022): 104883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2022.104883.

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LI, Shuting. "S1120202 Diaphragm Stress Analysis of an Extremely Thin-Walled Spur Gear Used in the Strain Wave Gearing". Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2015 (2015): _S1120202——_S1120202—. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2015._s1120202-.

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45

Sahoo, Vineet, i Rathindranath Maiti. "Static load sharing by tooth pairs in contact in internal involute spur gearing with thin rimmed pinion". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 230, nr 4 (marzec 2016): 485–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406215618424.

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Involute toothed internal−external standard gear sets are modeled for load-sharing by the teeth pairs in mesh along the line of contact. An analytical solution is proposed. Considering the rigid body in rotation, it is assumed that angular rotation of a gear with respect to the other gear due to deformation along the line of contact is equal. The sum of the normal loads in all tooth pairs in contacts, which equals to the total transmitted load, is considered constant. All possible deformations such as, tooth bending deflection, tooth compressive (contact) deformation, tooth foundation deflection and tooth shearing deflection are considered in analyses. Detailed tooth geometries are incorporated in modeling. Ultimately, the map of load sharing by tooth pairs in contacts, at different angular position, over a cycle of similar contact pattern, is established. Finally, considering thin rimmed gears, the effects of the rim thickness on load sharing, which is the aim of the present investigation are analyzed and the results are presented in terms of backup ratios.

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46

Wang, Wen Jin, Jing Zhang, Jian Zhao, Ling Li Zhang i Tai Yong Wang. "Study on the Machining Mathematical Model and Simulation of Face-Gear with Curvilinear Shaped Teeth Based on the Local Conjugate Theory of Gearing". Advanced Materials Research 462 (luty 2012): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.462.105.

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A curvilinear-tooth face-gear has been developed in order to obtain a high contact ratio, reduced bending stresses and lower sliding velocities compared to the spur and helical involute face-gear drives. The machining method for this type of gear was studied based on the differential geometry and meshing theory in this paper. The cutting mathematical model of the face-gear was established, and then the cutting simulation of the face-gear was developed.

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47

Bahgat, B. M., M. O. M. Osman i R. V. Dukkipati. "On the Dynamic Gear Tooth Loading of Planetary Gearing as Affected by Bearing Clearances in High-Speed Machinery". Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 107, nr 3 (1.09.1985): 430–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3260740.

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The paper studies the effect of bearing clearances in the dynamic analysis of planetary gear mechanisms in high-speed machinery. For this purpose, an analytical model is developed based on the interdependence between kinematics and kinetic relationships that must be satisfied when contact is maintained between the journal and its bearing. The contact mode is formulated such that the bearing eccentricity vector must align itself with bearing normal force at the point of contact. The analysis mainly relies on determining the direction of the bearing eccentricity vector defined as the clearance angles βi at the bearing revolutes for each contact mode of the gear teeth. The governing equations of the clearance angles are developed using the geometrical constraints of the contact point location and the velocity ratio. The clearance angles and their derivatives are used to systematically evaluate kinematic and dynamic quantities. A rigid planetary spur gears with two revolute clearances is analyzed to illustrate the procedure.

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Ishin, Nikolay, Serhii Gavrylov, Arkadiy Goman, Andrey Skorokhodov i Juriy Dakalo. "COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE RESIDUAL LIFE OF GEARS BASED ON VIBRATION MONITORING DATA". Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: Engineering and CAD, nr 2 (30.12.2021): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-0775.2021.2.16.

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A computational and experimental method for estimating the residual life of gears in the inter-repair period is proposed. The method is based on the main provisions of the theory of vibration-pulse diagnostics of spur gears, developed at the OIM of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus. The main performance criteria are the contact and bending endurance of the teeth. Accounting for changes in the value of the coefficient of internal dynamic load in the gearing during the operation of gears is carried out on the basis of vibration analysis during their vibration monitoring. The proposed method makes it possible to estimate the residual life of the gear mechanism at any stage of operation, providing the opportunity to organize the transition from planned preventive maintenance of machines to maintenance according to the actual condition. An example of estimating the residual life of a gear pair that limits the reliability of a two-row planetary gear motor-wheel of a heavy-duty dump truck is given. Keywords: gear transmission; vibration monitoring; residual life; inter-repair period; internal dynamic load in engagement

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Kalligeros, Christos, Panagiotis Koronaios, Panteleimon Tzouganakis, Christos Papalexis, Antonios Tsolakis i Vasilios Spitas. "Development of a free-form tooth flank optimization method to improve pitting resistance of spur gears". MATEC Web of Conferences 366 (2022): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236601003.

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Although steel involute gears are the standard solution for gear transmissions, they tend to suffer from poor pitting resistance. Pitting typically occurs when the gear tooth flanks have high equivalent curvature at the contact point and/or when the equivalent curvature is not constant across the contact path leading to high contact pressures and the development of surface fatigue. In this paper a new optimization method is presented to produce spur gear tooth flanks with improved pitting performance compared to involute ones. The tooth flanks are represented as B-spline curves, the control points of which are the variables for the optimization problem. The constraints were designed to ensure that all the examined profiles satisfy the law of gearing and do not contain any cusps or C1 discontinuities. Deterministic and stochastic algorithms were implemented and both closed and open path of contact gear sets were examined to determine the optimum tooth profile. The optimization results show that the maximum equivalent curvature of the optimum profiles is reduced by 83% compared to the corresponding standard profiles, while the deviation from the mean value is reduced by 98%. Both the standard and the optimized gears where examined comparatively also through finite element analysis. For the case selected the maximum contact pressure developed on the optimized gear set was 77% of the respective maximum contact pressure on the standard gear set whereas the corresponding deviation from the mean value was 5%. At the same time, the bending stresses developed in the optimized gear are slightly lower than those in the standard one.

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ISHIKAWA, Shoichi. "GDS-12 A GEOMETRIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PITCH CURVES AND TOOTH PROFILES IN SPUR GEARING WITH VARIABLE RATIO(GEAR DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS)". Proceedings of the JSME international conference on motion and power transmissions II.01.202 (2001): 484–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeimpt.ii.01.202.484.

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