Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / GALR2

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „GALR2”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 11 stycznia 2025

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "GALR2"

1

Kiezun, Jacek, Janusz Godlewski, Bartlomiej E. Krazinski, Zygmunt Kozielec i Zbigniew Kmiec. "Galanin Receptors (GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3) Expression in Colorectal Cancer Tissue and Correlations to the Overall Survival and Poor Prognosis of CRC Patients". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, nr 7 (29.03.2022): 3735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073735.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer in women and the third in men. The postoperative pathomorphological evaluation of patients with CRC is extremely important for future therapeutic decisions. Although our previous studies demonstrated high galanin (GAL) presence within tumor tissue and an elevated concentration of GAL in the serum of CRC patients, to date, there is a lack of data regarding GAL receptor (GalR) protein expression in CRC cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of all three types of GalRs (GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3) within epithelial cells of the human colon and CRC tissue with the use of the immunohistochemical method and to correlate the results with the clinical-pathological data. We found stronger immunoreactivity of GalR1 and GalR3 in CRC cells compared to epithelial cells of the unchanged mucosa of the large intestine. No differences in the GalR2 protein immunoreactivity between the studied tissues were noted. We also found that the increased immunoexpression of the GalR3 in CRC tissue correlated with the better prognosis and longer survival (p < 0.0079) of CRC patients (n = 55). The obtained results suggest that GalR3 may play the role of a prognostic factor for CRC patients. Based on data from the TCGA-COAD project deposited in the GDC Data Portal, we also found that GalR mRNA in cancer samples and the adjacent normal tissue did not correlate with immunoexpression of the GalR proteins in CRC cells and epithelial cells of the unchanged mucosa.
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Kramáriková, I., J. Šípková, P. Šída, S. Hynie i Věra Klenerová. "The Effect of Stress on the Galaninergic System in the Rat Adenohypophysis: mRNA Expression and Immunohistochemistry of Galanin Receptors". Folia Biologica 63, nr 5-6 (2017): 197–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/fb2017063050197.

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The neuropeptide galanin is a widely distributed neurotransmitter/neuromodulator that regulates a variety of physiological processes and also participates in the regulation of stress responses. The effect of stress is dependent on the activity of the hypothalamic- adenohypophyseal-adrenal axis. Although the adenohypophysis is a crucial part of this axis, galanin peptides and their receptors have not yet been identified in this part of the pituitary after activation of the stress response. Since there are many controversies about the occurrence of individual galanin receptor subtypes in the adenohypophysis under basal conditions, we decided to verify their presence immunohistochemically, and we clearly demonstrated that the adenohypophysis expresses neuropeptides galanin, galanin-like peptide, and subtypes of galanin receptors GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3. The specificity of the reactions was confirmed by Western blots for galanin receptors. Using real-time qPCR we also demonstrated the presence of three GalR subtypes, with the highest expression of GalR2. In addition, we tested the effect of stress. We found that acute stress did not induce any changes in the GalR2 expression, but increased expression of GalR1 and decreased that of GalR3. We confirmed the involvement of the galanin system in the stress regulation in the adenohypophysis.
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Gottsch, Michelle L., Hongkui Zeng, John G. Hohmann, David Weinshenker, Donald K. Clifton i Robert A. Steiner. "Phenotypic Analysis of Mice Deficient in the Type 2 Galanin Receptor (GALR2)". Molecular and Cellular Biology 25, nr 11 (1.06.2005): 4804–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.25.11.4804-4811.2005.

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ABSTRACT Galanin is a neuropeptide implicated in the regulation of feeding, reproduction, cognition, nociception, and seizure susceptibility. There are three known galanin receptor (GALR) subtypes (GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3), which bind to galanin with different affinities and have their own unique distributions, signaling mechanisms, and putative functions in the brain and peripheral nervous system. To gain further insight into the possible physiological significance of GALR2, we created mutant mice that were deficient in GALR2 and compared their phenotype to that of wild-type (WT) littermate or age-matched controls, with respect to basic motor and sensory function, feeding behavior, reproduction, mood, learning and memory, and seizure susceptibility. Phenotypic analysis revealed that animals bearing a deletion of GALR2 did not differ significantly from their WT controls in any of the measured variables. We conclude that either GALR2 plays no role in these physiological functions or through redundancy or compensation these mutant animals can adapt to the congenital absence of GALR2. It is also conceivable that GALR2 plays only a subtle role in some of these functions and that the impact of its loss could not be detected by the analytical procedures used here.
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Kim, Dong-Kyu, Seongsik Yun, Gi Hoon Son, Jong-Ik Hwang, Cho Rong Park, Jae Il Kim, Kyungjin Kim, Hubert Vaudry i Jae Young Seong. "Coevolution of the Spexin/Galanin/Kisspeptin Family: Spexin Activates Galanin Receptor Type II and III". Endocrinology 155, nr 5 (1.05.2014): 1864–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-2106.

