Artykuły w czasopismach: „Gasifiers”

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Singh, V. Christus Jeya, K. Thyagarajan, P. C. Murugan i S. Joseph Sekhar. "Rubber Seed Kernel as a Substitute for Wood in a Biomass Gasifier – An Experimental Study". Advanced Materials Research 984-985 (lipiec 2014): 845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.984-985.845.

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The prediction of the performance of different biomass energy sources in gasifiers is an important area of study for the implementation of this technology in various applications, relevant to remote villages. This paper presents the experimental studies conducted on a 50 kW imbert downdraft gasifier with wood and rubber seed kernel which are available abundantly in villages close to hilly regions of South India. The influence of equivalence ratio on the species concentration, gas production rate, HHV of producer gas and gasifier conversion efficiency are discussed. The experimental study shows that the rubber seed kernel can be effectively used as feedstock in biomass gasifiers to meet the decentralized heat and power applications of rural villages.

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Sedacheva, O. V., G. A. Nesterova, N. A. Abaimov i A. F. Ryzhkov. "The influence of gasifier operating parameters on syngas composition of coal-fired power plant with CO₂ capture". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2233, nr 1 (1.04.2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2233/1/012009.

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Abstract This work investigated the influence of the operating parameters of the gasifier (pressure, temperature of the syngas at the outlet of the gasifier and the O2/CO2 ratio in the blast) on the composition of the syngas in relation to the Allam cycles and oxy-fuel IGCC. Thermodynamic modeling of the operation of Shell (Allam cycle) and MHI (oxy-fuel IGCC cycle) gasifiers by the entropy maximization method was carried out. For the Shell gasifier, a significant increase in methane concentration with an increase in pressure to 40 MPa has been revealed; it indicates the need to make changes to the syngas gas cleaning system. The optimal temperature at the outlet of the gasifier (1100°C) has been found for the MHI gasifier. At this temperature, there were high values of CO and H2, and, hence, the heating value of syngas. For both gasifiers, the most theoretically reasonable ratio of O2/CO2 in blast was 0.3, at which CO reached almost maximum values and decreased its growth rate.

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Lelievre, C., C. A. Pickles i S. Hultgren. "Plasma-Augmented Fluidized Bed Gasification of Sub-bituminous Coal in CO2–O2 Atmospheres". High Temperature Materials and Processes 35, nr 1 (1.01.2016): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2014-0162.

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AbstractThe gasification of a sub-bituminous coal using CO2–O2 gas mixtures was studied in a plasma-augmented fluidized bed gasifier. Firstly, the coal was chemically characterized and the gasification process was examined using Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA) in CO2, O2 and at a CO2 to O2 ratio of 3 to 1. Secondly, the equilibrium gas compositions were obtained using the Gibbs free energy minimization method (HSC Chemistry®7). Thirdly, gasification tests were performed in a plasma-augmented fluidized bed and the off-gas temperatures and compositions were determined. Finally, for comparison purposes, control tests were conducted using a conventional fluidized bed coal gasifier and these results were compared to those achieved in the plasma-augmented fluidized bed gasifier. The effects of bed temperature and CO2 to O2 ratio were studied. For both gasifiers, at a given bed temperature, the off-gas compositions were in general agreement with the equilibrium values. Also, for both gasifiers, an experimental CO2 to O2 ratio of about 3 to 1 resulted in the highest syngas grade (%CO + %H2). Both higher off-gas temperatures and syngas grades could be achieved in the plasma-augmented gasifier, in comparison to the conventional gasifier. These differences were attributed to the higher bed temperatures in the plasma-augmented fluidized bed gasifier.

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Matyas, Josef, S. K. Sundaram, B. J. Hicks, Autumn B. Edmondson i Benjamin M. Arrigoni. "Slag-Refractory Interaction in Slagging Coal Gasifiers". Materials Science Forum 595-598 (wrzesień 2008): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.595-598.397.

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The combustion chamber of slagging coal gasifiers is lined with refractories to protect the steel shell of the gasifier from elevated temperatures and corrosive attack of the coal slag. Refractories composed primarily of Cr2O3 have been found most resistant to slag corrosion, but they continue to fail performance requirements. Post-mortem analysis of high-chromia refractory bricks collected from commercial gasifiers suggests that slag penetration and subsequent spalling of refractory are the cause of the short service life of gasifier refractories [1]. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the penetration depth of three slags representative of a wide variety of coals in the United States into chromia-alumina and two high-chromia refractories. Variables tested were refractory-slag combinations and two partial pressures of O2. Slag penetration depths were measured from spliced images of each refractory. Samples heated to 1470°C for 2 hrs had maximum penetration depths ranging from 1.99±0.15 mm to at least 21.6 mm. Aurex 95P, a highchromia refractory containing 3.3% phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5), showed the least slag penetration of all refractories tested. P2O5 likely reacts with CaO and MgO in the slag, forming an immiscible Ca-Mg phosphate phase. The extraction of basic components from slag causes an increase in slag viscosity restricting the molten slag penetration into the refractory.

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Shanmuganandam, K., J. Anichai i V. Jayakumar. "Performance evaluation of a 15 kWth biomass gasifier in downdraft and updraft operating modes: an experimental study". MATEC Web of Conferences 172 (2018): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817206005.

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Biomass gasifiers are equipment’s that can generate producer gas which is a renewable, alternate source of energy that can be employed for power generation and thermal applications. In this experimental study the gasifier is tested in updraft and downdraft modes and performance analysis was carried out. For both the studies, casuarina wood and ambient air were used as feed stock and gasification agent respectively. From the experimental analysis it was inferred that the performance of the biomass gasifier was higher in downdraft mode than updraft mode.

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Christodouloua, Christos, Efthymia-Ioanna Koytsoumpaa, Kyriakos Panopoulos, Sotiris Karellas i Emmanouil Kakarasa. "Agglomeration problems during cardoon fluidized bed gasification". Thermal Science 18, nr 2 (2014): 645–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci130329132c.

