Artykuły w czasopismach: „Gas exchange”

1

Dueck, R. "Gas exchange". Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 1, nr 4 (listopad 1988): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-198801040-00002.

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Dueck, R. "Gas exchange". Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 1, nr 4 (listopad 1988): 450–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-198811000-00002.

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Remchukov, S. S., V. S. Lomazov, R. N. Lebedinskiy, I. V. Demidyuk i I. S. Ptitsyn. "Special Aspects of Designing High Temperature Plate Heat Exchangers for Small Gas Turbine Engines". Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Mechanical Engineering, nr 3 (142) (wrzesień 2022): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/0236-3941-2022-3-57-70.

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An increase in the fuel efficiency of small-sized gas turbine engines can be achieved by regenerating the heat of the turbine exhaust gases. A rational layout solution in this case is a turboshaft scheme, where the effective power is generated on the shaft of a free turbine, and the turbine exhaust gases are released into the environment without doing useful work. When creating a turboshaft engine with heat recovery, the concept of developing engine family on the base of unified gas-generator was considered. The concept involves the development of a modular system, where the addition or exclusion of individual large units allows changing the type of engine at minimal cost. The article presents the layout solution of a small-sized turboshaft gas turbine engine with heat recovery, developed on the basis of a unified gas-generator and using a gearbox to transfer effective power to a propeller or a rotor. A plate heat exchanger module with a corrugated heat exchange surface for a small-sized turboshaft gas turbine engine has been designed. The heat exchange matrix was developed using a complex techniques of computer-aided design, calculation and manufacture of plate heat exchangers. Some design features of high-temperature plate heat exchangers are identified, the most important of which is the non-uniformity of temperature fields in the heat exchange matrix. Taking into account the non-uniformity of temperature fields, the heat exchanger module is a collapsible structure allowing the replacement of the heat exchange matrix and providing compensation for thermal expansion of the heat exchanger elements. The designed plate heat exchanger module for a small turboshaft gas turbine engine will be manufactured and tested on the bench

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4

Niranjan, S. C., J. W. Clark, K. Y. San, J. B. Zwischenberger i A. Bidani. "Analysis of factors affecting gas exchange in intravascular blood gas exchanger". Journal of Applied Physiology 77, nr 4 (1.10.1994): 1716–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.77.4.1716.

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A mathematical model of an intravascular hollow-fiber gas-exchange device, called IVOX, has been developed using a Krogh cylinder-like approach with a repeating unit structure comprised of a single fiber with gas flowing through its lumen surrounded by a coaxial cylinder of blood flowing in the opposite direction. Species mass balances on O2 and CO2 result in a nonlinear coupled set of convective-diffusion parabolic partial differential equations that are solved numerically using an alternating-direction implicit finite-difference method. Computed results indicated the presence of a large resistance to gas transport on the external (blood) side of the hollow-fiber exchanger. Increasing gas flow through the device favored CO2 removal from but not O2 addition to blood. Increasing blood flow over the device favored both CO2 removal as well as O2 addition. The rate of CO2 removal increased linearly with the transmural PCO2 gradient imposed across the device. The effect of fiber crimping on blood phase mass transfer resistance was evaluated indirectly by varying species blood diffusivity. Computed results indicated that CO2 excretion by IVOX can be significantly enhanced with improved bulk mixing of vena caval blood around the IVOX fibers.

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Castro, Mark S. "Trace Gas Exchange". Ecology 75, nr 4 (czerwiec 1994): 1192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939446.

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Schmidt, Gregory A. "Monitoring Gas Exchange". Respiratory Care 65, nr 6 (26.05.2020): 729–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4187/respcare.07408.

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Prisk, G. Kim, i Susan R. Hopkins. "Pulmonary Gas Exchange". Colloquium Series on Integrated Systems Physiology: From Molecule to Function 5, nr 2 (23.08.2013): 1–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4199/c00087ed1v01y201308isp041.

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Rothen, Hans Ulrich, i G??ran Hedenstierna. "Pulmonary gas exchange". Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 5, nr 6 (grudzień 1992): 831–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-199212000-00014.

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WEST, JOHN B, i PETER D WAGNER. "Pulmonary Gas Exchange". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 157, nr 4 (kwiecień 1998): S82—S87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.157.4.nhlbi-4.

