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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Gaze Coordination"
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Arora, Harbandhan Kaur, Vishal Bharmauria, Xiaogang Yan, Saihong Sun, Hongying Wang i John Douglas Crawford. "Eye-head-hand coordination during visually guided reaches in head-unrestrained macaques". Journal of Neurophysiology 122, nr 5 (1.11.2019): 1946–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00072.2019.
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Nonhuman primates have been used extensively to study eye-head coordination and eye-hand coordination, but the combination—eye-head-hand coordination—has not been studied. Our goal was to determine whether reaching influences eye-head coordination (and vice versa) in rhesus macaques. Eye, head, and hand motion were recorded in two animals with search coil and touch screen technology, respectively. Animals were seated in a customized “chair” that allowed unencumbered head motion and reaching in depth. In the reach condition, animals were trained to touch a central LED at waist level while maintaining central gaze and were then rewarded if they touched a target appearing at 1 of 15 locations in a 40° × 20° (visual angle) array. In other variants, initial hand or gaze position was varied in the horizontal plane. In similar control tasks, animals were rewarded for gaze accuracy in the absence of reach. In the Reach task, animals made eye-head gaze shifts toward the target followed by reaches that were accompanied by prolonged head motion toward the target. This resulted in significantly higher head velocities and amplitudes (and lower eye-in-head ranges) compared with the gaze control condition. Gaze shifts had shorter latencies and higher velocities and were more precise, despite the lack of gaze reward. Initial hand position did not influence gaze, but initial gaze position influenced reach latency. These results suggest that eye-head coordination is optimized for visually guided reach, first by quickly and accurately placing gaze at the target to guide reach transport and then by centering the eyes in the head, likely to improve depth vision as the hand approaches the target. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Eye-head and eye-hand coordination have been studied in nonhuman primates but not the combination of all three effectors. Here we examined the timing and kinematics of eye-head-hand coordination in rhesus macaques during a simple reach-to-touch task. Our most novel finding was that (compared with hand-restrained gaze shifts) reaching produced prolonged, increased head rotation toward the target, tending to center the binocular field of view on the target/hand.
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Tweed, D., B. Glenn i T. Vilis. "Eye-head coordination during large gaze shifts". Journal of Neurophysiology 73, nr 2 (1.02.1995): 766–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.73.2.766.
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1. Three-dimensional (3D) eye and head rotations were measured with the use of the magnetic search coil technique in six healthy human subjects as they made large gaze shifts. The aims of this study were 1) to see whether the kinematic rules that constrain eye and head orientations to two degrees of freedom between saccades also hold during movements; 2) to chart the curvature and looping in eye and head trajectories; and 3) to assess whether the timing and paths of eye and head movements are more compatible with a single gaze error command driving both movements, or with two different feedback loops. 2. Static orientations of the eye and head relative to space are known to resemble the distribution that would be generated by a Fick gimbal (a horizontal axis moving on a fixed vertical axis). We show that gaze point trajectories during eye-head gaze shifts fit the Fick gimbal pattern, with horizontal movements following straight "line of latitude" paths and vertical movements curving like lines of longitude. However, horizontal (and to a lesser extent vertical) movements showed direction-dependent looping, with rightward and leftward (and up and down) saccades tracing slightly different paths. Plots of facing direction (the analogue of gaze direction for the head) also showed the latitude/longitude pattern, without looping. In radial saccades, the gaze point initially moved more vertically than the target direction and then curved; head trajectories were straight. 3. The eye and head components of randomly sequenced gaze shifts were not time locked to one another. The head could start moving at any time from slightly before the eye until 200 ms after, and the standard deviation of this interval could be as large as 80 ms. The head continued moving for a long (up to 400 ms) and highly variable time after the gaze error had fallen to zero. For repeated saccades between the same targets, peak eye and head velocities were directly, but very weakly, correlated; fast eye movements could accompany slow head movements and vice versa. Peak head acceleration and deceleration were also very weakly correlated with eye velocity. Further, the head rotated about an essentially fixed axis, with a smooth bell-shaped velocity profile, whereas the axis of eye rotation relative to the head varied throughout the movement and the velocity profiles were more ragged. 4. Plots of 3D eye orientation revealed strong and consistent looping in eye trajectories relative to space.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Freedman, Edward G., i David L. Sparks. "Eye-Head Coordination During Head-Unrestrained Gaze Shifts in Rhesus Monkeys". Journal of Neurophysiology 77, nr 5 (1.05.1997): 2328–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.77.5.2328.
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Freedman, Edward G. and David L. Sparks. Eye-head coordination during head-unrestrained gaze shifts in rhesus monkeys. J. Neurophysiol. 77: 2328–2348, 1997. We analyzed gaze shifts made by trained rhesus monkeys with completely unrestrained heads during performance of a delayed gaze shift task. Subjects made horizontal, vertical, and oblique gaze shifts to visual targets. We found that coordinated eye-head movements are characterized by a set of lawful relationships, and that the initial position of the eyes in the orbits and the direction of the gaze shift are two factors that influence these relationships. Head movements did not contribute to the change in gaze position during small gaze shifts (<20°) directed along the horizontal meridian, when the eyes were initially centered in the orbits. For larger gaze shifts (25–90°), the head contribution to the gaze shift increased linearly with increasing gaze shift amplitude, and eye movement amplitude saturated at an asymptotic amplitude of ∼35°. When the eyes began deviated in the orbits contralateral to the direction of the ensuing gaze shift, the head contributed less and the eyes more to amplitude-matched gaze shifts. The relative timing of eye and head movements was altered by initial eye position; head latency relative to gaze onset increased as the eyes began in more contralateral initial positions. The direction of the gaze shift also affected the relative amplitudes of eye and head movements; as gaze shifts were made in progressively more vertical directions, eye amplitude increased and head contribution declined systematically. Eye velocity was a saturating function of gaze amplitude for movements without a head contribution (gaze amplitude <20°). As head contribution increased with increasing gaze amplitude (20–60°), peak eye velocity declined by >200°/s and head velocity increased by 100°/s. For constant-amplitude eye movements (∼30°), eye velocity declined as the velocity of the concurrent head movement increased. On the basis of these relationships, it is possible to accurately predict gaze amplitude, the amplitudes of the eye and head components of the gaze shift, and gaze, eye, and head velocities, durations and latencies if the two-dimensional displacement of the target and the initial position of the eyes in the orbits are known. These data indicate that signals related to the initial positions of the eyes in the orbits and the direction of the gaze shift influence separate eye and head movement commands. The hypothesis that this divergence of eye and head commands occurs downstream from the superior colliculus is supported by recent electrical stimulation and single-unit recording data.