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Cynara cardunculus, commonly known as cardoon is a potential energy crop native to the Mediterranean region with high production yields reported. The aim of this work is to present an overview on the contradicting agronomic data available for cardoon and its potential exploitation in industrial thermochemical (i.e. combustion and gasification) applications. Moreover, experimental work on cardoon gasification is presented, focusing on the agglomeration problems it causes when using it in fluidized bed gasifiers. Cardoon cultivated in Greece was gasified in a 100 kW thermal atmospheric circulating fluidized bed gasifier (ACFBG). Due to high ash content (rich in potassium) defluidization was observed at low temperatures (780?C) during the first 30 minutes after the fuel feeding begun. The agglomerates are investigated with SEM/EDS in an effort to determine the gluing mechanism. The particular cardoon was rich in calcium, and this was apparent in the rich in silicates resolidified melt.

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Mendonça, Miguel, Victor Mantilla, João Patela, Valter Silva i Fernanda Resende. "Design and experimental tests of an Imbert type downdraft gasifier prototype and clean-up system for small-scale biomass-based power generation". Renewable Energy and Environmental Sustainability 7 (2022): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rees/2021057.

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This paper addresses the design, development and experimental tests of a prototype of fuel gas generation system based on biomass gasification for small-scale applications, around 5 kW. It comprises the small scale downdraft gasifier and the gas cleaning system aiming to clean-up the producer gas to be used in the upstream Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). The design of the downdraft gasifier prototype follows the methodologies that have been reported on the available literature. However, since these methodologies apply to gasifiers with larger rated powers, the adopted methodology is based on the extrapolation of the main parameters used for larger gasifiers design. For runing the ICE the producer gas requires to have a specific gas composition with an acceptable range of impurities. Therefore, a clean-up system was proposed following three stages: in first instance a hot gas clean-up using a cyclone designed to eliminate particles and compounds; then a heat exchanger was used for cooling the gas to condensate tars and water; finally a cold gas clean-up is performed by filtration using two filter steps: the first one using organic material (biomass) and the second one using a polypropylene cartridge filter. Experimental tests were performed using the developed imbert downdraft gasifier prototype, using pellets as feedstock. The preliminary results allow verifying several drawbacks that will difficult an effective integration of the developed prototype for small scale power generation applications based on ICE using low density feedstock.

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Mahadzir, M. M., i M. D. Zikri. "RICE HUSK GASIFIER IN UITM PENANG AS ENERGY: A DESIGN REVIEW". Malaysian Journal of Sustainable Environment 3, nr 2 (31.12.2017): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.24191/myse.v3i2.5600.

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To reduce dependency on fossil fuel, reduce pollution and move into green technology, the rice husk gasification has been developed as the process that converts organic rice husk into a producer of gas. However, drawbacks such as grate blocking, bridging and suitability of feedstock are found in the gasifiers. Design of the gasifiers is an important objective and improvements on the design have been done to enhance the performance of the gasifiers. This paper aims to review gasifiers focused on design improvements. Many works from previous researchers have been studied. The result shows the new design of the gasifiers is an important parameter in gasification.

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Johari, Anwar, B. B. Nyakuma, A. Ahmad, T. A. Tuan Abdullah, M. J. Kamaruddin, R. Mat i A. Ali. "Design of a Bubbling Fluidized Bed Gasifier for the Thermochemical Conversion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Briquette". Applied Mechanics and Materials 493 (styczeń 2014): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.493.3.

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This paper is focused on the design of a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier (BFBG) for EFB briquette gasification. The annual production of palm oil in Malaysia generates large quantities of lignocellulosic biomass which can be converted into clean, sustainable energy for the future. Hence, the prospect of valorising palm waste using biomass gasifiers presents a viable option for energy production. The fluidized bed gasifier (FBG) is considered the most suitable reactor for biomass gasification due excellent mixing, efficient heat temperature control and tolerance for fuels. Consequently, the proposed design of the bubbling fluidized bed gasifier for EFB briquette gasification will consist of three main parts; feeding zone, gasification zone and the effluent gas zone for syngas production. The results of feedstock physicochemical properties such as bulk density, particle size, the bed hydrodynamic and fluidization parameters for gasification used in the design of the gasifier are presented in this paper.

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Binns, Michael, i Hafiz Muhammad Uzair Ayub. "Model Reduction Applied to Empirical Models for Biomass Gasification in Downdraft Gasifiers". Sustainability 13, nr 21 (4.11.2021): 12191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112191.

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Various modeling approaches have been suggested for the modeling and simulation of gasification processes. These models allow for the prediction of gasifier performance at different conditions and using different feedstocks from which the system parameters can be optimized to design efficient gasifiers. Complex models require significant time and effort to develop, and they might only be accurate for use with a specific catalyst. Hence, various simpler models have also been developed, including thermodynamic equilibrium models and empirical models, which can be developed and solved more quickly, allowing such models to be used for optimization. In this study, linear and quadratic expressions in terms of the gasifier input value parameters are developed based on linear regression. To identify significant parameters and reduce the complexity of these expressions, a LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator) shrinkage method is applied together with cross validation. In this way, the significant parameters are revealed and simple models with reasonable accuracy are obtained.

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Laichena, Justus K. "Biomass Fuel in Kenya: Availability and the Potential for Gasification". Energy Exploration & Exploitation 9, nr 6 (grudzień 1991): 405–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879100900606.

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Biomass, in the form of wood, charcoal, and crop residues, is the most important source of energy in Kenya, providing about 75% of the total. A survey was conducted to assess the availability, use, ease of gathering, and the suitability of various biomass fuels for thermal gasification in Kenya. Kenya generates a large variety of by-products from the agricultural sector and related industries (eg coffee husks, coconut shells, bagasse, maize cobs, and cereal straw), and from the forest industry (eg sawdust, bark, off-cuts, and timber shots). Most of these are suitable for gasification; only a small fraction is used as domestic fuel or for animal feed. The quantities generated annually are sufficient to operate small to medium-scale gasifiers that might be used to power sawmills, water pumps, maize and cereal mills, or to generate electricity for remote rural communities. Finally, the paper considers the potential for application of gasification technology in Kenya. Suitable biomass materials are available, and a tentative economic analysis shows that small-scale gasifiers are attractive if the biomass price is low and if the gasifier can be repaired and serviced locally.