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The novel neuropeptide spexin (SPX) was discovered using bioinformatics. The function of this peptide is currently under investigation. Here, we identified SPX along with a second SPX gene (SPX2) in vertebrate genomes. Syntenic analysis and relocating SPXs and their neighbor genes on reconstructed vertebrate ancestral chromosomes revealed that SPXs reside in the near vicinity of the kisspeptin (KISS) and galanin (GAL) family genes on the chromosomes. Alignment of mature peptide sequences showed some extent of sequence similarity among the 3 peptide groups. Gene structure analysis indicated that SPX is more closely related to GAL than KISS. These results suggest that the SPX, GAL, and KISS genes arose through local duplications before 2 rounds (2R) of whole-genome duplication. Receptors of KISS and GAL (GAL receptor [GALR]) are phylogenetically closest among rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors, and synteny revealed the presence of 3 distinct receptor families KISS receptor, GALR1, and GALR2/3 before 2R. A ligand-receptor interaction study showed that SPXs activate human, Xenopus, and zebrafish GALR2/3 family receptors but not GALR1, suggesting that SPXs are natural ligands for GALR2/3. Particularly, SPXs exhibited much higher potency toward GALR3 than GAL. Together, these results identify the coevolution of SPX/GAL/KISS ligand genes with their receptor genes. This study demonstrates the advantage of evolutionary genomics to explore the evolutionary relationship of a peptide gene family that arose before 2R by local duplications.
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Jana, Barbara, Jarosław Całka i Bartosz Miciński. "Regulatory Influence of Galanin and GALR1/GALR2 Receptors on Inflamed Uterus Contractility in Pigs". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, nr 12 (15.06.2021): 6415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126415.

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Uterine inflammation is a very common and serious pathology in domestic animals, the development and progression of which often result from disturbed myometrial contractility. We investigated the effect of inflammation on the protein expression of galanin (GAL) receptor subtypes (GALR)1 and GALR2 in myometrium and their role in the contractile amplitude and frequency of an inflamed gilt uterus. The gilts of the E. coli and SAL groups received E. coli suspension or saline in their uteri, respectively, and only laparotomy was performed (CON group). Eight days later, the E. coli group developed severe acute endometritis and lowered GALR1 protein expression in the myometrium. Compared to the pretreatment period, GAL (10−7 M) reduced the amplitude and frequency in myometrium and endometrium/myometrium of the CON and SAL groups, the amplitude in both stripes and frequency in endometrium/myometrium of the E. coli group. In this group, myometrial frequency after using GAL increased, and it was higher than in other groups. GALR2 antagonist diminished the decrease in amplitude in myometrium and the frequency in endometrium/myometrium (SAL, E. coli groups) induced by GAL (10−7 M). GALR1/GALR2 antagonist and GAL (10−7 M) reversed the decrease in amplitude and diminished the decrease in frequency in both examined stripes (CON, SAL groups), and diminished the drop in amplitude and abolished the rise in the frequency in the myometrium (E. coli group). In summary, the inflammation reduced GALR1 protein expression in pig myometrium, and GALR1 and GALR2 participated in the contractile regulation of an inflamed uterus.
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Sun, Jing, Shu Xu, Hui Li, Liang Li i Zhi-Qing David Xu. "Galanin Protects Rat Cortical Astrocyte from Oxidative Stress: Involvement of GalR2 and pERK1/2 Signal Pathway". Mediators of Inflammation 2019 (22.05.2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2716028.

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The neuropeptide galanin and its receptors have been found to have protective effects on neurons. However, the role of galanin on astrocytes is still unclear. The present study is aimed at investigating the effects of galanin on the viability of cultured rat cortical astrocytes after oxidative stress induced by H2O2 and possible receptor and signaling mechanisms involved. Treatment of galanin had significant protective effects against H2O2-induced toxicity in the cultured cortical astrocytes. H2O2 induced an upregulation of phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase1/2 (pERK1/2) in astrocytes, which was suppressed by coapplication of galanin, suggesting an involvement of the pERK1/2 signal pathway in the protective effects of galanin. GalR2 has higher expression levels than GalR1 and GalR3 in the cultured cortical astrocytes, and GalR2 agonist AR-M1896 mimicked galanin effects on the astrocytes, implying that galanin protective effects mainly mediated by GalR2. Meanwhile, galanin had no effect on the A1-type transformation of rat cortical astrocytes. All those results suggest that galanin protects rat cortical astrocytes from oxidative stress by suppressing H2O2-induced upregulation of pERK1/2, mainly through GalR2.
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Berger, Alexandra, Roland Lang, Kerstin Moritz, Radmila Santic, Anton Hermann, Wolfgang Sperl i Barbara Kofler. "Galanin Receptor Subtype GalR2 Mediates Apoptosis in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells". Endocrinology 145, nr 2 (1.02.2004): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2003-0649.

