Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Gardens”

2 pp.
Once you have the basics of gardening down, it'?s fun to be creative! Many parts of your classroom curriculum can be incorporated in gardening. You can plant Butterfly Gardens, Bat Gardens, Pizza Gardens, Salsa Gardens, Dinosaur Gardens or build Sunflower Houses with your younger students. A simple idea like an ABC garden with a plant to match each letter can make learning the alphabet a bit more interesting when you break up the day by visiting your garden. It'?s an ideal situation for an older class to organize for the younger children in the school.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 208 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 148-163). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

The pavilion structure has been an integral part of Persianate gardens since its earliest appearance at the Achaemenid garden in Pasargadae (sixth century BC). Despite its significance, the scholarly focus on the study of gardens has somewhat sidelined the study of the pavilions and even neglected the cultural context of the development of the pavilions. The pavilion as a theme appears after the maturation of the concept of paradise as a garden in Near Eastern mythological and religious texts. The Quran is the first known text that integrated the two concepts of pavilion and garden in the imaginary paradise. Later, Persian poetry defines specific relationships between human beings, pavilions, and gardens while stressing the psychological and material values of pavilions and gardens. Three types of resources were consulted to reconstruct the image of pavilion: literary documents (including mythology and poetry), different types of art (ranging from painting to carpets), and historical accounts. Referring to these allows us to explore the diversity of the pavilion's image in each medium and its degree of correspondence to reality. This dissertation explores the diversity of the pavilion (tent, kiosk, or building), its spatial, formal, and functional relationship with gardens as a flexible entity, and its cultural use. The historical accounts discussed in this dissertation prove the existence of buildings in gardens, the common use of tents as temporary residences, gender specificity of pavilions, and the multi-functionality of gardens for encampments, administrative affairs, and pilgrimages. The pavilion as building is well documented in both visual and literary media. While poetry draws a clear boundary between the garden and building as separate entities, painting merges or separates the building and garden (as courtyard or planted area) physically, formally, and symbolically. The building in poetry is usually associated with the materialistic world, whereas the garden is often associated with the ideal world. This is, to some extent, visible in paintings in which the geometrical design of the building and the courtyard acts as a reference to the material world. The frequent reference to iwan as a consistent design element in painting and travelers' accounts proves its significance as an intermediate space between inside and outside the pavilion as a building. Tents in gardens appear less frequently in poetry and painting than they do in textual sources. On the other hand, historical documents rarely point to kiosks or semi-open spaces in gardens, whereas kiosks are widely developed in paintings. The examination of paintings also reveals formal and functional similarities between the throne and kiosk. The kiosk appears in close physical and visual contact with natural components of gardens, and even serves as a connector between the garden and building. The pavilion as a kiosk is, however, to a large extent absent in poetry and historical documents probably due to the dominant interest in buildings. This research proves the dominant cultural view on the functional flexibility of Persianate gardens between the 14th and 18th centuries in using pavilion structures varying in form, function, and scale.

This thesis examines the history of botanical gardens and their evolution from ancient spaces to the modern gardens of the 20th century. I provide a brief overview of botanical gardens, with a focus on the unique intersection of public participation and scientific study that started to occur within garden spaces during the 20th century, which still continues today. I reveal the history of gardens that influenced the uses of gardens today, with a focus on: the first ancient gardens and the dependency societies had on them, the influence of science in gardens starting in the Enlightenment period, the shift away from scientific gardens and the introductions of public gardens in the early 20th century, and the reintroduction of science into gardens during the conservation movement of the 1950s.

This thesis is comprised of a series of paintings that study historical representations of styles, forms and symbols found in gardens. It is less a research project into the history, meaning, and rules of these different gardens throughout time and more of an appreciation, appropriation and reinvention in fantastical form. There is no attempt in these paintings to represent objects or things that exist in the physical world, but instead a desire to create a new fantasy world. The image of ‘garden as paradise’ has been part of our human mythos for a very long time. The image of ‘garden of eden’ appears in the old testament of the Bible. There was a similar early image of ‘garden as paradise’ in Zoroastrian beliefs in ancient ‘Persia’.
Master of Architecture

Thesis: M. Arch., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, February, 2021
Cataloged from the official pdf of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 158-159).
Over the last few millennia, the city that today is the seat to the world's largest "democracy" has served as the nerve center for generations of empires and emperors, political paradigms and intersecting identities. As for most capital cities such as New Delhi, alongside entrenched political regimes come the evolution of a parallel legacy of fighting against, opposing and obstructing, and resisting. Whether manifesting as the rallying cries at mass protests, as the purposeful strokes on canvas in practices of critical art, or as the defiant lyrics and rhythms in musical compositions, resistance is instrumental in the vocabulary of any effective political vision. Considering the Central Vista Complex in Lutyens' New Delhi specifically, we look at a political urban fabric that has embodied these simultaneous histories for the past century, as a site of power and of resistance to that same power, as belonging to the governing and to the governed. Built as a monumental colonial project in opposition to Delhi's existing Mughal city center in 1911, appropriated as a symbol of a new nation's power as a post colonial inversion in 1947, serving as a site for rallies, protests, and parades engaging the growing pains of independence and modernization in 60s and 70s, and finally as part of a repressive, autocratic re-branding resisting due process and dialogue in 2020, the site's spatial politics have also witnessed a plethora of resistances. This thesis questions the role of architecture in envisioning and engaging the tools of resistance in the context of such political sites. It narrates the stories of three actors as they reclaim the Complex's Mughal Gardens - landscapes historically seen as spaces of utopic experimentation and speculation - as spaces of their own resistance. Considering the architectural tools of process, scale, materiality, and temporality, the actors strive to re-inscribe an entirely new set of contemporary cultural and civic values into an otherwise charged landscape, a form of socio-spatial resistance in response to their own historical moments.
by Nynika Jhaveri.
M. Arch.
M.Arch. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture

An interrogation of architecture's prevailing myths, and a practice for how to live and die well as an architect in the Anthropocene epoch.  It is an effort to combine joyful representation and speculation (because architecture is both too serious and not nearly serious enough), with philosophy, for still possible pasts, presents and futures. For this it leans mainly on the ideas of Donna Haraway, Gilles Delueze and Felix Guattari, to present a methodology called Nomad Storytelling. A methodology that aims to move between a multiplicity of adjacent sites as to care for them in appropriate ways, with the intention of contributing to the idea of relationally unmaking the environmental urgencies of the 21th century. It consists of 8 chapters dealing with juridical care, letting be as care, humour and shaming, fabulous speculation, non-quantifiable architecture as dissent and graphic design as a crucial part of remembering what the cost of architecture is beyond the monetary, in the end suggesting the idea of architect-as-worm and compost architecture. It’s about not telling another killer story, because they always end with apocalypse or dystopia, and instead tell stories of gathering and fabulous futures, as Ursula K. Le Guin called it. Because it matters which architectures architect architecture and which lines line lines.

