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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Gasoline"
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Sych, O., A. Korniienko i N. Yevtushenko. "FORENSIC INVESTIGATION OF PETROLEUM COMPONENTS OF MIXED MOTOR GASOLINES". Criminalistics and Forensics, nr 66 (2021): 860–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2020.66.64.
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The main types of petroleum components that are used in the manufacture of mixed motor gasolines are considered. For the manufacture of mixed motor gasolines, a low-octane base is used, to which high-octane components are added. In many cases, reformate (catalytic reforming gasoline) and isopentane (isopentane fraction) are used as high-octane components of mixed motor gasolines. Straight-run gasoline and stable gasoline are often used as the low-octane gasoline base of blended automobile gasolines. Reformate is a liquid mixture of aromatic and saturated hydrocarbons used as a high-octane component of automobile (aviation) gasolines and raw materials in the production of aromatic hydrocarbons (arenas). The reformate is obtained by catalytic reforming of straight-run gasoline fractions. Isopentane (2-methylbutane (CH3)2CHCH2CH3) is a colorless, flammable liquid. The technical product is a mixture of isomeric pentanes and boils within 24 - 34°C. The isopentane fraction can be isolated from gas gasoline, from gasoline direct distillation of oil and gasoline catalytic cracking. Straight-run gasoline (nefras) is obtained from the processing of crude oil or gas condensate, oil shale or coal, natural gas or oil and gas. Straight run gasoline contains light gasoline fractions of direct distillation of oil with a boiling range of 35 - 180°C. Gas gasoline (gas stable gasoline) is obtained from natural and petroleum gases containing vapors of gasoline hydrocarbons. To separate them, the gases are compressed and cooled (compression method) or absorbed with oil or activated carbon. Gas gasoline is similar in chemical composition to straight-run gasoline, but contains lighter hydrocarbon fractions. The article discusses the results of a study of the listed petroleum components of mixed gasoline by gas-liquid chromatography. This method allows you to establish the qualitative and quantitative composition of mixed motor gasolines and their components. It is shown that from readily available petroleum components (isopentane fraction, aromatic hydrocarbons and gas stable gasoline) without the use of sophisticated technological equipment, a gasoline mixture with high detonation resistance, which is falsified automobile gasoline, can be obtained by mixing method. When mixed in certain proportions of reformate, isopentane fraction and gas stable gasoline, it is possible to obtain marketable gasoline that will meet the requirements of regulatory documents for gasoline. The considered technology allows, when mixing commodity gasolines A-92 (A-95) with reformate, isopentane fraction and gasoline gas stable in the calculated proportions, to improve the operational characteristics (detonation resistance) of the obtained gasoline mixture or to increase the volume of the obtained gasoline mixture without improving its performance.
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Yefymenko, Valerii, Vira Rudenko, Olha Titova, Olena Kosenko i Tetiana Kravchuk. "USE OF ALCOHOL ADDITIVES FOR ECOLOGICAL GASOLINE PRODUCTION". Proceedings of the National Aviation University 88, nr 3 (27.10.2021): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18372/2306-1472.88.16006.
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The purpose of this article is to perform research to improve the stability, quality and efficiency of gasoline-alcohol fuel compositions, as well as obtaining high-octane gasolines corresponding to the modern standards with the addition of alcohols and their mixtures to these gasolines. Research methods: The article considers physicochemical methods for studying the stratification of alcohol-gasoline mixtures, determining the water content in them, as well as determining the octane number of alcohol-gasoline compositions. Results: The raw material base and possibilities of bioethanol production in Ukraine as an ecological additive to gasoline and as a way to increase their octane number were studied. Stratification temperatures of alcohol-gasoline mixtures and octane numbers of A-92 gasoline with different alcohol content were determined. Discussion: It is proposed to use higher concentrations of ethanol (bioethanol) in gasoline mixtures more than 40% of alcohol, because it does not require dehydration. It is proposed to use an additional fuel pump, which would work only for mixing the fuel mixture, to prevent stratification of the fuel-ethanol composition during its long-term storage in the car’s tanks.
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Zdanevuch, V., S. Yanyk, V. Malikov i S. Litvinovski. "APPLICATION OF ALCOHOL-ACETONE SOLVENTS AS ADDITIVES TO GASOLINE". Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy 1, nr 13 (30.12.2020): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2020.13.1.170-175.
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The article considers the influence of alcohol-acetone solvents on the performance properties of motor gasolines in order to be able to use methanol-acetone solvent as an additive to increase the detonation resistance of gasoline. Currently, there are biocompatible gasolines that contain a variety of aliphatic alcohols. Thus, according to DSTU 7687: 2015 in gasoline allowed methanol up to 3%, ethanol up to 10%, isopropyl alcohol up to 12%, isobutyl alcohol up to 15% and a significant amount of other oxygen-containing compounds. When using gasoline with a high end of boiling in internal combustion engines with spark ignition, soot is formed, which adversely affects the operation of the engine and largely depends on the composition of gasoline.The ability of the fuel to form a homogeneous, without detonation combustible mixture. To improve the energy properties of methanol it can be used as a solution with other hydrocarbons The reason of testing is the possibility of using methanol-acetone mixture to improve the performance of biocompatible gasolines, including pumping, evaporation, flammability, flammability, prone to compatibility and toxicity. Starting properties of gasoline, largely depend on the number of fractions that boil within the temperature range from the beginning of distillation to 10% of gasoline distillation, as well as determining the saturated vapor pressure, but in the presence of low-boiling fractions in gasoline, under certain operating conditions, can cause interruptions in the supply of gasoline, which is associated with the formation of steam plugs in the fuel system of engines. In the modern literature there is no analysis and the possibility of using alcohol-acetone solutions as additives to biogasolines in order to improve their performance. Keywords: production, application, alcohol-acetone solvents, biogasolines, oxygen-containing hydrocarbons, aliphatic alcohols, octane number
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Tselishchev, Aleksey, Marina Loriya, Sergey Boychenko, Sergey Kudryavtsev i Vasil Laneckij. "RESEARCH OF CHANGE IN FRACTION COMPOSITION OF VEHICLE GASOLINE IN THE MODIFICATION OF ITS BIODETHANOL IN THE CAVITATION FIELD". EUREKA: Physics and Engineering 5 (30.09.2020): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2020.001399.
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The influence of bioethanol content and parameters of the cavitation field on the quality indicators of motor gasolines: volatility and octane number is studied. Studying the effect of bioethanol and cavitation treatment of bioethanol-gasoline mixture will make it possible to produce automotive fuels for different climatic zones, or winter (summer) versions of gasolines. The use of bioethanol and cavitation treatment of a bioethanol-gasoline mixture affect the fractional composition of motor gasoline and its volatility. The optimal content of the biocomponent, at which there is an increase in the volatility of gasoline, is established Also the results of the octane number change are presented depending on the intensity of cavitation treatment for gas condensate with the addition of bioethanol. The influence of bioethanol content on the increase in octane number during cavitation treatment is determined. It is found that the introduction of bioethanol into the composition of gasoline leads to an improvement in its volatility. In this case, cavitation treatment makes it possible to obtain a mixture resistant to delamination. The addition of bioethanol leads to an adequate increase in light fractions during mechanical mixing and to a change in the fractional composition of the bioethanol-gasoline mixture during cavitation treatment. The addition of bioethanol in amounts up to 10% leads to a decrease in the saturated vapor pressure during cavitation treatment of bioethanol-gasoline mixtures, and an increase in the bioethanol content up to 20% leads to an increase in the saturated vapor pressure, which is explained by a change in the chemical composition of fuel components in comparison with the mechanical method of preparing mixtures. By cavitation treatment it is possible to change the fractional composition, the pressure of saturated vapors and the volatility of bioethanol-gasoline mixtures, making cavitation a promising energy-saving process for the production of gasoline for various climatic conditions
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Ibrahimov, R. G., Kh I. Abad-zade, A. N. Kerimov i R. O. Mejidov. "Obtaining environment-friendly high-octane gasoline". Azerbaijan Oil Industry, nr 02 (15.02.2022): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2022-02-47-54.