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Pesenti, Antonio, Alberto Zanella i Nicolò Patroniti. "Extracorporeal gas exchange". Current Opinion in Critical Care 15, nr 1 (luty 2009): 52–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mcc.0b013e3283220e1f.

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Jebria, Aziz Ben, Rena Bizios i Thomas Skalak. "Pulmonary gas exchange". Annals of Biomedical Engineering 25, nr 1 (styczeń 1997): S—10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02647351.

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WAGNER, Peter D. "Pulmonary gas exchange". Respirology 12, s2 (maj 2007): S6—S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2007.01068.x.

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Bhatt, Nikunj, i Erik Osborn. "Extracorporeal Gas Exchange". Clinics in Chest Medicine 37, nr 4 (grudzień 2016): 765–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2016.07.015.

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Moerer, Onnen, Francesco Vasques, Eleonora Duscio, Francesco Cipulli, Federica Romitti, Luciano Gattinoni i Michael Quintel. "Extracorporeal Gas Exchange". Critical Care Clinics 34, nr 3 (lipiec 2018): 413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2018.03.011.

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15

Kurbet, Oleksandra. "INSTITUTIONAL PRECONDITIONS AND GENESIS OF NATURAL GAS EXCHANGE TRADING". Economics & Education 7, nr 3 (30.11.2022): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2500-946x/2022-3-4.

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Natural gas is one of the world's leading sources of primary energy, and gas exchanges are key players in the natural gas market, which ensure its functioning on a liberal basis. Given the current liberalization trends, exchange trading in natural gas is gaining momentum and importance in this market. The main objective of the study was to determine the institutional preconditions and the main stages of the genesis of the exchange segment of natural gas trade. The study showed that gas exchanges and gas hubs are the key institutions of natural gas exchange trading, as they ensure openness and transparency of the market. As a result of the study, the author identified the following institutional prerequisites for the creation of gas exchanges: the need to form a competitive gas market and ensure its availability to third parties, ensuring transparent pricing and setting the market price for gas, simplification of trade procedures and standardization of products, protection of the execution of agreements and limitation of risks, which is manifested in the security and reliability of supplies and increasing the energy security of the state. Identifying the stages of the evolution of natural gas exchange trading, the author distinguished gas trading on mixed commodity exchanges, gas trading on universal and specialized energy exchanges, which began to emerge slowly in the 1990s, and gas market liberalization, accompanied by a boom in the creation of gas exchanges and gas hubs. The recession of 2008-2009, the shale gas revolution, the process of decarbonization of the economy and the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by Russia have been the main catalysts for the modern transformation of the natural gas market in recent decades. The author concludes that the latter will significantly affect the natural gas market in the coming years, which will lead to a revision of European policy in this area and the struggle for energy security. This paper is an original scientific study of the evolution of natural gas exchange trading and makes a certain contribution to the study of the peculiarities of the gas market functioning.

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16

Ghorbani, M., i S. F. Ranjbar. "Optimization of Compressed Heat Exchanger Efficiency by Using Genetic Algorithm". International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 24, nr 2 (1.05.2019): 461–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijame-2019-0029.

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Abstract Due to the application of coil-shaped coils in a compressed gas flow exchanger and water pipe flow in airconditioner devices, air conditioning and refrigeration systems, both industrial and domestic, need to be optimized to improve exchange capacity of heat exchangers by reducing the pressure drop. Today, due to the reduction of fossil fuel resources and the importance of optimal use of resources, optimization of thermal, mechanical and electrical devices has gained particular importance. Compressed heat exchangers are the devices used in industries, especially oil and petrochemical ones, as well as in power plants. So, in this paper we try to optimize compressed heat exchangers. Variables of the functions or state-of-the-machine parameters are optimized in compressed heat exchangers to achieve maximum thermal efficiency. To do this, it is necessary to provide equations and functions of the compressed heat exchanger relative to the functional variables and then to formulate the parameter for the gas pressure drop of the gas flow through the blades and the heat exchange surface in relation to the heat duty. The heat transfer rate to the gas-side pressure drop is maximized by solving the binary equation system in the genetic algorithm. The results show that using optimization, the heat capacity and the efficiency of the heat exchanger improved by 15% and the pressure drop along the path significantly decreases.