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Hayashi, Yugo. "Gaze awareness and metacognitive suggestions by a pedagogical conversational agent: an experimental investigation on interventions to support collaborative learning process and performance". International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning 15, nr 4 (grudzień 2020): 469–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11412-020-09333-3.
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AbstractResearch on collaborative learning has revealed that peer-collaboration explanation activities facilitate reflection and metacognition and that establishing common ground and successful coordination are keys to realizing effective knowledge-sharing in collaborative learning tasks. Studies on computer-supported collaborative learning have investigated how awareness tools can facilitate coordination within a group and how the use of external facilitation scripts can elicit elaborated knowledge during collaboration. However, the separate and joint effects of these tools on the nature of the collaborative process and performance have rarely been investigated. This study investigates how two facilitation methods—coordination support via learner gaze-awareness feedback and metacognitive suggestion provision via a pedagogical conversational agent (PCA)—are able to enhance the learning process and learning gains. Eighty participants, organized into dyads, were enrolled in a 2 × 2 between-subject study. The first and second factors were the presence of real-time gaze feedback (no vs. visible gaze) and that of a suggestion-providing PCA (no vs. visible agent), respectively. Two evaluation methods were used: namely, dialog analysis of the collaborative process and evaluation of learning gains. The real-time gaze feedback and PCA suggestions facilitated the coordination process, while gaze was relatively more effective in improving the learning gains. Learners in the Gaze-feedback condition achieved superior learning gains upon receiving PCA suggestions. A successful coordination/high learning performance correlation was noted solely for learners receiving visible gaze feedback and PCA suggestions simultaneously (visible gaze/visible agent). This finding has the potential to yield improved collaborative processes and learning gains through integration of these two methods as well as contributing towards design principles for collaborative-learning support systems more generally.
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Paquette, Caroline, i Joyce Fung. "Old age affects gaze and postural coordination". Gait & Posture 33, nr 2 (luty 2011): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.11.010.
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Stamenkovic, Alexander, Paul J. Stapley, Rebecca Robins i Mark A. Hollands. "Do postural constraints affect eye, head, and arm coordination?" Journal of Neurophysiology 120, nr 4 (1.10.2018): 2066–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00200.2018.
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If a whole body reaching task is produced when standing or adopting challenging postures, it is unclear whether changes in attentional demands or the sensorimotor integration necessary for balance control influence the interaction between visuomotor and postural components of the movement. Is gaze control prioritized by the central nervous system (CNS) to produce coordinated eye movements with the head and whole body regardless of movement context? Considering the coupled nature of visuomotor and whole body postural control during action, this study aimed to understand how changing equilibrium constraints (in the form of different postural configurations) influenced the initiation of eye, head, and arm movements. We quantified the eye-head metrics and segmental kinematics as participants executed either isolated gaze shifts or whole body reaching movements to visual targets. In total, four postural configurations were compared: seated, natural stance, with the feet together (narrow stance), or while balancing on a wooden beam. Contrary to our initial predictions, the lack of distinct changes in eye-head metrics; timing of eye, head, and arm movement initiation; and gaze accuracy, in spite of kinematic differences, suggests that the CNS integrates postural constraints into the control necessary to initiate gaze shifts. This may be achieved by adopting a whole body gaze strategy that allows for the successful completion of both gaze and reaching goals. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Differences in sequence of movement among the eye, head, and arm have been shown across various paradigms during reaching. Here we show that distinct changes in eye characteristics and movement sequence, coupled with stereotyped profiles of head and gaze movement, are not observed when adopting postures requiring changes to balance constraints. This suggests that a whole body gaze strategy is prioritized by the central nervous system with postural control subservient to gaze stability requirements.
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Soechting, John F., Kevin C. Engel i Martha Flanders. "The Duncker Illusion and Eye–Hand Coordination". Journal of Neurophysiology 85, nr 2 (1.02.2001): 843–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.85.2.843.
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A moving background alters the perceived direction of target motion (the Duncker illusion). To test whether this illusion also affects pointing movements to remembered/extrapolated target locations, we constructed a display in which a target moved in a straight line and disappeared behind a band of moving random dots. Subjects were required to touch the spot where the target would emerge from the occlusion. The four directions of random-dot motion induced pointing errors that were predictable from the Duncker illusion. Because it has been previously established that saccadic direction is influenced by this illusion, gaze was subsequently recorded in a second series of experiments while subjects performed the pointing task and a similar task with eye-tracking only. In the pointing task, subjects typically saccaded to the lower border of the occlusion zone as soon as the target disappeared and then tried to maintain fixation at that spot. However, it was particularly obvious in the eye-tracking-only condition that horizontally moving random dots generally evoked an appreciable ocular following response, altering the gaze direction. Hand-pointing errors were related to the saccadic gaze error but were more highly correlated with final gaze errors (resulting from the initial saccade and the subsequent ocular following response). The results suggest a model of limb control in which gaze position can provide the target signal for limb movement.
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Monteon, Jachin A., Marie Avillac, Xiaogang Yan, Hongying Wang i J. Douglas Crawford. "Neural mechanisms for predictive head movement strategies during sequential gaze shifts". Journal of Neurophysiology 108, nr 10 (15.11.2012): 2689–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00222.2012.
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Humans adopt very different head movement strategies for different gaze behaviors, for example, when playing sports versus watching sports on television. Such strategy switching appears to depend on both context and expectation of future gaze positions. Here, we explored the neural mechanisms for such behaviors by training three monkeys to make head-unrestrained gaze shifts toward eccentric radial targets. A randomized color cue provided predictive information about whether that target would be followed by either a return gaze shift to center or another, more eccentric gaze shift, but otherwise animals were allowed to develop their own eye-head coordination strategy. In the first two animals we then stimulated the frontal eye fields (FEF) in conjunction with the color cue, and in the third animal we recorded from neurons in the superior colliculus (SC). Our results show that 1) monkeys can optimize eye-head coordination strategies from trial to trial, based on learned associations between color cues and future gaze sequences, 2) these cue-dependent coordination strategies were preserved in gaze saccades evoked during electrical stimulation of the FEF, and 3) two types of SC responses (the saccade burst and a more prolonged response related to head movement) modulated with these cue-dependent strategies, although only one (the saccade burst) varied in a predictive fashion. These data show that from one moment to the next, the brain can use contextual sensory cues to set up internal “coordination states” that convert fixed cortical gaze commands into the brain stem signals required for predictive head motion.