Master of Landscape Architecture
Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning
Mary Catherine (Katie) Kingery-Page
This project explores the potential of gardens as specific physical places where humans cultivate vegetation. Humans are increasingly separated from natural systems, particularly vegetation, in their daily lives. Such a disconnect results in a failure to build emotional ties to and deep care for the natural world. To address this disconnect, landscape architects and planting designers need to understand how to design public gardens as ambiguous landscapes, landscapes that refer to natural ecosystems while also clearly revealing the human role in their design and care. Design choices involve environmental components and their articulation. Designers currently lack a vocabulary to identify the components of transformative experiences between people and plants. They also lack a visual understanding of how relationships between components can be articulated to establish ambiguity in specific sites. Synthesis of literature in experiential learning, dynamic vegetation, and planting design establishes a vocabulary of component cues to set up conditions for transformative experience in public gardens. Critical drawing of ambiguous landscapes by contemporary planting designers augments the researcher’s understanding of experiential cues. In order to explore the potential formal impact of designing for ambiguity throughout the design process, this project’s design application spans two sites: Chapman Botanical Garden in Apalachicola, Florida, and the Meadow on the Kansas State University campus, Manhattan, Kansas. Designing Chapman Botanical Garden offers the potential to be involved with the conceptual phases of site design: site planning, programming, and planting design. Designing at the Meadow offers the opportunity to be involved in the implementation phase of design: stakeholder involvement, selection and growing of plants, and design interpretation. Together, the two planting design explorations represent a complete design process for transformative experience.

Current food production methods in the United States contribute to environmental degradation as well as food insecurity. Food production by means of community gardens has the potential to reduce the deleterious effects of current production methods. However, many community gardens face challenges that hinder their longevity, thereby reducing the likelihood of the support they might provide for environmentally sustainable food production and decreased food insecurity for community members. A behavioral systems science approach was combined with ethnographic research methods, matrix analysis, and a literature review regarding best practices for community gardens to study the cultural practices of three established community gardens in the southwest region of the US. The results of the analyses conducted are presented in terms of recommendations to support each target community garden's sustainability. Recommendations regarding future research include environmental manipulations to identify functional relations and potential outcome measures for improving the longevity of community gardens are provided.

The â healing gardenâ is an evolving concept that is gaining popularity today. What is a healing garden? Why is one garden called a healing garden and not another? How is a healing garden defined? In what way are gardens healing? This thesis describes the ways in which healing gardens are beneficial in healthcare and residential settings. A set of guidelines for the design of healing gardens is created as a result of research findings as well as three design projects that are illustrated in the document.
Master of Landscape Architecture

The Court of Queen Elizabeth I was at the centre of the political, social, cultural and religious life of the nation. The Queen and her courtiers were almost all highly educated, cultured and often well-travelled individuals, who, at the apex of society, embodied the interests and ideals of the Renaissance. Their gardens were both complex representations of Renaissance culture, and symbols of their status, power and wealth. As such they were dedicated not only to personal pleasure, but also to entertainment, display and courtly magnificence, especially when visited by the Queen on one of her annual Progresses. This thesis makes detailed case studies of four Renaissance houses, gardens and parks, not previously the subject of detailed research in this period, establishing for the first time the motivations and influences on their creators and their probable design, appearance and uses. Additionally, each individual study explores a broader theme of gardens in the Elizabethan period: sport and leisure, entertainment and display, botanical study and plant introduction, and husbandry and productive use. As well as scholarly sources, the research brings together a wide range of contemporary documents, maps and illustrations, and combines these with physical examination of the sites. Extensive reference is made to comparator houses and gardens, in Europe as well as in England, to illuminate the probable appearance and significance of the four primary sites. The research also encompasses contemporary sources in literature, poetry, art, architecture, horticulture and science, to illustrate the cultural context in which the gardens were created. There are no surviving complete Elizabethan gardens, and very few contemporary descriptions. This thesis, by systematic and comprehensive analysis using a broad range of sources, seeks to recreate a picture of four important gardens and thereby expand upon the knowledge of English gardens in the Early Modern period.

Professors of landscape architectural history of North America (domestic) and the rest of the world (international) were surveyed about the ten historic and five contemporary (since 1930) gardens they considered outstanding and to explain why. Additionally, ten comprehensive volumes of garden history were analyzed for their preferences. There was a 74% response rate to the domestic survey and 51.5% to the international survey. Over half of the respondents agreed on ten historic gardens. There was 31.2% agreement on five contemporary gardens. The literature is Eurocentric. Asia, Australia and modern gardens are described infrequently. No volume covered all the "great gardens." The survey results and literature characterize gardens similarly. Key elements or themes are described. Educational background may affect responses. Similar surveys of Asians and non-experts are recommended. Understanding the important themes will aid in better landscape planning and design.

Urban environments are typically host to a high level of biodiversity which is important for the provision of ecosystem services, and for facilitating contact between humans and nature. However, accelerating urbanisation precipitates considerable declines in the number of species which inhabit these environments as a greater number of homes and roads are constructed to accommodate a growing global human population. Domestic gardens afford an important opportunity to combat these declines, owing to their capacity to support a high level of biodiversity and the substantial land area which they cover. However, the fine spatial scale of individual isolated domestic gardens constrains their ability to increase biodiversity at larger spatial scales. Consequently, managing domestic gardens collectively, by conjoining multiple neighbouring domestic gardens and managing them as a single larger habitat, has been proposed as a promising approach to increase biodiversity at these scales. Importantly however, the practical implementation of this approach necessitates neighbouring householders to collaboratively undertake biodiversity favourable garden management and to conjoin their domestic gardens. Crucially, this management is performed by householders discretionarily and can be influenced by demographic, perceptual, environmental, and socio-economic factors. Furthermore, householder attitudes towards conjoining domestic gardens may also influence the practicality of this approach. Therefore, this research explores what impact the extent to which householders undertake biodiversity favourable garden management has on the practicality of the collective management approach and how this is influenced by the aforementioned factors. In addition, it explores how this practicality is influenced by householder attitudes to conjoining domestic gardens. Lastly, it investigates how the collaborative undertaking of biodiversity favourable garden management by neighbouring householders could be encouraged, taking into consideration the constraints associated with current projects which promote such management. A survey was used to explore the prevalence of biodiversity favourable garden management, the influences on this management, and attitudes towards conjoining domestic gardens. This was conducted with an online semi-structured questionnaire which was distributed to householders using the social-networking site, Facebook. In addition, a bio-indicator approach was used to analyse the impact of general domestic garden management on biodiversity and birds were selected as a bio-indicator. Accordingly, respondents to the survey were also required to identify which bird species visit their domestic gardens. Seventeen elite interviews were also conducted with representatives from a range of organisations operating domestic garden projects, participants in such projects, and academics with expertise in domestic garden management, in order to explore the constraints associated with current domestic garden projects. The survey yielded 276 responses and provided support to the practicality of the collective management approach. In particular, it indicated that householders commonly undertake biodiversity favourable garden management, by predominantly providing food for birds and planting vegetation, and 60% of householders are willing to conjoin domestic gardens. However, the survey also highlighted that biodiversity favourable garden management is impeded by a number of factors. These included small domestic gardens, which particularly limit vegetation planting, and can be commonplace in urban environments. In addition, householders commonly nullify the benefits afforded by undertaking this management by covering domestic gardens with hard surface and lawns, which eliminate space for vegetation. Moreover, strong desires to retain ownership and privacy of domestic gardens precipitate the unwillingness of a significant proportion of householders to conjoin domestic gardens. This therefore challenges the practicality of the collective management approach. The results from the elite interviews indicated that householders lack commitment to current domestic garden projects, which are constrained by difficulties acquiring sufficient funding. These issues could also be pertinent to approaches which are developed to encourage the collaborative undertaking of biodiversity favourable garden management, further rendering the collective management approach impractical. The practicality of the collective management approach could be enhanced by modifying the design of new housing in a manner which is favourable to biodiversity and which ensures a minimal domestic garden size. In addition, including domestic gardens in green infrastructure strategies could further enhance this practicality. Furthermore, amending planning policy to regulate the covering of domestic gardens with hard surface and lawns more stringently could reduce the prevalence of these features. Householder commitment to approaches which encourage the collaborative undertaking of biodiversity favourable garden management could be promoted by providing feedback regarding the contribution this makes to increasing biodiversity at large spatial scales. Moreover, greater funding for these approaches could be acquired by also focusing on promoting the provision of ecosystem services. Finally, householder collaboration could be encouraged by accommodating desires for ownership and privatisation of domestic gardens. This could be respectively achieved by permitting flexibility regarding the biodiversity favourable garden management undertaken and separating conjoined domestic gardens with hedgerows.