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Abstract Recently we have shown that galanin binding significantly correlates with survival in neuroblastoma patients, indicating a possible modulatory role of galanin receptors in neuroblastic tumor biology. However, the molecular mechanisms beyond this correlation have not been elucidated. Here, the cellular effects on activation of specific galanin receptor subtypes in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were analyzed using a tetracycline-controlled expression system. Pharmacological studies confirmed the inducible expression of high affinity binding sites for galanin in SH-SY5Y cells transfected with the galanin receptors GalR1 (SY5Y/GalR1) and GalR2 (SY5Y/GalR2). Microphysiometry revealed that both receptor subtypes were able to mediate an intracellular signal upon galanin application. Interestingly, induction of receptor expression and treatment with 100 nm galanin resulted in a dramatic decrease in cell viability in SY5Y/GalR2 cells (93 ± 3%) compared with a less pronounced effect in SY5Y/GalR1 cells (19 ± 10%). The antiproliferative potency of galanin was 100-fold higher in SY5Y/GalR2 (50% effective concentration, 1.1 nm) than in SY5Y/GalR1 cells (50% effective concentration, 190 nm). Furthermore, activation of receptor expression and exposure to galanin resulted in apparent morphological changes indicative of apoptosis in SY5Y/GalR2 cells only. Induction of cell death by the apoptotic process was confirmed by poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase cleavage, caspase-3 activation, and the typical laddering of DNA. This study indicates that a high level of GalR2 expression is able to inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells and therefore identifies GalR2 as a possible target for pharmacological intervention in neuroblastoma.
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Kiezun, Jacek, Marta Kiezun, Bartlomiej Emil Krazinski, Lukasz Paukszto, Anna Koprowicz-Wielguszewska, Zbigniew Kmiec i Janusz Godlewski. "Galanin Receptors (GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3) Immunoexpression in Enteric Plexuses of Colorectal Cancer Patients: Correlation with the Clinico-Pathological Parameters". Biomolecules 12, nr 12 (27.11.2022): 1769. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12121769.

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Galanin (GAL) is an important neurotransmitter released by the enteric nervous system (ENS) neurons located in the muscularis externa and submucosa enteric plexuses that acts by binding to GAL receptors 1, 2 and 3 (GALR1, 2 and 3). In our previous studies, the GAL immunoexpression was compared in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue and the adjacent parts of the large intestine wall including myenteric and submucosal plexuses. Recently we have also found that expression levels of GALR1 and GALR3 proteins are elevated in CRC tissue as compared with their expression in epithelial cells of unchanged mucosa. Moreover, higher GALR3 immunoreactivity in CRC cells correlated with better prognosis of CRC patients. To understand the distribution of GALRs in enteric plexuses distal and close to CRC invasion, in the present study we decided to evaluate GALRs expression within the myenteric and submucosal plexuses located proximally and distally to the cancer invasion and correlated the GALRs expression levels with the clinico-pathological data of CRC patients. The immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent methods showed only slightly decreased immunoexpression of GALR1 and GALR3 in myenteric plexuses close to cancer but did not reveal any correlation in the immunoexpression of all three GAL receptors in myenteric plexuses and tumour progression. No significant changes were found between the expression levels of GALRs in submucosal plexuses distal and close to the tumour. However, elevated GALR1 expression in submucosal plexuses in vicinity of CRC correlated with poor prognosis, higher tumour grading and shorter overall survival. When myenteric plexuses undergo morphological and functional alterations characteristic for atrophy, GALRs maintain or only slightly decrease their expression status. In contrast, the correlation between high expression of GALR1 in the submucosal plexuses and overall survival of CRC patients suggest that GAL and GALRs can act as a components of local neuro-paracrine pro-proliferative pathways accelerating the invasion and metastasis of cancer cell. The obtained results suggest an important role of GALR1 in submucosal plexuses function during the progression of CRC and imply that GALR1 expression in submucosal plexuses of ENS could be an important predictive factor for CRC progression.
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Leciejewska, Natalia, Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek, Karolina Mielnik, Maciej Głowacki, Tomasz P. Lehmann, Maciej Sassek, Bartosz Gawęda, Dawid Szczepankiewicz, Krzysztof W. Nowak i Paweł A. Kołodziejski. "Spexin Promotes the Proliferation and Differentiation of C2C12 Cells In Vitro—The Effect of Exercise on SPX and SPX Receptor Expression in Skeletal Muscle In Vivo". Genes 13, nr 1 (28.12.2021): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13010081.