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17

Koshman, Sergey S. "Challenging Aspects of the Legal Regulation of International Economic Activities of Gas Exporters as Parties to Exchange Trade in Gas Abroad". Energy law forum 4 (14.01.2021): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2410-4396-2020-4-111-115.

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According to the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2035, the indicator of solution of the task of a flexible response to the world gas market dynamics is retaining by the Russian Federation of the dominant position of top three world gas exporters. Russian exporting companies are interested in trading in natural gas in European exchanges, as exchange trade in natural gas gives an opportunity to diversify the existing natural gas export mechanisms, gain access to highly liquid natural gas sales channels. At present, there is little legal research dedicated to challenging aspects of the legal regulation of exchange trade in energy resources, access of exporting companies to foreign exchanges. There are gaps and discrepancies in the existing legal regulation of this sector. The author reviews peculiarities of the legal regulation of relationships arising in trade in natural gas in European exchanges, the requirements set for exchange participants, the existing restrictions of these operations for Russian exporting companies, brings forward legal regulation development proposals.

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Koshman, Sergey S. "CHALLENGING ASPECTS OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF GAS EXPORTERS AS PARTIES TO EXCHANGE TRADE IN GAS ABROAD". Energy law forum 4 (14.01.2021): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2312-4350-2020-4-56-61.

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According to the Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2035, the indicator of solution of the task of a flexible response to the world gas market dynamics is retaining by the Russian Federation of the dominant position of top three world gas exporters. Russian exporting companies are interested in trading in natural gas in European exchanges, as exchange trade in natural gas gives an opportunity to diversify the existing natural gas export mechanisms, gain access to highly liquid natural gas sales channels. At present, there is little legal research dedicated to challenging aspects of the legal regulation of exchange trade in energy resources, access of exporting companies to foreign exchanges. There are gaps and discrepancies in the existing legal regulation of this sector. The author reviews peculiarities of the legal regulation of relationships arising in trade in natural gas in European exchanges, the requirements set for exchange participants, the existing restrictions of these operations for Russian exporting companies, brings forward legal regulation development proposals.

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19

Klocke, R. A. "Kinetic measurements of gas exchange in the intact pulmonary microcirculation". Journal of Applied Physiology 71, nr 6 (1.12.1991): 2536–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1991.71.6.2536.

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The kinetics of gas exchange are monitored in an isolated perfused lung preparation contained within a plethysmograph. The lungs are perfused with buffer, and there is no gas exchange until a 2.0-ml bolus of reactant is injected into the perfusion system. Subsequent gas exchange produces a pressure transient that is related to the corresponding volume of exchanged gas. The observed rate of volume change is the result of two separate processes: 1) the rate of gas exchange during transit through the capillary bed and 2) the distribution of vascular transit times between the point of injection and the capillary bed. The latter is assessed by a control injection containing a dissolved inert gas that is liberated in the alveoli as the bolus enters the capillary bed. Analysis of the experimental curves permits the separation of these two processes. A model of exchange kinetics indicates that this method has the capability of measuring kinetic events occurring during gas exchange in the microcirculation under physiological conditions.

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20

Azizi Kouchaksaraei, Meysam, Hamed Movahedizadeh i Hoda Mohammadalikhani. "Determinant of the Relationship between Natural Gas Prices and Leading Natural Gas Countries’ Stock Exchange". International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, nr 4 (23.03.2016): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n4p246.

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<p>Over the recent decades, natural sources of energy have become an interesting topic to investigate for researchers. Sources of energy play a crucial role in all industrial segments such as export revenue, exchange rate and stock market. One of the major sources is natural gas which its price affects many countries’ economy. This paper investigates the effect of natural gas price on the three leading natural gas exporting countries’ stock market: Russia, Norway and Qatar. This paper employs monthly data observations including natural gas price and stock exchange market index on Russia, Norway and Qatar from January 2005 to November 2013. This study uses Unrestricted Vector Autoregressive model (VAR) to apply Granger Causality test, Impulse Response functions and Variance Decomposition. Findings show that there are two-way causality relationship between natural gas prices and stock exchanges of Russia and Norway, though natural gas prices affected Russia stock exchange index at 10% significance level and Norway stock exchange index at 5% significance. However, there is not causality relationship between Qatar stock exchange and natural gas prices. Moreover, outcomes of impulse response function present that natural gas price shock does not have significant impact on all three countries’ stock exchange. The variance decomposition test also reinforces the results from impulse response function since Russia, Norway and Qatar’s stock exchange variance are not significantly due to natural gas price.</p>