Victorian culture was constantly engaging with nature and garden imagery. In this thesis, I argue that the literary gardens of Anne and Charlotte Brontë function as a trope that enables an examination of nineteenth-century social concerns; these literary gardens are a natural space that serve as a “middle ground” between the defense of traditional social conventions and the utter disregard of them. In Agnes Grey (1847), Jane Eyre (1847), and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848) the female characters have significant encounters within the gardens and outdoor spaces; Agnes, Jane, and Helen venture into these environments and emerge changed—whether by experiential knowledge or from the temptation of social and moral transgression. In AG, Anne Brontë uses the image of the garden and natural landscapes, in order to explore Agnes’s education within her governessing experience. In JE, the garden functions as a space that appears to offer Jane a reprieve from the Gothic terror of the house, yet it actually extends that influence. The entire estate is a literal boundary point for Jane in her life, but it also represents the metaphorical barrier between Jane and potential social transgression—one that she must navigate because of her romance with Rochester. In Tenant, the house, the garden, and the landscape symbolize Helen’s identity, as the widowed artist Mrs. Graham, an identity that only exists during her time at Wildfell. Helen’s identity as a professional female artist living in a wild landscape accentuates Gilbert’s sexual desire towards her. Anne Brontë critiques Victorian marriage and class expectations through Helen’s final circumvention of social rules. In these novels, the scenes in the gardens and natural landscapes serve as a way for these authors to engage with the complexities of “The Woman Question” through the characterization of the governess and the artist.

While Iran is considered by many to be the land of the earliest recorded gardens, during the 20th century many of its historical gardens were deliberately destroyed, while others were inadequately conserved or remain in a state of dereliction and suffer continued decline. In contrast to current literature that generally studies Iranian historical gardens as physical structures under the rubric of 'Persian Gardens', this study integrates the changes in different dimensions of historical gardens to capture their plight in 20th century Iran. It aims to provide a deeper understanding of how political shifts before and after the Islamic Revolution of 1979 have shaped various approaches towards historical gardens, and the ways in which these attitudes have affected or been reflected in the material, social, and symbolic dimensions of Iranian historical gardens. It will analyse the key factors shaping the diverse approaches and interests, as well as the outcomes of these on the life of such gardens, in order to provide more appropriate recommendations regarding garden conservation in Iran. To this end, this thesis employed an in-depth case study strategy. The selected case studies are: Golestan Royal garden in Tehran; the gardens of the nobility in Shiraz; and the Qadamgah tomb garden near Neyshabour. Each of these cases highlights a particular aspect of garden treatment. All of the case studies pursue a consistent line in order to trace the different approaches and changes (mainly challenges brought by the changing political climate) to various dimensions of those gardens and the ways of garden conservation more broadly. Through the interpretation of socio-political events, categorising the wide and varied sources of information to support these case studies, documentation of overall changes has been done chronologically through a close reading of each case study garden. Drawing attention to how three examples of gardens have been affected differently, this research provides an original contribution to the knowledge of how the concepts of cultural heritage, ideology and religion have an impact on various dimensions of historical gardens in 20th century Iran. Based on the results derived from the analysis of case studies, this research argues that in order for gardens to find ways to continue as vibrant and 'living heritage', the approach adapted to conservation should firstly move beyond the traditional museum-like approach and material restoration. Conserving the twin dimensions of the physical and social aspects could offer a more consistent and resilient platform for the process of identity construction, engaging the public much more in the life of gardens. Secondly, it suggests that both restricted/rigid and flexible approaches, both the bottom-up needs of the people and the top-down tendencies of the authorities, could be compatible. These provide useful points of reference regarding practical ways for addressing the continuity of the material and social life of historical gardens.

Higher Education has the resources available to serve as a leader in sustainability, specifically by preparing graduates to address issues associated with global climate change through the use of interdisciplinary and hands-on learning. However, institutional barriers may limit large-scale restructuring of curriculum and institutional structures. Small initiatives and broad networking may help to provide sustainability education while also paving the way for broader curriculum and institutional adaptations. The potential of community gardens to serve as sustainability and community interventions make them a desirable study site to gain insight into the power of small initiatives, yet very few studies have assessed the role of community garden projects in campus settings. Through the use of an email survey sent to campus garden managers across the United States and Canada, the power of these initiatives to advance higher education sustainability can be better understood. The study sought to answer the following research questions: (1) What are the demographic characteristics of university food gardens?, (2) Do university gardens serve as sites for formal and informal education, (3) What obstacles and benefits occur within university food gardens, and (4) What factors affect the long-term resilience of university food garden initiatives? It was found that when institutional support, strong networking, and consistent participation are present, university food gardens enhance the overall sustainability of higher education institutions while also providing valuable sources of interdisciplinary and hands-on learning. Gardens receiving the greatest support from their institution exhibit strong resilience and provide numerous benefits that aid increase the overall sustainability of their institution. This study asserts the power of small sustainability initiatives within higher education institutions, while also addressing key factors which ensure the long-term resilience of these valuable sites.

Museum techniques of presentation are reviewed for the possibility of use in contemporary botanic gardens. Supporting evidence suggests that these techniques are being successfully applied in some botanic gardens around the world. Institutions that have adopted museum techniques have been found to operate efficiently, whilst providing increased levels of enjoyment and education for visitors. Cultural differences between various countries have small influences on the most effective presentation techniques used, but further local research is required to uncover visitor preferences and use patterns in Australian botanic gardens. General principles of design that work well in the indoor environments of international musuems apply well in the outdoor environments of botanic gardens. Therefore greater use should be made of existing international museum research into visitor patterns of behaviour where it is locally appropriate.

This thesis explores the use and design of New York City (NYC)’s community gardens, and how the social processes that characterise community gardening influence gardeners’ notions of ethnicity. The study examines the dialectical relationship between nature and culture in community gardens from the theoretical perspectives of debates over ethnicity, the social construction of nature, and political ecology. The study’s analytical position directs attention to the rhetoric and behaviours of community gardeners as well as the socio-ecological and political-economic processes operating at broader and multiple scales. The three main aims of this dissertation are: first, to explore the influences of community gardening on how gardeners understand and express their ethnicity, second, to identify the main motivations for (re)configuring nature in gardens, and third, to understand how the elision between nature and culture in gardens shape and is shaped by societal power struggles. This dissertation draws empirically on a cross-case comparison of Puerto Rican gardeners across three community gardens in the South Bronx. Narrative and semi-structured interviews enabled gardeners to directly voice their sentiments of self and community, and in conjunction with active-participant observations and garden-related discourse analysis, the ‘triangulation’ of these qualitative research methods colours a rich picture of the ideological and political markers of ethnicity and nature in NYC. The study also incorporates state and non-state actors active in the community garden movement and in the provision of one or more of the case studies. I argue that community gardeners’ notions of ethnicity and nature are animated by questions of politics, resistance, class, and social positions.