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SPX (spexin) and its receptors GalR2 and GalR3 (galanin receptor subtype 2 and galanin receptor subtype 3) play an important role in the regulation of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in human and animal fat tissue. However, little is still known about the role of this peptide in the metabolism of muscle. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of SPX on the metabolism, proliferation and differentiation of the skeletal muscle cell line C2C12. Moreover, we determined the effect of exercise on the SPX transduction pathway in mice skeletal muscle. We found that increased SPX, acting via GalR2 and GalR3 receptors, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation stimulated the proliferation of C2C12 cells (p < 0.01). We also noted that SPX stimulated the differentiation of C2C12 by increasing mRNA and protein levels of differentiation markers Myh, myogenin and MyoD (p < 0.01). SPX consequently promoted myoblast fusion into the myotubule (p < 0.01). Moreover, we found that, in the first stage (after 2 days) of myocyte differentiation, GalR2 and GalR3 were involved, whereas in the last stage (day six), the effect of SPX was mediated by the GalR3 isoform. We also noted that exercise stimulated SPX and GalR2 expression in mice skeletal muscle as well as an increase in SPX concentration in blood serum. These new insights may contribute to a better understanding of the role of SPX in the metabolism of skeletal muscle.
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Zalecki, Michal, Judyta Juranek, Zenon Pidsudko, Marzena Mogielnicka-Brzozowska, Jerzy Kaleczyc i Amelia Franke-Radowiecka. "Inferior vagal ganglion galaninergic response to gastric ulcers". PLOS ONE 15, nr 11 (23.11.2020): e0242746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242746.

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Galanin is a neuropeptide widely expressed in central and peripheral nerves and is known to be engaged in neuronal responses to pathological changes. Stomach ulcerations are one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders. Impaired stomach function in peptic ulcer disease suggests changes in autonomic nerve reflexes controlled by the inferior vagal ganglion, resulting in stomach dysfunction. In this paper, changes in the galaninergic response of inferior vagal neurons to gastric ulceration in a pig model of the disease were analyzed based on the authors’ previous studies. The study was performed on 24 animals (12 control and 12 experimental). Gastric ulcers were induced by submucosal injections of 40% acetic acid solution into stomach submucosa and bilateral inferior vagal ganglia were collected one week afterwards. The number of galanin-immunoreactive perikarya in each ganglion was counted to determine fold-changes between both groups of animals and Q-PCR was applied to verify the changes in relative expression level of mRNA encoding both galanin and its receptor subtypes: GalR1, GalR2, GalR3. The results revealed a 2.72-fold increase in the number of galanin-immunoreactive perikarya compared with the controls. Q-PCR revealed that all studied genes were expressed in examined ganglia in both groups of animals. Statistical analysis revealed a 4.63-fold increase in galanin and a 1.45-fold increase in GalR3 mRNA as compared with the controls. No differences were observed between the groups for GalR1 or GalR2. The current study confirmed changes in the galaninergic inferior vagal ganglion response to stomach ulcerations and demonstrated, for the first time, the expression of mRNA encoding all galanin receptor subtypes in the porcine inferior vagal ganglia.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "GALR2"

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Vanderplank, Penelope Ann. "The role of the second galanin receptor GalR2 in the peripheral nervous system". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.549447.

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Hall, Jerica Rena. "Examining the Potential of the GALR2 Genotype as a Marker-Assisted Management Strategy to Improve Production Efficiencies and Carcass Characteristics in Crossbred Angus Finishing Steers". Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31794.

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The objective was to determine how the interaction of implant strategies with the galanin receptor 2 genotype would influence feeding behavior, production efficiencies, carcass characteristics, and meat quality in finishing steers. Angus steers were selected based on GALR2-c.-199T>G genotype (n = 36 TT, 38 TG, and 19 GG). Calves were blocked by body weight and fed a standard feedlot ration, blood and BW were collected every 28 d. Steers were randomly assigned to an implant strategy of Revalor-S (1×) or Revalor-S (2×). Intake and feeding behavior data were individually recorded. There was an effect of genotype on DMI but not feed efficiency. Treatment interactions were observed for several meat quality attributes but not carcass characteristics. Altering implant strategy does not appear to interact with the GALR2-c.-199T>G genotype to alter production or carcass characteristics.
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Berthomé, Yann. "Conception, synthèse et évaluation de nouveaux peptides fluorocarbonés dérivés de la spexine pour le traitement de la douleur". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAF036.