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As a result of theoretic and experimental studies carried out, the compounds have been developed based on the gasoline of catalytic cracking from hydraulic treated vacuum distillation of hard mode with supply of coking gasoline to the upper part of reactor, the reforming gasoline with clear rectification of raw of mild mode, gasoline fraction of -85 оС i.b.p of direct distillation with less toxic octane-increasing additive, as well as oxygenate additive (DIPE). On the basis of obtained compounds, A-92 and A-95 commercial gasolines fully meeting Euro-3 and Euro-4 requirements have been obtained. The content of benzole, aromatic hydrocarbons and sulphur in their composition comprised 1 %, 42.0 % and 10 ppm correspondingly.
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Schifter, Isaac, Luis Diaz, Uriel Gonzalez, Carmen Gonzalez-Macias i Isidro Mejía-Centeno. "The effects of addition of co-solvents on the physicochemical properties of gasoline–methanol blended fuels". International Journal of Engine Research 20, nr 5 (22.02.2018): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418757855.
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The scope of the work carried out is aimed to evaluate the effects of blending methanol in the gasoline pool, particularly octane number and Reid vapor pressure increase when methanol is substituting methyl-tertiary-butyl ether in the formulation of Regular and Premium base gasolines. Isopropyl alcohol and ethanol have been investigated and found to be a promising co-blending alcohol to be mixed in gasoline methanol blends. Isopropyl alcohol is most effective below 3 vol%. Ethanol has been found to be the most promising co-blending alcohol able to reduce the Reid vapor pressure increase by 1.4 psi even with concentrations in the range of 2 vol%. The addition of isopropyl alcohol to the methanol–gasoline blends has shown the ability of a ternary mixture to further reduce the Reid vapor pressure of the finished gasoline and, subject to availability and price of isopropyl alcohol, could be of interest in further formulation studies focused on maximizing the saving on finished gasoline cost by reducing the Reid vapor pressure of base gasoline and/or increasing the methanol content.
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PG, Morais, Queto Cardoso EN i José Alves Mendes Zacarias LF. "Evaluation of the Additive Power of Ethanol Obtained from Angola Grass in Direct Distillation Gasoline Samples, Case Study: Straight Run (SR) Gasoline Produced at Luanda Refinery". Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 6, nr 2 (29.04.2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000304.
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Alongside the process of blending naphtha, fuel anhydrous ethyl alcohol is an additive recurrently used to adjust commercial properties such as the octane index of gasolines during its formulation. This additive is environmentally recommended due to the promotion of decarbonization in gasolines that is evidenced in its consumption with the reduction of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere, compared to the consumption of other gasolines. There are several ways to obtain the respective additive, the research leads to obtaining it from the Angolan grass (Brachiaria purpurascens "Forsk" Stapf). Angola grass has a low fiber and protein content, thus becoming with low preference in the choice for animal feed and has a significant content of nonnitrogen extractives giving it a high energy potential to be raw material for biofuel production Through an experimental study and on a laboratory scale, alcohol was produced, then the quantities of the two components of the mixture were determined using additive calculations, and then mixed in samples of Straight run (SR) gasolines direct distillation produced in Luanda Refinery. Next, octane index tests were performed in the final mixture by the RON method following ASTM D22699 and adulteration potencies were verified in the samples. The octane index defined to be reached was 95 octane and it was proven that alcohol produced from Angola grass has the potential to promote improvements in octane index, as we found increases in the octane index of additive gasoline shows. We recorded an improvement of the rate of 91% for sample 1 namely the mixture of anhydrous alcohol of grass and light gasoline (SR) of the Luanda Refinery and finally an improvement in the order of 81% for sample 2 namely the mixture of anhydrous alcohol of heavy gasoline grass of the Luanda Refinery. However, it is demonstrating in the first instance starting methodologies for the additive of gasoline samples, and in the second instance the "effect" of a fuel anhydrous alcohol derived from a "differentiated matter" called Angola grass, when used as an additive in direct distillation gasoline, which is concluded to be positive.
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Kudryavtsev, Sergey, Oleksii Tselishchev, Maryna Loriia, Yevhen Bura i Maryna Tselishcheva. "Modification of gas condensate gasoline by single atomic alcohols with the use of cavitation". Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, nr 6 (113) (29.10.2021): 6–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.242668.
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The process of modification of gas condensate gasolines with monohydric alcohols with subsequent cavitation treatment of these mixtures has been investigated. The expediency of using alcohol additives in fuels and the relevance of introducing into gasoline production such chemical technologies that use cavitation processing of raw materials and selective energy supply to the reaction zone have been substantiated. The expediency of the production of high-octane gasolines on the basis of a combination of the processes of mechanical mixing of hydrocarbon gasolines with alcohols and the processes of cavitation treatment of alcohol-gasoline mixtures is also substantiated. The description of the laboratory setup and the experimental methodology is given. The influence of the intensity of cavitation treatment on the increase in the octane number is studied and it is proved that there is some optimal intensity at which a constant value of the octane number of the mixture is achieved. With an increase in the content of bioethanol in the mixture, the number of cavitation cycles (intensity) required to achieve the steady-state value of the octane number decreases from 8 cycles of gas condensate without bioethanol to 4 cycles with a bioethanol content of 3% and more. To achieve the octane number of the mixture corresponding to gasoline A-92 and A-95, it is necessary to add 2% and 5% bioethanol, respectively. It is shown that the use of cavitation can increase the octane number up to 2.6 points in comparison with simple mechanical mixing of alcohol and gasoline. A comparison is made of the efficiency of using bioethanol and isobutanol for modifying gas condensate gasoline in a cavitation field. The effect of cavitation on the octane number was studied with a change in the concentration of alcohol in the mixture. A new way of modifying low-octane motor gasolines with bio-ethanol and other mixtures of alcohols of biochemical origin, which contain water impurities, is shown
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Trotsenko, O., i A. Grigorov. "IMPROVING THE ENVIRONMENTALITY OF MOTOR GASOLINE". Integrated Technologies and Energy Saving, nr 1 (21.06.2022): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2078-5364.2022.1.01.