Third place is a concept which describes informal neighbourhood meeting places outside of home (first place) or work (second place). This thesis applies the concept to community gardens and in doing so, relates the findings to the social challenges associated with increased urbanisation and population mobility. Previous studies have made direct reference to community gardens being third places, however, this thesis is the first time the connection has been systematically investigated. In doing so, this thesis engages with theories of placemaking, social capital, neighbourhood resilience, and implications for the UN Sustainable Development Goal 11.7 on providing safe and inclusive green spaces. A qualitative case study approach is taken and a framework based on the eight characteristics of third place, has been applied to six case study community gardens (five in Australia, one in Denmark). Third place is an ideal concept to understand community gardens because it is able to link research on social relations to research on placemaking. Community gardens are dynamic citizen-initiated places that have the potential to be responsive to the specific physical and social needs and preferences of the neighbourhood over time. This thesis contributes to placemaking research by providing insights into designing, building and supporting meaningful third places and in supporting the people who create and maintain community gardens. The thesis critically engages with social capital and placemaking theories by adding insights into how community gardens can function as third places with a communal purpose that is inclusive across socially diverse neighbourhoods, within and beyond the garden boundaries. Thirty years on from Oldenburg’s book on third places, “The Great Good Place”, this thesis critically engages with the concept and adds insights in relation to gender in public spaces and the role of social media in third places. This thesis produces an original model that demonstrates how community gardens can operate simultaneously as a club and a third place, thereby encouraging the formation of both weak ties of association and strong ties of bonding social capital. These are important because they can foster both active and passive engagement, leading to improved neighbourhood resilience for individuals and local neighbourhoods. It was found that community gardens that act as third places ameliorate some urban challenges such as increased isolation and alienation experienced by many in cities. They improve the sense of community, as they offer opportunities for conversations within and outside the garden membership thereby assisting in introducing new people to the neighbourhood and increasing local social capital, which along with improved local food security, improves neighbourhood resilience. Drawing together the placemaking and social capital findings, the thesis provides a number of suggestions that may inform the design of third place community gardens. The framework could be implemented as indicators for progress in achieving UN Sustainable Development Goal 11.7 to provide safe and inclusive green spaces. Given that community gardens which are third places can exhibit qualities that help improve wellbeing in urban communities, local councils can create social benefits from reducing barriers to community garden participation and increasing access to space and resources. This thesis is significant because it sheds light on the critical role that community gardens that are third places can play in an increasingly urbanised world where there is concern about social isolation and the lack of inclusive, safe and accessible public places.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Environment and Sc
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text

5 pp.
Strawberries are easy to grow. They provide the first fruit of the season, and are quick to bear. When harvested fully ripe in the home garden they have excellent flavor. In stores they can be expensive and are often harvested prior to being fully ripe. Various types of strawberries are available. Each type has specific environmental requirements such as temperature and hours of daylight for good production. With the wide range of climatic zones in Arizona it is important to choose the right type of strawberry for your growing conditions.

4 pp.
Gardens provide excellent quality vegetables for fresh use and for processing if the crops are supplied with an adequate level of nutrients and water. Other important management practices include plant spacing, insect, weed, and disease control, and timely harvest. This publication provides a fertilizer guide for vegetable gardens at ensuring ample levels of all nutrients for optimum yield and quality.

This dissertation responds to Joan Thirsk's call for historians to undertake a closer investigation of commercial gardening. It adopts a micro-historical approach, to address two questions, 'What was a gardener?', and 'What was a garden business?'' Based in the parish of Fulham (including the hamlet of Hammersmith), Middlesex, the parish with the largest acreage of commercial gardening in England in 1796, the study applies nominal linkage to a variety of sources to understand more fully the gardeners, garden businesses, and gardening families between 1680 and 1861. The dissertation exploits sources with occupational descriptors, including livery company apprentice registers, bankruptcies and insolvencies, clandestine marriage registers, Bank of England accounts, and fire insurance policies, not used previously for a statistical examination of gardening. Quantitative data are set in a rich context using qualitative sources such as newspapers, Old Bailey proceedings and property surveys. Tracing occupational terms through the sources shows that records created by parish and government bodies relied on a few customary terms, each encompassing several different functions in gardening, for much longer than commercial documents, demonstrating how reliance on one source can be misleading. In this study I argue that occupational descriptors in gardening reflected the focus, but failed to capture the entirety, of what was produced in a garden business. From the early eighteenth century garden businesses should not be viewed simply as a market garden or nursery; they cultivated a diversity of horticultural products, but are also found to have had a variety of other agricultural interests and economic pursuits, introducing new products and responding to new opportunities: gardeners did not only garden. Contrary to the claims of some historians this was not just an early phase in the transition from agriculture to specialist gardening but persisted into the nineteenth century. This study contributes not only to the history of commercial gardening but also to wider debates in agricultural and business history. From four land-use maps, dated between 1747 and 1843/5 the changing acreage and locations of gardens have been identified, and the first graphical representation of the land use in the parish from the tithe apportionment schedules is presented. The complex interaction between competing land uses is examined providing new findings about how the garden industry adapted in the face of pressures from urban development and other agricultural needs. Examination of the occupational structure of the industry has been approached through several sources. Very few gardeners were apprenticed, but some families continued to obtain training as gardeners and commercial advantages through one of five different livery companies, as well as the Gardeners' Company. The parish registers give the first tentative estimate of the size of the industry, while registers of clandestine marriages suggest that gardeners were a significant proportion of the middling sort in Fulham in the early eighteenth century. Comparison of gardening occupations in the 1841, 1851 and 1861 census enumerators' books provide insights into the structure of the industry but also reveal the inconsistent application of terminology, resulting in the reliability and validity of some of the data being questioned. The implication is that only the 1851 census gives an accurate occupational structure for gardening industry. The findings of previous studies that most gardeners rented their land have been confirmed. On the bishop of London's estate the rents were low during the eighteenth century, but few gardeners were his head lessees and therefore able to benefit. Gardeners had a range of wealth, sufficient for some to have a comfortable living as part of the middling sort while a few had accrued greater wealth from gardening. Garden businesses rarely became bankrupt or insolvent and mainly when there were general economic downturns. Businesses were left predominantly to widows or sons, with the intention of keeping businesses operating and resulting in the establishment of garden business dynasties. The wealth of some businesses demonstrates the benefit of trans-generational transfer, others fared well enough for their business to continue on a smaller scale, but many names came and went from Fulham and Hammersmith commercial gardens in one generation.

The study seeks to understand the importance and relevance of Urban Agriculture (UA) in the form of urban garden farming for vulnerable groups of people in the city of Bulawayo in Zimbabwe. The study is based on fieldwork which was carried out between June and August 2008 in Bulawayo. This was also the time of political uncertainty due to shameful presidential elections which were presided and followed by violence and intimidation of the civilians. The focus of the study is on how urban gardens contribute to livelihoods and well being of the beneficiaries.

The thesis employs the capability approach to address the research problem. The capability approach is modified and operationalised in a model that is relevant to this particular study. In the ensuing capability framework, gardens are treated as goods or services that enable beneficiaries to enjoy various capability sets.

The study reveals that urban gardens are important in providing livelihoods and improving well-beings in crumbling urban economies such as that of Bulawayo. Beneficiaries utilise the capability sets provided by gardens in an attempt to improve their well being. Capability sets which include food security, income generation, political participation and social capital related are also critically discussed exploring their relevance and significance in improving people’s lives.

One of the important issues in this study has been to acknowledge the diversity that exists amongst people. Even though the capability sets might be the same, they are explored differently by different people depending on external and internal factors affecting an individual. This makes the capability approach a powerful tool in that it enables a realistic understanding of people’s individual problems and potentials. In the Capability framework approach, various factors such as gender, physical condition, skill, education and institutions are discussed and their influence on what the beneficiaries can achieve from the gardens and the kind of life they want to choose to pursue thereafter is elaborated upon.