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La douleur chronique est un problème de santé publique majeur, qui a un impact considérable sur la société. Malgré de nombreuses avancées dans le domaine les opioïdes sont toujours utilisés comme substances analgésiques de référence, en dépit des nombreux effets secondaires qu’ils véhiculent (tolérance, addiction). Il est donc urgent d’identifier de nouvelles cibles et médicaments pour le traitement de la douleur. Au cours de cette thèse, notre intérêt s’est porté sur le récepteur GALR2 et son agoniste endogène la spexine qui sont impliqués dans des voies de modulations non-opioïdes de la douleur. Afin d’améliorer les propriétés biologiques de la spexine, et notamment sa stabilité métabolique, des dérivés fluorocarbonés ont été synthétisés et caractérisés in vitro. Une étude des relations structure-activité a permis d’identifier un composé prometteur qui a été utilisé pour étudier la douleur dans un modèle murin de douleur inflammatoire. Afin de comprendre les phénomènes régissant les propriétés biophysiques et biochimiques intéressantes de ce nouveau composé, diverses sondes fluorescentes dérivés de la spexine ont été synthétisés. Ces outils ont permis la mise en place de plusieurs essais in vitro avec pour résultats l’identification des mécanismes clefs régissant l’augmentation d’activité fonctionnelle et de stabilité métabolique des composés
Chronic pain is a major public health issue, with a huge impact on society. Despite numerous advances in the field, opioids still represent the gold-standard analgesics, despite their noxious side effects (tolerance, addiction). Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new targets and drugs for the treatment of pain. In this thesis, we focused on the GALR2 receptor and its endogenous agonist spexin, which are involved in non-opioid pain modulation pathways. To improve spexin's biological properties, and in particular its metabolic stability, fluorocarbon derivatives were synthesized and characterized in vitro. A study of structure-activity relationships led to the identification of a promising compound, which has been used to study pain in vivo. To investigate the particularly interesting biophysical and biochemical properties of this new compound, various fluorescent probes derived from spexin were designed and synthesized. These tools were used to implement several in vitro assays, resulting in the identification of key mechanisms leading to the increase of the functional activity and the metabolic stability of fluorospexins
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Webling, Kristin E. "Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Galanin Receptor Selective Ligands". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för neurokemi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-139880.

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Galanin is a 29/30 amino acid long bioactive peptide discovered over 30 years ago when C-terminally amidated peptides were isolated from porcine intestines. The name galanin originates from a combination of the first and last amino acids - G from glycine and the rest from alanine. The first 15 amino acids are highly conserved throughout species, which indicates that the N-terminus is important for receptor recognition and binding. Galanin exerts its effects by binding to three different G protein-coupled receptors, which all differ according to regional distribution, the affinity for shortened galanin fragments, as well as the intracellular G-protein signaling cascade used. When first discovered, galanin was found to cause muscle contraction as well as hyperglycemia.  Over the years, galanin has been reported to be involved in a wide variety of biological functions, for example food intake and neurogenesis, and pathological functions, for example epilepsy and depression. Determining the specific involvement of the three different galanin receptors in biological and pathological processes is limited by the small amount of galanin receptor selective/specific ligands available as research tools. Furthermore, the fast degradation of peptides limits the administration routes in animal studies. This thesis aims at developing new galanin receptor-selective ligands to help delineate the involvement of the three different galanin receptors. Paper 1 presents the shortest galanin fragment with a galanin receptor 2 specific binding preference where only a single amino acid substitution was made, Ala5Ser in galanin (2-11). In addition, G-protein coupled receptor signaling were evaluated through both a classical second messenger assay and a real-time label-free technique in cells overexpressing the receptor as well as low receptor expression. Paper 2 demonstrates that the neuroprotective effects of galanin in a kainic acid-induced excitotoxic animal model were mediated through galanin receptor 1. Furthermore, a new robust protocol for evaluating G-protein signaling using a label-free real time impedance technique was presented and compared to two different classical second-messenger assays. Paper 3 presents a series of systemically active galanin receptor 2 selective ligands subsequently evaluated in two different depression-like animal models. Paper 4 investigates a mutated form of human galanin which was found in epilepsy patients and binding and signaling properties of the mutated associated ligand p.(A39E) was examined. In conclusion, this thesis presents the discovery of eight new galanin ligands, which can be used to evaluate the galaninergic system as well as to help investigate the possible use of peptides as pharmaceuticals in different diseases.
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Sawzdargo, Marek. "Discovery of novel G protein-coupled receptor genes including human GALR3 receptor gene". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0003/MQ46146.pdf.

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Gulli, Marie-Pierre. "Contribution à l'étude fonctionnelle de la phosphoprotéine nucléolaire gar2 de Schizosaccharomyces pombe". Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30219.