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The article considers measures aimed at improving the environmental situation of large cities by reducing the harmful effects of exhaust gases generated during the operation of road transport. It is substantiated that a direct increase in the environmental friendliness of motor gasoline is the most promising approach to reducing the toxicity of exhaust gases. This increase can be achieved by reducing dissolved hydrocarbon gases (C4H10 and iso-C4H10) and metals (Pb, Fe, Mn) in gasoline; facilitation of the fractional composition of gasoline (including the end-boiling temperature); reduction in gasoline content of sulfur, aromatic hydrocarbons and olefins. Reducing these undesirable, from an environmental point of view, components will improve the quality of gasoline to the Euro-5 requirements adopted in Ukraine, as well as significantly extend the service life of special catalysts installed on motor vehicles to clean exhaust gases.
The effect on the gasoline fraction (PK – 180 °C) and commercial gasoline A-95, oxygenates (methyl tert-butyl ether and ethyl alcohol) and 1,3-diphenyltriazene was studied. It is established that the use of 1% of the mass. 1,3-diphenyltriazene, in the composition of straight-run gasoline allows to increase its resistance to detonation by 12 points, reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases by 24% in terms of CO and 17% in terms of CH. It was determined that the addition of 1,3-diphenyltriazene to commercial gasoline A-95 in the amount of 1% by weight, in contrast to oxygenates, does not lead to a deterioration in the evaporation of gasolines and their physical stability.
The use of 1,3-diphenyltriazene in commercial gasoline, due to its positive properties, in the future will optimize the use of other additives, including oxygenates, which are widely used today in the technology of commercial gasoline.
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Bohács, Gy, Z. Ovádi i A. Salgó. "Prediction of Gasoline Properties with near Infrared Spectroscopy". Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 6, nr 1 (styczeń 1998): 341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1255/jnirs.155.
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The test measurements used for the analysis of gasoline quality are mostly complicated standard procedures which are time consuming and which require special equipment, large volume of samples and specialists. The standard test methods could be partly replaced with non-destructive near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic measurements which are fast and less expensive. The aim of this paper is to present a feasible procedure for the prediction of quality parameters of gasoline from its NIR spectrum in a large and very diverse sample set. 350 commercially available gasoline samples were collected from July 1996. The samples covered summer and winter grades of normal, super and superplus unleaded gasolines with minimum RON requirements of 91, 95 and 98, respectively. These fuels covered a wide range of samples from very different sources including Hungarian and foreign refineries and pumps. An InfraPrime Lab Analyser (Bran+Luebbe) with high quality optical fibres in combination with multivariate calibration (PLSR) was used to determine 12 different chemical and physical properties of gasolines including reseach octane number (RON), motor octane number (MON), benzene, methyl-tertier-buthyl-ether (MTBE), sulphur content, distillation characteristics, Reid vapour pressure (RVP) and density at 15°C. The developed NIR methods predicted four important gasoline properties (RON, MON, benzene and MTBE content) with reproducibilities equivalent to the standard test procedures. The standard errors of prediction were 0.34 for RON, 0.30 for MON, 0.13%(vv−1) for benzene and 0.21%(vv−1) for MTBE content. The correlation coefficients were better than 0.970 in these calibrations. Calibrations developed for other gasoline properties showed poor correlation coefficients and allowed each parameter to be predicted only with higher standard error than the reference values. The NIR methods described are suitable for routine selection measurements in large series of gasoline samples.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Gasoline"
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Munhoz, João Fernando Villarrubia Lopes [UNESP]. "Método alternativo para detecção de não conformidade em gasolina comercial brasileira do tipo C". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97957.
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000719100.pdf: 8562731 bytes, checksum: 4a902f8a7e7692ae1c195d2afa11172e (MD5)O Governo brasileiro intervia diretamente na comercialização de combustíveis até a década de 90. Com a abertura do mercado, pequenos revendedores sem contrato exclusivo com qualquer distribuidora, chamados de ‘bandeiras brancas’, surgiram no ambiente concorrencial. Com o propósito de assegurar a qualidade, a Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis, ANP, criou portarias especificando as características físico-químicas da gasolina comercial brasileira, tal como a Portaria nº 309. Com a crescente quantidade de informações, a diminuição do tempo de análise é uma necessidade. Uma técnica promissora é a cromatografia gasosa ultrarrápida, capaz de realizar uma corrida em poucos minutos, ou até mesmo em alguns segundos. Para isso, o comprimento da coluna capilar e seu diâmetro interno são reduzidos e seu aquecimento é feito através de uma resistência encapsulada. Assim, é possível obter os mesmos resultados em tempo diminuído e com a mesma qualidade. O aumento do volume de informações obtido experimentalmente exige ferramentas matemáticas mais avançadas para seu tratamento. Desde a década de 70, a quimiometria tem sido aplicada na obtenção, representação e transformação destes dados. O objetivo deste trabalho é criar um método de cromatografia gasosa ultrarrápida para análise de gasolinas comerciais brasileiras e, com ferramentas quimiométricas, classificar quanto à qualidade segundo a ANP. No desenvolvimento, cerca de 580 amostras de gasolinas comerciais foram coletadas mensalmente na região centro-oeste do estado de São Paulo. Os ensaios físico-químicos obtidos revelaram que grande parte não estava em conformidade com as portarias estabelecidas, possuindo apenas um parâmetro em discordância: a quantidade de etanol em sua composição...
The Brazilian government intervened directly in the commercialization of fuel until de 90s. By opening of the marketing, small dealers without exclusive contract with any distributor, called ‘white flags’, appeared in the competitive environment. In order to ensure quality, the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels, ANP, has created ordinances which specify physico-chemicals characteristics of Brazilian commercial gasoline, such as the Ordinance No 309. By increasing the amount of information, reducing the analysis time is a necessity. A promising technique is the ultra-fast gas chromatography, able to perform a chromatographic run in just few minutes, or even in seconds. Thereunto, the capillary column length and its internal diameter are reduced and its heating is done via an encapsulated resistor. It is possible to obtain the same results in reduced time and with the same quality. The increasing volume of information obtained experimentally requires more advanced mathematical tools for their treatment. Since the 70s, Chemometrics has been applied in acquisition, representation and processing these data. The objective of this work is to create an ultrafast gas chromatography method for analisys of the Brazilian commercial gasoline and, with chemometric tools, sort by their quality according to ANP. In development, about 580 commercial gasoline samples were collected monthly in the central-western state of São Paulo. The physico-chemical assays reveled that a great fraction of which was not in accordance with the ordinances established, having only one parameter in disagreement: the amount of ethanol in its composition. The addition of adulterants to some samples was necessary to increase the variability of the data. Monthly, 50 of 580 samples were selected by the hierarchical cluster analysis... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Munhoz, João Fernando Villarrubia Lopes. "Método alternativo para detecção de não conformidade em gasolina comercial brasileira do tipo C /". Araraquara, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97957.