Beneficiaries from the same garden benefitted in a different way depending on how they used the capability sets. This thus tended to determine the kind of life they eventually could chose to live. It is thus important in development studies to pay particular attention to individual problems and abilities than to study people en masse.

Increasing evidence documenting the decline of insect populations, resulting from increasing human disturbances has resulted in efforts to establish pollinator gardens to provide additional resources for insect populations. However, our understanding of biotic and abiotic garden characteristics important for attracting and sustaining pollinator diversity is limited. Here, we evaluated 17 pollinator gardens to evaluate the effect of five biotic and three abiotic garden characteristics on pollinator species richness, abundance, and proportional representation of four pollinator functional groups. Plant species richness positively influenced pollinator richness and negatively influenced flower visitation. Bombus proportional abundance responded to several variables (distance to vegetation, plant species richness, floral symmetry, floral native status, habitat type), and decreases in their proportional representation were accompanied by increasing proportions of other insect groups. Our results suggest any size, diverse, native pollinator gardens can improve pollinator diversity, and small-scale pollinator gardens should favor functional groups adapted for the habitat type.

Introduction This dissertation traces the rise of the Landscape garden in England during the 1700s, and its gradual diffusion across France, Germany and Italy. The new style, in a certain degree, inspirited by Chinese classical garden which represented a return to nature and informality, marking a departure from the formal, geometrical gardens which had reigned supreme in Europe during the preceding centuries. The aim of this dissertation, however, is not primarily to add to the stock of facts about picturesque but to take a intelligibly framework to view of the picturesque garden collapsed the opposition between nature and cultural processes in which facts about picturesque garden influenced the Europe—the way, in particular, that the action of Chinese garden individuated in each country—that the nature, history, and semiotic or aesthetic character of picturesque garden is constructed in both its universality and particularity--from its place of origin the Britain to the Apennine peninsula. The role of the Chinese garden emergence of alternative formal solutions in France has different interpretations, the recognition of a parallel that has comforted and strengthened their lines of evolution of the English context. In Italy, this work is to offer a thorough account of Italy’s reaction to and interpretation of the English garden as it occurred largely between 1764 and 1817. This will primarily be achieved by examining and comparing the plans of picturesque garden of this period which addressed the topic, and placing them in the context of the European debate as whole. In order to do so it is necessary to reconstruct nearly a century of theoretical and aesthetic contributions leading up to the 1792 in Padua, an event which constituted the first concerted Italian response to the giardino paesaggistico. In the same period, Piedmont erected the first picturesque garden in the Park of Castle of Racconigi, influenced by its French Princess Giuseppina. Finally, through comparing the similarities and differences with French picturesque garden, so that it concludes distinctive characters of Piedmont of picturesque gardens and its influence on urban public garden in the nineteenth century. The first chapter explores the role of the Chinese taste in the making of English picturesque garden. The influence of Chinese traditions into the picturesque garden discourse is worth reconsidering further, for it raises fundamental question about its myths of origin. Without doubt, most of English scholars persist on their original invention. However, the French considered as the Chinese garden as firewood put into the fire of irregular garden. Admittedly, China encompassed integral art system with irregular garden, from the philosophy to art, which was much earlier than the other countries. However, those foundations of art, literature and philosophy to breed irregular garden could be trace in Britain between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Therefore, the representation of landscape is not only a matter of internal politics and national or class ideology but also an international phenomenon. Indeed, the Britain was not exactly going out on a limb to create a new order of garden and went through a complicated process of exchange, mutual transformation and ambivalence. Throughout the second half of eighteenth century picturesque gardens grew more extensive. Not only did they absorb the Holland and German commons within their neighbor, but occasionally whole the Continent stood in the way of a prospect or an improvement were destroyed and transformed elsewhere. The Britain assimilate features of Chinese garden to improve the picturesque garden in Great Britain--not only use Chinese architectures as a source of garden elements, but also share marrow of Chinese gardening composition. For instance, “contrast” is one of the crucial methods in Chinese classical gardening which was emphasized by Chambers both in his Designs of Chinese buildings […] (1757) and A dissertation on oriental gardening (1772); “multiple oblique views” is another main point of irregular garden that were meant to be experienced while walked through it which was employed frequently in English garden. The following offers authentic and impartial character of Chinese garden Sir William Chambers, argues that the architect’s firsthand exposure to Chinese design as a young man both complicated his relationship to the neoclassical tradition he famously promulgated and infused his rather fantastical writings on Chinese gardening with an emancipatory aesthetic vision modeled on the psychological response to cultural alienation. There was an inaccurate statement that the English garden was influenced by Chinese garden. However, the Chinese garden was divided into scholar garden (or private garden) and imperial garden. There was considerable distinction between them. In the first place, the latter tremendously surpassed the former in size. Yuan Ming Yuan was around forty hectares, but the largest garden in Suzhou, Humble Administrator’s Garden is only 5.1 hectares. In the second place, the latter much drew ideas from the former in general. In this scene, scholar garden was the quintessence of Chinese classical garden. According to the most influenced letters and reports of missionaries in Europe accounted the imperial garden near to Beijing, Old Summer Palace (Yuan Ming Yuan), such as Jean Denis Attiret who praised the Chinese Imperial Garden in his letter arrived in 1743: «However I must except out of this Rule, the palace of the Emperor of Peking, and his Pleasure-houses; for in them everything is truly great and beautiful, both as to the Design and the Execution», as well as «generally wind about and serpentize».Thus, the Chinese garden pushed forwards the English garden that should be exact expression that it was influenced by Chinese Imperial Garden. While the present dissertation has to say about Chinese Scholar garden, part of my purpose in framing central understanding on its essence to distinguish the Chinese garden and the English garden. Although both of them claimed to “imitate nature”, the consequences are tremendous difference. I hope to explain what the Chinese classical garden was and how to make a Chinese garden, so as to clarify the «making over of Chinese culture in the Western image» and misunderstanding of the Western during the transformations of the past hundred years. It is basic on the Chinese treatise on gardens, Yuan Ye, was completed in 1634, in which Ji Cheng accounted and concluded his gardening experience; he was also a painter and poet. The philosophy of Confucianism, Taoism and Zen Buddhism play an important role and help the Chinese forming the perception in the gardening. It could be easily traced the ideology of Zen Buddhism and Taoism in each garden, such as little pagoda in the lake. The perfect effect on Chinese landscape poets and painters brought those perceiving or thought into materialization. From this point, the origin of English landscape shares the identical features with Chinese. Since ancient time in China, it has been said that poetry and painting share the same origin, which is embodied in there is painting-in-poetry just as there is poetry-in-painting. Horace Walpole wrote that «Poetry, Painting and Gardening, or the science of Landscape, will forever by men of taste be deemed Three Sisters, or the Three New Graces who Dress and adorn nature». It must be pointed that, just as the name suggests, scholar garden was created by retired officers (the Humble Administrator's Garden, Zhuozheng Yuan) or literati (the Master of the Nets Garden). If the garden was fashioned by the man of taste, it reflects the epitome of his spiritual world. And in this way, depending on the knowledge of owner, the garden evokes delight or elegance, and stand as emblems of both highly cultivated tastes was equated with its owner. It is surprised that the same expression could be found in English landscape theory, «as is the