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Giouzelis, Kieran, Jacky Chou i Jeremy Yeung. "Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle from coal". PAM Review Energy Science & Technology 3 (7.06.2016): 126–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/pamr.v3i0.1418.

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An integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) is a technology that uses a high pressure gasifier to turn coal, a carbon based fuels into pressurized gas, this is also known as synthesis gas or syngas. The IGCC system consist of 4 main structures; air compression and separation unit, gasifier, combustion and steam turbine and heat recovery generator.A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate possible relationships between the efficiency and types of gasifiers used in the integrated gasification combined cycle in terms of the key thermodynamic laws. Through this analysis correlations were established between varying coal compositions, types of gasification systems and thermal efficiency. It was found that the updraft gasifier had the highest efficiency across most reports, thus making this procedure the most efficient with today’s current knowledge in terms of the thermodynamic principles associated with coal-fired power plants. It was also established that coal with lower moisture content will generally allow a system to be more efficient.

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Karri, Kashyap, Shubhadeep Banik i Sarma V. Pisupati. "A FactsSage Simulation Study on the Interaction of Synthetic Petcoke Slags with Alumina Crucibles". Fuels 2, nr 1 (26.02.2021): 48–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels2010004.

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In entrained flow gasifiers, inorganic species in solid fuels are converted to slag, which flows continuously along the gasifier’s refractory lining. Slag viscosity is critical for its continuous flow and, consequently, reliable operation of the gasifier. Viscosity of synthetic petcoke ash was measured in a high temperature viscometer (up to 1500 °C) using high alumina crucibles. Crucible material was found to dissolve in slag, causing thinning and leading to formation of holes on the walls. To explain this dissolution, thermodynamic equilibrium calculations were performed in FactSage™ (Thermfact/CRCT, Montreal, QC, Canada and GTT-Technologies, Aachen, Germany) using different synthetic petcoke ash compositions in 100% H2, 5% H2/ 95% N2, 69.5% CO/30.5% CO2, and 100% O2 atmospheres. An inverse correlation was found between crucible dissolution and alumina content in the slag. Rates of dissolution of alumina from crucible into slag varied significantly in the different atmospheres. The correlation was validated experimentally by heating six synthetic slags with varying compositions to 1500 °C in 5% H2/N2 (to simulate viscometer’s atmosphere) gas. SEM-EDS analysis of the samples confirmed that the sample with lower initial content of alumina in the slag showed higher amounts of aluminum at the slag–crucible interface. Additions of alumina in the synthetic petcoke ash (containing up to 49.74% V2O5) mitigated crucible dissolution.

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SINGH, V. C. J., S. J. SEKHAR i K. THYAGARAJAN. "ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON A 50 kWth DOWNDRAFT GASIFIER WITH BIOMASS BLENDS AVAILABLE IN THE HILLY REGIONS OF SOUTH INDIA". Latin American Applied Research - An international journal 45, nr 3 (31.07.2015): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52292/j.laar.2015.390.

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Biomass Gasification has emerged as the most promising technology for the decentralized heat and power applications. The prediction of the performance of biomass blends in gasifiers is an important area of study for the implementation of this technology in various applications, relevant to remote villages. This paper presents the theoretical and experimental studies conducted on a 50 kWth downdraft biomass gasifier with various combinations of the biomass materials such as wood, coconut shell, rubber seed kernel and coir pith, which are abundantly available in the villages of South India. Two zone kinetic equilibrium model is used for the theoretical simulation. The influence of equivalence ratio and composition of feedstock blends on the quality of producer gas and the conversion efficiency of gasifier were studied, and reported. The experimental and theoretical studies show that the effective utilization of biomass materials as blends can meet the rural energy demand.

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Weiland, Fredrik, Muhammad Saad Qureshi, Jonas Wennebro, Christian Lindfors, Taina Ohra-aho, Hoda Shafaghat i Ann-Christine Johansson. "Entrained Flow Gasification of Polypropylene Pyrolysis Oil". Molecules 26, nr 23 (2.12.2021): 7317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237317.

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Petrochemical products could be produced from circular feedstock, such as waste plastics. Most plants that utilize syngas in their production are today equipped with entrained flow gasifiers, as this type of gasifier generates the highest syngas quality. However, feeding of circular feedstocks to an entrained flow gasifier can be problematic. Therefore, in this work, a two-step process was studied, in which polypropylene was pre-treated by pyrolysis to produce a liquid intermediate that was easily fed to the gasifier. The products from both pyrolysis and gasification were thoroughly characterized. Moreover, the product yields from the individual steps, as well as from the entire process chain, are reported. It was estimated that the yields of CO and H2 from the two-step process were at least 0.95 and 0.06 kg per kg of polypropylene, respectively, assuming that the pyrolysis liquid and wax can be combined as feedstock to an entrained flow gasifier. On an energy basis, the energy content of CO and H2 in the produced syngas corresponded to approximately 40% of the energy content of the polypropylene raw material. This is, however, expected to be significantly improved on a larger scale where losses are proportionally smaller.

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Pakavechkul, Sukrit, Prapan Kuchonthara i Suchada Butnark. "Effect of Steam on Syngas Production in New-Designed Dual-Bed Gasifier". Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (grudzień 2012): 1125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1125.

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In this research, the effect of steam on synthetic fuel production from sawdust in new-designed dual-bed gasification was studied. The dual-bed gasification reactor composed of bubbling/fast fluidized bed combustor and fixed bed gasifier (pyrolysis included) was designed to produce syngas (CO + H2 + CO2 and CH4). The results showed that syngas produced by the dual-bed gasifier with higher steam/carbon ratio also had higher H2 content. In theory, the various reactions expected to occur in the gasification process were boudouard, water-gas and water-gas shift, methanation and steam reforming. Since the operating temperature was only 500-600°C that the steam reformation of methane was desperately to occur due to its endothermic, then CH4 formation still were found. Producer gas from the new gasifier had relatively high quality in terms of heating value per a unit volume compared to other conventional gasifiers. This can be used directly as good gaseous fuel. However, the product gas was not likely served as precursor in chemical industries due to its still low H2/CO ratio and high CH4 concentration.