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Abekawa, Naotoshi, i Hiroaki Gomi. "Online gain update for manual following response accompanied by gaze shift during arm reaching". Journal of Neurophysiology 113, nr 4 (15.02.2015): 1206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00281.2014.
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To capture objects by hand, online motor corrections are required to compensate for self-body movements. Recent studies have shown that background visual motion, usually caused by body movement, plays a significant role in such online corrections. Visual motion applied during a reaching movement induces a rapid and automatic manual following response (MFR) in the direction of the visual motion. Importantly, the MFR amplitude is modulated by the gaze direction relative to the reach target location (i.e., foveal or peripheral reaching). That is, the brain specifies the adequate visuomotor gain for an online controller based on gaze-reach coordination. However, the time or state point at which the brain specifies this visuomotor gain remains unclear. More specifically, does the gain change occur even during the execution of reaching? In the present study, we measured MFR amplitudes during a task in which the participant performed a saccadic eye movement that altered the gaze-reach coordination during reaching. The results indicate that the MFR amplitude immediately after the saccade termination changed according to the new gaze-reach coordination, suggesting a flexible online updating of the MFR gain during reaching. An additional experiment showed that this gain updating mostly started before the saccade terminated. Therefore, the MFR gain updating process would be triggered by an ocular command related to saccade planning or execution based on forthcoming changes in the gaze-reach coordination. Our findings suggest that the brain flexibly updates the visuomotor gain for an online controller even during reaching movements based on continuous monitoring of the gaze-reach coordination.
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Constantin, Alina G., Hongying Wang i J. Douglas Crawford. "Role of Superior Colliculus in Adaptive Eye–Head Coordination During Gaze Shifts". Journal of Neurophysiology 92, nr 4 (październik 2004): 2168–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00103.2004.
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The goal of this study was to determine which aspects of adaptive eye–head coordination are implemented upstream or downstream from the motor output layers of the superior colliculus (SC). Two monkeys were trained to perform head-free gaze shifts while looking through a 10° aperture in opaque, head-fixed goggles. This training produced context-dependent alterations in eye–head coordination, including a coordinated pattern of saccade–vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) eye movements that caused eye position to converge toward the aperture, and an increased contribution of head movement to the gaze shift. One would expect the adaptations that were implemented downstream from the SC to be preserved in gaze shifts evoked by SC stimulation. To test this, we analyzed gaze shifts evoked from 19 SC sites in monkey 1 and 38 sites in monkey 2, both with and without goggles. We found no evidence that the goggle paradigm altered the basic gaze position–dependent spatial coding of the evoked movements (i.e., gaze was still coded in an eye-centered frame). However, several aspects of the context-dependent coordination strategy were preserved during stimulation, including the adaptive convergence of final eye position toward the goggles aperture, and the position-dependent patterns of eye and head movement required to achieve this. For example, when initial eye position was offset from the learned aperture location at the time of stimulation, a coordinated saccade–VOR eye movement drove it back to the original aperture, and the head compensated to preserve gaze kinematics. Some adapted amplitude–velocity relationships in eye, gaze, and head movement also may have been preserved. In contrast, context-dependent changes in overall eye and head contribution to gaze amplitude were not preserved during SC stimulation. We conclude that 1) the motor output command from the SC to the brain stem can be adapted to produce different position-dependent coordination strategies for different behavioral contexts, particularly for eye-in-head position, but 2) these brain stem coordination mechanisms implement only the default (normal) level of head amplitude contribution to the gaze shift. We propose that a parallel cortical drive, absent during SC stimulation, is required to adjust the overall head contribution for different behavioral contexts.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Gaze Coordination"
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Wilmut, Kate. "Gaze, attention and coordination in children". Thesis, University of Reading, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427811.
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Desanghere, Loni. "Gaze strategies in perception and action". Experimental Brain Research, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/17898.
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When you want to pick up an object, it is usually a simple matter to reach out to its location, and accurately pick it up. Almost every action in such a sequence is guided and checked by vision, with eye movements usually preceding motor actions (Hayhoe & Ballard, 2005; Hayhoe, Shrivastava, Mruczek, & Pelz, 2003). However, most research in this area has been concerned about the sequence of movements in complex “everyday” tasks like making tea or tool use. Less emphasis has been placed on the object itself and where on it the eye and hand movements land, and how gaze behaviour is different when generating a perceptual response to that same object. For those studies that have, very basic geometric shapes have been used such as rectangles, crosses and triangles. In everyday life, however, there are a range of problems that must be computed that go beyond such simple objects. Objects typically have complex contours, different textures or surface properties, and variations in their centre of mass.
Accordingly, the primary goals in conducting this research were three fold: (1) To provide a deeper understanding of the function of gaze in perception and action when interacting with simple and complex objects (Experiments 1a, 1b, 1c); (2) To examine how gaze and grasp behaviours are influenced when you dissociate important features of an object such as the COM and the horizontal centre of the block (Experiments 2a, 2c); and (3) To explore whether perceptual biases will influence grasp and gaze behaviours (Experiment 2b).
The results from the current series of studies showed the influence of action (i.e., the potential to act) on perception in terms of where we look on an object, and vice versa, the influence of perceptual biases on action output (i.e. grasp locations). In addition, grasp locations were found to be less sensitive to COM changes than previously suggested (for example see Kleinholdermann, Brenner, Franz, & Smeets, 2007), whereas fixation locations were drawn towards the ‘visual’ COM of objects, as shown in other perceptual studies (for example see He & Kowler, 1991; Kowler & Blaser, 1995; McGowan, Kowler, Sharma, & Chubb, 1998; Melcher & Kowler, 1999; Vishwanath & Kowler, 2003, 2004; Vishwanath, Kowler, & Feldman, 2000), even when a motor response was required. The implications of these results in terms of vision for Perception and vision for Action are discussed.