gardener, so is the garden». The six basic components, hill, rock, water, plants, road and architecture also inspirit the picturesque garden. Especially, the rock was the first noticed and learned by the western, for instance, the grottos at the foot of hills (Pope recognized a grotto at his villa at Twickenham in 1719) and the rockery along the bank of river. However, different from picturesque garden in the countryside and unlimited by site, the Scholar garden was always close to the mansion and in the city center that the Chinese created several methods to enlarge its garden in the vision, “contrast”, “borrowing views”, “multi-views” etc., in order to create multiform space in a limited yard. In addition, changing is another subject: change of seasons, passing of time, or variations in climate such as rain, snow, sunshine, or clouds, all of which, to varying degrees, cast a different light on the artistic effect of the garden’s scenic imagery. So, the Chinese garden is an art of both spatial and temporal planning. Undeniably, the Chinese art of gardening is the driving force behind the English accomplishments. Whereas, the English did not copy Chinese garden, even not precisely estimated by the French to picturesque garden, in my view, the assistance of Chinese garden was one of the firewood in the fire of new style garden to support by the representational practice. French contribution on picturesque garden is discussed in Chapter III. A review of picturesque garden in the eighteenth century, it is no doubt that its vogue swept unhesitatingly over whole the European continent. But, the other countries, such as France, that involved Romantic revolution and made its own contribution to the development of picturesque garden. So it would be useful to identify French picturesque movements that brought about their own distinct feature of the picturesque garden. Cause picturesque was a product from the Britain was not a tradition of France. So when the new idea imported from across the English Channel, they were mingle the native concept of “nature” and “modern”, consequently, forming the different version from the English one. In general, the French picturesque garden is mixture of formal and naturalism garden that is the remarkable feature of French design that also influenced the appearance of Italian picturesque garden in a certain extent. The other feature of French is to stimulate its curiosity of visitors to encourage them quest the fresh sentimental pleasure in the garden, such as Désert de Retz. In addition, according to appendix II, the French erected more Chinese structures than English. Moreover, it is generally believed that the picturesque garden came into being France in the 1760s, and that it was a product of English influence, not of French tradition. Dora Wiebenson argues for instance that gardens on both sides of the Channel presented some supposed “English” features concurrently, rather than successively. Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s sentimental ideas of Nature and a free society had a profound influence on French Romantics and Enlightenment in the 1770s. His idea and novel La Nouvelle Héloïse profoundly influenced on French culture which became an original version of picturesque garden, including Claude-Henri Watelet and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Ermenonville of the Marquis de Girardin was poetic nature had benefited from Rousseau’s novel. As the Monceau (1773), le Petit Trianon (1774-1787), Betz (1780-1789), La Folie Saint-James de Neuilly (1784) and the Désert de Retz (1785) which are pastoral style. Claude-Henri Watelet Marquis de Girardin and J.M.Morel devoted to both theory and practice to picturesque garden. Le Rouge published Jardin’s Anglo-Chinois from 1775 to 1789, transferring the idea of new taste and their models to the French gardeners. At last, we will discuss the three types of French picturesque garden: The pastoral farm, Jardin Anglo-Chinois and Ferme Ornée. The sweeping vogue of picturesque gardening would seem hardly reach to Apennine peninsula, however, under the background of picturesque garden, Italy also attempt to naturalize her regular garden forms without first hand materials. The new style simultaneously provoked Italian enthusiasm and skepticism, curiosity and diffidence; and although it became a popular choice for many landowners, relatively few intellectuals chose to sanction it unconditionally in their writings. Protagonists of the debate in Padua such as Ippolito Pindemonte and Melchiorre Cesarotti elected to frame the topic within the context of Italian poetic tradition, and in doing so claimed that Italy deserved credit for conceiving of the naturalistic garden. This allegiance to classical and Renaissance precedent in turn helps explain a general reluctance to relinquish the formal model in favor of a modern, imported style. An Italian translation of Delille’s poem on picturesque gardens appeared in Venice in 1792, the year of Pindemonte’s promotion of the new style in nearby Padua. The Milanese Ercole Silva will emerge as the only true proponent of the English garden in Italy who issued his important and influential Dell’ arte de’ giardini inglesi in 1801, adding illustration for a second edition in 1813. From 1776, Park of Villa Reale of Monza began to reconstruct and settled the first picturesque garden in Italy in emulation of Wörlitz Park, although only transformation of small part in whole formal garden. The garden of villa Belgioioso designed by Pollack in Milan is also an excellent exemplary site in Lombardy. Also, Silva attempted to create a new style garden by terms of the principle of picturesque garden mentioned in his treatise. In 1787, Park of Palace of Caserta was erected. If the garden of Villa Monza was the first plan of English garden designed by Pierrmarini, the first real big English garden was the garden of Caserta is certainly the best known example in Italy, which represents a distinctive Italianness, a move that mixed well with growing aspirations to powerful nation and was supported by its beautiful natural scenery and literature, horticultural and architectural traditions of Italian garden art. The Chapter V focuses on the picturesque garden in region of Piedmont. With the different atmosphere of politics and culture, the diffusion of picturesque garden to Savoy Dynasty was more complicated. The first picturesque garden emerged in Piedmont is the Villa Morra di Lavriano in 1784. As the most of picturesque gardens in Italy, it included different characters: English, French and Chinese sectors. However, thanks to shortage of the materials of Anglo-Chinese garden, the picturesque garden part apparently traces of the formal garden. Only three years later, the year of 1787 marks a turning point--a famous project of Giacomo Pregliasco transfer the central park of Racconigi into picturesque garden. On the one hand, due to the theatrical scenery profession of Pregliasco, the picturesque garden resembles in magnifying scenery. He also designed a Chinese pavilion and rockery stands in the center of the lake which apparently resourced from the design of Park of Bonnelles, which illustrates opportunely the picturesque garden influenced by France. On the other hand, Promoted the picturesque garden in the garden of Racconigi also attributed to its hostess: Princess Giuseppina. Admittedly, the interest of the owner determines the appearance of the garden in a large extent, even did more influence than a designer, both in architecture and garden. Thus, when the attempt at researching the picturesque garden of Racconigi, it would be unreasonable to bypass the cultural background of the client, but only analyzed gardener. As the culture patron, the Princess made a great contribution to the English garden, owing to her writings when she arrived in Turin which is carefully kept in the Royal Library. And her Park of Racconigi, as a princeless heritage—both in material and nonmaterial, was inherited by Carlo Alberto. After 1820, the Park of Racconigi was appointed to Xavier Kurten aimed at seeking a simple nature, natural and softly irregular: a beautiful nature. Kurten gives over to the complete renovation of the park, erasing the formal structures inserted by Pregliasco in a broader context, toning down the characters. Purchases of land and intensive transformations that create the largest plants in the Piedmont landscape, still preserved. The implementation of the picturesque garden was following. Then, Leopoldo Pollack designed the Park of Palace of Riva presso Chieri in 1796 which was borrowed his idea of villa Pesenti, the agriculture, formal garden and picturesque garden blended together, an “idea confusa”. Villa Berroni locates in the Racconigi was a mixed style. Germany Xavier Kurten was the pioneer of modern urban park, because most of his works reflected the idea of city garden. The picturesque garden idea also influenced the later urban planning of Turin, such as the planning of Ferdinando Bonsignore, Ferdinand Boyer and Lawrence Lombardi, as well as Pregliasco’s a new green city in 1802. It is concluded that the picturesque garden in Piedmont has three features: mixed the nature garden with old Italian ones that is following the French habit, as was done at Monza and Racconigi; second, Germany Xavier Kurten abolished completely regular garden in order to create a pure landscape garden with a remarkable feature as vast water system, like the Park of Castle of Racconigi in 1835.