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Orientador: José Eduardo de OliveiraCoorientador: Danilo Luiz Flumignan
Banca: Aristeu Gomes Tininis
Banca: Fabio da Silva Vinhado
Resumo: O Governo brasileiro intervia diretamente na comercialização de combustíveis até a década de 90. Com a abertura do mercado, pequenos revendedores sem contrato exclusivo com qualquer distribuidora, chamados de 'bandeiras brancas', surgiram no ambiente concorrencial. Com o propósito de assegurar a qualidade, a Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis, ANP, criou portarias especificando as características físico-químicas da gasolina comercial brasileira, tal como a Portaria nº 309. Com a crescente quantidade de informações, a diminuição do tempo de análise é uma necessidade. Uma técnica promissora é a cromatografia gasosa ultrarrápida, capaz de realizar uma corrida em poucos minutos, ou até mesmo em alguns segundos. Para isso, o comprimento da coluna capilar e seu diâmetro interno são reduzidos e seu aquecimento é feito através de uma resistência encapsulada. Assim, é possível obter os mesmos resultados em tempo diminuído e com a mesma qualidade. O aumento do volume de informações obtido experimentalmente exige ferramentas matemáticas mais avançadas para seu tratamento. Desde a década de 70, a quimiometria tem sido aplicada na obtenção, representação e transformação destes dados. O objetivo deste trabalho é criar um método de cromatografia gasosa ultrarrápida para análise de gasolinas comerciais brasileiras e, com ferramentas quimiométricas, classificar quanto à qualidade segundo a ANP. No desenvolvimento, cerca de 580 amostras de gasolinas comerciais foram coletadas mensalmente na região centro-oeste do estado de São Paulo. Os ensaios físico-químicos obtidos revelaram que grande parte não estava em conformidade com as portarias estabelecidas, possuindo apenas um parâmetro em discordância: a quantidade de etanol em sua composição... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The Brazilian government intervened directly in the commercialization of fuel until de 90s. By opening of the marketing, small dealers without exclusive contract with any distributor, called 'white flags', appeared in the competitive environment. In order to ensure quality, the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels, ANP, has created ordinances which specify physico-chemicals characteristics of Brazilian commercial gasoline, such as the Ordinance No 309. By increasing the amount of information, reducing the analysis time is a necessity. A promising technique is the ultra-fast gas chromatography, able to perform a chromatographic run in just few minutes, or even in seconds. Thereunto, the capillary column length and its internal diameter are reduced and its heating is done via an encapsulated resistor. It is possible to obtain the same results in reduced time and with the same quality. The increasing volume of information obtained experimentally requires more advanced mathematical tools for their treatment. Since the 70s, Chemometrics has been applied in acquisition, representation and processing these data. The objective of this work is to create an ultrafast gas chromatography method for analisys of the Brazilian commercial gasoline and, with chemometric tools, sort by their quality according to ANP. In development, about 580 commercial gasoline samples were collected monthly in the central-western state of São Paulo. The physico-chemical assays reveled that a great fraction of which was not in accordance with the ordinances established, having only one parameter in disagreement: the amount of ethanol in its composition. The addition of adulterants to some samples was necessary to increase the variability of the data. Monthly, 50 of 580 samples were selected by the hierarchical cluster analysis... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Allen, Chris. "Thicker than gasoline /". Available to subscribers only, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1328049391&sid=18&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Coelho, Sérgio Ricardo Cunha. "Estudo da viabilidade técnica da utilização da corrente de gasolina natural em unidades de processamento de gás natural". [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266849.
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Orientador: Flávio Vasconcelos da SilvaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: O crescimento da disponibilidade de gás natural no Brasil nos últimos anos foi possível graças ao desenvolvimento de novos campos de petróleo e gás e a mobilização da Petrobras no sentido do aproveitamento do gás produzido. O "Plangás", plano de antecipação da produção de gás, possibilitou ao país alcançar segurança na oferta sem depender do recebimento de gás da Bolívia, no entanto sem prescindir deste. Com a construção de diversas plantas de processamento, o país agora importa menos GLP, tradicionalmente deficitário e consequentemente produz grandes quantidades de gasolina natural, ambos resultantes do processamento de gás natural. A gasolina natural (CS+) é tradicionalmente incorporada ao petróleo do campo produtor devido a sua pequena escala de produção. O Objetivo deste trabalho foi propor alternativas para a utilização da gasolina natural (C5+) dentro dos limites de uma UPGN. Foi realizada a caracterização do C5+ através das técnicas mais destacadas na literatura e através das diversas de mistura procurou-se a melhor formulação para compor gasolina tipo "A", usando-se outras correntes de processo corno elevadores de octanagern. Verificou-se a possibilidade do uso do C5+ como solvente e finalmente corno carga para unidades de produção de etileno e seus subprodutos derivados do craqueamento térmico a vapor. Constata-se o caráter parafínico do C5+ através da sua crornatografia, PONA, Kw e octanagem baixa. A destilação ASTM D-86 evidencia a semelhança do C5+ com a nafta leve de destilação, corrente normalmente usada como carga para unidades de craqueamento para obtenção de olefinas. A análise das propriedades do CS+ mostra a inviabilidade do seu emprego corno gasolina. Só é possível seu aproveitamento corno gasolina através de misturas com outras naftas, sendo que as naftas de polimerização e craqueamento que se mostraram mais promissoras para este fim. Solventes leves podem ser produzidos por destilação do C5+, destacando-se os solventes de borracha e de extração. O rendimento para obtenção de eteno usando-se o C5+ como carga nas unidades de pirólise térmica a vapor pode chegar a 32% em massa, superando o rendimento das correntes liquidas tradicionalmente usadas nestas unidades. A projeção de produção de C5+ nos próximos anos, devido principalmente aos projetos do Plangás e Pré-sal certamente despertará na indústria petrolífera um maior interesse no aproveitamento desta corrente de processo.
Abstract: The increasing availability of natural gas in Brazil in recent years was made possible by the development of new fields of oil and gas and Petrobras mobilization towards tapping the gas produced. The anticipation plan for the production of natural gas, "Plangás", enabled the country to achieve security without depending on the offer of receiving gas from Bolivia, but without ignoring it. With the construction of several processing plants, the country now imports less LPG, traditionally deficit, and consequently produces large quantities of natural gas, resulting from both natural gas processing. The natural gasoline (C5+) is traditionally incorporated into the oil producing field due to their small scale production. The goal of this study was to propose alternatives to the use of natural gasoline (C5 +) within the limits of a UPGN. We performed the characterization of the C5 + through the techniques most prominent in the literature and through the various mixing rules sought to make the best formulation for gasoline Type "A", using other process streams such as octane elevators. There was the possibility ofusing the C5 +as a solvent and finally how raw material to load units of ethylene and byproducts derived from thermal steam cracking. It shows the paraffin character of the C5 + through its chromatography, PONA, Kw and low octane. Distillation ASTM D-86 shows the similarity of the C5 + with the light naphtha distillation, current commonly used as raw material to load cracking units for obtaining olefins. An analysis of the properties of C5 + shows the impracticality o f its use as gasoline. It is only possible through its use as gasoline mixtures with other naphtha, and the naphtha cracking and polymerization that have proven most promising for this purpose. Light solvents can be produced by distillation of the C5 +, especially rubber solvents, and extraction solvents. The yield for production o f ethylene using the C5 + as raw material in units of thermal pyrolysis steam can reach 32% by mass, exceeding the current net income traditionally used in these units. The projected production of C5 + in the coming years, due mainly to Plangás project and Pre-salt project, will do the oil industry will certainly be interested in exploiting this process stream.
Mestrado
Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Silva, Jacqueline Pereira Figueiredo Ferreira da. "Caracterização de compostos aromáticos em gasolina comercial". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2833.