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Paquette, Caroline. "Coordination of gaze and posture in young and elderly healthy adults". Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=111864.
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Little is known about the interaction and channeling of motor and sensory information in the control of balance with aging. The aim of this thesis was to study the mechanisms of equilibrium control and its effects on aging when large head and gaze shifts are executed under varying postural conditions. In a first study, the postural strategies used by young and elderly subjects were compared during standing and walking tasks while subjects executed a large and rapid rotation of the head. Elderly subjects restricted their body motions and velocities, likely to minimize the ensuing perturbation. An important aspect of the head turning tasks is the redirection of gaze, which must be coordinated with postural responses. Thus, in a second study we aimed to determine the mechanisms of large horizontal gaze shifts (saccades) when submitted to a support surface perturbation, in young subjects. The findings from this study revealed a saccadic facilitation mechanism, when the visual target shift stimuli was closely followed by a motion of the supporting surface, providing evidence for the need of a stable reference when all available sensors are perturbed. In a third study, the control of gaze shifts (pursuit and saccades) during surface perturbations (sequence of pseudo-random motions) and with aging was examined. As hypothesized, elderly subjects showed less precision in target tracking. As well, the surface perturbations resulted in increased tracking errors for both groups. However, gaze time lag in response to target was not affected by surface motions. This study provided evidence that gaze accuracy could be attributable for the segmental movement excursion restriction observed in elderly subjects of the first study. Moreover, the saccadic facilitatory mechanism observed in the second study is specific to the surface perturbation condition (discrete vs. sequence) and its timing relative to target shift. Therefore, the trainability of elderly subjects in executing complex tasks, as described in the present thesis, should be explored. Improved abilities in executing large head and gaze shifts under challenging postural conditions would be an important step in reducing the incidence of falls in the elderly and could guide rehabilitation interventions.
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Palatsoukas, Demetrios. "Gaze control fusing eye-head coordination with unified saccadic and smooth pursuit modes of operation". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0026/MQ50649.pdf.
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Miles, Charlotte Alice Louise. "The quiet eye in a throwing and catching task : visuomotor skill of children with and without developmental coordination disorder". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16209.
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Knowing where and when to look is critical for effective performance of visually guided tasks. A gaze strategy termed the quiet eye (QE; the final gaze before the onset of a critical movement) is strongly associated with motor skill proficiency, with earlier and longer QE periods leading to improved visuomotor control. Children with poor motor proficiency, such as those with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), have impairments in the pick-up and processing of visual information, translating into poorly coordinated movements. The purpose of this project therefore was to perform the first examination of the QE strategy in children of different motor coordination abilities and furthermore to investigate the efficacy of task-specific QE training (QET) to improve the skills of children with and without DCD beyond the effects of a standard coaching technique. Study 1 determined that children with low motor coordination had later, shorter QE durations in comparison to coordinated children and as a result, performed worse in a specified motor task (throwing and catching). Study 2 therefore performed two experiments aimed at developing an appropriate but brief QET protocol for children to improve their throwing and catching ability. These experiments found that typically developing children were able to increase their QE durations with QET and this was reflected in a durable improvement in their motor skill execution. The final study examined this QET intervention in children with DCD. This was the first application of QET in a clinical population, and found that children with DCD were able to improve their QE durations, and make robust changes to their visuomotor control. These studies associate a longer QE with motor skill proficiency in children, and provide an important adjunct to current therapeutic intervention for children with poorly developed motor skills.
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Sylvestre, Pierre Alexandre. "A new view of the saccadic burst generator : the coordination of multiple effectors during disjunctive saccades and eye-head gaze shifts". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84848.
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The neuronal system that generates saccadic eye movements has been well studied over the last three decades. However, this system has been extensively characterized only in the simplified case where the head is kept immobile, and the two eyes rotate identically (conjugate saccades). In everyday life, we often need to rotate our eyes differently when looking between objects located at different depths (disjunctive saccades), and we often utilize eye and head movements to reorient to objects of interest (gaze shifts). In the present thesis, we describe a series of experiments that were aimed at determining the role of the brainstem saccadic burst generator, a key element of the saccadic subsystem, during these more complex movements.With respect to disjunctive saccades, a very influential theory (Hering's theory) was proposed a century ago in which the brainstem saccadic burst generator [including excitatory (EBN) and inhibitory (IBN) brainstem saccadic burst neurons, and omnipause (OPN) neurons], and burst-tonic neurons (BT) only encode conjugate saccades. Here, we clearly demonstrate that this theory does not apply during disjunctive saccades. We have found that the discharge dynamics of the premotor neurons described above reflect the asymmetry in eye movements that is characteristic of disjunctive saccades. Moreover, we show that these signals are sufficient to shape the activity of motoneurons in the abducens nucleus.
We also demonstrate that during eye-head gaze shifts, the same EBNs, IBNs and OPNs encode the movements of the head as well as those of the eyes. To do so, we designed a sophisticated paradigm in which head movements could be perturbed during gaze shifts, while we simultaneously recorded the activity of isolated neurons. This highly challenging experiment has allowed us to conclusively demonstrate that neuronal activity with the brainstem saccadic burst generator reflects the artificial perturbations applied to the head.
In summary, the studies described in this thesis have unmasked a new role for the brainstem saccadic burst generator in the generation of disjunctive saccades. They have also confirmed its role in the control of eye-head gaze shifts. We conclude that the brainstem saccadic burst generator does far more than generating conjugate saccades, and that it is in fact involved in controlling the movements of the two eyes in space.
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Sjöberg, Adam, i Marcel Rominger. "Beyond hand-eye coordination : An exploration of eye-tracking and speech recognition as a navigation tool for interactive systems". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för informatik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-104882.
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The human’s ability to see, listen and speak is naturally embedded in how we interact and communicate with each other, but not only do we interact with other humans, we also spend a lot of time interacting with computers. In our study we take a starting point in embodied interaction and draw on people’s abilities from everyday life and apply them to computation in form of eye-tracking and speech recognition. Previous research mainly explored these inputs separately and little has been discovered regarding the combination. We applied a qualitative approach consisting of free surfs, task based evaluations and ten interviews, and we aimed for an understanding of how people perceive this interaction and to discover potential use contexts. The results indicate that people are positive towards the combination of eye-tracking and speech recognition for interacting with computers but found it hard to imagine a rich set of contexts in which it could be used.