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Anak Agung Putu Susastriawan, Yuli Purwanto, Purnomo i Ahmad Warisman. "Development of An Air-Stage Downdraft Gasifier and Performance Evaluation on Feedstock of Rice Husk". Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 84, nr 1 (26.06.2021): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.84.1.2032.

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Due to depletion of conventional fuel and increasing global warming, biomass wastes have been explored and investigated by many researchers worldwide. A biomass gasification power plant is a promising conversion technology for energy sustainability. From many existing gasifiers have been developed, mostly they have high technology, large capacity, and very costly, thus unsuitable for remote area di Indonesia. The present work aims to build a simple and low cost double air-stage downdraft gasifier for a small-scale biomass power plant system. The gasifier is tested on rice husk at equivalence ratio of 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40. The parameters evaluated are axial temperature, fuel consumption rate, heating rate, thermal efficiency, and tar content. The results show that the highest gasification temperature, fuel consumption rate, heating rate, and thermal efficiency are occurs at equivalence ratio of 0.4. The values are 904.5°C, 4.14 kg/h, 25.38 kJ/h, and 63.18%, respectively. The significant findings is that the gasifier generates producer gas with low tar content, i.e. 23.9 mg/m3 at equivalence ratio of 0.4 and the producer gas is successfully used to run the 3 kW generator set. For sustainability operation of the power plant, it is important to test the gasifier on various biomass waste feedstocks.

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Kulkarni, Mandar, i Rajive Ganguli. "Moving Bed Gasification of Low Rank Alaska Coal". Journal of Combustion 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/918754.

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This paper presents process simulation of moving bed gasifier using low rank, subbituminous Usibelli coal from Alaska. All the processes occurring in a moving bed gasifier, drying, devolatilization, gasification, and combustion, are included in this model. The model, developed in Aspen Plus, is used to predict the effect of various operating parameters including pressure, oxygen to coal, and steam to coal ratio on the product gas composition. The results obtained from the simulation were compared with experimental data in the literature. The predicted composition of the product gas was in general agreement with the established results. Carbon conversion increased with increasing oxygen-coal ratio and decreased with increasing steam-coal ratio. Steam to coal ratio and oxygen to coal ratios impacted produced syngas composition, while pressure did not have a large impact on the product syngas composition. A nonslagging moving bed gasifier would have to be limited to an oxygen-coal ratio of 0.26 to operate below the ash softening temperature. Slagging moving bed gasifiers, not limited by operating temperature, could achieve carbon conversion efficiency of 99.5% at oxygen-coal ratio of 0.33. The model is useful for predicting performance of the Usibelli coal in a moving bed gasifier using different operating parameters.

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Tsatsaronis, G., T. Tawfik, L. Lin i D. T. Gallaspy. "Exergetic Comparison of Two KRW-Based IGCC Power Plants". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 116, nr 2 (1.04.1994): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906819.

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In studies supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Electric Power Research Institute, several design configurations of Kellogg-Rust-Westinghouse (KRW)-based Integrated Gasification-Combined-Cycle (IGCC) power plants were developed. Two of these configurations are compared here from the exergetic viewpoint. The first design configuration (case 1) uses an air-blown KRW gasifier and hot gas cleanup while the second configuration (reference case) uses an oxygen-blown KRW gasifier and cold gas cleanup. Each case uses two General Electric MS7001F advanced combustion turbines. The exergetic comparison identifies the causes of performance difference between the two cases: differences in the exergy destruction of the gasification system, the gas turbine system, and the gas cooling process, as well as differences in the exergy loss accompanying the solids to disposal stream. The potential for using (a) oxygen-blown versus air-blown-KRW gasifiers, and (b) hot gas versus cold gas cleanup processes was evaluated. The results indicate that, among the available options, an oxygen-blown KRW gasifier using in-bed desulfurization combined with an optimized hot gas cleanup process has the largest potential for providing performance improvements.

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Shahabuddin, M., i Tanvir Alam. "Gasification of Solid Fuels (Coal, Biomass and MSW): Overview, Challenges and Mitigation Strategies". Energies 15, nr 12 (18.06.2022): 4444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124444.

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Currently, hydrogen energy is the most promising energy vector, while gasification is one of the major routes for its production. However, gasification suffers from various issues, including slower carbon conversion, poor syngas quality, lower heating value and higher emissions. Multiple factors affect gasification performance, such as the selection of gasifiers, feedstock’s physicochemical properties and operating conditions. In this review, the status of gasification, key gasifier technologies and the effect of solid-fuel (i.e., coal, biomass and MSW) properties on gasification performance are reviewed critically. Based on the current review, the co-gasification of coal, biomass and solid waste, along with a partial utilisation of CO2 as a reactant, are suggested. Furthermore, a technological breakthrough in carbon capture and sequestration is needed to make it industrially viable.

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Consonni, S., E. D. Larson, T. G. Kreutz i N. Berglin. "Black Liquor Gasifier/Gas Turbine Cogeneration". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 120, nr 3 (1.07.1998): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2818164.

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The kraft process dominates pulp and paper production worldwide. Black liquor, a mixture of lignin and inorganic chemicals, is generated in this process as fiber is extracted from wood. At most kraft mills today, black liquor is burned in Tomlinson boilers to produce steam for on-site heat and power and to recover the inorganic chemicals for reuse in the process. Globally, the black liquor generation rate is about 85,000 MWfuel (or 0.5 million tonnes of dry solids per day), with nearly 50 percent of this in North America. The majority of presently installed Tomlinson boilers will reach the end of their useful lives during the next 5 to 20 years. As a replacement for Tomlinson-based cogeneration, black liquor-gasifier/gas turbine cogeneration promises higher electrical efficiency, with prospective environmental, safety, and capital cost benefits for kraft mills. Several companies are pursuing commercialization of black liquor gasification for gas turbine applications. This paper presents results of detailed performance modeling of gasifier/gas turbine cogeneration systems using different black liquor gasifiers modeled on proposed commercial designs.