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A contaminação do ar e do meio ambiente por combustíveis derivados de petróleo tem sido objeto de crescente pesquisa no Brasil. Dentre os tipos de poluição ao meio ambiente, a poluição atmosférica é a que causa mais incômodo à população. Esta exerce efeitos sobre a saúde humana, causando desde simples irritações até câncer de pulmão. Dos poluentes mais perigosos encontrados nesses ambientes, são destaques os hidrocarbonetos e os compostos monoaromáticos como o benzeno, tolueno e xilenos (BTX), presentes nesses combustíveis, que são extremamente tóxicos à saúde humana. Para controle desses compostos orgânicos voláteis, é necessário quantificá-los e compará-los aos valores limites de tolerância legislados no Brasil. A utilização da técnica de cromatografia gasosa e da técnica de espectroscopia por infravermelho permite realizar essa tarefa de maneira relativamente simples e rápida. Portanto o objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar a composição química de amostras de gasolina do tipo C comercializadas nos postos revendedores da Região Metropolitana do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram feitas análises quantitativas dos principais grupos químicos (parafínicos, olefínicos, naftênicos e aromáticos) e etanol por Cromatografia Gasosa de Alta Resolução e da composição de benzeno, tolueno e xileno (BTX) pela técnica de absorção no infravermelho. Os resultados foram comparados com os limites dados pela especificação da ANP (Portaria n 309) para a qualidade da gasolina, com o objetivo de se verificar se estão em conformidade com este agente regulamentador. Os resultados mostraram que todos os teores encontrados de olefínicos e aromáticos foram abaixo do limite especificado. Alguns postos apresentaram os teores de benzeno acima do limite especificado, indicando um nível de ação por parte da ANP principalmente pela ação tóxica do benzenoThe air contamination and the environment by fuels derived from crude oil has been object of increasing research in Brazil. Amongst the types of pollution to the environment, the atmospheric pollution is the one that cause more discomfort to the population. This exerts effects on the human health, causing since simple irritations until lung cancer. Among the most dangerous pollutants found in these environments are prominences the aliphatic hydro carbons and monoaromatic hydrocarbons compounds as benzene, toluene and xylems (BTX), present in these fuels that are extremely toxic to the human health. To control these volatile organic compounds, is necessary to quantify and to compare them with the tolerance limits value legislated in Brazil. The gas chromatography and infra-red ray spectroscopy techniques utilization allows realizing easily and fast these tasks. Therefore the objective of this work was to present the type C gasoline samples chemical composition commercialized on the gas station of the metropolitan region on Rio de Janeiro state. Had been made quantitative analyses for the main chemical groups (paraffins, olefins, naphthenics and aromatics) and ethanol by high resolution Gas Chromatography and the composition for benzene, toluene and xylem (BTX), by infra-red ray absorption technique. The results had been compared with the limits given by ANP specification (Portaria n 309) for the gasoline quality, with the objective to verify if they are in compliance with this regulatory agent. The results had shown that all amount founded for aromatics and olefinics had been below of the specified limit. Some gas station had presented amount for benzene above of the specified limit, indicating that ANP need to take some actions toward these gas station, mainly for the benzene toxicity action
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Bueno, Aerenton Ferreira. "Desenvolvimento de um analisador de processo por espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (NIR) para previsão de propriedades de derivados de petróleo". [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249976.
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Orientador: Célio PasquiniTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química
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Resumo: O trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de um analisador de processo utilizando a espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (NIR) para prever propriedades de derivados de petróleo, como gasolina e querosene de aviação. O instrumento foi projetado para ser instalado diretamente em uma linha de processo numa unidade industrial, realizando, de maneira automatizada, a coleta, análise e descarte da amostra, envio dos resultados obtidos, além de operações como limpeza da célula e diagnósticos funcionais. Um protótipo de um espectrofotômetro NIR de bancada foi construído, a partir do qual, foi montado um espectrofotômetro de laboratório plenamente funcional. O espectrofotômetro foi instalado num gabinete com sistema de pressurização (para estar de acordo com a classificação da área industrial), controlador de temperatura e dispositivos para a seleção da amostra e limpeza da célula, tornando-se, assim, um analisador de processo. Um programa de computador em linguagem Visual Basic foi desenvolvido para a operação automatizada do analisador. Foram obtidos espectros e desenvolvidos modelos de calibração multivariados para prever uma série de parâmetros de qualidade de gasolina (como destilação, octanagem e concentrações de aromáticos, olefinas e saturados) e querosene de aviação (massa específica e ponto de congelamento), que apresentaram resultados compatíveis com os valores de precisão dos métodos de referência utilizados. O analisador foi instalado num sistema de mistura para produção de gasolina de uma refinaria de petróleo, visando prever, em tempo real, vários parâmetros de qualidade desse produto, para a otimização do processo produtivo
Abstract: The work deals with the development of a process analyzer using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) to predict properties of petroleum products like gasoline and jet fuel. The instrument was designed to be mounted directly on a line in an industrial process, performing automatically the collection, analysis and disposal of the sample, transmission of results, as well as operations such as cleaning the cell and functional diagnosis. A prototype of a benchtop NIR spectrometer was built, from which a fully functional laboratory spectrophotometer was assembled. The spectrophotometer was installed in a cabinet with a pressurization system (to be consistent with the classification of the industrial area), temperature controller and devices for sample selection and cleaning of the cell, becoming thus a process analyzer. A computer program written in Visual Basic was developed for the automated operation of the analyzer. Spectra were acquired and multivariate calibration models were developed to predict a series of gasoline (such as distillation, octane and concentrations of aromatics, olefins and saturated) and jet fuel quality parameters (specific gravity and freezing point), who presented results compatible with the precision values of the reference methods used. The analyzer was installed in a blending system for production of gasoline in an oil refinery, aimed to provide, in real time, various quality parameters of the product, to optimize the production process
Doutorado
Quimica Analitica
Doutor em Ciências
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Varzacacou, Nicolas do Nascimento. "Interação de gasolina, benzeno, tolueno e xilenos com argilominerais esmectíticos da Formação Resende, Bacia de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44142/tde-08092009-155727/.