Abstract The research aims to investigate the spatiality of the sequential Japanese tea (roji) and stroll garden (kaiyûshiki), whose appearance reached its peak during the Feudal period in Japan (1573–1868), in relation to the perceiver's locomotion. The desire of that era to go beyond sensual beauty and to make a philosophical statement, led to the development of a garden where the moving participant perceives a series of successive fragmentary views. Such a concept of space, with the principle of successive observation, is a distinct feature of Japan, and can also be observed in urban design, architecture, painting and literature. This research is about the necessity of incorporating movement in the design of gardens, as a prerequisite for fully perceiving space. It thereby shows how through analysing those two distinct types of sequential spaces, the Japanese tea and stroll gardens, one arrives at patterns of spatial configurations that encourage active participation on the subject's part. Emphasising the environment-person transaction, the research aims to study the structure and features of the Japanese tea and stroll gardens as sequential spaces, with reference to the affordance possibilities they provide for an individual, as developed by the late James J. Gibson. Although not confined solely to it, the analysis used at the core of this research, is based on Gibson's ecological approach and on Harry Heft's contribution to ecological psychology. The empirical part of the research uses a variety of gardens as examples, as well as the case studies of a model teagarden and the garden of Shisendô (situated in the city of Kyoto). The research aims to acquire accounts of knowledge of techniques and spatial formations that do not ignore or minimise the central importance of the subject's movement, but on the contrary, fortify and take advantage of it. This body of knowledge can be an initial approach to designing sequential spaces in domains that lack the specific socio-cultural practices by showing some opportunities and potential affordances that every perceiver can pick up using his own background and cultural context.

This creative project has determined that community gardening is a vehicle for building community. The benefits for community gardens are observed by the individuals that garden, the neighborhoods that support community gardening, as well as, the cities in which these gardens flourish. This research aided the Blaine Southeast Neighborhood Association in developing and evaluating a new community gardening program designed for the Blaine Southeast Neighborhood and Muncie, Indiana. The literature review discusses the history and the benefits of community gardening which builds a strong case for groups interested in beginning a community gardening program. The guidelines developed for this research provide the framework for developing a successful community gardening program. The programs then use the criteria set forth in this research to evaluate the success the program is experiencing at reaching the goals of the program. Community Gardening is an appropriate activity for most urban communities that are experiencing a decline in the quality of their neighborhoods. This research supports this statement and demonstrates how to form a community garden successfully.
Department of Urban Planning

The project traces the cultural changes in European botanic gardens with special reference to those in Britain, from the early days of medicine to more recent habitat creations and from plant taxonomy through to the new science of plant ecology. The main aim was to identify which British botanic gardens contribute to the biodiversity, conservation and display of British flora. Another important part was to :find out the opinions of the botanic garden administration and the informed public, thereby discovering the merits, validity and impact of British habitat creation within the botanic garden situation. First-hand investigations were made into the types of habitat which have, or are being, created, discovering habitat definition and the principles behind habitat creation as well as the value that these habitats have for conservation and education. During the research period, out of the listed botanic gardens, twelve botanic gardens were found to contribute in a major way to British Habitat Creation, most of them being influenced by their geographical position. A small number show some evidence of British habitat representation but not in a sufficiently comprehensive manner for detailed study. Botanic gardens are becoming more aware of the recovery, maintenance and preservation of genetic purity of native species. For further reform to take place there is a need to review training programmes to include principles of British conservation as well as co-ordinated action between national and local wildlife groups and to improve interpretation and display in order to encourage public interest in British habitats.

Healthcare facility designers are acknowledging the connection between environment and well-being. They, along with environmental psychologists and landscape architects, are trying to define how environment can influence health status. Research on therapeutic outcomes has helped define specific design guidelines for a garden intended to help hospital patients and staff. One aspect that has not been fully investigated, however, is the spirituality of these spaces. Often in hospital settings prayer goes hand in hand with medicine, especially in faith-based health ministries like St. Vincent Randolph Hospital (SVR). To overlook the importance and value of the spiritual aspect in a healthcare setting would be to miss the core of what SVR stands for. The purpose of this project is to identify guidelines for therapeutic gardens that support the physical, spiritual and mental health and well being of patients at St. Vincent Randolph Hospital and to apply these guidelines to the design of a garden for the patients, families, associates, visitors and the surrounding community.
Department of Landscape Architecture

In designing spaces, designers should consider spatial sequence and its experiences, since we experience environment in a sequence along movement. The more a place satisfies desired experiences, the more the place will be successful. This thesis explored spatial sequence as a design tool by examining the major design elements of spatial sequence, the designed patterns of these elements in some cultures, and the sequential experiences and effects of the patterns. As a way of exploring spatial sequence as a design tool, cases in formal classic landscapes (Korean temples, Mughul gardens in Kashmir and Italian villas) have been examined. Classic landscapes have developed elaborate sequential patterns to achieve certain experiences and effects. Especially, the spatial sequence of classic formal landscapes is designed to be experienced along a major axis and to show straight forward and highly controlled sequence. Thus, classic formal landscapes are good examples of showing strong relationship between spatial sequence and spatial experiences. The three landscapes are examined and compared in terms of change of level, change of spatial characteristics and transition places to explore spatial sequence and sequential experiences. The results of this research showed that the designers of these landscapes deliberately used - spatial sequence to elicit certain emotional responses and experiences specifically desired under the contexts and purposes of the places. Korean temples located in the mountains provide good nature-reIated experiences and religious-but-inspiring experiences. The temple designers created delicate yet powerful sequential experiences through the effective use of site conditions and landscape elements. The designers of Mughul gardens worked to create cool and friendly spatial experiences in the hot climate and vast landscapes. They utilized water and planting materials in various ways to give a refreshing and intimate feeling through the whole sequence. Spatial sequences of Italian villas are designed to add to the pure pleasure of the residences and thus show the most articulated sequence design. Especially, level changes, as one of the sequential elements, have been used effectively to create or increase certain sequential experiences. ln Korean temples, the irregular slopes of sites are shaped sometimes into even and constant rises or sometimes into a rapid rise to make various sequential effects. The Mughuls deliberately made small level changes out of flat plains to create an intimate sequence. The Italians used level changes to create a vivid sequence. The steep slopes of hillsides are altered in two opposite directions: horizontally wide and vertically high. The existing site conditions are utilized and modified in various ways to make specific sequential experiences and effects. The findings confirm that spatial sequence is an effective design device which can satisfy desired experiences and thus can create successful places. Good sequence is the one that is appropriate for its purpose and for the context in which it belongs. More concern for and more understanding of spatial sequence will enable the designer to create an environment that will provide more pleasing spatial experiences.
Master of Landscape Architecture