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Bakker, Wate. "High temperature corrosion in gasifiers". Materials Research 7, nr 1 (marzec 2004): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-14392004000100009.

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Sanday, H., i C. R. Lloyd. "Biomass gasifiers in the Pacific". Renewable Energy 3, nr 2-3 (marzec 1993): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(93)90012-6.

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Jain, B. C. "Commercialising biomass gasifiers: Indian experience". Energy for Sustainable Development 4, nr 3 (październik 2000): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60255-0.

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Hobbs, Michael L., Predrag T. Radulovic i L. Douglas Smoot. "Modeling fixed-bed coal gasifiers". AIChE Journal 38, nr 5 (maj 1992): 681–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690380506.

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Leckner, Bo. "Developments in fluidized bed conversion of solid fuels". Thermal Science 20, suppl. 1 (2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150703135l.

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A summary is given on the development of fluidized bed conversion (combustion and gasification) of solid fuels. First, gasification is mentioned, following the line of development from the Winkler gasifier to recent designs. The combustors were initially bubbling beds, which were found unsuitable for combustion of coal because of various drawbacks, but they proved more useful for biomass where these drawbacks were absent. Instead, circulating fluidized bed boilers became the most important coal converters, whose design now is quite mature, and presently the increments in size and efficiency are the most important development tasks. The new modifications of these conversion devices are related to CO2 capture. Proposed methods with this purpose, involving fluidized bed, are single-reactor systems like oxy-fuel combustion, and dual-reactor systems, including also indirect biomass gasifiers.

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Aditya, I. A., i A. Simaremare. "Techno-economic assessment of a hybrid solar PV/syngas/battery power system for off-grid application: Long Pahangai-Indonesia case study". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2193, nr 1 (1.02.2022): 012001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2193/1/012001.

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Abstract This paper presents the design of the hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) composed of photovoltaic, batteries, biomass gasifiers, and diesel generators to determine the optimal configuration of the system located in Long Pahangai, Indonesia. Long pahangai is one of the remote villages in Indonesia that has not enjoyed 24-hour electricity. This paper presents optimal modeling of the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) to find the most cost-effective configurations for electricity requirement of 1.219,1 kWh/day primary load. The results suggest that a PV-Diesel-Gasifier-Battery system is the best optimal design for Long Pahangai in terms of cost of energy (COE) and Total Net Present Cost (TNPC). The sensitivity analysis also identifies the influence of diesel price, biomass price, biomass gasification ratio, substitution ratio, and minimum fossil fraction.

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Heinze, Christian, Eric Langner, Jan May i Bernd Epple. "Determination of a Complete Conversion Model for Gasification of Lignite Char". Applied Sciences 10, nr 6 (11.03.2020): 1916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10061916.

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The conversion of solid fuels via gasification is a viable method to produce valuable fuels and chemicals or electricity while also offering the option of carbon capture. Fluidized bed gasifiers are most suitable for abundantly available low-rank coal. The design of these gasifiers requires well-developed kinetic models of gasification. Numerous studies deal with single aspects of char gasification, like influence of gas compositions or pre-treatment. Nevertheless, no unified theory for the gasification mechanisms exists that is able to explain the reaction rate over the full range of possible temperatures, gas compositions, carbon conversion, etc. This study aims to demonstrate a rigorous methodology to provide a complete char gasification model for all conditions in a fluidized bed gasifier for one specific fuel. The non-isothermal thermogravimetric method was applied to steam and CO2 gasification from 500 °C to 1100 °C. The inhibiting effect of product gases H2 and CO was taken into account. All measurements were evaluated for their accuracy with the Allan variance. Two reaction models (i.e., Arrhenius and Langmuir–Hinshelwood) and four conversion models (i.e., volumetric model, grain model, random pore model and Johnson model) were fitted to the measurement results and assessed depending on their coefficient of determination. The results for the chosen char show that the Langmuir–Hinshelwood reaction model together with the Johnson conversion model is most suitable to describe the char conversion for both steam and CO2 gasification of the tested lignite. The coefficient of determination is 98% and 95%, respectively.

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Salman, Chaudhary Awais, i Ch Bilal Omer. "Process Modelling and Simulation of Waste Gasification-Based Flexible Polygeneration Facilities for Power, Heat and Biofuels Production". Energies 13, nr 16 (18.08.2020): 4264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164264.

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There is increasing interest in the harnessing of energy from waste owing to the increase in global waste generation and inadequate currently implemented waste disposal practices, such as composting, landfilling or dumping. The purpose of this study is to provide a modelling and simulation framework to analyze the technical potential of treating municipal solid waste (MSW) and refuse-derived fuel (RDF) for the polygeneration of biofuels along with district heating (DH) and power. A flexible waste gasification polygeneration facility is proposed in this study. Two types of waste—MSW and RDF—are used as feedstock for the polygeneration process. Three different gasifiers—the entrained flow gasifier (EFG), circulating fluidized bed gasifier (CFBG) and dual fluidized bed gasifier (DFBG)—are compared. The polygeneration process is designed to produce DH, power and biofuels (methane, methanol/dimethyl ether, gasoline or diesel and ammonia). Aspen Plus is used for the modelling and simulation of the polygeneration processes. Four cases with different combinations of DH, power and biofuels are assessed. The EFG shows higher energy efficiency when the polygeneration process provides DH alongside power and biofuels, whereas the DFBG and CFBG show higher efficiency when only power and biofuels are produced. RDF waste shows higher efficiency as feedstock than MSW in polygeneration process.

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Collins, W. K., J. C. Rawers, L. M. Peck i A. H. Hunt. "Coal Slag Reaction with High Chrome Refractories". Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (sierpień 2000): 426–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600034620.