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Dados da CETESB revelam que a comercialização de derivados do petróleo na Cidade de São Paulo, em especial a gasolina, tem gerado um número significativo de casos de vazamento de combustíveis, causados pela falta de manutenção de equipamentos, deterioração de tanques e tubulações, e falhas operacionais decorrentes do despreparo dos profissionais que atuam nesses estabelecimentos. A área urbana da Cidade de São Paulo está, em grande parte, edificada sobre os depósitos sedimentares de idade cenozóica da Bacia de São Paulo, onde a Formação Resende apresenta distribuição generalizada e compreende mais de 80% do preenchimento sedimentar. Argilominerais esmectíticos predominam na fração fina dos sedimentos da Formação Resende e a possível interação deles com hidrocarbonetos foi o objeto de investigação dessa dissertação. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo o estudo laboratorial da interação, por meio de sorção e desorção, de hidrocarbonetos encontrados comumente, como gasolina comercial, benzeno, tolueno e xilenos, com argilominerais esmectíticos da Formação Resende, no contexto da zona vadosa, na Bacia de São Paulo. Para tanto, três amostras argilosas da Formação Resende foram coletadas na zona leste da Cidade de São Paulo, tendo sido efetuada sua caracterização granulométrica, mineralógica (via DRX) e química (análise de CNH). Em testes de inchamento com gasolina e orgânicos puros, nenhuma das amostras apresentou absorção dos compostos. Os testes de adsorção e desorção procuraram caracterizar a interação dos hidrocarbonetos com a rocha total, fração silte e fração argila dos sedimentos, variandose o tempo de exposição (30 minutos a 32 dias) das amostras aos contaminantes. Os resultados obtidos permitiram reconhecer que a adsorção é o mecanismo de sorbância predominante. A variação das concentrações ao longo do tempo evidenciou que a interação amostra/contaminante é dinâmica ao longo do tempo de contato, havendo momentos distintos de sorbância, com variação significativa e bem representada dos teores adsorvidos, e que essas fases ocorrem independentemente da granulometria ou mineralogia das amostras, sendo: os sedimentos argilosos adsorvem, na média, as mesmas ordens de grandeza de cada contaminante, o que é devido a sua homogeneidade granulométrica e mineralógica em pequena escala; dentro da ordem de grandeza de adsorção de cada contaminante, as diferenças composicionais (granulométricas e mineralógicas) entre as amostras de sedimentos argilosos alteram os teores dos compostos em função da proporção de argila na rocha total, de forma que quanto mais contaminante será adsorvido, e do tipo de argilomineral predominante na fração argila, sendo a maior proporção de esmectita um fator favorável.Data from the Environmental Agency of São Paulo State (Company of Environmental Sanitation Technology CETESB) reveal that the commercialization of petroleum products in the city, especially gasoline, has generated a high number of fuel leakages and contaminated areas. The urban area of São Paulo city is underlain by the Cenozoic sedimentary deposits of the São Paulo Basin. In this basin, smectiterich mudstone of the Resende Formation is widely distributed and comprises over 80% of the sedimentary filling. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of smectiterich mudstone of the Resende Formation with hydrocarbons in the São Paulo Basin. The sorption and desorption of common hydrocarbons, such as gasoline, benzene, toluene and xylene, by the smectitic clay minerals, in the context of vadose zone, were investigated in laboratory. Three representative subsurface samples of mudstone were collected in the east part of São Paulo city and characterized by granulometry, Xray analysis and CHN determination. Swelling test with gasoline and pure organic compounds does not promote absorption in the three studied samples. Adsorption and desorption tests were employed to characterize the interaction between the hydrocarbons and the wholerock, silt and clayfractions of the mudstone in different time intervals of contact (30 minutes to 32 days). The results revealed the adsorption as the main interaction mechanism. Variations in concentration of contaminants in different time intervals of contact indicated a dynamic interaction between sample and hydrocarbons, existing phases with distinct amounts of organics adsorbed (or retained after desorption). Theses phases are controlled by the time of contact and are independent of samples granulometry and mineralogy, and contaminant type. The three mudstone samples adsorb about the same amount of each contaminant, which is due to their overall granulometric and mineralogic homogeneity. Nevertheless, minor and local changes in sample composition (granulometry and mineralogy) cause a small scale variation in the amounts of each contaminant adsorbed as a result either of clay proportion in the whole-rock and of the predominant clay mineral in the clay fraction.
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Diehl, Daiane. "Formação do preço de etanol hidratado no Estado de São Paulo e sua relação com os mercados de açúcar e de gasolina". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-14082012-094235/.
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O principal objetivo deste estudo foi estimar um modelo analítico que explicasse a relação entre os mercados de etanol hidratado e de gasolina C, incluindo, também, efeitos de outros fatores, como o preço de açúcar nos mercados doméstico e internacional e a renda. Por sua capacidade de captar efeitos dinâmicos, utilizou-se o Modelo de Auto-Regressão Vetorial com Correção de Erro VEC. A análise das funções de demanda dos combustíveis mostrou que o consumo de etanol responde de forma expressiva a variações contemporâneas no próprio preço e no preço da gasolina, produto substituto nesse segmento de mercado. Já com relação à demanda de gasolina C, verifica-se que suas vendas respondem menos tanto ao próprio preço como ao do etanol. De maneira geral, a análise das funções de respostas a impulsos permite verificar que os efeitos dos choques não antecipados sobre as variáveis do modelo são de curta duração, desaparecendo, na maior parte das vezes, após o terceiro mês. A renda mostrou-se importante variável explicativa tanto para o consumo de etanol hidratado quanto de gasolina C. Um choque exógeno no preço internacional de açúcar resulta em um efeito elevado no preço do produto no mercado doméstico. De outro lado, um choque no preço doméstico de açúcar tem impacto significativo no preço do etanol anidro (elasticidade acumulada de 0,57), sendo que esses produtos concorrem pela mesma matéria-prima na indústria. Como este preço, por sua vez, representa uma variável proxy para o preço do etanol hidratado no segmento produtor, pode-se afirmar que 60% das variações de preço neste segmento são transmitidas ao preço do combustível no mercado varejista. A análise da decomposição das variâncias do erro de previsão evidenciou que a variável que tem maior impacto sobre o preço do etanol hidratado combustível no varejo é o preço do etanol anidro (proxy do preço do etanol hidratado no segmento produtor). Os principais determinantes da venda de etanol hidratado no varejo são a renda, o preço do etanol hidratado combustível no varejo e o do etanol anidro no segmento produtor. Já com relação às vendas de gasolina C no varejo, o principal determinante é a renda, enquanto as demais variáveis pouco contribuem para explicar suas variações. Finalmente, a análise da previsão dentro da amostra para o preço do etanol hidratado no segmento varejista sugere que este preço assumiria um patamar mais elevado, não fosse a atual política de controle de preços dos derivados do petróleo adotada no Brasil. Nas duas últimas safras do período estudado, o preço praticado está, em média, 23,7% abaixo do previsto pelo modelo estimado neste estudo. Vale ressaltar que o modelo estimado capta o padrão médio do comportamento da série, dados os fundamentos de mercado considerados, os quais explicam pelo menos 76% das variações do preço do etanol hidratado no varejo.The main objective of this study was to estimate an analytical model to explain the relationship between the markets of hydrated ethanol fuel and gasoline C, including effects of other factors such as sugar prices in the domestic and the International markets and income. Because of its ability to capture dynamic effects, the Auto-regression Model with Vector Error Correction VEC was used. Analysis of the demand function showed ethanol fuel consumption significantly responds to contemporary variations of its price and gasoline price, replacement product in this market segment. Regarding the demand for gasoline C, it appears that sales respond less to its price and ethanol price. In general, analysis of the response functions to impulses allows to verify that the effect of unanticipated shocks on model variables are of short duration and disappears, in most cases, after three months. Income proved to be important in ethanol and gasoline C consumption. An exogenous shock in the international sugar price results in a large effect on the product price in the domestic market. Therefore, a shock in the domestic sugar price has a significant impact on the anhydrous ethanol price (accumulated elasticity of 0.57), once these products compete for raw material in the sector. Given that this price represents a proxy variable for the hydrous ethanol price for the industry, 60% of the price in this segment is transmitted to the fuel price in the retail market. A decomposition analysis of forecast error variance showed that the variable with greater impact on the hydrated ethanol fuel price in the retail market is the anhydrous ethanol price (proxy of the hydrated ethanol price in the industry). The main determinants of hydrated ethanol sales in the retail market are the income, the hydrated ethanol fuel price and the anhydrous ethanol fuel price in the industry. Gasoline C sales in the retail market are mostly determined by income, while the other variables contribute little to explain its variations. Finally, the analysis of the in-sample forecast for the hydrated ethanol price in the retail market suggests that this price would assume a higher level, if there were not the current policy of controlling prices of petroleum derivatives adopted in Brazil. In the last two seasons of the analysis, the price was on average 23.7% below that predicted by the model estimated in this study. It is noteworthy that the estimated model captures the average standard of the series, given the market fundaments considered, which explain at least 76% of the variations in the hydrated ethanol price in the retail market.