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Dans toutes cellules, la croissance et la proliferation sont etroitement liees a la production de ribosomes. Les differentes etapes de la biogenese des ribosomes sont rigoureusement controlees et se deroulent, chez les eucaryotes, dans une structure nucleaire dynamique, le nucleole. La comparaison de sequences de certaines proteines nucleolaires a degage un caractere commun (domaine gar, riche en glycines et arginines) qui a permis d'isoler differents genes chez la levure schizosaccharomyces pombe. Le gene gar2+ code une proteine nucleolaire a motif gar dont l'organisation structurale modulaire rappelle celle de la nucleoline des vertebres et celle de nsr1 de saccharomyces cerevisiae. L'interruption du gene gar2+ provoque un retard de croissance a 30c. L'analyse des arns ribosomiques revele une accumulation du pre-arnr de 35s et une diminution du taux d'arnr de 18s. Un deficit en sous-unites ribosomiques de 40s libres est aussi decele. L'analyse ultrastructurale devoile un profond rearrangement de l'architecture nucleolaire. A 19c, ces defauts sont accentues, entrainant une cryosensibilite et l'apparition d'un phenotype filamenteux. Chez le mutant nsr1-, l'expression de la proteine gar2 a partir d'un plasmide restaure le phenotype sauvage. La reciproque est egalement verifiee. Ces deux proteines sont interchangeables. L'homologie fonctionnelle gar2/nucleoline ne peut etre etablie. In vitro, gar2 est phosphorylee par les kinases ck2 et p34#c#d#c#2, composant essentiel du controle du cycle cellulaire. La phosphorylation s'effectue sur des serines dans la partie amino-terminale de la proteine. In vitro, gar2 est capable de stabiliser l'activite catalytique thermolabile de p34#c#d#c#2 suggerant une interaction possible entre ces deux proteines. In vivo, gar2 est une phosphoproteine. Aucun effet de la phosphorylation de gar2 par p34#c#d#c#2 n'a pu etre mis en evidence. La phosphoproteine nucleolaire gar2 pourrait jouer un role important dans la production de l'arnr de 18s, l'assemblage des particules pre-ribosomiques et/ou le maintien d'une structure nucleolaire intacte
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Tena, Campos Mercè. "Diferents estats d’oligomerització entre els receptors 5-HT1A, GALR1 I GPR39 com a noves dianes terapèutiques en depressió". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/317958.

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The type of serotonin receptor 1A (5-HT1A), the galanin type 1 (GalR1) and the orphan receptor 39 (GPR39) belong to the superfamily The serotonin receptor type 1A (5-HT1A), the galanin receptor type 1 (GalR1) and the orphan receptor 39 (GPR39) belong to the superfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors. All three GPCRs share, among other features, a relationship with the pathophysiology of unipolar depression associated with presence of zinc. The current paradigm with respect to these functional unities is that these receptors are not acting as monomeric forms but through complexs involving specific interactions with themselves or other receptors from the same family. This allows them to increase their functional possibilities exponentially, allowing versatility from a fixed number of receptors, and consequently also increases the number of pharmacological approachmes. The heterodimerization between 5-HT1A receptor and GalR1 has been previously described as an antagonistic interaction that could lead to unipolar depression. In this thesis we have shown that this interaction is avoided in the presence of zinc, giving a rational explanation for the antidepressant effect widely described for this cation. Although there was no published evidence regarding the interaction of these two receptors with GPR39, a receptor that is activated by zinc and whose expression depends on the concentration of this cation, in this thesis we have demonstrated the ability to interact of these three receptors in both forms GPR39-5-HT1A, 5-HT1A-GalR1 and the trimer GPR39-5-HT1A-GalR1. It has also been found that the functional capacity of the receptors is modified according the type of interaction in which these receptors are involved. So that monomeric and oligomeric forms have different signalling capacities. This would suggest that in the human brain all putative receptor configurations could be present, and that the presence of one or other would be regulated by zinc concentration. Deepening in the detailed molecular mechanism of the effect of zinc on these interactions should allow the development of new drugs for a disease with high prevalence in the nowadays society.
El receptor de serotonina del tipus 1A (5-HT1A), el de galanina de tipus 1 (GalR1) i el receptor orfe 39 (GPR39) pertanyen a la superfamília dels receptors acoblats a proteïna G. Tots tres receptors comparteixen, entre d'altres característiques, una relació amb la fisiopatologia de la depressió unipolar associada amb la presència de zinc. El paradigma actual, respecte a la unitat funcional d'aquests receptors, és que no actuen en forma monomèrica sinó mitjançant complexos que involucren interaccions específiques amb ells mateixos o amb altres receptors de la mateixa família. Això els hi permet augmentar les seves possibilitats funcionals exponencialment, permetent una gran versatilitat a partir d'un nombre fix de receptors, i en conseqüència també augmenta el nombre de possibilitats d'abordatge farmacològic. L'heterodimerització entre el receptor 5-HT1A i el GalR1 s'ha descrit prèviament com una interacció antagònica que podria donar lloc a la depressió unipolar. En aquesta tesi s'ha demostrat que aquesta interacció s'evita en presència de zinc, donant una explicació racional a l'efecte antidepressiu àmpliament descrit per a aquest catió. Tot i que no hi havia cap evidència publicada respecte a la interacció d'aquests dos receptors amb el GPR39, un receptor que és activat pel zinc i l'expressió del qual depèn de la concentració del mateix, en aquesta tesi s'ha demostrat la capacitat d'interacció d'aquests tres receptors, tant en les formes GPR39-5-HT1A i 5-HT1A-GalR1 com en el trímer GPR39-5-HT1A-GalR1. A més, s'ha trobat que la capacitat funcional dels receptors es veu modificada segons el tipus d'interacció en la que aquests receptors participen, de manera que les formes monomèriques i oligomèriques presenten una capacitat de senyalització diferent. Això faria pensar que en el cervell humà podrien trobar-se totes les configuracions potencials de receptors, i que la presència d'unes o altres estaria regulada per la concentració de zinc. L'aprofundiment en el mecanisme molecular detallat de l'efecte del zinc en aquestes interaccions hauria de permetre el desenvolupament de nous fàrmacs per a una malaltia d'alta prevalença en la població mundial.
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SICARD, HELENE. "Etude des domaines fonctionnels de la proteine nucleolaire non ribosomique gar2 de la levure schizosaccharomyces pombe". Toulouse 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU30226.