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ABSTRACT: Coal gasifiers are required to operate at very high temperatures, >1600°C, for long periods of time, > 13 months (10,000 hours) Fig.1. Under these conditions the refractory lining of choice is high chrome refractory. During operation coal contaminants form a liquid slag that run down the chamber walls which can react with the refractory walls. Albany Research Center has designed a series of experiments to understand the slag-refractory interactions, with the intent of eventually being able to reduce or minimize the problem and thereby extending the gasifier operation time before relining. To understand the slag-refractory interaction, elemental components of the slag have been allowed to react with the refractory under simulated gasifying conditions. The interactions have been characterized using X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, elemental x-ray mapping, and quantitative microanalysis.

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Ong’iro, A., V. I. Ugursal i A. M. Al Taweel. "TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF IGCC POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS BASED ON FLUIDIZED BED GASIFIERS". Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 23, nr 1B (maj 1999): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1999-0015.

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A computerized techno-economic model that can be used to predict the thermal, environmental and economic aspects of integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC) using fluidized bed gasifiers was developed. A brief description of the model is presented and representative applications of the model are demonstrated with a case study. The results verify the favourable characteristics of IGCC systems (i.e. high thermal efficiency, low levelized unit electricity cost, and reduced pollution emissions) and illustrate the effect of various parameters on the performance of IGCC power plants. Models for IGCC with moving bed and entrained bed gasifiers are presented elsewhere.

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Azadi, Pooya, George Brownbridge, Sebastian Mosbach, Oliver Inderwildi i Markus Kraft. "Simulation and life cycle assessment of algae gasification process in dual fluidized bed gasifiers". Green Chemistry 17, nr 3 (2015): 1793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4gc01698j.

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Koeshardono, Fachri. "MODIFICATION OF HAND HOLE VALVE IN 10 KG CAPACITY MINI GASIFIER MACHINE". Jurnal Teknik Mesin 9, nr 1 (25.10.2020): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/jtm.v9i2.8156.

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Coal is one of the fossil fuels generally is that sedimentary rocks can ignite, formed from organic deposits. Along with the depletion of reserves of fossil energy sources, there is a coal energy conversion technology that is the gasification process. Gasification is a thermos-chemical conversion process from solid material to gas fuel that can be used for various needs. Tools for the gasification process are called gasifiers, one type of which is a fixed bed gasifier. A fixed bed gasifier is a gasification system using a number of solid fuels (coal / biomass) through which air and gas can pass either up or down. This type is the simplest type used on a small scale, this gasifier tool is usually small and often called a mini gasifier. Generally, there are major gasifier mini parts namely; hopper, reactor, water storage, steam drum, cyclone separator, spliter, and blower. Mini gasifier has a problem in the hand hole valve which is in the reactor section where the hand hole valve is difficult to open and close or impractical because it uses as many as eight bolts so that the alignment of the bolt so that the bias is closed tightly, it is necessary to improvise a new design on the hand hole valve deal with the problem. Two alternative designs were made to determine the right solution, design A in the form of an acetyline gas valve and design B in the form of a modification of the valve that was pre-installed on the reactor. Hand hole B valve design was chosen as a solution to handle this problem.

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Consonni, S., i E. D. Larson. "Biomass-Gasifier/Aeroderivative Gas Turbine Combined Cycles: Part B—Performance Calculations and Economic Assessment". Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, nr 3 (1.07.1996): 516–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816678.

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Gas turbines fueled by integrated biomass gasifiers are a promising option for base-load electricity generation from a renewable resource. Aeroderivative turbines, which are characterized by high efficiencies in small units, are of special interest because transportation costs for biomass constrain conversion facilities to relatively modest scales. Part A of this two-part paper reviewed commercial development activities and major technological issues associated with biomass integrated-gasifier/gas turbine (BIG/GT) combined cycle power generation. Based on the computational model also described in Part A, this paper (Part B) presents results of detailed design-point performance calculations for several BIG/GT combined cycle configurations. Emphasis is given to systems now being proposed for commercial installation in the 25–30 MWe, power output range. Three different gasifier designs are considered: air-blown, pressurized fluidized-bed gasification; air-blown, near-atmospheric pressure fluidized-bed gasification; and near-atmospheric pressure, indirectly heated fluidized-bed gasification. Advanced combined cycle configurations (including with intercooling) with outputs from 22 to 75 MW are also explored. An economic assessment is also presented, based on preliminary capital cost estimates for BIG/GT combined cycles and expected biomass costs in several regions of the world.

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Falshtynskyi, Volodymyr, Roman Dychkovskyi, Pavlo Saik, Vasyl Lozynskyi, Victor Sulaiev i Edgar Cáceres Cabana. "The Concept of Mining Enterprises Progress on the Basis of Underground Coal Gasification Method Characteristic". Solid State Phenomena 291 (maj 2019): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.291.137.

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The authors of the paper consider the concept of further prospective development of mining enterprises. The basis of this concept are scientific results obtained during the study of physical and chemical processes of solids conversion into the gaseous state: coal → gaseous fuels. It was established that the main base of development of mining regions is a mining power-chemical complex. The basic segment of which is a well underground coal gasification station. It is established that increase of indicators of efficient operation of the station from gasification is possible by synthesis of technical and technological decisions on the use of coal seam energy. When coal gasification is over, the gasifier passes into a mode of thermal generator with the use of alothermal technique to remove heat and thermic decomposition products from the degassed space of the gasifier. Generator gas at its initial temperature (1100 – 1300oС) around an underground gasifier creates a powerful heat boiler with a temperature regime of 200 – 300oС. It was established that at work of six gasifiers on a coal seam with thickness of 1.0 m with geometrical parameters each at a width of 30 m and at the length of 450 m energy-thermal power will be 237.8 MW. At the same time, additional energy resources can be obtained by involving segments of alternative forms of energy supply to the life cycle of the mining enterprise.

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Gitau, James K., Jane Mutune, Cecilia Sundberg, Ruth Mendum i Mary Njenga. "Implications on Livelihoods and the Environment of Uptake of Gasifier Cook Stoves among Kenya’s Rural Households". Applied Sciences 9, nr 6 (22.03.2019): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061205.