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Secretaría Nacional de Educación Superior, Ciencia y Tecnología
Os quintais estão presentes na sociedade humana desde a sua origem e estão distribuídos mundialmente. Estes espaços de terra estão localizados perto das casas, e o trabalho feminino neles é fundamental. Uma característica principal deles é que mantêm altos índices de agrobiodiversidade, fornecendo constante e ampla variedade de produtos, como alimentos, remédios, madeira ou forragem, principalmente para o autoconsumo das famílias e também para a geração de renda adicional. Além disso, a diversidade dos quintais contribui para a conservação de espécies ameaçadas e variedades tradicionais, preservando práticas agrícolas tradicionais, confirmando sua importância sócio-ecológica. Apesar de serem de grande importância, os quintais nem sempre recebem a devida atenção e, para serem valorizados, é necessário entender sua contribuição para os agricultores familiares e para o meio ambiente. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a importância ambiental, econômica e sócio-cultural de quintais rurais, sendo realizada em duas partes: a primeira consistiu em visitar quatro quintais na Zona da Mata para estimar sua agrobiodiversidade através da identificação das espécies e famílias e, consequentemente, calcular os índices de biodiversidade alfa (Índice de Riqueza) e biodiversidade beta (índice de Whittaker, coeficiente de Jaccard (CJ) e coeficiente de Sorensen (CS)). Finalmente, foi realizado escaneamento de uma das propriedades com equipamento laser scanner terrestre, que permitiu medir (média de três leituras) as alturas de árvores e arbustos selecionados ao acaso e, assim, observar a distribuição e a estrutura vertical do quintal. A segunda parte consistiu na análise de dados secundários contendo os valores da produção gerada em 30 propriedades na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, utilizando a metodologia denominada "Caderneta Agroecológica", na qual as mulheres compilam os dados da produção dos quintais, seu destino (autoconsumo, venda, doação e troca) e sua transformação em valores monetários, de acordo com os preços nos mercados locais de cada produto. Os resultados demonstraram que os quintais visitados variaram em tamanho, de 1990 metros quadrados para 8830 metros quadrados, com uma idade entre cinco e 20 anos. Através do trabalho participativo foi conhecido que os quintais são espaços onde as decisões são tomadas e as atividades são lideradas pelas mulheres, mas com a cooperação dos outros membros das famílias. Em nenhum dos quintais foram utilizados agrotóxicos ou fertilizantes químicos, limitando o uso de calcário como um corretivo do pH do solo em apenas uma propriedade. O solo foi adubado com esterco animal, resíduos de colheitas e resíduos orgânicos caseiros, e o controle de ervas foi feito com capina e roçado, contribuindo com a cobertura do solo. Encontraram-se 246 espécies de plantas distribuídas em 81 famílias, e seis espécies animais distribuídos em igual número de famílias. A maioria das espécies de plantas é utilizada como alimento (147 espécies), seguido de remédio (69), espécies ornamentais (56), forragem (quatro espécies) e outros usos (13 espécies). As espécies animais são utilizadas como alimento (quatro espécies) e companhia (duas espécies). A biodiversidade alfa mostrou uma elevada diversidade em cada quintal; no entanto, biodiversidade beta indicou que não há semelhança entre as quatro propriedades. O laser scanner permitiu calcular a altura das plantas selecionadas, observando coeficiente de variação máximo nas leituras de 6,24% que a maioria dos indivíduos mais altos está no pomar, e os indivíduos de médio e baixo porte estão localizados ao redor da casa. Finalmente, a Caderneta Agroecológica permitiu registrar a produção dos quintais e seu destino, assim como seu valor monetário estimado. A produção dos quintais foi diversificada (com 140 produtos registrados pelas mulheres), permanente ao longo dos 12 meses do ano, mas variável em cada mês. Monetariamente, representou uma porcentagem média equivalente a 29% do salário mínimo no Brasil.
Home gardens exist throughout the world and have been present since the beginning of human society. They are located near houses and are fundamentally dependent on female labor. One of their main characteristics is that they maintain high rates of agro-biodiversity and provide a constant and wide variety of products for the consumption of the families and for the generation of additional income: these products include food, medicine, wood, and forage. From a socio- ecological perspective the diversity of home gardens contributes to the conservation of endangered species, traditional varieties, and traditional farming practices. Despite being of great importance, these home gardens or yards do not always receive proper attention; and in order to value them accurately, it will be necessary to understand the contribution they make both to family farmers and to the environment. The aim of this study, divided into two parts, was to understand the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural importance of rural home gardens. The first part consisted in the analysis of secondary information containing production values generated on 30 farms located in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais. The methodology used is called “Agro-ecological Booklet,” in which women collect the production data from the yards, their destination (consumption, sale, donation, and exchange) and their conversion into monetary values based on the prices of the local markets for each product. The second part consisted in actually visiting four home gardens in the Zona da Mata to estimate their agro- biodiversity through the identification and the uses of the species and families; and consequently to calculate the indexes of alfa-biodiversity (Index of Richness) and beta- biodiversity (Whittaker Index, Coefficient of Jaccard (CJ) and Coefficient of Sorensen (CS)). Finally, a scanning of one of the properties was performed using terrestrial laser scanner equipment that measured (average of three measurements) the height of random trees and shrubs in order to observe both the distribution and the vertical structure of the home garden. The results showed that the Agro-ecological Booklet methodology was able to record the production of the home gardens and their location, as well as an estimate of their monetary value. The production of home gardens was diverse (140 products were recorded by the women), permanent throughout the year but variable every month. Monetarily, they represented an average percentage equivalent to 29% of the minimum wage in Brazil. The visited home gardens varied in area from 1,990 square meters to 8,830 square meters, with an age range between five and twenty years. With the participatory work it was known that the home gardens are spaces where the activities and decisions are led and made by women, albeit with the co- operation of the other members of the family. Neither pesticides nor chemical fertilizers were used in any of the home gardens, thus limiting the use of agricultural lime as a soil amendment to just one single property. The soil was fertilized with animal manure, crop residues, and organic garbage from the houses; and the control of spontaneous weeds was done by mowing and weeding, contributing with the coverage of the soil. It was found that 246 plant species were distributed in 81 families, and six animal species were distributed in an equal number of families. Most plant species are used for food (147 species), followed by medicinal (69 species), ornamental (56 species), fodder (four species), and others (13 species). The animal species are used for food (four species) and companionship (two species). Alfa-biodiversity showed a high diversity in each home garden; however, beta-biodiversity indicated that there is no similarity between the four properties. Finally, the laser scanner allowed calculating the height of the selected plants, obtaining a maximum coefficient of variation of 6,24%, with the observation that the majority of the highest individuals are in the orchard while the individuals of medium and smaller height are located around the house.

Botanic gardens worldwide are asked to be centers of conservation. However, little is written about conservation-specific planning and design forms botanic gardens should use to fulfill this assignment. After looking at the history of botanic gardens, with a focus on the purpose/design relationship, examining design guidelines suggested in and inferred from the literature, and presenting habitat conservation principles and sustainable construction guidelines from other areas of practice, the author developed conservation design guidelines for botanic gardens focused on conservation. The guidelines address the following five categories: (1) Mission Statement and Site Character, (2) Presentation of Native Habitats, (3) Presentation of Native Plants in Man-made Landscapes, (4) Sustainable Practices in Daily Operations, and (5) Educational Components. To illustrate the guidelines, they were applied in a hypothetical, conceptual redesign of the Belize Botanic Gardens, located near San Ignacio, Belize.

Cleveland has experienced population loss in the past decade because of the economic and foreclosure crisis, which caused many of the residents to move away, creating an increase in vacant homes and lots. Urban community gardens are a form of greenspace that repurposes vacant homes and lots that would otherwise be potential sites for debris, dumping, arson, squatters, and crime. Other forms of greenspace have been shown to positively increase feelings of community, ties to place, and create feelings of safety while offering social space and recreation areas in urban environments. I conducted a survey at three urban community gardens in different Cleveland neighborhoods to determine who was using the gardens, how they were using them and if garden participation increased feelings of community, community strength, and improved how the participants felt about their neighbors and neighborhood. Non-gardeners were also surveyed for comparison. Survey results indicate that the gardens are similar to other forms of urban greenspace in that they serve to increase feelings of community, create ties to place by creating neighborhood satisfaction, and increasing feelings of safety. This research suggests that urban gardens are a positive way to repurpose vacant land in residential neighborhoods by offering greenspace and strengthening the community.