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La proteine nucleolaire gar2 est requise pour la formation de l'arn ribosomique (arnr) de 18s et de la petite sous-unite du ribosome de la levure s. Pombe. C'est l'homologue fonctionnel de nsr1p de s. Cerevisiae et l'homologue structural de la nucleoline des vertebres. Pour etudier la fonction nucleolaire de gar2, nous avons observe les consequences de deletions ou de mutations de ses domaines fonctionnels - extremite n-terminale phosphorylee, domaines de liaison a l'arn (rbd), repetitions rgg (ou gar) - sur divers aspects de la biologie des cellules de s. Pombe. Nous avons tout d'abord montre que la phosphorylation de gar2 par la kinase cdc2 en mitose n'est pas indispensable a sa fonction ; ce resultat refleterait les differences fondamentales de comportement du nucleole en mitose dans les cellules eucaryotes superieures et inferieures. En combinant des approches de biologie moleculaire et cellulaire, nous avons propose que gar2 agit en tant que chaperon moleculaire entre le pre-arn ribosomique - avec lequel elle interagit grace a ses rbd - et les facteurs requis pour sa maturation - qu'elle recrute via son domaine n-terminal charge. Nous avons aussi demontre que la sequence de localisation nucleaire conservee de gar2 n'est par fonctionnelle ; les mecanismes du transport de gar2 ont ete partiellement elucides. Nous avons entame l'identification des partenaires physiques et fonctionnels de gar2 dans la synthese des ribosomes. In vitro, gar2 presente de l'affinite pour une sequence de l'arnr de 18s de s. Pombe. D'autre part, gar2 lie les proteines ribosomiques, mais independamment de son extremite n-terminale. De plus, la proteine nucleolaire gar1 copurifie avec gar2 privee de ses rbd, mais pas la proteine nop1. Enfin, nous avons isole un revertant phenotypique de la deletion du gene gar2+.
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Runesson, Johan. "Galanin receptor ligands". Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för neurokemi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-59743.

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In the nervous system galanin primarily displays a modulatory role. The galaninergic system consists of a number of bioactive peptides with a highly plastic expression pattern and three different receptors. The lack of receptor subtype selective ligands and antibodies have severely hampered the charac-terization of this system. Therefore, most of the knowledge has been drawn from experiments with transgenic animals, which has given some major conclusions, despite the compensatory effects seen in several animal studies. Therefore, the production of subtype selective ligands is of great importance to delineate the galanin system and slowly experimental data from receptor subtype selective ligand trials is emerging. This thesis aims at studying galanin receptor-ligand interactions and to increase and improve the utilized tools in the galanin research field, espe-cially the development of novel galanin receptor subtype selective ligands. Paper I demonstrates the potential to N-terminally extend galanin ana-logues and the successful development of a galanin receptor 2 (GalR2) selec-tive ligand. In addition, a cell line stably expressing galanin receptor 3 (GalR3) was developed, to improve and simplify future evaluations of sub-type selective galanin ligands. Paper II measures the affinities of M617 and M871 to GalR3 and demon-strates that M871 preferentially binds GalR2. Furthermore, the relatively high affinity of M617 was evaluated by assessing the contribution in recep-tor interaction of individual amino acid residues in the C-terminal part of the M617. In conclusion, this thesis has provided a novel design strategy for galanin receptor ligands and increased the understanding of ligand interactions with the GalR3. Furthermore, M1145 has together with new analogues proven to be highly GalR2 specific, holding promises to future delineation of the galaninergic system as a therapeutic target.
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Lin, Wan-Ting, i 林琬亭. "Pre-emptive analgesia reduced GalR2 and pain-related proteins expression on LPC induced animal neuropathic pain model". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20143053377211524504.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
解剖學暨細胞生物學研究所
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Previous studies have shown that Galanin modulated peripheral pain sensation via galanin receptor type 2 (GalR2). Following nerve injury, inflammation, spontaneous discharge and upregulation of pain related factors would involve in neuropathic pain development. To our knowledge, the correlation between median nerve demyelination and GalR2 and its substrate expression levels has not been documented; and yet the effect of GalR2 on medain neuropathic pain is not valid. Thus, using LPC treated median nerve injury model, we investigate the role of GalR2 and its pain corelated factors in the upper limb neuropathic pain. One week after LPC treatment of median nerve induced mechnical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that GalR2-like immunoreactive (-LI) neurons were predominately in small-size DRG neurons of normal rats. However, one week after LPC treatment, GalR2-LI neurons not only increased in its percentage but also distributed in medium- and large-sized neurons. Moreover, to characterize GalR2-LI neurons in the DRG was using immunofluorescence double labeling for NF200, peripherin, pain-related factors including vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (VR1), P2X3, NPY, nNOS, Galanin, or MMP9. We found that the number and percentage of GalR2-LI neurons colocalized with NF200, P2X3, NPY, nNOS, Galanin and MMP9 were increased in the LPC-treated DRG. Furthermore, lidocaine pretreatment attenuated the number of upregulated GalR2-LI neurons in the LPC-treated DRG. Our study also found that one week afterLPC treatment, the number of GalR2-LI neurons in the cuneate nucleus of LPC treated rats was higer than that in the control group. The present results suggest that lidocaine pretreatment relieved the development of neuropathic pain partially pass through reducing GalR2 expression.
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Książki na temat "GALR2"