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A majority of people in developing countries use biomass energy for cooking and heating due to its affordability, accessibility and convenience. However, unsustainable biomass use leads to forest degradation and climate change. Therefore, this study was carried out in Kwale County, Kenya, on the use of a biochar-producing gasifier cook stove and implications of its uptake on livelihoods and the environment. Fifty households were trained and issued with a gasifier for free. After 2–3 months of gasifier use, a survey was conducted to investigate the implications of its uptake. The direct impacts included reduced fuel consumption by 38%, reduced time spent in firewood collection, reduced expenditure on cooking fuel, diversification of cooking fuels, improved kitchen conditions and reduced time spent on cooking. The potential benefits included income generation, increased food production, reduced impacts on environment and climate change and reduced health problems. Improved biomass cook stoves can alleviate problems with current cooking methods, which include inefficient fuel use, health issues caused by smoke, and environmental problems. These benefits could contribute to development through alleviating poverty and hunger, promoting gender equality, enhancing good health and sustainable ecosystems and mitigating climate change. The study recommends the promotion of cleaner cooking stoves, particularly gasifiers, among households in rural areas while paying attention to user needs and preferences.

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Guo, Junli, Deping Lu, Qiang Hu i Jin zou. "Influence of CaO and Fe₂O on the surface tension and structure of SiO₂-Al₂O₃-CaO-Fe₂O₃-MgO synthetic slags". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2393, nr 1 (1.12.2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2393/1/012012.

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Abstract The surface tension of coal slags influences the adhesion between the slag and furnace walls in slagging gasifiers, which further influences the efficiency, maintenance cost and reliability of the gasifier. The influence of CaO and Fe2O3 on the surface tension and structure of synthetic slags were investigated. The results indicate that the surface tension linearly increases with the increase of CaO content in the synthetic slag. When Fe2O3 exceeds 3.8 mole%, the surface tension of synthetic slag increases slowly with the increase of Fe2O3, which is related to Fe2O3 acting as an intermediate oxide. The degree of polymerization and the electrostatic potential of ions are related to a variation in surface tension, and the number of unsatisfied bonds increases because the Si-O-Si network structure was depolymerized. Here, NBO/T cannot reflect the degree of depolymerization of slag due to the variation in intermediate Fe2O3 contents.

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HIRATO, Mituho. "Scale-up of coal gasifiers. II." Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan 64, nr 6 (1985): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3775/jie.64.364.

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HUBER, R. "OPERATIONAL STABILITY OF FREE PISTON GASIFIERS". Journal of the American Society for Naval Engineers 62, nr 2 (18.03.2009): 257–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1950.tb02830.x.

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Blasi, Colomba Di. "Dynamic behaviour of stratified downdraft gasifiers". Chemical Engineering Science 55, nr 15 (sierpień 2000): 2931–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(99)00562-x.

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Henrich, E., i F. Weirich. "Pressurized Entrained Flow Gasifiers for Biomass". Environmental Engineering Science 21, nr 1 (styczeń 2004): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/109287504322746758.

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Adanez, Juan, i F. Garcia Labiano. "Modeling of moving-bed coal gasifiers". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 29, nr 10 (październik 1990): 2079–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00106a016.

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Grieco, Enrico Maria, i Giancarlo Baldi. "Predictive model for countercurrent coal gasifiers". Chemical Engineering Science 66, nr 23 (grudzień 2011): 5749–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2011.06.072.

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Bakopoulos, A. "Gasifiers and Syngas Radiative Cooling Systems". Chemie Ingenieur Technik 90, nr 9 (24.08.2018): 1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.201855238.

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Dhrioua, Maryem, Walid Hassen, Lioua Kolsi, Kaouther Ghachem, Chemseddine Maatki i Mohamed Naceur Borjini. "Simulation of Prosopis juliflora Air Gasification in Multistage Fluidized Process". Processes 8, nr 12 (15.12.2020): 1655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8121655.

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A multistage atmospheric fluidized bed gasifier was developed using the Aspen Plus simulation process. The innovative gasification reactor aims to yield a high-quality product gas as it conducts pyrolysis, combustion, and reduction in different zones. In addition, it uses gas as a heat carrier and has a fluidized char bed in the reduction zone to enhance the in-situ tar reduction. In order to study the feasibility of the gasifier, an evaluation of the product gas and the process efficiency is required. The proposed model was based on the reaction rates and hydrodynamic parameters of the bubbling bed. Four different stages were initially considered in the simulation process: decomposition of the feed, partial volatile combustion, char reduction, and gas solid separation. The gasification reactor was operated over a temperature range of 800–1000 °C and an isothermal combustion reactor was operated at 1000 °C. In addition, the air to biomass mass ratio was varied from 0.2 to 0.5. It has been validated and displayed very good agreement with published data. Effects of gasification reactor temperature, air to biomass ratio, and gasifier dimensions on the composition of product gas were investigated Results showed that the principal component is CO and its concentration in the product gas increases with increase in gasifier temperature but decreases with increasing air to biomass ratio. The results also gave a relatively high value of the lowered gas caloric value and acceptable cold gas efficiency which help the sizing of gasifiers and the choice of optimal operating conditions.

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Luo, Hao, Lukasz Niedzwiecki, Amit Arora, Krzysztof Mościcki, Halina Pawlak-Kruczek, Krystian Krochmalny, Marcin Baranowski i in. "Influence of Torrefaction and Pelletizing of Sawdust on the Design Parameters of a Fixed Bed Gasifier". Energies 13, nr 11 (11.06.2020): 3018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13113018.

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Gasification of biomass in fixed bed gasifiers is a well-known technology, with its origins dating back to the beginning of 20th century. It is a technology with good prospects, in terms of small scale, decentralized power co-generation. However, the understanding of the process is still not fully developed. Therefore, assessment of the changes in the design of a gasifier is typically performed with extensive prototyping stage, thus introducing significant cost. This study presents experimental results of gasification of a single pellet and bed of particles of raw and torrefied wood. The procedure can be used for obtaining design parameters of a fixed bed gasifier. Results of two suits of experiments, namely pyrolysis and CO2 gasification are presented. Moreover, results of pyrolysis of pellets are compared against a numerical model, developed for thermally thick particles. Pyrolysis time, predicted by model, was in good agreement with experimental results, despite some differences in the time when half of the initial mass was converted. Conversion times for CO2 gasification were much longer, despite higher temperature of the process, indicating importance of the reduction reactions. Overall, the obtained results could be helpful in developing a complete model of gasification of thermally thick particles in a fixed bed.