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Varkalys, Adomas. "Akies ir rankos tarpusavio koordinacija ranka vedant taikinį labirintu". Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130822_154347-64497.
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Šio baigiamojo bakalauro darbo tyrimo tikslas ištirti akies ir rankos koordinuotų judesių savybes sekant taikinį skirtingo pločio labirintais, taikiniui judant skirtingais greičiais. Akių judesiams registruoti buvo panaudota EyeGaze System, o rankos judesiams registruoti - WACOM Intuos® 2 XD-1212-U grafinė planšetė. Tiriamiesiems reikėjo pravesti taikinį trim skirtingo pločio labirintais. Tyrimo metu buvo registruojami akių ir rankos judesiai, pagal kurios buvo analizuojami žvilgsnio šuolio amplitudės, atstumas tarp rankos ir žvilgsnio prieš įvykstant žvilgsnio šuoliui, akies ir rankos greičių santykis bei gautieji rezultatai įvertinti remiantis Fitso dėsniu, kuris įvertino, kaip tiksliai ir greitai tiriamieji atliko labirintus. Gautieji rezultatai parodė, kad didėjant rankos greičiui ir esant platesniam labirintui žvilgsnio šuolių amplitudžių ir atstumo tarp rankos ir žvilgsnio prieš įvykstant žvilgsnio šuoliui vidurkiai bei jų standartiniai nuokrypiai didėja. Akies ir greičio santykis parodė, kad esant mažesniems greičiams akis lenkia ranką, o didėjant ranka pralenkia akį. Tyrimo rezultatai gali būti panaudoti kuriant robotų programinę įranga, neurofiziologinių procesų analizei bei įvertinti žmogaus koordinaciją reabilitacijos metu.The theme of Bachelor project of Electronics engineering is important for research in biomedical engineering. In my purpose is to investigate eye-hand coordination during target guiding by hand along labyrinth. Investigatives have to guide a target in different wide of labyrinth. First they have to guide a target in the narrowest labyrinth, which wide is 10 px, later in the widest labyrinth, which wide is 39 px and last in moderate labyrinth, which wide is 15 px. In this labyrinth investigatives have to guide targets of two different sizes. They have to guide at different speed and precision. Eye coordinates were recorded by EyeGaze System, which produced LC Technologies, Ltd. Hand coordinates were recorded by WACOM Intuos® 2 XD-1212-U graphic tablet. During the research recorded eye and hand coordinates, which were analysed. Due to this information, were calculated gaze jump amplitudes, distance between the gaze and hand before gaze will do a jump, gaze and hand speed ratio and results were evaluated by Fitts‘s law. Results revealed that average and standart deviation of these parameters are major if speed of target becomes faster and labyrinth is wider. Gaze and hand speed ratio revealed, that at slow speed gaze overtake a hand and vice versa. In accordance with results, which were evaluated by Ftts‘s law, revealed that the longest duration and least precision are in the narrowest labyrinth. The shortest duration and the best precision are in the widest labyrinth... [to full text]
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Authié, Colas. "Contrôle visuel du déplacement en trajectoire courbe : approche sensorimotrice du rôle structurant du flux optique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22085.
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L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de mettre en évidence le rôle de la direction et du mouvement de la tête et des yeux dans la perception et le contrôle de trajectoires courbes, en référence aux propriétés des flux optiques générés par notre déplacement dans un environnement stable. Nous utilisons deux méthodes expérimentales : une approche comportementale sur simulateur de conduite et une approche psychophysique permettant d'évaluer les capacités d'observateurs humains à percevoir la direction du mouvement propre. Ces méthodes combinées visent à mettre en évidence les effets comportementaux d'une perception active de la direction du mouvement propre. L'introduction dresse l'état de la recherche sur les informations disponibles et les stratégies perceptives impliquées dans la prise de virage en conduite automobile. Ainsi, l'accent est à la fois mis sur le rôle du point de corde (dans le cas étudié d'un déplacement sur une route délimitée) et plus généralement sur le rôle du flux optique (description de la transformation apparente de l'environnement visuel lors du déplacement), soulignant notre capacité à interpréter spatialement le mouvement, mais aussi le caractère indissociable de la motricité et de la perception. Nous abordons ensuite le rôle des mouvements combinés des yeux et de la tête, dans une perspective fonctionnelle du contrôle du mouvement.Dans un premier chapitre expérimental, nous analysons les mouvements d'orientation de la tête lors de la prise de virage en conduite simulée. Nous montrons que les mouvements de la tête sont indépendants de la manipulation du volant et qu'ils participent activement à l'orientation du regard vers le point de corde. Dans un second chapitre expérimental, nous nous attachons à décrire les mouvements combinés des yeux et de la tête, en lien avec la géométrie de l'environnement routier. Dans une troisième partie, nous analysons plus finement le comportement du regard en lien avec la direction du point de corde et la vitesse locale du flux optique. Nous montrons à la fois que le point de corde correspond à un minimum local de vitesse optique et que la composante globale du flux optique induit un nystagmus optocinétique systématique. Enfin, lors d'une quatrième étude psychophysique, nous nous attachons à décrire finement l'effet de la variation de la direction du regard sur la discrimination de la direction du mouvement propre. Nous montrons que les seuils de discrimination de trajectoire sont minimaux lorsque le regard est orienté vers une zone de vitesse de flux minimal. Nous proposons finalement un modèle de détection de la trajectoire, basé sur une fraction de Weber des vitesses de flux fovéales, qui prédit très précisément les seuils expérimentaux. Les stratégies observées d'orientation du regard (combinaison des mouvements des yeux et de la tête) vers le point de corde sont compatibles avec une sélection optimale de l'information présente dans le flux optiqueThe main purpose of this dissertation is to determine the role of the direction and movement of the eyes and the head in the perception and control of self-motion in curved trajectories, with respect to the properties of the optical flows generated in a stable environment. To do so, we used two experimental methods: a psychophysical approach which allows to assess human observers' ability to perceive the direction of self-motion; and a behavior-based approach on a driving simulator. The two methods combined should help to highlight active perception of self-motion.The introduction reviews the current knowledge of perceptuo-motor strategies during curve driving. In this context, we put a stress on both (1.) the particular role of the tangent point -- in the driving situation on a delimited road, and on the role of the optic flow in general (apparent transformation of the optic array during self-motion), emphasizing the capability of humans to spatially interpret the movement; and (2.) on the duality between movement and perception. We then address the role of head-and-eye combined movements, in a functional perspective of the control of self-motion. In a first experimental section, we analyze the oriented movements of the head in simulated curve driving. We demonstrate that head movements are independent from the handling of the steering wheel, and that they actively participate in the gaze orientation toward the tangent point.In a second experimental section, we set out to describe the combined movements of head and eyes, with respect to the geometry of the road environment. In a third section, we analyze in more details gaze behavior as a function of the tangent point direction and of the local speed of optical flow. We demonstrate that the tangent point corresponds to a local minimum of optic flow speed and that the global component of the optic flow induces a systematic optokinetic nystagmus. In a fourth section involving a psychophysical study, we scrutinize the effect of varying gaze direction on the discrimination of the direction of self-motion. We show that the trajectory discrimination thresholds are minimal when the gaze is oriented toward an area of minimum flow speed. We finally propose a model of trajectory change detection, relying on a Weber fraction of foveal flow speeds, predicting the experimental thresholds very precisely. The gaze orientation strategies we have observed (combination of head and eye movements) toward the tangent point are compatible with this model and with the hypothesis of an active an optimal selection of the information contained in the optical flow
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Vieira, Thiago Andrew. "Dynamic global game coordination risks". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/113445.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2017.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 65-67).