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21

Prewysz-Kwinto, Piotr, i Grażyna Voss. "Gas exchange in Poland". Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H, Oeconomia 48, nr 3 (16.01.2015): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/h.2015.48.3.295.

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HEDENSTIERNA, G. "GAS EXCHANGE DURING ANAESTHESIA". British Journal of Anaesthesia 64, nr 4 (kwiecień 1990): 507–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/64.4.507.

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Hlastala, Michael P., i Jennifer E. Souders. "Perfluorocarbon Enhanced Gas Exchange". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 164, nr 1 (lipiec 2001): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.164.1.2104021a.

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Hedenstierna, G. "Gas exchange during anaesthesia". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 34 (wrzesień 1990): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.1990.tb03218.x.

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25

Poole, David C. "Diabetes and Gas Exchange". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (maj 2005): S134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-00714.

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Poole, David C. "Diabetes and Gas Exchange". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (maj 2005): S134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-00714.

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27

KOLOBOW, THEODOR. "Extracorporeal Respiratory Gas Exchange". ASAIO Transactions 37, nr 1 (styczeń 1991): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002216-199101000-00002.

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&NA;. "Pentoxifylline increases gas exchange". Inpharma Weekly &NA;, nr 731 (kwiecień 1990): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199007310-00038.

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McConnell, Timothy R., Bernard A. Clark, Nancy C. Conlin i Jean H. Haas. "Gas Exchange Anaerobic Threshold". Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 13, nr 1 (styczeń 1993): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-199301000-00006.

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KOLOBOW, THEODOR. "Extracorporeal Respiratory Gas Exchange". ASAIO Transactions 37, nr 1 (styczeń 1991): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002480-199101000-00002.

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31

&NA;. "GAS EXCHANGE/ECMO/ECCO2R". ASAIO Journal 42, nr 2 (kwiecień 1996): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002480-199642020-00013.

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32

Sumner, E. "Gas exchange in children". Pediatric Anesthesia 3, nr 1 (styczeń 1993): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9592.1993.tb00026.x.

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FUHRMAN, BRADLEY P., PAMELA R. PACZAN i MARIA DEFRANCISIS. "Perfluorocarbon-associated gas exchange". Critical Care Medicine 19, nr 5 (maj 1991): 712–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003246-199105000-00019.

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Mithoefer, John C., i Homayoun Kazemi. "GAS EXCHANGE DURING REBREATHING*". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 109, nr 2 (15.12.2006): 743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13503.x.

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35

Hedenstierna, Göran, i Adrian Reber. "Gas exchange during anesthesia". Seminars in Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain 15, nr 4 (grudzień 1996): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-0326(96)80043-2.

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36

Jähne, B., i H. Haußecker. "AIR-WATER GAS EXCHANGE". Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 30, nr 1 (styczeń 1998): 443–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.fluid.30.1.443.

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37

West, John B. "Assessing Pulmonary Gas Exchange". New England Journal of Medicine 316, nr 21 (21.05.1987): 1336–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejm198705213162109.

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Voorhees, Marc E., i Ben F. Brian. "Blood-gas Exchange Devices". International Anesthesiology Clinics 34, nr 2 (1996): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004311-199603420-00005.

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Boutilier, Robert G. "Control of arrhythmic breathing in bimodal breathers: Amphibia". Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, nr 1 (1.01.1988): 6–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-002.