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Sawzdargo, Marek. Discovery of novel G protein-coupled receptor genes including human GALR3 receptor gene. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1999.

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Great Britain. Department of Health. Social Services Inspectorate., red. What does it mean for us?: The findings and key issues arising from an inspection of four GALRO panels,October 1994 - January 1995. [London]: Department of Health, 1996.

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Manuel . . . [et al. ] Pereira Valcarcel. GAL02. TATUAXES / TATUAJES. Amargord Ediciones, 2012.

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Manuel . . . [et al. ] Pereira Valcarcel. GAL02. TATUAXES / TATUAJES. Amargord Ediciones, 2012.

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Manuel . . . [et al. ] Pereira Valcarcel. GAL02. TATUAXES / TATUAJES. Amargord Ediciones, 2012.

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Manuel . . . [et al. ] Pereira Valcarcel. GAL02. TATUAXES / TATUAJES. Amargord Ediciones, 2012.

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Health DeptOf. Manual of Management for Galro Panel Managers. Bernan Press, 1992.

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Części książek na temat "GALR2"

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Flores-Burgess, Antonio, Carmelo Millón, Belén Gago, José Angel Narváez, Kjell Fuxe i Zaida Díaz-Cabiale. "Small Interference RNA Knockdown Rats in Behavioral Functions: GALR1/GALR2 Heteroreceptor in Anxiety and Depression-Like Behavior". W Receptor-Receptor Interactions in the Central Nervous System, 133–48. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8576-0_9.

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Meigs, Thomas E., Alex Lyakhovich, Hoon Shim, Ching-Kang Chen, Denis J. Dupré, Terence E. Hébert, Joe B. Blumer i in. "GalR". W Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 750. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0461-4_100517.

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Liu, Zhenhui, Linfang Li i Min Zhang. "GALR, Galanin Receptor". W Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 1996–2003. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67199-4_462.

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Meigs, Thomas E., Alex Lyakhovich, Hoon Shim, Ching-Kang Chen, Denis J. Dupré, Terence E. Hébert, Joe B. Blumer i in. "GALR, Galanin Receptor". W Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 750–56. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0461-4_462.

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Isobe, Masaaki, Masayuki Suzuki, Takaaki Ami, Sachiko Fukushima i Masahiro Tanaka. "Superconductivity Above 70K in GaSr2(Y1−xCax)Cu2Oy". W Advances in Superconductivity V, 247–50. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-68305-6_53.

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Zhang, Lin, Sophie Wu, Artemis Schroedter, Jiming Kong i Maria E. Vrontakis. "Estrogen Administration Has a Protective Role in Demyelination, Possibly through the Activation of Galanin and Its GalR1 and GalR2 Receptors". W The Endocrine Society's 93rd Annual Meeting & Expo, June 4–7, 2011 - Boston, P1–14—P1–14. The Endocrine Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-meetings.2011.part1.p1.p1-14.

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"galra". W The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles. Fairchild Books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501365072.6772.

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"GalR". W Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 1996. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67199-4_101394.

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Gundlach, Andrew. "GAL2 Galanin Receptor". W xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference, 1–15. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60134-5.

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Ossendrijver, Mathieu. "Scholars in the Footsteps of Kidin-Anu." W mu-zu an-za3-se3 kur-ur2-se3 he2-gal2, 313–36. Zaphon, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.18654682.18.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "GALR2"

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Kiezun, Jacek. "The expression of galanin receptors (GALR1, GALR2 and GALR3) in colorectal cancer". W 15th International Congress of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry. Istanbul: LookUs Scientific, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5505/2017ichc.pp-133.

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Lee, H. K., i Y. H. Kim. "Phase Formation and Superconductivity in Co-doped GaSr2(Tm,Ca)Cu2Oz Cuprate". W LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS: 24th International Conference on Low Temperature Physics - LT24. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2354804.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "GALR2"

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Killeen, Kevin Jr M. GAPR2: A DTN Routing Protocol for Communications in Challenged, Degraded, and Denied Environments. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, wrzesień 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1009068.

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