We study a dynamic global game model of coordination risk among a group of agents invested in a project over a finite time horizon. Once every round each agent gets a private noisy signal of the health of the project. The agent must then decide to continue participating in the project in anticipation of receiving a full return on their investment upon the projects successful completion or foreclose on the project early and receive a reduced payout. This model extends the debt global game models of coordination risk by Morris and Shin to a multi period model similar to Dynamic Global Game Models of Angeletos, Hellwig and Pavan. This extended model allows us to study coordination risk over a finite time horizon and introduce new information structures of the the agents invested in the project. Our main results come from extensions to the dynamic global game model. First, we model public signals of the health of the project between all agents invested in it and show under certain conditions that positive public information of the project can decrease the projects chances of success. Second, we allow for agents to receive private and public noisy signals of past actions, introducing herd behaviour. We then show how this herd behaviour can increase the fragility of the system to external shocks of public or private information concerning the fundamentals of the project. Last, we introduce feedback into the reserve price that agents receive upon leaving the project early. We show that this feedback can be a positive or negative force on the health of the project. We conclude with an interpretation of the model to real world bond yields and numerical examples.
by Thiago Andrew Vieira.
M. Eng.
Książki na temat "Gaze Coordination"
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Bicchieri, Cristina. Rationality and coordination. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
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W, Friedman James, red. Problems of coordination in economic activity. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994.
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Exchange rates and policy coordination. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1989.
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Exchange rates and policy coordination. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1989.
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Larrouy, Lauren. On Coordination in Non-Cooperative Game Theory. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36171-5.
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Learning and coordination: Inductive deliberation, equilibrium, and convention. New York: Routledge, 2001.
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Xu, Yuhua, i Anpalagan Alagan. Game-theoretic Interference Coordination Approaches for Dynamic Spectrum Access. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0024-9.
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Brociner, Andrew. Fiscal policy coordination and EMU: A dynamic game approach. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1992.
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The Afghan Intel crisis: Satellite state, war of interests and the blame game. New York: Algora Publishing, 2017.
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Oberholzer-Gee, Felix. Social learning and coordination in high-stakes games: Evidence from friend or foe. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Gaze Coordination"
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de Croon, G., E. O. Postma i H. J. van den Herik. "Sensory-Motor Coordination in Gaze Control". W Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 334–44. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-32003-6_34.
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Mills, Gregory, i Remko Boschker. "Using Virtual Reality to Investigate the Emergence of Gaze Conventions in Interpersonal Coordination". W Communications in Computer and Information Science, 564–71. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19679-9_71.
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Fischer, Kerstin, Rosalyn M. Langedijk, Lotte Damsgaard Nissen, Eduardo Ruiz Ramirez i Oskar Palinko. "Gaze-Speech Coordination Influences the Persuasiveness of Human-Robot Dialog in the Wild". W Social Robotics, 157–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62056-1_14.
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Mills, Gregory, i Remko Boschker. "Using Virtual Reality to Investigate the Emergence of Gaze Conventions in Interpersonal Coordination". W Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2023, 580–84. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42293-5_76.
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Helmer, Henrike, Emma Betz i Arnulf Deppermann. "Chapter 12. Coordination of OKAY, nods, and gaze in claiming understanding and closing topics". W Studies in Language and Social Interaction, 364–93. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slsi.34.12hel.
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Kun, Jeremy, Brian Powers i Lev Reyzin. "Anti-coordination Games and Stable Graph Colorings". W Algorithmic Game Theory, 122–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41392-6_11.
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Rabin, Matthew. "Incorporating Behavioral Assumptions into Game Theory". W Problems of Coordination in Economic Activity, 69–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1398-4_4.
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Caragiannis, Ioannis, i Angelo Fanelli. "An Almost Ideal Coordination Mechanism for Unrelated Machine Scheduling". W Algorithmic Game Theory, 315–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53354-3_25.
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Mason, Ian. "7. Gaze, positioning and identity in interpreter-mediated dialogues". W Coordinating Participation in Dialogue Interpreting, 177–200. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/btl.102.08mas.
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Zhang, Yan, i Jing Tao Yao. "Towards Coordination Game Formulation in Game-Theoretic Rough Sets". W Rough Sets, 155–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47160-0_14.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Gaze Coordination"
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Liebling, Daniel J., i Susan T. Dumais. "Gaze and mouse coordination in everyday work". W UbiComp '14: The 2014 ACM Conference on Ubiquitous Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2638728.2641692.
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Nonaka, Soma, Shohei Nobuhara i Ko Nishino. "Dynamic 3D Gaze from Afar: Deep Gaze Estimation from Temporal Eye-Head-Body Coordination". W 2022 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr52688.2022.00223.
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Mazzocconi, Chiara, Vladislav Maraev, Vidya Somashekarappa i Christine Howes. "Looking for Laughs: Gaze Interaction with Laughter Pragmatics and Coordination". W ICMI '21: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MULTIMODAL INTERACTION. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3462244.3479947.