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Amphibians employ a system of gas exchange whereby various combinations of the lungs, gills, and skin are used to exploit gas exchanges in both air and water (bimodal breathing). Continuous lung ventilation is rarely observed in these animals. Instead, the dominant breath pattern is arrhythmic in nature and is believed to have evolved in response to a periodic need to supplement aquatic gas exchange. Such a need is largely dependent on the activity state of the animal concerned and its capacity for aquatic gas exchange. The overall control system appears to be one that turns lung ventilation on and off by trigger signals arising from chemo- and mechano-sensitive receptors responding to changing conditions during periods of breath holding and breathing. In amphibians in which the aquatic exchanger is a major avenue for CO2 elimination, [Formula: see text] levels in the lungs and blood do not change substantially in the latter stages of a breath hold. Under these conditions falling levels of oxygen may be the primary stimulus to terminate the breath hold and initiate breathing. There is, however, some interaction between the two gases since elevated CO2 levels affect the sensitivity of the predominantly O2-mediated response. Another major component in determining air-breathing patterns in these animals is their ability to delay the onset of breathing when certain behavioural activities take precedence over the need for additional gas exchange.

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40

Huang, Yi-Lin, Christopher Pellegrinelli i Eric D. Wachsman. "Reaction Kinetics of Gas–Solid Exchange Using Gas Phase Isotopic Oxygen Exchange". ACS Catalysis 6, nr 9 (11.08.2016): 6025–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.6b01462.

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Mates, Elisabeth A., Jacob Hildebrandt i Jacob Hildebrandt. "Gas Exchange during Gas and Liquid Ventilation". Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 11, nr 6 (listopad 1996): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088506669601100603.

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Liquid Ventilation with perfluorochemicals (PFC) violates many of our long-held assumptions about how the lung functions. However, the technique has been so successful in animal models of lung disease that it is currently being tested in clinical trials for the treatment of infant and acute (“adult”) respiratory distress syndrome in newborns, children, and adults. A common feature of both infant and acute respiratory distress syndromes is an inability of the lung's surfactant system to adequately lower surface tension, leading to regions of atelectasis. Liquid ventilation with PFC appears to ameliorate the disease process by lowering interfacial tension in the lung, opening regions of atelectasis, and improving gas exchange. To understand how gas exchange is successful during liquid ventilation requires careful re-evaluation of the assumptions underlying our current models of gas exchange physiology during normal gas ventilation. These assumptions must then be examined in light of the alterations in pulmonary physiology during liquid ventilation.

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Nazarova, AZIZA U. "FORMATION OF A COMMON GAS MARKET IN THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION: OBJECTIVES, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS IN CONSIDERATION OF THE EXPERIENCE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION". Journal of Law and Administration 18, nr 4 (30.12.2022): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2022-4-65-61-72.

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Introduction. The article is devoted to the analysis of the current state of formation of the common gas market of the EAEU. The economic integration of the EAEU countries, launched in 2014, provides for three stages in the creation of a common EAEU gas market. At the moment, the EAEU countries are at the second stage of this integration. The main objective of the second stage of the formation of a common gas market is the creation of one or more common commodity exchanges on the territory of the EAEU, where gas can be traded.The discussion on the creation of common commodity exchanges for the EAEU countries intensified in May 2022. Based on the results of this discussion, the Report on proposals for the formation of a common exchange market for goods within the framework of the EAEU was adopted. The Report provides for several models of vision of the common commodity market of the EAEU, proposed by different countries of the EAEU. Determining the most successful model will allow us to move on to the third stage of the formation of the EAEU common gas market. The article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each of the models for building a common exchange market for goods in comparison with the experience of building a common exchange market for goods in the EU.Materials and methods. The study used the normative legal acts of the law of the EAEU, previously existing acts of the EurAsEC, acts of the EU, scientific works of representatives of the legal doctrine, affecting energy law, Eurasian integration and EU law. The methodological basis of the study was the following theoretical methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, analogy, as well as special methods of cognition of legal phenomena and processes: comparative legal and formal legal.Research results. Based on the analysis of the models for building a common exchange gas market presented in the Report and the experience of the EU, it was found that the most preferable model for the future EAEU gas exchange market is a model in which the EAEU common market is formed on the basis of national commodity exchanges. With this model of a common gas exchange market, each of the participants in trading on any national commodity exchange can participate in trading on any other national exchange within the EAEU space without any restrictions. This model provides the highest level of competition among participants and national exchanges, and to a greater extent than other models contributes to the growth of the total volume of exchange trading within the EAEU space. Also, the presented model is more in line with the experience of organizing EU commodity exchanges, which should be considered as positive. Discussion and conclusion. As a result of the study, the advantages of the model for building a common exchange gas market of the EAEU were substantiated; the advantages of other models, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as the experience of the EU are analyzed in detail. The model proposedin the article can be chosen to build a common EAEU gas exchange market, which will be one of the main steps towards completing the formation of a common EAEU gas market.