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Ferreira, Silvia Maria. ""Relação entre a espessura real e aparente da gasolina com etanol e da gasolina pura em colunas de laboratório"". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44133/tde-26062005-171404/.
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A gasolina que é comercializada no Brasil sofre a adição de álcool etílico anidro, também conhecido como etanol, em frações que podem variar de 20 a 24%. O uso desse composto adicionado à gasolina serve para aumentar a octanagem e reduzir a emissão de monóxido de carbono para a atmosfera. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar e comparar a relação existente entre a espessura encontrada nos poços de monitoramento e no meio poroso, tanto para gasolina pura quanto para a gasolina com 20 % de etanol (E-20), após a simulação de um vazamento em subsuperfície, utilizando colunas de areia em laboratório, visto que esta relação é de extrema importância para o cálculo preciso do volume do contaminante a ser bombeado, no caso de vazamentos de combustível. As colunas foram confeccionadas utilizando-se 2 tubos de acrílico transparente com 100 cm de comprimento e 23cm de diâmetro interno que foram fixados a uma base de acrílico transparente com 0,60 cm de espessura. Um tubo de PVC branco com 100 cm de comprimento e 3,50 cm de diâmetro interno, com ranhuras horizontais de 0,10 cm de largura foi cortado longitudinalmente e cada metade foi fixada nas paredes dos tubos de acrílico para representar o poço de monitoramento. As colunas foram preenchidas com areia de granulometria muito fina (0,088 mm). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a espessura aparente da gasolina pura foi 2,6 vezes superior à espessura real da fase livre e a espessura aparente da E-20 foi 0,6 vezes superior a espessura real da fase livre. A tensão interfacial da E-20 foi 67% inferior à tensão interfacial da gasolina pura, possibilitando que uma quantidade maior de poros fosse acessada, refletindo em valores de saturação total 54% superiores ao da gasolina pura. Parte da fase gasolina da E-20 deve ter sido depositada como glóbulos desconectados nos poros caracterizando uma saturação residual, devido ao particionamento preferencial do etanol para a água subterrânea e o conseqüente enriquecimento em gasolina na fase gasolina. Esta saturação residual deve ter dificultado o fluxo e consequentemente reduzido a permeabilidade relativa para a fase aquosa, causando o retardamento da chegada da E-20 no poço de monitoramento.Commercial gasolines sold in Brazil are added ethanol from 20 to 24% by volume. This oxygenated additive raises the octane level and reduces carbon monoxide emissions to the atmosphere. Underground storage tanks and gasoline lines are a major potential problem for soil and groundwater contamination. Since ethanol has cosolvent properties that alter the behavior of phase distribution in subsurface, this research compares the existing relationship of apparent and actual thicknesses of free phase gasoline and E-20 (80% gasoline and 20% ethanol by volume) found respectively in monitoring wells and medium porous material using two column experiments. Two cylindrical plexiglass columns were used (100 cm long and 23 cm in internal diameter). The bottom ends were capped using two 35 x 35 cm plexiglass plates. A spout-like connection of PVC was fitted near the base of each column as an inlet/outlet end. One well screen (100 cm long and 3,5 cm in internal diameter) in white PVC was cut in half lengthwise and attached to the inside walls of columns to be used as monitoring wells. The columns were then filled with 0,088 mm grain size sand (very fine).The apparent thickness of pure gasoline was 2.6 times thicker than the actual thickness in the aquifer while it was only 0.6 thicker for E-20. The interfacial tension of E-20 is 67% lower than the that of the pure gasoline, allowing a larger quantity of pores to be accessed, which was reflected in an oil saturation 54% higher than that of pure gasoline. Part of the gasoline phase of E-20 must have been precipitated as disconnected doplets within the pores creating a residual saturation and consequently reducing the permeability with respect to the aqueous phase delaying the breakthrough of E-20 in the monitoring well.
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Eckert, Andrew. "A study of Canadian retail gasoline prices". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0016/NQ46340.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaKsiążki na temat "Gasoline"
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Monzó, Quim. Gasoline. Rochester, NY: Open Letter, 2010.
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Sirm, Museo. Gasoline. Milan: Electa, 1995.
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Cunningham, Kevin. Gasoline. Ann Arbor, Mich: Cherry Lake Pub., 2008.
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Logan, David. Gasoline toxicity. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1993.
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King, Frank. Gasoline Alley. Montréal: Drawn & Quarterly, 2004.
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L, Marshall E., Owen K, Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain) i Society of Chemical Industry (Great Britain), red. Motor gasoline. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1995.
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United States. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Division of Toxicology. Automotive gasoline. Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 1995.
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Diaz, Arthur F., i Donna L. Drogos, red. Oxygenates in Gasoline. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2002-0799.
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Reif, Konrad, red. Gasoline Engine Management. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-03964-6.
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Penny, Lee. Cardlock gasoline sales. Salem, Or: Legislative Committee Office, 1990.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Gasoline"
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Hsu, Chang Samuel, i Paul R. Robinson. "Gasoline Production". W Petroleum Science and Technology, 189–210. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16275-7_10.
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Konur, Ozcan. "Gasoline Fuels". W Evaluation and Utilization of Bioethanol Fuels. I., 107–19. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003226567-109.
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Konur, Ozcan. "Gasoline Fuels". W Evaluation and Utilization of Bioethanol Fuels. I., 87–106. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003226567-108.
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Houde, Jean-François. "Gasoline Markets". W The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 5085–91. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2930.
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Houde, Jean-François. "Gasoline Markets". W The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–6. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2930-1.
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Binder, Andreas, Rainer Ecker, Andreas Glaser i Klaus Müller. "Gasoline direct injection". W Gasoline Engine Management, 110–21. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-03964-6_8.
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Dietsche, Karl-Heinz, i Dietrich Kuhlgatz. "History of the automobile". W Gasoline Engine Management, 2–7. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-03964-6_1.
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Dietsche, Karl-Heinz. "Ignition systems over the years". W Gasoline Engine Management, 136–51. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-03964-6_10.
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Gollin, Walter. "Inductive ignition system". W Gasoline Engine Management, 152–61. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-03964-6_11.