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Mutasim, Aunnoy K., Wolfgang Stuerzlinger i Anil Ufuk Batmaz. "Gaze Tracking for Eye-Hand Coordination Training Systems in Virtual Reality". W CHI '20: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3334480.3382924.
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Kim, Inki, Scarlett R. Miller i Andris Freivalds. "Motion Analysis as an Evaluation Framework for Eye-Hand Coordination: A Case Study in Ultrasound-Guided Catheter Insertion". W ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34575.
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Helping resident surgeons quickly and accurately develop expertise in clinical skills is crucial for improving patient safety and care. Because most surgical skills require visually aided device manipulations, developing effective eye-hand coordination is a crucial component of most surgical training. While eye-hand coordination has typically been evaluated on the basis of time to complete a task and number of errors, growing evidence suggests that task performance can be distinguished by detecting eye gaze patterns and movement planning. However, few studies have explored methods for collecting and evaluating gaze patterns without significantly impeding the user (e.g. goggle eye trackers), reducing the utility of this approach. Therefore, the current study was developed to propose and test a framework for evaluating the quality of eye-hand coordination using a novel motion analysis technique. To validate the framework, three expert and three novice resident surgeons were video-taped during ultrasound-guided central-venous catheter insertion procedures and compared. Our method was able to show that experts demonstrate distinguished patterns in adjusted accuracy, movement trajectories and time allocation. The results also showed that expert performance in eye-hand coordination appears to be characterized by goal-oriented adjustment. This research framework can be used to characterize individual differences and improve surgical residence training and can also be applied in other domains where eye-hand coordination needs to be studied without impeding user performance.
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Zhao, Zichen, Weitao Ke, Qingsong Yan i Xiaofeng Lu. "MFFC-Net: multi-scale feature fusion-based coordination network for gaze estimation". W International Conference on Cyber Security, Artificial Intelligence, and Digital Economy (CSAIDE 2023), redaktorzy Pavel Loskot i Shaozhang Niu. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2681656.
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Andrist, Sean, Tomislav Pejsa, Bilge Mutlu i Michael Gleicher. "A head-eye coordination model for animating gaze shifts of virtual characters". W the 4th Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2401836.2401840.
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Chen, Lingling, Yingxi Li, Xiaowei Bai, Xiaodong Wang, Yongqiang Hu, Mingwu Song, Liang Xie, Ye Yan i Erwei Yin. "Real-time Gaze Tracking with Head-eye Coordination for Head-mounted Displays". W 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality (ISMAR). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ismar55827.2022.00022.
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Demer, Joseph L., i Ben T. Crane. "Gaze Stability With Telescopic Spectacles: Challenges of Viewing Up Close and Personal". W Vision Science and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/vsia.1997.sua.2.
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Optimal visual function requires that images of interest be maintained on the fovea with sufficient stability, despite unintended but ubiquitous rotations and translations of the head. This gaze stabilization is necessary since retinal image velocities exceeding 2-3°/sec are associated with a log-linear decline in visual acuity(2). We show elsewhere in this volume that, during normal vision, gaze stability is achieved by a combination of angular and linear vestibulo-ocular reflex responses, as well as coordination of coupling between head rotation and translation. The head effectively moves in a broad arc about an axis of rotation anterior to the head. Gaze stabilization during natural activities such as standing and ambulation is most effective during viewing of remote targets, but is degraded with target proximity. Gaze stabilization must also be achieved when subjects wear head-mounted devices such as video or telescopic spectacle magnifiers. Such devices enlarge images on the retina and markedly alter the demands placed on gaze stabilization reflexes. Due to technical limitations, prior studies of the effects of telescopic spectacles emphasized visual enhancement of the gain (compensatory eye velocity divided by head velocity) of the angular vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). These studies reported the seemingly paradoxical observation that while large and appropriate enhancements of VOR gain occurred when subjects wearing telescopic spectacles made repetitive, predictable movements(3), gain enhancements were considerably smaller during unpredictable head movements or those incidental to natural activities(4). We investigated this problem by directly measuring gaze stability in all degrees of rotational and translational freedom in naturally-moving subjects wearing telescopic spectacles.
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Winoto, Pinata, i Tiffany Y. Tang. "A Multi-User Tabletop Application to Train Children with Autism Social Attention Coordination Skills without Forcing Eye-Gaze Following". W IDC '17: Interaction Design and Children. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3078072.3084320.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Gaze Coordination"
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Zelf Mohammed. Significance of Post-Game-Specificity Skills Coaching on Rhythmic Coupling Coordination Case Players Handball Positions. Povolzhskaya State Academy of Physical Culture of Sports and Tourism, wrzesień 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.14526/03_2017_230.
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Just, Richard E., Eithan Hochman i Sinaia Netanyahu. Problems and Prospects in the Political Economy of Trans-Boundary Water Issues. United States Department of Agriculture, luty 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573997.bard.
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The objective of this research was to develop and apply a conceptual framework for evaluating the potential of trans-boundary bargaining with respect to water resource sharing. The research accomplished this objective by developing a framework for trans-boundary bargaining, identifying opportunities for application, and illustrating the potential benefits that can be gained thereby. Specifically, we have accomplished the following: - Developed a framework to measure the potential for improving economic efficiency considering issues of political feasibility and sustainability that are crucial in trans-boundary cooperation. - Used both cooperative and non-cooperative game theory to assess feasible coalitions among the parties involved and to model potential bargaining procedures. - Identified empirically alternative schemes of cooperation that both improve upon the economic efficiency of present water usage and appease all of the cooperating parties. - Estimated the potential short-run and long-run affects of water reallocation on the agricultural sector and used this information to understand potential strategies taken by the countries in bargaining processes. - Performed case studies in Israeli-Jordanian relations, the relationship of Israel to the Palestinian Authority, and cooperation on the Chesapeake Bay. - Published or have in process publication of a series of refereed journal articles. - Published a book which first develops the theoretical framework, then presents research results relating to the case studies, and finally draws implications for water cooperation issues generally. Background to the Topic The increase in water scarcity and decline in water quality that has resulted from increased agricultural, industrial, and urban demands raises questions regarding profitability of the agricultural sector under its present structure. The lack of efficient management has been underscored recently by consecutive years of drought in Israel and increased needs to clean up the Chesapeake Bay. Since agriculture in the Middle East (Chesapeake Bay) is both the main water user (polluter) and the low-value user (polluter), a reallocation of water use (pollution rights) away from agriculture is likely with further industrial and urban growth. Furthermore, the trans-boundary nature of water resources in the case of the Middle East and the Chesapeake Bay contributes to increased conflicts over the use of the resources and therefore requires a political economic approach. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements and Implications Using game theory tools, we critically identify obstacles to cooperation. We identify potential gains from coordination on trans-boundary water policies and projects. We identify the conditions under which partial (versus grand) coalitions dominate in solving water quality disputes among riparian countries. We identify conditions under which linking water issues to unrelated disputes achieves gains in trans-boundary negotiations. We show that gains are likely only when unrelated issues satisfy certain characteristics. We find conditions for efficient water markets under price-determined and quantity-determined markets. We find water recycling and adoption of new technologies such as desalination can be part of the solution for alleviating water shortages locally and regionally but that timing is likely to be different than anticipated. These results have been disseminated through a wide variety of publications and oral presentations as well as through interaction with policymakers in both countries.