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Gu, Xiaoyong, Guohe Jiang, Zhenghua Guo i Shangzhi Ding. "Design and Experiment of Low-Pressure Gas Supply System for Dual Fuel Engine". Polish Maritime Research 27, nr 2 (1.06.2020): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2020-0029.

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AbstractA low-pressure gas supply system for dual fuel engines was designed to transport liquid natural gas from a storage tank to a dual fuel engine and gasify it during transportation. The heat exchange area and pressure drop in the spiral- wound heat exchanger, the volume of the buffer tank and the pressure drop in the pipeline of the gas supply system were calculated by programming using Python. Experiments were carried out during the process of starting and running the dual fuel engine using this gas supply system. Experimental data show that the gas supply system can supply gas stably during the process and ensure the stable operation of the dual fuel engine. The effects of the parameters of natural gas and ethylene glycol solution on the heat exchange area of the spiral-wound heat exchanger and the volume of the buffer tank in the gas supply system were studied. The results show that the heat exchange area calculated according to pure methane can adapt to the case of non-pure methane. The temperature difference between natural gas and ethylene glycol solution should be increased in order to reduce the heat exchange area. The heat exchange area selected according to the high pressure of natural gas can adapt to the low pressure of natural gas. The volume of the buffer tank should be selected according to the situation of the minimum methane content to adapt to the situation of high methane content. The main influencing factor in selecting the volume of the buffer tank is the natural gas flow. The results can provide guidance for the design of the gas supply system for dual fuel engines.

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44

Smith, William H. "Building an international regulatory exchange program". Natural Gas 14, nr 4 (9.01.2007): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410140409.

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45

Gat, Joel R., i Michal Shatkay. "Gas exchange with saline waters". Limnology and Oceanography 36, nr 5 (lipiec 1991): 988–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1991.36.5.0988.

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46

Nogawa, Atsuhiko. "Gas exchange membrane and Oxygenator." membrane 21, nr 5 (1996): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5360/membrane.21.290.

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47

Oh, Yong Seok, Myung Won Cho i Chung Lee. "Gas Exchange during Apneic Oxygenation". Korean Journal of Anesthesiology 22, nr 3 (1989): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.4097/kjae.1989.22.3.367.

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48

Moon, R. E., A. D. Cherry, B. W. Stolp i E. M. Camporesi. "Pulmonary gas exchange in diving". Journal of Applied Physiology 106, nr 2 (luty 2009): 668–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91104.2008.

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Streszczenie:

Diving-related pulmonary effects are due mostly to increased gas density, immersion-related increase in pulmonary blood volume, and (usually) a higher inspired Po2. Higher gas density produces an increase in airways resistance and work of breathing, and a reduced maximum breathing capacity. An additional mechanical load is due to immersion, which can impose a static transrespiratory pressure load as well as a decrease in pulmonary compliance. The combination of resistive and elastic loads is largely responsible for the reduction in ventilation during underwater exercise. Additionally, there is a density-related increase in dead space/tidal volume ratio (Vd/Vt), possibly due to impairment of intrapulmonary gas phase diffusion and distribution of ventilation. The net result of relative hypoventilation and increased Vd/Vt is hypercapnia. The effect of high inspired Po2 and inert gas narcosis on respiratory drive appear to be minimal. Exchange of oxygen by the lung is not impaired, at least up to a gas density of 25 g/l. There are few effects of pressure per se, other than a reduction in the P50 of hemoglobin, probably due to either a conformational change or an effect of inert gas binding.

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49

Clayton, Richard H., Alan Murray i Derek T. Pearson. "Monitoring oxygenator gas exchange performance". Perfusion 9, nr 3 (maj 1994): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765919400900303.

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Hedenstierna, G., i L. Tokics. "Oxygen delivery and gas exchange". Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 2, nr 6 (grudzień 1989): 771–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001503-198912000-00016.

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