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Lerchenmüller, Klaus, Markus Weimert i Tim Skowronek. "Ignition coils". W Gasoline Engine Management, 162–77. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-03964-6_12.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Gasoline"
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Geng, Pat, Aron Butler, William Studzinski, John Salyers i Jeff Jetter. "Gasoline Simulated Distillation Profiles of U.S. Market Gasoline and Impacts on Vehicle Particulate Emissions". W Energy & Propulsion Conference & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-1632.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">A gasoline’s distillation profile is directly related to its hydrocarbon composition and the volatility (boiling points) of those hydrocarbons. Generally, the volatility profiles of U.S. market fuels are characterized using a very simple, low theoretical plate distillation separation, detailed in the ASTM D86 test method. Because of the physical chemistry properties of some compounds in gasoline, this simple still or retort distillation has some limitations: separating azeotropes, isomers, and heavier hydrocarbons. Chemists generally rely on chromatographic separations when more detailed and precise results are needed.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">High-boiling aromatic compounds are the primary source of particulate emissions from spark ignited (SI), internal combustion engines (ICE), hence a detailed understanding and high-resolution separation of these heavy compounds is needed. This paper presents analysis of 159 U.S. market gasoline samples using D86 distillation and ASTM D6730 detailed hydrocarbon analysis (DHA). The samples ranged in Particulate Matter Index (PMI) from 0.925 to 2.540 or Particulate Evaluation Index (PEI) of 0.584 to 2.715. Additional analysis was performed on 80 of the samples using ASTM D7096, a chromatographic method, to generate higher resolution simulated distillation (SimDis) profiles. SimDis cutpoints (%-off values) in the range of T95 to T98 show good correlation to PMI and PEI, demonstrating that SimDis analysis can provide a useful assessment of the PM-formation tendency of market gasolines.</div></div>
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Furey, Robert L., i Kevin L. Perry. "Vapor Pressures of Mixtures of Gasolines and Gasoline-Alcohol Blends". W 1986 SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/861557.
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Koseki, Keiichi, Mitsuaki Wakita, Nobuhiro Okabe, Takashi Kaneko, Manabu Watanabe, Kaoru Horie, Tsutomu Kikuchi i in. "Investigations of Compatibility of ETBE Gasoline with Current Gasoline Vehicles". W Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2006-01-3381.
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Furey, Robert L. "Volatility Characteristics of Gasoline-Alcohol and Gasoline-Ether Fuel Blends". W 1985 SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/852116.
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Yu, Jing-Bo, Shu-Lin Duan, Lan-Ying Zhao i Wen-Xiao Zhang. "Research on Ethanol-gasoline Blended Fuel in Automotive Gasoline Engine". W 2nd 2016 International Conference on Sustainable Development (ICSD 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsd-16.2017.124.
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Yu, John Luis, i Edwin N. Quiros. "Performance Characteristics of Philippine Hydrous Ethanol-Gasoline Blends: Preliminary Findings". W ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3824.
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Abstract To reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels and develop indigenous biofuels, the Philippines enacted the Biofuels Act of 2006 which currently mandates a 10% by volume blend of 99.6% anhydrous bio-ethanol for commercially sold Unleaded and Premium gasolines. To urge a regulation review of the anhydrous requirement and examine the suitability for automotive use of hydrous bioethanol (HBE) blends, preliminary engine dynamometer tests at 1400–4400 rpm were conducted to measure specific fuel consumption (SFC) and power. In this study, HBE (95 % ethanol and 5% water by volume) produced from sweet sorghum using a locally-developed process, was blended volumetrically with three base gasoline fuels — Neat, Unleaded, and Premium. The four HBE blends tested were 10% and 20% with Neat gasoline, 20% with Unleaded gasoline, and 20% with Premium gasoline. For blends with Neat gasoline, the SFC of the 10%HBE blend was comparable with to slightly higher than Neat gasoline. The SFC of the 20%HBE blend was comparable with Neat gasoline up to 2800 rpm and lower beyond this speed thus being better overall than the 10%HBE blend. Compared to their respective commercial base fuels, the HBE-Unleaded blend showed lower SFC while the HBE-Premium blend yielded slightly higher SFC over most of the engine speed range. Between commercial fuel blends, the HBE-Unleaded blend gave better SFC than the HBE-Premium blend. Power was practically similar for the fuels tested. No engine operational problems and fuel blend phase separation were encountered during the tests. This preliminary study indicated the suitability of and possible optimum hydrous bio-ethanol blends for automotive use under Philippine conditions.
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Badra, Jihad A., Jaeheon Sim, Yoann Viollet, Yu Zhang, Nayan Engineer i Junseok Chang. "CFD Guided Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine Calibration". W ASME 2017 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2017-3583.
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One of the attractive alternatives to traditional spark ignition engines is the gasoline compression ignition (GCI) engine technology. Fuels with octane numbers lower than those of market gasolines have been identified as a viable option for GCI engine applications. Their longer ignition delay time characteristics compared to diesel fuel and their similar volatility features compared to gasoline fuels make them interesting to be explored. In this study, we have numerically investigated the effect of different injection timings at part-load conditions using a research octane number (RON) 75 fuel in gasoline compression ignition single cylinder engine. Full cycle GCI computational fluid dynamics (CFD) engine simulations have been successfully performed while changing the start of injection (SOI) timing from −60° to −10° CAD aTDC at 5bar net indicated mean effective pressure (IMEPn). The effect of SOI on mixing, combustion phasing and engine-out emissions is investigated using detailed equivalence ratio-temperature maps. Also, the effects of different rates of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on the combustion and emissions characteristics are investigated. Rebreathing valves profiles along with double injection strategies are also examined in the current study. Fuel consumption, soot, nitric oxides (NOx), hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and combustion phasing (CA50) are the targeted parameters throughout this study. Optimum engine parameters to obtain the best combination of the targeted properties were identified.
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Koseki, Keiichi, Aruto Hayashi, Kazuki Fukuda, Mitsuaki Wakita, Nobuhiro Okabe, Manabu Watanabe, Tsutomu Kikuchi i in. "Investigations of Compatibility of ETBE Gasoline with Current Gasoline Vehicles II". W JSAE/SAE International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-2039.
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Gouli, S., S. Stournas i E. Lois. "Antiknock Performance of Gasoline Substitutes and their Effects on Gasoline Properties". W International Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/981367.
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Boekhaus, K. L., J. M. DeJovine, K. J. McHugh, D. A. Paulsen, L. A. Rapp, J. S. Segal, B. K. Sullivan i D. J. Townsend. "Reformulated Gasoline for California: EC-Premium Emission Control Gasoline and Beyond". W Future Transportation Technology Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/911628.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Gasoline"
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Skone, Timothy J. Gasoline vehicle travel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), listopad 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509277.
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Skone, Timothy J. Combustion of Gasoline. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzec 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509355.
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Phillips, S. D., J. K. Tarud, M. J. Biddy i A. Dutta. Gasoline from Wood via Integrated Gasification, Synthesis, and Methanol-to-Gasoline Technologies. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1004790.
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Cunningham, R. E., G. W. Michalski, R. E. Baron i J. M. Lyons. Reformulated gasoline study, executive summary. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), październik 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10108345.
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Skone, Timothy J. Bulk Storage Facility, Gasoline, Operation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), czerwiec 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509149.
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Skone, Timothy J. Gasoline Bulk Storage Tank, Construction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luty 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509169.
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Skone, Timothy J. Gasoline, Production, Transport, and Refining. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maj 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509170.
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Skone, Timothy J. Gasoline Passenger Vehicle (2005), Construction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luty 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1509276.
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Li, Shanjun, Joshua Linn i Erich Muehlegger. Gasoline Taxes and Consumer Behavior. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, marzec 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17891.
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Szybist, James P., i Bruce G. Bunting. Chemistry Impacts in Gasoline HCCI. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/974614.
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