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Arora, Sanjana, i Olena Koval. Norway Country Report. University of Stavanger, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.232.
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This report is part of a larger cross-country comparative project and constitutes an account and analysis of the measures comprising the Norwegian national response to the COVID-19 pandemic during the year of 2020. This time period is interesting in that mitigation efforts were predominantly of a non-medical nature. Mass vaccinations were in Norway conducted in early 2021. With one of the lowest mortality rates in Europe and relatively lower economic repercussions compared to its Nordic neighbours, the Norwegian case stands unique (OECD, 2021: Eurostat 2021; Statista, 2022). This report presents a summary of Norwegian response to the COVID-19 pandemic by taking into account its governance, political administration and societal context. In doing so, it highlights the key features of the Nordic governance model and the mitigation measures that attributed to its success, as well as some facets of Norway’s under-preparedness. Norway’s relative isolation in Northern Europe coupled with low population density gave it a geographical advantage in ensuring a slower spread of the virus. However, the spread of infection was also uneven, which meant that infection rates were concentrated more in some areas than in others. On the fiscal front, the affluence of Norway is linked to its petroleum industry and the related Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund. Both were affected by the pandemic, reflected through a reduction in the country’s annual GDP (SSB, 2022). The Nordic model of extensive welfare services, economic measures, a strong healthcare system with goals of equity and a high trust society, indeed ensured a strong shield against the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, the consequences of the pandemic were uneven with unemployment especially high among those with low education and/or in low-income professions, as well as among immigrants (NOU, 2022:5). The social and psychological effects were also uneven, with children and elderly being left particularly vulnerable (Christensen, 2021). Further, the pandemic also at times led to unprecedented pressure on some intensive care units (OECD, 2021). Central to handling the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway were the three national executive authorities: the Ministry of Health and Care services, the National directorate of health and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. With regard to political-administrative functions, the principle of subsidiarity (decentralisation) and responsibility meant that local governments had a high degree of autonomy in implementing infection control measures. Risk communication was thus also relatively decentralised, depending on the local outbreak situations. While decentralisation likely gave flexibility, ability to improvise in a crisis and utilise the municipalities’ knowledge of local contexts, it also brought forward challenges of coordination between the national and municipal level. Lack of training, infection control and protection equipment thereby prevailed in several municipalities. Although in effect for limited periods of time, the Corona Act, which allowed for fairly severe restrictions, received mixed responses in the public sphere. Critical perceptions towards the Corona Act were not seen as a surprise, considering that Norwegian society has traditionally relied on its ‘dugnadskultur’ – a culture of voluntary contributions in the spirit of solidarity. Government representatives at the frontline of communication were also open about the degree of uncertainty coupled with considerable potential for great societal damage. Overall, the mitigation policy in Norway was successful in keeping the overall infection rates and mortality low, albeit with a few societal and political-administrative challenges. The case of Norway is thus indeed exemplary with regard to its effective mitigation measures and strong government support to mitigate the impact of those measures. However, it also goes to show how a country with good crisis preparedness systems, governance and a comprehensive welfare system was also left somewhat underprepared by the devastating consequences of the pandemic.
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Playing the long game: Experimenting Smart Specialisation in the Basque Country 2016-2019. Universidad de Deusto, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ajzo9759.
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Smart specialization strategies (RIS3) represent arguably the most ambitious regional innovation policy ever launched in the EU and as such have posed a major challenge for governments. While developing a smart specialization strategy has not been an entirely new adventure for the Basque Country, which has consistently pursued an industrial strategy over more than thirty years, there is enough novelty in the RIS3 process to pose a challenge even for mature regional innovation policy systems. This report builds on previous analysis of the early implementation of the Basque Country RIS3 (Aranguren et al, 2016) to explore how the processes initially set in motion have subsequently evolved. The focus is on the period 2016-2019 and the analysis is based on interviews with 28 key actors in the Basque RIS3 process alongside a range of other documentary sources. The analysis finds significant changes in the governance of the entrepreneurial discovery processes established in the three strategic priority areas (advanced manufacturing, energy and bio-health) and four opportunity niches (ecosystems, food, urban habitat and creative and cultural industries). These are materializing in changes in the actors engaged and the strategies pursued, and they lead to six core conclusions that might form the basis for recommendations for the future. In line with a ‘living strategy’, a new configuration of priorities is emerging There is an increasing horizontalization taking place, built on cross-cutting concern for internationalization, skills, new business models and entrepreneurship Engaging SMEs remains a huge challenge, and Basque experience points to key roles for cluster associations, local development agencies and vocational training centres The integration of social challenges (and civil society) remains a key challenge, and might take inspiration from Agenda 2030 and from transformative innovation policy or mission-oriented policy approaches There is a specific need for larger, more integrated projects, which will require further adaption of the implementation and policy mix There is need to work on the voice of regions within EU decision-making dynamics and to strengthen coordination across regional initiatives The evolution of the entrepreneurial discovery process observed in the Basque Country sheds light on some of the key issues with the ongoing development of RIS3 across Europe. These include the nature of their experimentalist polity, the further reform of regional research and innovation systems, the rising status of monitoring and evaluation as a strategic diagnostic tool, and the need to re-enforce synergies between EU policy instruments and across EU regions.