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Schurz, Martin, Alexander Laugwitz, Steffen Krzack i Bernd Meyer. "Comparison of Two Coal-Gasifier-Designs with Moving-Bed and Internal-Circulating-Fluidized-Bed Configuration in One Reactor". Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 10, nr 1 (10.08.2017): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01710010048.

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Background:Coal gasification is the promising technology for syngas routes to produce chemicals or transportation fuels. Additionally, it enables clean power generation from coal in Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles (IGCC). So far, coal fines with high ash contents could not be feasibly used in such routes.In this regard, the Internal Circulation gasifier (INCI) is designed to gasify high-ash coal fines efficiently. The staged system is combining a moving bed, a fluidized bed and a jetting fluidized bed in one reaction chamber.Method:The present paper substantially describes the laboratory-scale prototype development in the COORVED-project (“CO2-reduction by innovative gasifier design”) based on the INCI gasification principle of about 50-125 kW thermal input. Information about the gasifiers compounding, especially the reaction chamber, peripheral components and applied measurement systems are given.Results:Experimental results are presented, confirming the targeted, typical flow pattern inside the reaction chamber. Furthermore technical and operational limits of the COORVED prefiguration are discussed. Based on these results a major design change of the reaction chamber is required and explained in detail. Additionally, results of the feedstock variation from coke to lignite are shown.Conclusion:Finally, the operability of the INCI gasification principle is proven by a stationary operating system with controlled ash agglomeration.

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Asghar, Aamer Bilal, Saad Farooq, Muhammad Shahzad Khurram, Mujtaba Hussain Jaffery i Krzysztof Ejsmont. "Estimation of the Solid Circulation Rate in Circulating Fluidized Bed System Using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Algorithm". Energies 15, nr 1 (29.12.2021): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010211.

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Circulating Fluidized Bed gasifiers are widely used in industry to convert solid fuel into liquid fuel. The Artificial Neural Network and neuro-fuzzy algorithm have immense potential to improve the efficiency of the gasifier. The main focus of this article is to implement the Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System modeling approach to estimate solid circulation rate at high pressure in the Circulating Fluidized Bed gasifier. The experimental data is obtained on a laboratory scale prototype in the Chemical Engineering laboratory at COMSATS University Islamabad. The Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System use four input features—pressure, single mean diameter, total valve opening and riser dp—and one output feature mass flow rate with multiple neurons in the hidden layers to estimate the flow of solid particles in the riser. Both Artificial Neural Network and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System model worked on 217 data samples and output results are compared based on their Mean Square Error, Regression analysis, Mean Absolute Error and Mean Absolute Percentage Error. The experimental results show the effectiveness of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (Mean Square Error is 0.0519 and Regression analysis R2=1.0000), as it outperformed Artificial Neural Network in terms of accuracy (Mean Square Error is 1.0677 and Regression analysis R2=0.9806).

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Hatzilyberis, Kostas, i George Androutsopoulos. "Lignite chemical conversion in an indirect heat rotary kiln gasifier". Thermal Science 10, nr 3 (2006): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0603181h.

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The results on the gasification of Greek lignite using two indirect heat (allothermal) pilot rotary kiln gasifiers are reported in the present work. The development of this new reactor-gasifier concept intended for solid fuels chemical conversion exploits data and experience gained from the following two pilot plants. The first unit A (about 100 kg/h raw lignite) demonstrated the production of a medium heating value gas (12-13 MJ/Nm3) with quite high DAF (dry ash free) coal conversions, in an indirect heat rotary gasifier under mild temperature and pressure conditions. The second unit B is a small pilot size unit (about 10 kg/h raw lignite) comprises an electrically heated rotary kiln, is an operation flexible and exhibits effective phase mixing and enhanced heat transfer characteristics. Greek lignite pyrolysis and gasification data were produced from experiments performed with pilot plant B and the results are compared with those of a theoretical model. The model assumes a scheme of three consecutive-partly parallel processes (i. e. drying, pyrolysis, and gasification) and predicts DAF lignite conversion and gas composition in relatively good agreement with the pertinent experimental data typical of the rotary kiln gasifier performance. Pilot plant B is currently being employed in lime-enhanced gasification studies aiming at the production of hydrogen enriched synthesis gas. Presented herein are two typical gas compositions obtain from lignite gasification runs in the presence or not of lime. .

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Chawdhury, M. A., i K. Mahkamov. "Development of a Small Downdraft Biomass Gasifier for Developing Countries". Journal of Scientific Research 3, nr 1 (19.12.2010): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v3i1.5613.

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Biomass gasification has been receiving increasing attention as a potential renewable energy source for the last few decades. This attempt involved designing, developing and testing a small downdraft biomass gasifier JRB-1 (6-7 kW) at Durham University, UK. The gasifier was built of stainless steel pipes, sheets and other fittings and tested for wood chips and pellets. The composition, moisture content and consumption of biomass feedstock (3.1 kg/hr for wood chips, 2.9 kg/hr for pellets), temperature inside the reaction zone (950-1150 oC), primary air flow rate (0.0015 m3/s) and exit temperature of the producer gas (180-220 oC) was measured. The main constituents of syngas included nitrogen (50-56%), carbon monoxide (19-22%), hydrogen (12-19%), carbon dioxide (10-12%) and a small amount of methane (1-2%). These results were used in Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software to obtain the lower calorific value of syngas (4424-5007 kJ/m3) and cold gas efficiency (62.5-69.4%) of the gasifier, which were found close to the calculated values. Again the thermal efficiency was calculated as 90.1-92.4%. Being comparatively easy to build, downdraft gasifiers like JRB-1 are likely to be the most appropriate technology for developing countries as a source of decentralized power supply and for development in agricultural sector. Keywords: Biomass gasification; Syngas; Emission; Renewable energy.© 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1.5613 J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 51-64 (2011)

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